Home Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
Article Open Access

Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques

  • Malek Ali EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 29, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

A wide variety of materials having at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm make up the remarkable class of materials known as nanomaterials (NMs). By rationally designing nanoparticles, very large surface areas may be attained. It is possible to create NMs with exceptional mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties that differ significantly from their traditional materials. A brief history of NMs and how they have been used to spur advancements in nanotechnology development is covered in this overview. Throughout the review, the special properties of NMs are emphasized. There is a discussion of several techniques for synthesizing NMs, including top-down and bottom-up strategies. The characteristics, uses, and methods of manufacture of nanoparticles are succinctly and simply summarized in this study.

Keywords: nanomaterials; nanomaterials applications; reinforcement; nanomaterial composites; nanomaterial production

1 Introduction

A billionth of anything, 10−9 m, is referred to as a “nano.” The primary distinction between bulk materials (BMs) and nanomaterials (NMs) is that the former have sizes above 100 nm in all dimensions, while the latter have sizes in the 1–100 nm range in at least one dimension. The two main categories of particles are BMs and NMs. Table 1 lists the properties of both types of particles, making it simple to identify and differentiate between NMs and BMs. In addition, Table 2 lists the special mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic features of NMs. There are five major areas within nanotechnology that have been identified [1,2]: (a) molecular nanotechnology; (b) NMs and nanopowders; (c) nanoelectronics; (d) nanooptics and nanophotonics; and (e) nanobiomimetics. The notion of nanotechnology was first put out at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during the annual conference of the American Physical Society, which Richard Feynman, the 1959 Nobel Prize winner, helped to establish. “There is plenty of room at the bottom,” Feynman said in his well-known address, “the principles, as far as I can see.” In 1981, Eric Drexler, a student of Dr. Feynman, published the first scientific research on nanotechnology [1,2,3,4]. Nanocrystalline, nanostructured, and nanosized materials are terms that are frequently used to describe substances with crystallites or particle sizes less than 100 nm [5,6]. Some unexpected changes in physical and mechanical properties occur as a substance shrinks in size to the nanoscale. The variety of goods incorporating such nanoparticles and their potential uses keep expanding, as new applications for materials with these special features are discovered [7,8]. The processes involved in creating NMs and their many uses have been covered in a number of studies. In this study, the distinction between conventional and NMs was reported, as well as the modifications in properties that take place when a material reaches the nanoscale. Examples from research and experiments on the processes involved in creating and using NMs for industrial purposes were also provided.

Table 1

General properties of NMs and bulk materials (BMs)

NMs Bulk materials (BMs)
Chemical compounds or materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale range of 1–100 mm are referred to as NMs Particles that are larger than 100 mm in all dimensions are considered BMs
Not visible with a standard microscope or the human eye Observable with a basic microscope or the naked eye
Higher surface-to-volume ratios produce superior results in solar veils, gas sensors, and catalysis, among other applications Low surface atom or molecular fraction, which determines their characteristics
Metal nanoparticles have unique scattering properties Metal bulk has normal scattering properties
Differentiating the size of the particle allows for the “tuning” of NM’s distinct chemical and physical characteristics Their chemical and physical properties cannot be adjusted
Table 2

Changes in mechanical and physical properties by nanoscale

Property Properties changed as a result of materials’ nanoscale
Mechanical Grain boundary or hard nanoparticles have demonstrated better mechanical properties in nanostructured materials (manufactured via nanopowder consolidation) and nanoparticle-reinforced matrix composites. A common material will become somewhat more refined when nanoparticles are added, creating an intragranular structure that strengthens the grain boundary and enhances the mechanical characteristics of the materials there. A few factors influencing the mechanical performance of NMs, including grain size, production method, and nanoparticle selection [14,15,16,17]
The following are some examples of experiential research for improving the mechanical properties of NMs: when hard nano-TiC particles were added up to 20 weight percent, the mechanical characteristics (hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength) of the epoxy-nano-TiC composites improved because the TiC powder was well dispersed with little agglomeration and air bubbles. Nonetheless, agglomeration, the lack of an epoxy matrix between the TiC particles, and air bubbles caused a drop in the mechanical property values for poxy-30 weight percent nano-TiC composites [18]. Adding 3% nano-oil palm empty fruit string filler to kenaf epoxy composites can considerably improve their tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength [19]. Due to the many grain boundaries, materials with copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are very hard and lack the malleability and ductility of bulk copper [20]. Metal matrix nanocomposites have higher fracture toughness and fracture strength due to grain refinement, and leading to the improvement of mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. Al25wt% nano-TiC composites have a high hardness due to small reinforcement particles, which allow for a greater surface area in contact with the aluminum particles. Large reinforcement particles, on the other hand, have a limited region of contact and impede the diffusion process. Comparing composites reinforced with bigger particles at the same weight %, those reinforced with smaller TiC particles had more barriers per unit area [16,17,21]. Concrete’s splitting tensile strength, bending strength, and compressive strength may all be increased by adding 3 weight percent nano-SiO2 [22]. When a portion of the cement is replaced with nano-SiO2, its high activity facilitates the hydration process of the concrete, reducing the nano-SiO2’s setting time [23]. Because of their large surface area and ability to create strong networks within the asphalt binder, NMs improve resistance to permanent deformation and give the binder a stronger texture [24]
Optical The dynamic optical properties of nanoparticles can differ greatly from those of the same BM, including absorption, transmission, reflection, and light emission. Changes in these attributes are seen at the nanoscale. The shift in optical characteristics at the nanoscale level is made possible by the fact that electrons in nanoparticles are less free to move than in BMs due to their small size. The restricted mobility of electrons in nanoparticles causes them to react to light differently than in BMs. For example:

  • The color of bulk gold is yellow, but the color of nanosize gold is red

  • The color of bulk silicon is gray, but the color of nanosized silicon is red [25]

  • in bulk and scatters visible light and inhibits ultraviolet radiation, Even though the particle size of nanoscale zinc oxide is far smaller than that of visible light, it does not scatter light. It seems translucent as a result [26]
Electrical The mobility of the charge carriers is the primary issue of NMs’ electrical characteristics. There is no way around the quantum-size effect and quantum confinement effect when a material’s dimensions are down to the nanoscale range. Certain voltages have the ability to convert certain conductive metal nanoparticles into nonconductive materials due to the quantization of electron energy. When materials are reduced in size to a few nanometers, they can lose their conductivity, such as copper, while insulating materials, like silicon dioxide, gain conductivity, and lose their insulating qualities [27]. The dielectric characteristics, resistivity, and electrical transport of NMs are primarily controlled by increased interfacial atoms or ions, sinking a significant number of defects along the grain boundaries, grain size, and doping impurities [28]. Because of the rise in band gap energy that occurs with a decrease in particle size, particularly for semiconductor nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of NMs is often lower than that of BMs [29]. For instance, even though gold nanoparticles are metallic, they become insulators once the energy bands stop overlapping in the 2–4 nm range [30]. The fundamental factor influencing electrical conductivity is the distance between neighboring energy levels. Particle size has a major impact on the electrical structure of the nanoparticles [31]. The conductivity of nanowires rises sharply in comparison to BMs as their diameter falls below 20 nm because of enhanced surface scattering for electrons and phonons, larger surface areas, and a very high density of electronic states [32]. Depending on their size, crystal structure, and chemical makeup, CNTs can exhibit a broad spectrum of electrical characteristics, from metallic to superconducting, insulating, and semiconducting [33]
Magnetic The capacity of a ferromagnetic material to resist an external magnetic field without demagnetizing is known as coercivity. Higher magnetic nanocomposites, characterized by a drop in coercivity below a certain size leading to superparamagnetic behavior and an increase in coercivity till a critical size, have a variety of uses, from data storage to diagnostic applications like clinical imaging. A magnetic field is used to manipulate these nanoparticles. When ferrite nanoparticles are smaller than 128 nm in size, for example, they become superparamagnetic and do not aggregate. By altering the surface of ferrite nanoparticles with surfactants, phosphoric acid derivatives, or silicon, one can boost their stability in a solution. But in other circumstances, nanoparticles’ magnetic characteristics might also be detrimental. For instance, ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm have the ability to change the direction of their magnetization with thermal energy at normal temperature, which makes them inappropriate for use in memory storage [34]

2 History and development of nanotechnology

The Romans, in the fourth century AD, were the first to employ nanoparticles and structures. Dichroic glass, which describes two forms of glass that change color depending on the lighting, is one of the most fascinating instances of nanotechnology in antiquity [3]. Michael Faraday examined the distinct optical and electrical characteristics of colloidal suspensions of “Ruby” gold in 1857. The concepts of nanotechnology were first proposed by 1959 Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman, who contributed significantly to its establishment. The term “nanotechnology” was originally used in 1974 by Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi. He described how complex machinery made of individual atoms is put together to form nanostructures [1,2,3,4]. Scientists Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig invented the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), a significant advancement in nanotechnology, at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in 1981. STM uses a pointed tip that approaches the conductive surface of the material so closely that the atoms’ electron wave functions overlap with the surface atom wave functions to determine the surface properties [2]. Around the close of the 20th century, two main approaches were put up to explain several choices for synthesizing nanostructures: the top-down and bottom-up procedures. The aim of the top-down approach is to reduce BM to the size of nanoparticles. Alternatively, the bottom-up method constructs nanostructures molecule by molecule or atom by atom by employing physical and chemical methods [1,2,3,4]. In the United States, President George W. Bush signed the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, establishing the National Technology Initiative and emphasizing the importance of nanotechnology research. Interestingly, the researchers also discovered how to make nanoparticles in accordance with the specifications of several scientific fields, including biology, chemistry, computer science, materials science, physics, and engineering. Because of their fascinating properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being extensively studied as conductive materials in the fields of biology and electronics. These days, nanotechnology is a fast-growing discipline having applications in optics, biology, medicine, electronics, and catalysis, among other areas. To put the theory of nanoscience into real-world applications, a number of scientists have acknowledged and capitalized on the ability to view, measure, assemble, regulate, and synthesize materials at the nanoscale scale. Because nanoparticles can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, nanotechnology may one day help medical professionals treat conditions like dementia and cancer that affect the brain [9,10]. In addition, nanotechnology additives will have the potential to demonstrate self-sense properties that help materials to self-heal when damaged, which could be useful in the aviation industry [11].

3 Classification of nanostructured materials

The term “nanostructured materials” refers to a class of substances whose crystallite and/or particle sizes are less than 100 nm. Nanostructured materials come in many different varieties. As illustrated in Figure 1, they are categorized based on the dimensionality of the nanostructure, with classes ranging from zero-dimensional (0D) atom clusters to three-dimensional equated grain formations.

Figure 1 Diagram of the four different forms of nanocrystalline materials.
Figure 1

Diagram of the four different forms of nanocrystalline materials.

The categories of materials with nanostructures are [12,13]:

  1. 0D NMs such as – nanocrystals (1–30 nm), nanoclusters (up to 50 units), and nanoparticles which have all three length scales Lx, Ly, Lz.

  2. One-dimensional (1D) NMs (one of the dimensions is outside the range of the nanoscopic) such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires. Most nanostructures have a diameter between 1 and 100 nm with short lengths.

  3. Two-dimensional NMs (two dimensions are out of the nanoscopic) such as nanosheets, nanocoatings, and thin films fall within this category.

  4. Three-dimensional (3D) nanocrystalline structures or nanophase materials.

4 General properties of NMs and BMs

It is well recognized that the primary distinctions between bulk and NMs are their respective uses, sizes, and susceptibilities to visual perception. The key distinctions between nanoparticles and BMs are displayed in the following table. Additionally, molecules or atoms in their NM state differ from similar BMs in their chemical and physical characteristics [1,2,3,4,5,6].

5 Changes in properties by nanoscale

Nanomaterials have different surface effects compared to micromaterials or BMs, mainly due to three reasons; (a) dispersed NMs have a very large surface area and high particle number per mass unit, (b) the fraction of atoms at the surface in NMs is increased, and (c) the atoms situated at the surface in NMs have fewer direct neighbors. As a consequence of each of these differences, the mechanical and physical properties of NMs change compared to their larger-dimension counterparts (as demonstrated in Table 2).

6 Applications of nanotechnology in industry

Nanotechnology helps address future societal by various applications in the fields of industries, medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and electronics. The following industry key applications depend on the unique change in properties:

6.1 Metals

Nanoparticulate metals can have surface hardness up to five times higher than that of conventional microcrystalline metals when they are compressed into solid forms. Bulk nanocrystalline component preparation still has challenges, such as strong grain growth after sintering. Furthermore, metals’ properties may be dramatically changed by adding ceramic nanoparticles, such as carbides, into them [16,17].

6.2 Ceramics

The compression of nanoscale ceramic particles into solid pieces with many grain boundaries leads to improvements in most other properties and increases in hardness and wear resistance. These new materials have the potential to replace metals in many different applications [35].

6.3 Polymers

Due to their improved barrier, strength, and conductive properties, as well as their reduced weight, ability to speed up part production and replace more expensive materials, ability to replace metals with flame-resistant plastics, and many other properties, polymer materials (layered silicate or nanofibers CNT–polymer nanocomposites [PNCs]) are expected to be used in a wide range of applications. An alternative to traditionally filled polymers or mixes of polymers is PNCs, also known as polymer nanostructured materials. PNCs gain from the special effects of incorporating inorganic materials of nanoscale sizes into a polymer matrix, as opposed to conventional systems where the reinforcement is on the order of microns [35,36].

6.4 Cutting tools

Compared to typical cutting tools made or coated from large particles, cutting tools created or coated with nanoparticles (nanocrystalline and carbide powders) offer a variety of advantages, such as high hardness, resistance to wear and corrosion, and great endurance [37,38].

6.5 Porous sensors

Semiconductor nanoparticle-based porous sensing aggregates may be produced with low-load compression. Because more of the gas to be detected (such as sulfur dioxide) is adsorbed per unit mass than is often the case with crushed powders, the electrical changes are more pronounced. Thus, using nanoparticles in sensor technologies offers a number of advantages [31,38].

6.6 Computer chips

It is clear that we need more compact, high-performing technology. A microprocessor’s operating speed increases dramatically when its size is significantly reduced [39]. These parts might be radically reduced in size to allow for considerably faster computations by enabling the microprocessors that house them to operate at much higher rates. The cleanest nanoparticles with the highest thermal conductivity levels are used to create computer chips, and the end product is of the finest standard. These chips last longer on the shelf and are more powerful [40].

6.7 Phosphors for high-definition TV

Reducing the phosphor pixels as much as possible is necessary to increase screen resolution. Lead telluride, zinc sulfide, and nanocrystalline zinc selenide made from sol–gel are a few examples of this screen. The cost of these screens was greatly lowered with the development of nanophosphors [39,40,41].

6.8 Storage applications

The path to advancement in memory technology includes cost reduction and the creation of memory systems that are quicker, more energy-efficient, smaller, and capable of holding more data. Theoretically, all of these advantages can be achieved by shrinking the size of the fundamental storage cell; therefore, it makes sense to assume that nanotechnology will someday play a crucial role [39,40,41].

6.9 High power magnets

The magnetic strength of a substance is measured using saturation and coercively magnetization data. When the granules’ specific surface area and grain size both decrease, these values increase. Magnets composed of nanocrystalline yttrium-samarium-cobalt grains have very interesting magnetic properties because of their incredibly large surface area. Ship motors, ultrasensitive analytical instruments, quieter submarines, automobile alternators, land-based power generators, and magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis are among the common applications [37].

6.10 Batteries

An important technology in contemporary civilization is the storage of electrical energy at high charge and discharge rates. Watches, toys, electric vehicles, computers, laptops, and other electronic devices all utilize batteries. These batteries need to be recharged regularly because of their limited storage capacity [42]. The shelf life of conventional batteries is among their key determining factors. As a result of their foam-like structure and the high surface area that nanoparticles provide, NMs can be used to extend the storage capacity and longevity of batteries [43]. In contrast to traditional batteries, for example, Ni-MH batteries made of nanocrystalline nickel and metal hydrides need to be recharged less frequently and have superior mechanical, chemical, and physical properties. Utilizing nanotechnology, Toshiba has created special electrode materials to increase the capacity of these batteries [44].

6.11 Automobiles

There may be a loss of fuel and an increase in pollutants as a result of incomplete combustion of gasoline in engines. Therefore, using NMs to create spark plugs helps to improve their durability and corrosion resistance, as well as their lifespan and performance, which leads to perfect combustion [45,46]. Nanomaterials have been included in automobile paint and car glass to promote safety, but other uses of NMs in cars are confined to producing particular parts that need improvement in some properties [46].

6.12 Aerospace components

Aerospace component makers work to make their products stronger, harder, and longer lasting due to the hazards associated with flying. The fatigue strength, which declines with age, is one of the essential qualities required of airplane components. The lifespan of the airplane is significantly extended by using stronger materials for the component construction [47]. A decrease in the material’s grain size results in an increase in fatigue strength. Nanomaterials offer a considerable reduction in grain size compared to traditional materials, which results in an average 200–300% improvement in fatigue life [48]. Additionally, faster and more efficient flying is achievable with the same amount of aviation fuel since components manufactured from NMs are more resilient and able to function at higher temperatures. As the parts of a spaceship operate at significantly greater temperatures and faster speeds, the material must be resistant to elevated temperatures. Such components include thrusters, vectoring nozzles, and rocket engines [49]. Nanomaterials are the ideal choice for spaceship applications. In addition to all industrial applications, there are so many medical, agriculture, and biotechnology applications using nanotechnology [50].

7 Nanomaterials production techniques

A number of well-established methods exist for synthesizing NMs from diverse starting materials. All these methods adhere to the two fundamental techniques of “top-down” and “bottom-up” (as shown in Figure 2) [50]. The “bottom-up” strategy is typically the antithesis of the “top-down” strategy. The processes utilized to develop mechanical and physical particles based on the reduction of larger materials into smaller ones to make NMs are referred to as “top-down” [51]. This procedure frequently makes use of specialized mills of various types for this purpose. Creating larger nanostructures using the bottom-up strategy begins with rearranging atoms.

Figure 2 “Top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies for synthesizing NMs.
Figure 2

“Top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies for synthesizing NMs.

The required characteristics and the chemical composition of the nanoparticles dictate which process is best. It requires in-depth understanding of the short-range forces of attraction, such as electrostatic and van der Waals forces, as well as other interactions between atoms or molecules. The following are a few instances of prominent and typical approaches (top-down and bottom-up) [50,51]. Depending on their crystal structure, manufacturing process, and material composition, many nanostructures can have quite varied morphologies. The synthesis techniques now in use enable the creation of nanoparticles in a range of sizes and forms, including spheres, cubes, octahedrons, rods, tubes, needles, and more. The variety of morphological forms that may be created at the nanoscale using organic molecules is practically limitless [52]. Using self-assembling duplex DNA as building blocks, for instance, modern biotechnologies enable the controlled manufacture of three-dimensional structures with sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Nanoscale “DNA origami” – polygon frameworks, gears, bridges, bottles, etc. – was made using one of these methods [53]. Because morphology variation is a reflection of the result of surface (interface) development (transformation) throughout the material-making process, it is an efficient means of influencing the functionality of NMs that also influences their biocompatibility. Particularly for nanoparticles, morphological variety is crucial since these materials often have a high number of surface atoms that control their chemical and physical characteristics [54].

7.1 Bottom-up approaches

7.1.1 Vapor techniques

7.1.1.1 Aerosol processes

When an aerosol is atomized, it can form small droplets that solidify when the solvent is subsequently evaporated. Alternatively, an aerosol can be transformed into a particle by nucleation and growth through condensation and coagulation, respectively, to create nanoparticles using aerosol-based methods. It is possible to atomize various liquids or solid via nebulization or electrohydrodynamic atomization and to prepare air for particles, one can use actuated plasma, flame, furnace, or spark discharge processes [55]. Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition methods will be discussed in detail. The aerosol method has been more and more popular recently since it is easy to use, has excellent control over the size and form of the particles, is inexpensive, adaptable, and produces clean particles with little environmental impact [56].

7.1.1.2 Atomic or molecular condensation (gas condensation) vapor condensation (vapor deposition) technique

Figure 1 displays a typical experimental setup. Within a horizontal tube furnace, the synthesis takes place in an alumina or quartz tube. An alumina boat laden with high-purity oxide particles is placed in the middle of the furnace, which has the maximum temperature. Usually, the substrates are positioned downstream, after the carrier gas, to gather the necessary nanostructures. Poly-crystalline alumina, single-crystal alumina (sapphire), or silicon wafer can be used as the substrates. O-rings are used to seal the stainless steel caps on both ends of the tube. A suitable temperature gradient in the tube is achieved by cooling water flowing within the cover caps. The system is first pushed down to around 10–2 Torr for the experiments. The tube is then heated to the reaction temperature at a predetermined heating rate by turning on the furnace. The tube pressure is then brought back to 200–500 Torr by adding an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to the system at a steady flow rate (various source materials and final deposited nanostructures need different pressures). To evaporate the source material and attain a suitable level of deposition, the reaction temperature and pressure are maintained for a predetermined amount of time. It is possible to evaporate source materials under low pressure and high temperatures. The inner tube then transports the gas and the vapor to the lower temperature zone, where the vapor eventually supersaturates. The nucleation and development of nanostructures will take place once it reaches the substrate. When the furnace is switched off, the growth comes to an end. After that, inert gas is pumped into the system to bring it down to ambient temperature. The goal of the procedure is to vaporize the target materials quickly with a heat source and then swiftly condense them. Depending on the response, evaporation processes may be separated into physical and chemical (applying reaction gases instead of the carrier gas) processes as shown Figure 3 [57,58].

Figure 3 Vapor condensation (vapor deposition) technique.
Figure 3

Vapor condensation (vapor deposition) technique.

Physical vapor condensation (PVC) is used to create nanoparticles if their composition matches that of the target materials [59]. However, chemical vapor condensation (CVC), which occurs when vapor and other components are combined to form a vapor, is typically used to create nanoparticles that are different in composition from the target materials [60]. While the PVC approach produces a nanomaterial from a single source, the CVC process produces distinct components of the material once its composition is created. Making Fe or FeN nanoparticles, which are known to have great magnetic properties and corrosion resistance in addition to outstanding mechanical properties, is a perfect application for CVC techniques [61]. During the CVC process, the employment of the precursor Fe (CO) and the carrier gas NH provides the ability to alter the phase of these nanoparticles (Fe and FeN). Studying variations in the composition and phases of the resulting nanoparticles throughout the CVC process with the precursor decomposition temperature is the main goal of this work. A BM needs to be heated to a high enough temperature inside of a vacuum chamber (far beyond the melting point but less than the boiling point) to be vaporized and atomized and then guided to a chamber with either an inert or reactive gas environment. Nanoparticles were originally generated through nucleation, which was induced by the interaction of the metal atoms with the gas molecules, which resulted in their fast cooling. When a solution is added with oxygen, a reactive gas, metal nanoparticles are created. Consideration should be given to rapid oxidation, which might result in overheating and particle sintering. In general, gas evaporation typically results in materials and aggregates with a wide particle size range [62]. Nanoparticles such as iron, iron oxide, aluminum, TiO2, and Sb2O3 have been synthesized by vapor condensation which is based on the evaporation of a solid metal followed by rapid condensation to form nanosized particles to deposit the evaporation product on the hard surface. Nanosized powders can then be used as fillers for composite materials or consolidated into BM [63,64,65]. The advantage of this method is the low level of contaminations and the ability to produce the desired final size by using suitable temperature, gas environment, and evaporation rate [66]. One of the most significant advantages of the vapor condensation process, which may be used to manufacture films and coatings, is its adaptability and simplicity of usage. Other advantages include the purity of the products and the density of the steam produced. This technique also makes it possible to quickly accelerate and guide high-density steam to the metal that has to be coated. Despite the advantages of this technology, its biggest disadvantages are its high manufacturing costs and the potential for interactions between heating source materials and metal vapors.

7.1.1.3 Arc discharge generation

Metals can also be vaporized by using an electric arc as a source of energy. Two electrodes made of the metal that will be vaporized in this process are charged with an inert gas. The application of a strong current approaches the breakdown voltage. The arc that forms between the two electrodes transfers a little amount of metal from one to the other. This procedure is relatively reproducible; however, it produces very little in the way of metal nanoparticles. You can make metal oxides or other compounds by using oxygen or another reactive gas [67]. Electrical discharge is a widely utilized technique because it produces significant evaporation rates due to its high temperatures.

7.1.1.4 Laser ablation techniques

Laser ablation technique is schematized in Figure 4 [68]. It consists of focusing on the surface of a material (gas or liquid) using a laser beam, which causes its vaporization at the irradiated point. The impact between the evaporated part and the surrounding molecules results in the formation of a laser-induced plasma plume, which is subsequently confined in a specific region to disperse the nanoparticles so that the coagulation phenomenon is correctly controlled in the final stages of the process. In the ablation chamber, there are interactions among the target material, particle concentration, and experimental media (argon, water, and ambient air). However, due to the high concentration of evaporated material in the column, agglomerates may form there. This method is not commonly used because of its low throughput and high operating costs, especially on a large scale [68].

Figure 4 Laser ablation technique.
Figure 4

Laser ablation technique.

7.1.1.5 Plasma technique

Plasma spray synthesis and microwave plasma process are the two types of plasma processes. The plasma zone produces electric-charged particles that are used in the microwave plasma process. The advantages of the charged particles therefore result in a decrease in agglomeration and coagulation [69]. Reactants can ionize and dissociate at reaction temperatures lower than chemical vapor deposition, which is why the particles still have electrical charges on them. The approach has the ability to produce unagglomerated particles, a restricted particle size range, and quick production rates [70]. A technique known as plasma spray synthesis may be used outside to create nanoparticles. The incredibly high flow velocity of the produced nanoparticles makes collection challenging. The method has several benefits, including ease of use, affordability, and the ability to produce large quantities. Utilization of the method is constrained by the requirements for safe and efficient particle collection [71].

7.1.2 Liquid phase techniques

7.1.2.1 Sol–gel

The sol–gel technique is a more chemical (wet chemical) procedure for producing various nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles. The word “sol” describes organic or liquid solvents containing dispersions of finely divided solid particles, with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. This process involves heating the material while stirring it until it gels, after dissolving it in water or alcohol [72]. The hydrolysis/alcoholysis process results in a wet or moist gel, which needs to be dried in accordance with its intended use and desired qualities. For example, burning alcohol is used to complete the drying process if the solution contains alcohol. After being created, the gels are crushed, dried, and then calcined. The low reaction temperature and accessibility of sol–gel technology allow for fine control of the chemical composition. The sol–gel approach is feasible due to its low reaction temperature, which also permits effective chemical composition control of the final products [73]. Ceramics may be produced using the sol–gel method for a number of uses, including as a bridge layer between thin metal oxide coatings and as a molding material. Sol–gel materials find extensive uses in optical, electrical, energy, surface engineering, biosensors, and a variety of separation methods, such as chromatography. The sol–gel procedure is a popular and useful way to produce nanoparticles with different chemical compositions [72,74].

7.1.2.2 Solvothermal technique

Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing NMs at extremely high temperatures and pressures, usually between 1 and 10,000 atm. The process is typically carried out at a temperature that is equivalent to or greater than the boiling point of the reaction medium in a sealed vessel (such as an autoclave) [75]. Reaction containers must be chemically inert. The reaction solution is heated over the boiling point of the solvent in the enclosed autoclave, resulting in high pressure. In such a situation, the solvent becomes a supercritical fluid, or a fluid in which the gaseous and liquid phases coexist. The autoclave is cooled to room temperature to extract the desired product when the reaction is finished. Solvent-related impurities are eliminated in the next step. When using water as the solvent and usually operating below the supercritical temperature of water (374°C), the technique is known as hydrothermal synthesis. Nanoparticles have been produced using this process in a range of shapes, such as spheres, rods, tetrapods, and others. These forms may be produced by varying the reaction temperature, precursor concentration, and reaction time [76].

7.1.2.3 Sonochemical technique

Strong ultrasonic radiation is used in sonochemistry, a scientific field that studies chemical interactions between molecules. The primary mechanism underlying the sonochemical reaction is acoustic cavitation, which is the growth, expansion, and collapse of bubbles in a liquid subjected to ultrasound. Even though cavitation is expected to be avoided when designing reactors because it can cause erosion damage, acoustic cavitation is essential to sonochemical processing since it can be regulated and restricted to only the reaction and not the reactor [61]. This process has been widely employed to generate nanosized materials with peculiar features because of the particular circumstances (very high temperatures (5,000 K), pressures (>20 MPa), and cooling speeds (>109 K s_1)] [51]. The inexpensive cost of sonochemical research is without a doubt its greatest advantage [77].

7.2 Top-down approaches

7.2.1 Solid phase techniques mechanical attrition (high energy ball milling)

With this method, each particle that has to be reduced to a nanosize is forcefully milling in tiny, closed cylinders using steel or ceramic balls. Final grain size is frequently influenced by the ball-to-powder ratio of the ball mill utilized, as well as milling duration, temperature, environment, and milling speed. High energy milling process involves mechanochemical and mechanical activation and by this technique, at least theoretically can synthesize all kinds of materials. The mechanochemical process involves chemical reaction and phase transformation due to the application of mechanical energy (ball milling) [78–80]. Carbides of Ti have been synthesized directly from mixtures of titanium oxide and graphite as well as ferrotitanium and graphite through mechanical activation and heat treatment. In the proposed technique, the synthesis of TiC was achieved at a temperature much lower than those used in the conventional carbothermic reductions due to the mechanical activation process and reducing the powder to nanosize [81,82]. X-ray diffraction method was used to characterize the powders in their as-milled state. Many reports are available on the formation of nanopowders by mechanical alloying from raw materials [83,84]. A major disadvantage of mechanical alloying and mechanical activation is the possibility of contamination from the milling media and agglomeration due to the large forces and energies involved in the milling process. However, This can be minimized by limiting the milling time. The technique holds tremendous potential for the inexpensive synthesis of a variety of ceramic and metallic nanopowders [85,86]. The main factors that affect the MA process are types of mill, milling tools, milling environmental, milling temperature, milling time, and milling atmosphere [87]. There are various types of mills (attrition mill, horizontal mill, 1D vibratory mill (shaker mill), planetary mill, and 3D vibratory mill) (Figure 5). Various types of mills differ in their capacity, speed of operation, and ability to control the operation by varying milling temperature and the extent of minimizing the contamination of the powders. The high-energy ball mills most commonly used in research laboratories comprise one or more containers in which the powder and balls are placed.

Figure 5 Different types of ball mill: attrition mill, horizontal mill, planetary mill, and the 1D and 3D vibratory mills.
Figure 5

Different types of ball mill: attrition mill, horizontal mill, planetary mill, and the 1D and 3D vibratory mills.

During milling the component powders are (a) both ductile, (b) ductile/brittle, or (c) both brittle. Accordingly, they exhibit different morphologies during milling. A thorough study of the characteristics, applications, and fabrication processes of nanoparticles often results in the improvement of industrial products via the selection of the most appropriate characteristics, applications, and manufacturing procedures [88]. The required NMs may now be produced by a variety of synthetic techniques, including mechanical milling, physical processing, and wet chemical processes. Different nanocomposites have been synthesized using physical and chemical processes; however, these approaches remain limited since they need complex setups, have low nanoparticle productivity and high operating costs, generate huge amounts of chemical waste, and significantly increase the risk of contamination. Due to these shortcomings, researchers have focused on developing more convenient fabrication techniques for selective applications.

8 Conclusions

For a very long time, humans have used NMs without realizing it. Scholars first encountered the idea of contemporary nanotechnology because of Feynman’s well-known lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Since then, there has been significant advancement in nanotechnology, and the subject is always growing into new areas. Materials of any size between 1 and 100 nm are typically referred to as NMs. Nanomaterials are synthesized using two primary methods (both top-down and bottom-up methods). Unique mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic features that set them apart from more conventional materials have been demonstrated by NMs. The family of NMs has been thoroughly studied for a wide range of applications because of its large surface areas, quick charge transfer capabilities, and strong mechanical characteristics. As a result of well-organized nanostructures, more attention is presently being paid to creating NMs with regulated morphologies and nanoscale dimensions in order to accomplish the desired results. A deeper comprehension of the issues facing contemporary society and the quick advancement of nanotechnology can help resolve future problems. Based on the current state of research and development in NM field, In the future, nanotechnology additives will have the potential to demonstrate self-sense properties that help materials to self-heal when damaged, which could be useful in the aviation industry. Despite its many beneficial applications and capabilities to develop modern industries, Nanotechnology faces several challenges, including cost, acceptability and compatibility concerns, and information gaps about the advantages of employing NMs.

  1. Funding information: Author states no funding involved.

  2. Author contribution: The author confirms the sole responsibility for the conception of the study, presented results and manuscript preparation.

  3. Conflict of interest: Author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data used to support this study are included within the article. Through the article, the others can directly access the data that supports the conclusions of the study. The nature of the data in this article is collecting the the information about Applications of nanotechnology, and Nano production techniques and explain the different Applications and different techniques which included within the article.

References

[1] Guz IA, Rodger AA, Guz AN, Rushchitsky JJ. Developing the mechanical models for nanomaterials. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2007;38:1234–50.10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.04.012Search in Google Scholar

[2] Sattler KD. Handbook of nanophysics: Principles and methods. London: Taylor & Francis; 2017.10.1201/9781420075458Search in Google Scholar

[3] Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F. The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: from chemical–physical applications to nanomedicine. Molecules. 2020;25(1):112.10.3390/molecules25010112Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Zakri RH, Zakri R, Zakri S, Hassan KU. Nanotechnology in surgery: tiny solutions for titanic problems. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2011;7(1):37–41.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Chicinas I. Soft magnetic nanocrystalline powders produced by mechanical alloying routes. J Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2006;8:439–48.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Bogner A, Jouneau P-H, Thollet G, Basset D, Gauthier C. A history of scanning electron microscopy developments: Towards“wet-STEM” imaging. Micron. 2007;38:390–401.10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Joseph TM, Kar Mahapatra D, Esmaeili A, Piszczyk Ł, Hasanin MS, Kattali M, et al. Nanoparticles: Taking a unique position in medicine. Nanomaterials. 2023;13:574. 10.3390/nano13030574.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Virot M, Dumas T, Cot-Auriol M, Moisy P, Nikitenko SI. Synthesis and multi-scale properties of PuO2 nanoparticles: recent advances and open questions. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4:4938–71.10.1039/D2NA00306FSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Nanda SS, Yi DK. Recent advances in synergistic effect of nanoparticles and its biomedical application. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar;25(6):3266.10.3390/ijms25063266Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Rida JF, Bhardwaj AK, Jaiswal AK. Overview of carbon nanotubes (cnts) novel of applications as microelectronics, optical communications, biological, biomedicine and biosensing. Int J Adv Res Eng Tech. 2014 Oct;5(10):104–33.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Kausar A, Ahmad I, Maaza M, Bocchetta P. Self-healing nanocomposites – Advancements and aerospace applications. J Compos Sci. 2023;7(4):148. 10.3390/jcs7040148.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Alkaç İM, Çerçi B, Timuralp C, Şen F. Nanomaterials and their classification. Design Electrocatalysis Micro Nano Technol. 2021;17–33.10.1016/B978-0-12-821713-9.00011-1Search in Google Scholar

[13] Kulkarni MB, Ayachit NH, Aminabhavi TM. Recent advancements in nanobiosensors: current trends, challenges, applications, and future scope. Biosensors. 2022;12:892.10.3390/bios12100892Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[14] Liu TS, Qiu F, Dong BX, Geng R, Zha M, Yang HY, et al. Role of trace nanoparticles in establishing fully optimized microstructure configuration of cold-rolled Al alloy. Mater & Des. 2021 August;206:109743.10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109743Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fattahi M, Hsu CY, Ali AO, Mahmoud ZH, Dang NP, Kianfar E. Severe plastic deformation: Nanostructured materials, metal-based and polymer-based nanocomposites: A review. Heliyon. 2023 December;9(12):1–26.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22559Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Ali M, Falih S. Synthesis and characterization of aluminum composites materials reinforced with TiC nano-particles. Jordan J Mech Ind Eng. 2014;8(5):244–50.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Gherissi A, Ali M. Superficial hardening improvement of nano and microcomposite Al/TiC. J Silic Based Compos Mater. 2019;72(1):25–9.10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2020.5Search in Google Scholar

[18] Ali M. Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2023;62:20230126.10.1515/rams-2023-0126Search in Google Scholar

[19] Saba N, Paridah MT, Abdan K, Ibrahim NA. Effect of oil palm nano filler on mechanical and morphological properties of kenaf reinforced epoxy composites. Constr Build Mater. 2016 Oct;123:15–26.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.131Search in Google Scholar

[20] Wu Q, Miao W, Zhang Y, Gao H, Hui D. Mechanical properties of nanomaterials: A review. Nanotechnol Rev. 2020;9:259–73.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0021Search in Google Scholar

[21] Ahmad K, Jamaludin S, Hussain L, Ahmad Z. The influence of alumina particle size on sintered density and hardness of discontinuous reinforced aluminum metal matrix composite. Univ Teknologi Malays Institutional Repository. 2005;42:49–57.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Ghabban AA, Zubaidi ABA, Jafar M, Fakhri Z. Effect of nano SiO2 and nano CaCO3 on the mechanical properties, durability and flowability of concrete. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 454; 2018. p. 012016. 10.10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012016.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Zhuang C, Chen Y. The effect of nano-SiO2 on concrete properties: a review. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:562–72.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0050Search in Google Scholar

[24] Taher ZK, Ismael MQ. Rutting prediction of hot mix asphalt mixtures modified by nano silica and subjected to aging process. Civ Eng J. 2023 January;9(1):1–14.10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-01Search in Google Scholar

[25] Bansal SA, Kumar V, Karimi J, Singh AP, Kumar S. Role of gold nanoparticles in advanced biomedical applications. Nanoscale Adv. 2020 Sep;2(9):3764–87.10.1039/D0NA00472CSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Silva MR, Alves MF, Cunha JP, Costa JL, Silva CA, Fernandes MH, et al. Nanostructured transparent solutions for UV-shielding: Recent developments and future challenges. Mater Today Phys. 2023 June;35:101131.10.1016/j.mtphys.2023.101131Search in Google Scholar

[27] Shi D, Guo Z, Bedford N. Nanomaterials and devices. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc.; 2014. 10.1016/C2012-0-03204-8.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Ramasamy S, Purniah B. Electrical properties of nanostructured materials. PINSA. 2001;67A:18.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Singh M, Goyal M, Devlal K. Size and shape effects on the band gap of semiconductor compound nanomaterials. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2018;12:470–5. 10.1080/16583655.2018.1473946.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Liu L, Corma A. Metal catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis: from single atoms to nanoclusters and nanoparticles. Chem Rev. 2018;118:4981–5079. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00776.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Korotcenkov G. Electrospun metal oxide nanofibers and their conductometric gas sensor application. Part 2: Gas sensors and their advantages and limitations. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:1555. 10.3390/nano11061555.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Singh SC, Zeng H, Guo C, Gopal R, Cai W. Introduction of materials and architectures at the nanoscale. Nanomaterials: processing and characterization with lasers. Wiley; 2012. p. 35–66. 10.1002/9783527646821.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Theivasanthi T. Lead nanopowder as advanced semi-conductor – an insight. Res Appl Mater. 2013;1(4):36–43. 10.12966/ram.07.02.2013.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Keshri S, Biswas S. Synthesis, physical properties, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles: a review. Prog Biomater. 2022 Dec;11:347–72.10.1007/s40204-022-00204-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[35] Ali M. Synthesis and characterization of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with various ratios of TiC. Jordan J Mech Ind Eng. 2016;10:231–7.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Ali M. Epoxy–date palm fiber composites: Study on manufacturing and properties. Int J Polym Sci. 2023;5670293.10.1155/2023/5670293Search in Google Scholar

[37] Williams LD, Adams W. Nanotechnology demystified. USA: McGraw-Hill; 2007. p. 268–75.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Karkare M. Nanotechnology fundamentals and applications. New Delhi: I.K. Intl. Publishing House Pvt.Ltd; 2008. p. 2–50.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Ramanujan RV. Nanostructured electronic and magnetic materials. J Sadhana. 2003;28:81–96.10.1007/BF02717127Search in Google Scholar

[40] Taha TB, Barzinjy AA, Hussain FH, Nurtayeva T. Nanotechnology and computer science: Trends and advances. Memories-Mater Devices Circuits Syst. 2022;2:100011.10.1016/j.memori.2022.100011Search in Google Scholar

[41] Hussain CM. Handbook of nanomaterials for industrial applications. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Liang Y, Zhao CZ, Yuan H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Huang JQ, et al. A review of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices. InfoMat. 2019;1:6–32.10.1002/inf2.12000Search in Google Scholar

[43] Sivaramkrishnan M, Agenya R, Santhi Mary Antony A, Baskar R, Prakash RB, Ramya D, et al. A certain investigation of nanomaterial-based li-ion batteries for electrical vehicles. J Nanomaterials. 2022;2022(1):2700050. 10.1155/2022/2700050.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Kang B, Ceder G. Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging. Nature. 2009;458:190–3.10.1038/nature07853Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Nasim MN, Nawaz B, Dyakov OA, Mack JH. An experimental study on the performance and durability of nanostructured spark plugs. USA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2022. Vol. 86540, p. 86540.10.1115/ICEF2022-90609Search in Google Scholar

[46] Ortiz A, Romero JL, Cueva I, Jacobo VH, Schouwenaars R. Spark plug failure due to a combination of strong magneticfields and undesirable fuel additives. Case Stud Eng Fail Anal. 2013;1:267–71.10.1016/j.csefa.2013.04.004Search in Google Scholar

[47] Bhat A, Budholiya S, Aravind Raj S, Sultan MT, Hui D, Md Shah AU, et al. Review on nanocomposites based on aerospace applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10:237–53.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0018Search in Google Scholar

[48] Kausar A, Ahmad I, Maaza M, Bocchetta P. Self-healing nanocomposites advancements and aerospace applications. J Compos Sci. 2023;7:148. 10.3390/jcs7040148.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Yağmur H, Şen S, Bayar C, Serbest K. Design of A 3-DOF thrust control system for rocket engines. J Smart Syst Res (JOINSSR). 2022;3:30–48.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Baig N, Kammakakam I, Falath W. Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Mater Adv. 2021;2:1821–71.10.1039/D0MA00807ASearch in Google Scholar

[51] Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, et al. Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. RSC Adv. 2024 Apr;14(20):13862–99.10.1039/D3RA05816FSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[52] Nyabadza A, McCarthy É, Makhesana M, Heidarinassab S, Plouze A, Vazquez M, et al. A review of physical, chemical and biological synthesis methods of bimetallic nanoparticles and applications in sensing, water treatment, biomedicine, catalysis and hydrogen storage. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2023 November;321:103010.10.1016/j.cis.2023.103010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[53] Zhan P, Peil A, Jiang Q, Wang D, Mousavi S, Xiong Q, et al. Recent advances in DNA origami-engineered nanomaterials and applications. Chem Rev. 2023;123(7):3976–4050.10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00028Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[54] Wang X, Duan P, Cao Z, Liu C, Wang D, Peng Y, et al. Surface morphology of the interface junction of CVD mosaic single-crystal diamond. Mater (Basel). 2020 Jan;13(1):91.10.3390/ma13010091Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[55] Bae GN, Jung JH. Aerosol-processed nanomaterials for antimicrobial air filtration. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2016;16:4487–92.10.1166/jnn.2016.10973Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[56] Gautam M, Kim JO, Yong CS. Fabrication of aerosol‑based nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical fields. J Pharm Investigation. 2021;51:361–75.10.1007/s40005-021-00523-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[57] Cho C, Murai K, Suzuki T, Suematsu H, Jiang W, Yatsui K. Effects of atmospheric gas pressure on particle size distribution of nanosized powders synthesized by pulsed wire discharge. Trans Mater Res Soc Japan. 2003;28(4):1187.Search in Google Scholar

[58] Champion Y, Guerin-Mailly S, Bonnentien J-L, Langlois P. Fabrication of bulk nanostructured materials from metallic nanopowders: structure and mechanical behaviour. Scrip Mater. 2001;44:1609.10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00782-5Search in Google Scholar

[59] Sanders PG, Eastman JA, Weertman JR. Elastic and tensile behavior of nanocrystalline copper and palladium. Acta Mater. 1997;45:4019.10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00092-XSearch in Google Scholar

[60] Choi GJ, Tolochko O, Kim BK. Preparation of iron nanoparticles by chemical vapor condensation. Mater Lett. 2002;56:289.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00457-3Search in Google Scholar

[61] Wei B, Jin X, Wang Q, Li Y, Khan WQ. Synthesis of carbon coated iron nitride nanoparticles by using microwave plasma technique. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(9):096103.10.1088/2053-1591/abb735Search in Google Scholar

[62] Fazal R, Qayyum I, Rehman R. Nanotechnology; A great innovation in scientific research and technology-A review. Austin J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2019;7:1051.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Lee DW, Yua JH, Jang TS, Kim BK. Nanocrystalline iron particles synthesized by chemical vapour condensation without chilling. Mat Lett. 2005;59:2124–7.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.02.045Search in Google Scholar

[64] Lee DW, Yua JH, Yuna JY, Turaeva FR, Limb TH, Jang T. Preparation of TiC-Ni nanocomposite powder by a metallothermic chloride reduction. J Ceram Process Res. 2008;9:407–10.Search in Google Scholar

[65] Lee JS, Im SS, Lee CW, Yu JH, Choa YH, Oh ST. Hollow nanoparticles of iron oxide synthesized by chemical vapor condensation. J Nanopart Res. 2004;6:627–31.10.1007/s11051-004-6322-8Search in Google Scholar

[66] Gurrappa I, Binder L. Electrodeposition of nanostructured coatings and their characterization. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2008;9:1–11.10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/043001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[67] Corbella C, Portal S, Kundrapu MN, Keidar M. Nanosynthesis by atmospheric arc discharges excited with pulsed-DC power: a review. Nanotechnology. 2022;33:342001.10.1088/1361-6528/ac6badSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[68] Garcia Tobar M, Contreras Urgiles RW, Jimenez Cordero B, Guillen Matute J. Nanotechnology in lubricants: A systematic review of the use of nanoparticles to reduce the friction coefficient. Lubricants. 2024;12:166. 10.3390/lubricants12050166.Search in Google Scholar

[69] Vollath D, Sickafus KE. Synthesis of nanosized ceramic oxide powders by microwave plasma reactions. NanoStruct Mater. 1992;1:427.10.1016/0965-9773(92)90093-DSearch in Google Scholar

[70] Vollath D, Szabó DV. The microwave plasma process–a versatile process to synthesise nanoparticulate materials. J Nanopart Res. 2006;8(3):417–28.10.1007/s11051-005-9014-0Search in Google Scholar

[71] Luther W. In Industrial application of nanomaterials-chances and risks. Luther W, editor. Future Technologies Division, Dusseldorf; 2004.Search in Google Scholar

[72] Bokov D, Turki Jalil A, Chupradit S, Suksatan W, Javed Ansari M, Shewael IH, et al. Nanomaterial by sol-gel method: Synthesis and application. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2021;21:1–21. 10.1155/2021/5102014.Search in Google Scholar

[73] Kumar A, Yadav N, Bhatt M, Mishra NK, Chaudhary P, Singh R. Sol-gel derived nanomaterials and it’s applications: a review. Res J Chem Sci. 2015;12:1–6.Search in Google Scholar

[74] Kumar A, Yadav N, Bhatt M, Mishra NK, Chaudhary P, Singh R. Sol-gel derived nanomaterials and it’s applications: a review. Res J Chem Sci. 2015;5:1–6.Search in Google Scholar

[75] Li J, Wu Q, Wu J. Synthesis of nanoparticles via solvothermal and hydrothermal methods. Handbook of nanoparticles. Springer, USA: Springer International Publishing Switzerland; 2015. 10.1007/978-3-319-13188-7_17-1.Search in Google Scholar

[76] Zazhigalov V, Sachuk O, Starchevskyy V. Sonochemical method preparation of nanosized systems based on oxides of Zn, Ce and Mo. Res J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2020;10(2):15–26.Search in Google Scholar

[77] Esmaeili-Zare M, Salavati-Niasari M. In: Proceedings of the International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties, Ukraine. Vol. 1–3; 2013. p. 38.Search in Google Scholar

[78] Zakeri M, Ramezani M, Nazari A. Effect of ball to powder weight ratio on the mechanochemical synthesis of MoSi2-TiC nanocomposite powder. Mater Res. 2012;15:891–7.10.1590/S1516-14392012005000111Search in Google Scholar

[79] Colacino E, Carta M, Pia G, Porcheddu A, Ricci PC, Delogu F. Processing and investigation methods in mechanochemical kinetics. ACS Omega. 2018;3:9196–209.10.1021/acsomega.8b01431Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[80] Ivanov E.and Suryanarayana C. Materials and process design through mechanochemical routes. J Mater Synth Process. 2000;8:235–44.10.1023/A:1011372312172Search in Google Scholar

[81] Ali M, Basu P. Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured titanium carbide from TiO2 powders. J Alloy Compd. 2010;500:220–3.10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.007Search in Google Scholar

[82] Ali M, Basu P. Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured titanium carbide from industrial Fe–Ti. J Alloy Compd. 2010;491:581–3.10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.007Search in Google Scholar

[83] Wei LK, Abd Rahim SZ, Al Bakri Abdullah MM, Yin AT, Ghazali MF, Omar MF, et al. Producing metal powder from machining chips using ball milling process: a review. Materials. 2023;16:4635. 10.3390/ma16134635.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[84] Li J, Hitch M. Mechanical activation of magnesium silicates for mineral carbonation, a review. Miner Eng. 2018;128:69–83.10.1016/j.mineng.2018.08.034Search in Google Scholar

[85] Tsuzuki T. Mechanochemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Commun Chem. 2021;4:143.10.1038/s42004-021-00582-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[86] Kelsall RW, Hamley IW, Geoghegan M. Nanoscale science and technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2005. p. 254–8.10.1002/0470020873Search in Google Scholar

[87] El-Eskandarany MS. Mechanical alloying for fabrication of advanced engineering materials. USA: Noyes; 2001. p. 1–20.10.1016/B978-081551462-6.50003-2Search in Google Scholar

[88] Wagih A. Effect of milling time on morphology and microstructure of Al-Mg/Al2O3 nanocomposite powder produced by mechanical alloying. Int J Adv Eng Sci. 2015;60:790–3.10.1016/j.apt.2014.10.005Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-03-07
Revised: 2024-06-12
Accepted: 2024-06-25
Published Online: 2024-07-29

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0063
Keywords for this article
nanomaterials; nanomaterials applications; reinforcement; nanomaterial composites; nanomaterial production
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 15.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2024-0063/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOopSG8HjIfh3JptPypYG6Ghh48tR2XwYRFQlGPkUHW0VRXkVGR5B
Scroll to top button