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Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings

  • Qusay Kamil EMAIL logo and Najim Abd
Published/Copyright: January 29, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

In this article, we propose a novel radiant floor cooling system employing phase change materials (PCMs) with the applicability of a thermal energy simulation (TES) using two different TESs (spiral and counter). The numerical simulation was done with the help of a computational fluid dynamic program tool, namely, the ANSYS FLUENT 2022R2 software package. The results indicated that the cooling system’s performance is not greatly improved by the water mass flow rate (0.5 kg/s). Such radiant floor cooling systems can be calculated and designed with the help of the model. The results also showed that the PCM took a long time to dissolve with respect to the counterblow model (144 min) more than the spiral model reached (130 min) and thus benefited from storing and reducing energy consumption during peak load. The results also showed the temperature range of melting during the charging process is about 27–29°C, while it ranges between 22 and 26°C) during the discharge process. It is found that, generally, the counter pattern is the best configuration, allowing better thermal homogenization.

Keywords: radiant floor; cooling system; phase change materials; spiral; counter

1 Introduction

Phase change materials (PCMs), which are used in thermal energy simulation (TES), have been researched for usage in a variety of applications, including air conditioners, photo voltaic panels, power plants, energy-efficient buildings, and other uses [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. In TES systems, PCMs are primarily used as storage media [1,8,9,10]. According to Pandey et al. [11], the majority of studies on the PCM’s thermal storage impact concentrated on analyzing cooling systems that included PCMs, such as heat exchangers alone.

Due to the limits of the measurement methods, there are not many research that have looked at the relationship between the heat balance of PCMs, whose response time is substantially longer than that of the nearby fluid, and the indoor air temperature and wind distribution in naturally ventilated rooms. There is a need for a modeling strategy for simulation-based analysis in order to get around the constraints of the measuring methodologies. Using heat balance and wind dispersion, this method calculates the thermal storage of the PCMs and their cooling effect on the indoor thermal environment. Many academics have recently created mathematical models of PCMs to evaluate the effects of PCM thermal storage using various modeling techniques. Previously, building energy simulation (BES) tools like EnergyPlus were used to clarify the effect of the thermal storage effect of PCMs on interior environments. PCMs and building components were the focus of a modeling approach covered by Tabares-Velasco and Griffith [12] in EnergyPlus. In order to verify the hysteresis in the PCM model, Goia et al.’s [13] analysis of experimental data and EnergyPlus’s simulation of results. Due to the intricate procedures of PCM solidification and melting, the BES only partially succeeds in precisely forecasting the thermal storage effect of PCMs [14]. If PCMs are installed in naturally ventilated buildings, e.g., the BES may be less accurate at forecasting the effects of thermal storage [15]. The goal of the present article is to investigate the thermal performance of a new radiant floor cooling system with PCMs using two thermal energy storage modes (spiral and counter flow) and to present the temperature distribution, solidification, and melting processes of each model to allow the reader to select the most appropriate one.

2 Specifications of the building and system setup

The test room building uses the radiant floor cooling technology that is illustrated here. In Figure 1, it is shown schematically. The floor’s construction is made up of several layers, including insulation, a covering floor, and TES formed of the galvanized duct. This galvanized material continues to be the most popular choice for this kind of installation, primarily due to its long-lasting resilience, simplicity of use, and lack of corrosion hazards.

Figure 1 Physical model of the floor: (a) floor model with water (b) floor model with PCM.
Figure 1

Physical model of the floor: (a) floor model with water (b) floor model with PCM.

The TES is a rectangular duct, where w/z = 2 is the height/width of the duct channel. Table 1 describes the geometrical data, solid and PCM material thermal variables, and PCM material thermal specifications. The horizontal section’s surface temperature distribution is the primary focus of the current inquiry, as is the solidification and melting processes. Two shapes including counter flow and modulated spiral are compared. Schematic representations of the two shapes of the floor cooling system are shown in Figure 2. The floor cover and the ducting system are two distinct elements that fall under the purview of the solution in this case.

Table 1

Thermophysical properties [1,2]

Structural layers Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Density (m3/kg) Heat capacity (kJ/kg K) Enthalpy of fusion (kJ/kg K)
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid
Paraffin wax (PCM) 0.2 820 810 2.1 2 43.5
Water 0.6 998.2 4,182
Galvanized 20.4 7,870 896
Insulation 0.36 790 801
Floor covering 0.039 25 1,380
Figure 2 The three configurations of the duct of TES: (a) spiral and (b) counter.
Figure 2

The three configurations of the duct of TES: (a) spiral and (b) counter.

3 Methodology

3.1 Physical model

This article’s depiction of the floor is based on an experimental test room in Kirkuk, Iraq. The floor’s construction is shown in Figure 1. Other homes might have tile as the top layer instead of cement mortar or a moisture-proofing layer. Table 1 displays the material attributes utilized in the floor layer. In the study, the spacing between the ducts is 15 cm, and the size of the rectangular is a width of 2.5 cm and a height of 5 cm with a length of 40 m. Figure 2 shows the setup of the TES duct channel in the radiant floor cooling system. The maximum and minimum temperature ducts alternate, the floor surface temperature is constant, and the pipes do not cross each other. These features are advantages of the layout. In this study, the calculated water temperature is based on the mean temperature of the supply and return water. The present simulation is divided into two steps: in the first step, a 2D model is used to simulate the two TES models while using water as a coolant with various mass flow rates (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 kg/s) to find the appropriate mass flow rate for TES without PCM as shown in Figure 3; and in the second step, a 2D model is used to simulate the two TES models while using PCM, with the two models’ respective optimal first-stage mass flow rates (0.5 kg/s) being identified.

Figure 3 Mass flow rate with time.
Figure 3

Mass flow rate with time.

3.2 Meshing

To solve any problem by using FLUENT software, a secondary program is used to create the geometry and grid, which is called SOLIDWORKS. In the present study, the SOLIDWORKS program was used to create the geometric models, including specifying the heat transfer fluid and PCM zones. To ensure grid independence solution, three different grid densities were tested for the two-dimensional model with spacing (0.5, 1, and 2). Three grid numbers (2,054,430; 2,558,180; and 2,857,960) and three-time steps (0.1, 0.5, and 1 s) were used, respectively, for validation. The compared results show that spacing 1 with 2,857,960 elements and 3,588,091 nodes with a 0.1 s time step is suitable because it represents the best compromise between the solution accuracy and the computational cost. The cell type was quadrilateral and hexahedral for two-dimensional models. The models were exported to Fluent for setup and analysis procedures once a satisfactory mesh was achieved (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Geometry creation and mesh generation: (a) spiral and (b) counter.
Figure 4

Geometry creation and mesh generation: (a) spiral and (b) counter.

3.3 Governing equation

PCM will go through phase transformation while being endothermic or releasing heat, depending on the heat source. The following assumptions were made in order to reduce the complexity of the calculation: (1) unsteady state; (2) thermal energy store is considered in the energy equation; (3) neglect temperature distribution in z coordinate (this assumption subjected the model to a practical deviation, but it can be within acceptable criteria); (4) PCM thermophysical properties are constant within the working; (5) no effect of body forces; (6) liquid initially at T i > T m > T o; (7) ignore the bottom wall’s heat loss and establish adiabatic conditions; and (8) gravity’s acceleration, g, is 9.8 m/s2 in a vertical and downward direction.

3.3.1 Continuity equation

The continuity equation can be illustrated as follows [3]:

(1) ∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ · ( ρ V ̅ ) .

3.3.2 Energy equation

The energy equation can be written as follows [3]:

(2) ∂ ∂ t ( ρ H ) = ∇ ( k ∇ T ) .

3.3.3 Momentum equation

The momentum source term is [3]

(3) ρ ∂ V ̅ ∂ t + ( ∇ · V ̅ ) V ̅ = μ ( ∇ 2 V ̅ ) − ∇ P + S ̅ ,

where

(4) S ̅ = ( 1 − β ) 2 ( β + ε ) A much ( ϑ ̅ − ϑ ̅ p ) .

The liquid phase β is expressed as follows [16]:

(5) β = 0 , T < T solid , T − T solid T liquid − T solid , T liquid < T < T solid , 1 , T liquid < T .

The connection between enthalpy and temperature of PCM is as follows [17,18]:

(6) H = C psolid · T , T < T solid , H solid ∇ H m ( T − T solid ) T liquid − T solid , T liquid < T < T solid , H liquid + C pliquid ( T − T solid ) , T liquid < T .

3.4 Initial and boundary conditions

3.4.1 Initial conditions

No transfer of heat between the systems happens at the initial time t = 0,

Ts ( x , y , t ) | t = o = Tl ( x , y , t ) | t = o = T m .

3.4.2 Boundary conditions.

  1. Inlet: Heat transfer fluid (HTF) at the entrance was chosen to have a velocity inlet boundary condition type.

  2. Outlet: The pressure outlet type for HTF at exits was selected as the boundary condition type.

  3. The energy balance is satisfying at the interface region. [The heat absorbed from solid phase] – [The heat added to liquid phase] = [Latenet heat], i.e.,

    − ( Q s − Q l ) = ρ · h s − l d ( x , y ) d t at 0 ≤ x ≤ w and 0 ≤ y ≤ z .

  4. Walls: They were in adiabatic thermal condition since the back wall was thought to be entirely insulated. It was administered at a constant temperature, other than the walls between PCMs and HTF.

4 Results and discussions

4.1 Temperature contours without using PCM

The floor cooling system’s average surface temperature affects the surface temperature and, in turn, the occupants’ thermal comfort. It is a crucial parameter. For the two TES arrangements, this temperature is contrasted at an unstable state. The two layouts are compared while taking the varying inlet water temperatures into account. For the best mass flow rates of water (0.5 kg/s), computed temperature contours on the floor are shown in Figure 5. It was assumed that the input temperature was 17.8°C to compare the temperatures for the two scenarios. It is obvious that the shape of the TES influences the fluid’s temperature to some extent. For the spiral configuration, a maximum temperature of 27 °C is attained.

Figure 5 Temperature contour at a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s: (a) after 20 min; (b) after 20 min; (c) after 60 min; and (d) after 60 min.
Figure 5

Temperature contour at a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s: (a) after 20 min; (b) after 20 min; (c) after 60 min; and (d) after 60 min.

4.2 Discharging process analysis

Numerical simulations of the discharge process were performed for the two engineering designs under the same conditions. To compare the thermal storage capacities of the two systems, a preliminary study can be done by taking into account a full charging and discharging cycle. In general, it can be seen that the discharge process begins with the transfer of heat from the hot PCM to the cold air through the galvanized surface, and this leads to the hardening of the PCM in contact with the surface, forming solid layers between the galvanized surface and the liquid PCM on the outer borders, then moving to the center gradually with time. Heat is then transferred from the liquid PCM through the solid layers by conduction, but the thermal conductivity of the PCM is very low, so solidification is delayed. The PCM starts solidifying after about 24 min for the counter (Figure 6) and 21 min for the spiral flow (Figure 7), and it accomplishes a fully solid state after 155 and 125 min for the counter and spiral flow, respectively.

Figure 6 PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for counter design in the x–y plane: (a) discharging process and (b) charging process.
Figure 6

PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for counter design in the x–y plane: (a) discharging process and (b) charging process.

Figure 7 PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for spiral design in the x–y plane: (a) discharging process and (b) charging process.
Figure 7

PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for spiral design in the x–y plane: (a) discharging process and (b) charging process.

4.3 Charging process analysis

Figures 6 and 7 shows the circumference of the liquid fraction of the charging process for the simulated systems. The detailed diagram shows that at the beginning of the melting process, as the PCM is annealed, thermal conduction from the hot atmosphere through the galvanized surface to the PCM is dominant. With time, the annealed PCM and the galvanized surface are separated by a thin layer of melted PCM. Then the liquid PCM increases with time as the dissolution process increases and the numerical simulation shows that the PCM begins to dissolve from the outer limits after 30 and 27 minutes for the counter and spiral flow, respectively, to move to the center of the PCM to reach the almost complete liquid state after 144 and 130 min for counter and spiral flow, respectively (Figures 6 and 7). The results showed that the melting time of the PCM for the contour is about 15 min more than for the spiral, which is a useful time, so it is preferable to choose the contour as a design. Figures 8 and 9 show the charging and discharging processes from another plane (x–z) for the two designs, and this is consistent with what was mentioned previously.

Figure 8 PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for charging process in the x–z plane. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.
Figure 8

PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for charging process in the x–z plane. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.

Figure 9 PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for discharging process in the x–z plane. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.
Figure 9

PCM-integrated floor mass fraction for discharging process in the x–z plane. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.

4.4 Temperature contours with PCM

The temperature of the PCM rises rapidly during the first few minutes of operation until it reaches the melting temperature, and then while it melts, the increase in temperature is increased up to the point when the material is fully melted, according to the numerical analysis of the temperature of the PCM-integrated floor cooling system during the charging and discharging processes for counter design (Figures 10 and 11). The PCM-integrated floor cooling system’s cooling process is depicted in Figures 10 and 11 at various points in time, and it can be seen that before the PCM starts solidifying, the temperature decreases more quickly than it does during that process, displaying the enhanced thermal storage capacity of the PCM.

Figure 10 Temperature contour for discharging process. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.
Figure 10

Temperature contour for discharging process. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.

Figure 11 Temperature contour for charging process. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.
Figure 11

Temperature contour for charging process. (a) After 1 h, (b) after 1 h, (c) after 2 h, and (d) after 2 h.

5 Conclusions

The two models of the current study were simulated using ANSYS FLUENT2022R2 software. The current research included two cases: the first using water as a cooling fluid with different discharge rates (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 kg/s) and choosing the optimal flow rate, and the second using a PCM-integrated radiant floor cooling system to examine the applicability of a TES. The analysis focused on two patterns, namely modulated spiral and counter flow. The following summarizes the results reported in this article:

  1. The optimal water flow rate is 0.5 kg/s for the present study.

  2. The impact of various mass flow rates on the floor cooling system’s thermal behavior is minimal. Consequently, lowering the water entry velocity can reduce the pump’s energy consumption, but additional ducting size considerations must be made.

  3. During the discharging process, the PCM starts solidifying after approximately 24 min for counter and 21 min for spiral flow, and it reaches a fully solid state after 155 and 125 min for counter and spiral flow, respectively.

  4. During the charging process, the PCM begins to melt from the outer borders after 30 and 27 min for counter and spiral flow, respectively, to move to the center of the PCM to reach the almost complete liquid state after 144 and 130 min for counter and spiral flow, respectively.

  5. The temperature range of melting during the charging process is about 27–29°C, while it ranges between 22 and 26°C during the discharge process.

  6. By comparing the counter flow and the modified spiral configurations, it was found that the counter flow configuration takes more time to melt, and thus it is possible to reduce the consumption of energy and store more energy, thereby reducing the energy cost and increasing the life of the cooling devices. It was also found that the configuration of the counter flow allows for a more homogeneous temperature of the floor.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-26
Revised: 2023-07-24
Accepted: 2023-07-31
Published Online: 2024-01-29

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
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  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
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  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
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  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
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  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
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  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
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  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
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  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
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  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
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  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
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  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
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  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
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  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
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  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0502
Keywords for this article
radiant floor; cooling system; phase change materials; spiral; counter
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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