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A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types

  • Najm O. S. Alghazali and Taghreed A. Musa EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 27, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Water levels in main or sub-channels can be controlled and regulated with the help of weirs. Piano key weirs (PKWs), a type of non-linear weir, include side crests, as well as front and back crests. Due to the fact that the PKW is a modern, newly installed infrastructure, several studies addressing the distribution of energy for each type are not yet available. This study examines the amount of energy dissipated for the four primary types, as well as the impact of altering the width ratio and the height ratio. To investigate the effects on energy dissipate, and compare the energy dissipate efficiency of the main types of PKWs, each type of PKW was created with five models using width ratios (W i/W o = 1.25, 1, and 0.8) and height ratios (P/L = 0.11 and 0.078). The energy dissipation depends on type of PKW and decreases as the width ratio increases by 5% and the energy dissipation increases, with the rise in the height ratio by 4%. Due to the overhang effect, type-C is the energy type that dissipates the most, making it the best example of PKW in terms of energy dissipation efficiency. Type-A follows type-C in this respect.

Keywords: piano key weir; energy dissipation; head ratio; labyrinth weir; crest length; residual energy

Nomenclature

B

side length of piano key weir (mm)

B i

side length of the inlet overhang (mm)

B o

side length of the outlet overhang (mm)

g

gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

L

effective crest length of the piano key weir (mm)

P

height of the piano key weir (mm)

P d

height of the dam (mm)

T s

thickness of the side crest of piano key weir (mm)

W

laboratory flume width (mm)

W i

inlet key width (mm)

W o

outlet key width (mm)

Subscripts

d

dam

i

inlet

o

outlet

s

side

1 Introduction

Depending on the shape of the crest, there are various types of weirs, linear weirs including sharp crest weirs, triangular weir, and others, or they may have crest lengths that exceed the width of the canal and have different ratios, such as labyrinth weirs and piano key weirs (PKWs). The initial developers, Lempérière and Ouamane [1], made modifications to the design of the labyrinth weir, resulting in a smaller and more compact form. They achieved this by incorporating overhangs and adding slopes to the entrances and exits of the PKW. These modifications aimed to enhance practicality, increase discharge capacity, and reduce sediment accumulation. A type of non-linear weir, known as a PKW, is characterized by overhangs on the front and/or backside, to enhance the weir’s capacity to discharge water while maintaining a clear view of the canal, which differentiates it from a labyrinth weir (Figure 1). Additionally, it features a folded edge that serves as an efficient crest for enhanced discharge. Lempérière and Ouamane [1] categorized the PKW into four main types based on the number of overhangs. The first type, type-A, features two overhangs, one in the upstream and one in the downstream. Type-B and type-C each have one overhang, with type-B positioned in the upstream and type-C in the downstream. Type-D, as shown in Figure 2, does not have any overhangs, but its entrance and exit keys are inclined. Energy dissipation and ventilation effectiveness are important factors investigated in hydraulic structures in numerous research studies. Erpicum et al. [3] proposed using a PKW to regulate the flow upstream of a stepped spillway to improve energy dissipation on the downstream channel. Silvestri et al. [4] conducted a systematic experiment to examine the residual energy at the top of a structure with two PKWs or a traditional ogee-crested weir at the toe of a tiered spillway of varying length. The residual flow energy at the spillway toe was calculated using measurements of the water depth in a horizontal channel downstream for four spillway lengths with a wide range of discharge. PKW was found to have a dispersion of energy higher than the ogee-crested weir.

Figure 1 Nonlinear weirs: (a) labyrinth weir and (b) PKW [2].
Figure 1

Nonlinear weirs: (a) labyrinth weir and (b) PKW [2].

Figure 2 Forms for the main types of PKW.
Figure 2

Forms for the main types of PKW.

Ho [5] concentrated on examining the rating curves of various PKW kinds and sizes, as well as their key traits. Also, learn about present and future dams that will include PKW, and highlight the benefits of using PKW for cleaning floating debris and dissipating energy in the downstream. By taking into account the influence of the slope (B base and P height) at the hydraulic jump configuration distance, Al-Shukur and Al-Khafaji [6] calculated the energy dissipation in a type-B PKW and then chose the PKW angle that causes it to release the energy on its own. Eslinger and Crookston [7] examined four type-A PKW models at the laboratory scale with various display ratios (W i/W o), coupled with thorough flow field observations. The results showed the relative residual energy in the direction of the PKWs was predicted using two equations, head-to-water (H/P) and W i/W o also with increasing flow; PK fastener energy dissipation reduces in a logarithmic-like fashion, with the maximum dissipation occurring at low flows. The energy dissipation at the base of type-B PKW in a rectangular channel under free-flow conditions was studied by Singh and Kumar [8]. The results of this study indicate that, compared to other nonlinear or conventional weirs, type-B PKWs have better energy dissipation efficiency at low heads. However, as the discharge or head over the weir grows, this efficiency declines. However, there is a relatively limited amount of data available specifically for PKWs as shown in [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Therefore, this study will focus on examining the finer points of the energy dissipation efficiency comparison between several kinds of PKW in this extensive study to provide insight into the possible benefits and constraints of these novel architectures by analyzing the intricacies of each concept and to explore the nuances of energy distribution in various types of PKWs using thorough study and realistic simulation. Our aim is to get a more profound comprehension of how these structures might enhance the control of water flow in hydraulic systems by analyzing the slight variations in each design. To enhance our understanding of energy dissipation downstream of PKWs, this study employed 20 models, with five models for each of the four primary varieties of PKWs (A, B, C, and D). This approach facilitated a more comprehensive analysis of energy behavior in these structures.

2 Equipment and procedure

2.1 Flume and evaluating equipment

A laboratory flume with dimensions of 30 cm wide, 40 cm high, and 15 m long, with a pump capacity of 36 L/s, was used for the experiments. Two electrical devices have an electronic control screen to input the discharge (flowmeter) and the required levels for each experiment to regulate the discharge. The flume has two tanks in front (head tank) that supply water through a gate to the canal. To collect the water flowing down the flume, the other tank is placed in the back. A line of pipe then returns the water to the submission tank once more. An electronic gadget (current meter) measures the velocity in the front and rear after around ten discharges per model are completed. Levels are measured using a measuring device (point gauge). The laboratory flume is seen in full detail in Figure 3.

Figure 3 (a) Measuring instruments and (b) the laboratory flume.
Figure 3

(a) Measuring instruments and (b) the laboratory flume.

2.2 Models of PKW

Twenty models were created to enhance our understanding of energy dissipation in the backside of PKWs. Each model represented a different type, allowing us to assess the impact of changing PKW dimensions on the behavior of each type and determine the most effective type for maximizing energy dissipation. Each type of PKW (A, B, C, and D) is represented by five models, all made from transparent-colored acrylic material (Figure 4). Among these models, three are of tall height (P = 165 mm), while the remaining two are of shorter height (P = 116.5 mm). Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of all the constant and variable dimensions considered in this study. It is worth noting that the effective length of the crest remains constant at L = 1,490 mm.

Figure 4 Models of PKW types.
Figure 4

Models of PKW types.

Table 1

Ratios and dimensions used in this investigation

L/W P/L B o/P B i/P
Ratio 5 0.11 (high weir) Type-A Type-A
0.6 (high weir) 0.6 (high weir)
0.85 (low weir) 0.85 (low weir)
0.078 (low weir) Type-B Type-C
1.2 (high weir) 1.2 (high weir)
1.7 (low weir) 1.7 (low weir)
B T s L W P d P W i W o
165 110 88
Dimension (mm) 396 2.5 1,490 300 50 88 110
116.5 99 99

2.3 Testing procedure

The steps to implement each experience are as follows:

  1. Once the specific measurements of each model have been determined and the model components have been attached using adhesives, each model is placed in the center of the channel to prevent turbulence in the water flow and ensure a steady and uniform flow.

  2. Starting with the lowest discharge that can be passed with the head of the PKW positioned 3 cm above the entrance crest to avoid surface tension; the amount of discharge is gradually increased to reach the highest value that can be accommodated by the PKW within the limits of the channel and pump.

  3. To prevent backwater, the water level (y 1) and velocity rate (v 1) (one value rate at a depth of 0.2y and the other at a depth of 0.8y are measured at the front end of the PKW at distances ranging from 3P to 4P in Section 1.

  4. In the downstream section of the PKW, the water level (y 2) and velocity rate (v 2) are measured at a distance of up to 10P to minimize water disturbances at Section 2.

  5. Calculations are then performed to determine the total head values (H o and H 2 = E 2) and to extract the residual energy value (E r) and dissipation energy (1−E r) for each model.

  6. Surface shapes and flow lines are also drawn for each model.

The graph below (Figure 5) displays the measurements made for specific energy. Table 2 presents the dimensionless groups (after excluding fixed and low-impact groups, determined through dimensional analysis) that influence the residual energy observed in each model. These groups were extracted to analyze the factors affecting the residual energy so Equation (1):

(1) E r = f H o P , W i W o , P L , B i P , B o P .

Figure 5 State of specific energy in free-flow condition (PKW type-A).
Figure 5

State of specific energy in free-flow condition (PKW type-A).

Table 2

Models with dimensionless group

Models W i/W o P/L B o/P B i/P W/L
A1 1.25 0.11 0.6 0.6 5
A2 1 0.11 0.6 0.6 5
A3 0.8 0.11 0.6 0.6 5
A4 1.25 0.078 0.85 0.85 5
A5 0.8 0.078 0.85 0.85 5
B1 1.25 0.11 1.2 — 5
B2 1 0.11 1.2 — 5
B3 0.8 0.11 1.2 — 5
B4 1.25 0.078 1.7 — 5
B5 0.8 0.078 1.7 — 5
C1 1.25 0.11 — 1.2 5
C2 1 0.11 — 1.2 5
C3 0.8 0.11 — 1.2 5
C4 1.25 0.078 — 1.7 5
C5 0.8 0.078 — 1.7 5
D1 1.25 0.11 — — 5
D2 1 0.11 — — 5
D3 0.8 0.11 — — 5
D4 1.25 0.078 — — 5
D5 0.8 0.078 — — 5

3 Results and discussions

The downstream water was not artificially regulated as the experiments were conducted under free-flow conditions. The energy values upstream and downstream of the PKW were determined using Equation (1), and the lost energy and residual energy were determined using Equations (2)–(4):

(2) E i = y i + P + v i 2 2 g ,

(3) E L = 1 − E 2 E 1 ,

(4) E r = E 2 E 1 ,

where E i is the total energy (m), y i is the specific depth (m), P is the height of PKW (m), v is the average velocity (m/s), g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s2), E L is the energy dissipation (m), E r is the residual energy (m), E 1 is the specific energy at Section 1 (m), and E 2 is the specific energy at Section 2 (m).

3.1 Width ratio effect (W i/W o)

The high (P/L = 0.11) and low (P/L = 0.078) PKWs of type-A exhibit the same behavior; the width ratio has a positive influence on the quantity of residual energy and grows as the head ratio (H o/P) increases (Figure 6a). The dissipation of energy (1–E r) in type-A is observed to increase significantly, from 57.7 to 62.3%, as the width ratio is reduced from 1.25 to 0.8. The behavior of type-B is similar to that of type-A in that the relationship between residual energy and the ratio of the head in Figure 6b is expulsive and rises by raising the width ratios (W i/W o) but the energy dissipation is below 55.3–49.2%. In both types C and D, and similarly to types A and B, the width ratio has a positive impact on the link between the residual energy and the head ratio (Figure 6c and d). However, in type-C, the energy dissipation is lower at 68.8–63.2%, and in type-D, it is even lower at 67.1–59.3% with an increased supply ratio. A reduction in the area available for free fall of flow may be the cause of the residual energy rise when the input key width grows relative to the output key. The exit key partially submerges, resulting in higher discharge and less energy dispersion. In terms of the impact of the width ratio, type-B technique of energy dissipation is equivalent to what was found in the conclusion in ref. [24].

Figure 6 Relationship between residual energy and head ratio for PKWs. (a) Variation residual energy Er with head ratio (H o/P) for type-A of PKW. (b) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-B of PKW. (c) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-C of PKW. (d) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-D of PKW.
Figure 6

Relationship between residual energy and head ratio for PKWs. (a) Variation residual energy Er with head ratio (H o/P) for type-A of PKW. (b) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-B of PKW. (c) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-C of PKW. (d) Variation residual energy E r with head ratio (H o/P) for type-D of PKW.

3.2 Height ratio effect (P/L)

The inverse relationship between energy dissipation (1–E r) and head ratio (H o/P) persists, while the energy dissipation increases with the rise in height ratio (P/L). The energy dissipation decreases as the head ratio increases because the downstream PKW’s high-water levels have a negative impact on energy dissipation (Figure 7a). By raising the high ratio (P/L) in type-A from 0.78 to 0.11, energy dispersion rises from 51.8 to 62.3%. Also, for other types of PKW (B, C, and D), increasing PKW height increases energy dissipation (from 46.7 to 55.3% in type-B, from 62.7 to 68.8% in type-C, and from 50 to 67.1% in type-D), and decreases with increased width ratio in low and high PKWs because increasing the width of the outlet key increases the amount of energy dissipation and the relationship between energy dissipation and the head ratios is the same as in type-A as shown in Figure 7b–d.

Figure 7 Relationship between energy dissipation (E r) and head ratio (H o/P) for PKWs. (a) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-A of PKW. (b) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-B of PKW. (c) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-C of PKW. (d) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-D of PKW.
Figure 7

Relationship between energy dissipation (E r) and head ratio (H o/P) for PKWs. (a) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-A of PKW. (b) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-B of PKW. (c) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-C of PKW. (d) Change energy dissipation (1–E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high and low type-D of PKW.

3.3 Comparation between types of PKW

Once the effects of dimensional change and height on energy dissipation are understood for each type, the effect of the PKW type on the amount of energy dissipation and the most efficient type in this regard is confirmed through comparisons between all types and identical models that are similar in the width and height ratios. Figure 8 compares the models with comparable ratios (width and height ratios) to identify the lowest effective type of energy dissipation. It turns out that type-C has the highest origin for energy dissipation (i.e., the least amount of residual energy), type-A is next, type-D is next, and type-B has the lowest origin for dissipation of energy. This may be a result of the effect of the overhang in the exit region, which creates a free and well-ventilated fall zone, increasing the space available to increase turbulence, and the longer the overhang increases the more energy dissipates. When examining each type independently, the highest energy dissipation is found in high models with width and high ratios of P/L = 0.11 and W i/W o = 0.8. When comparing the different types, type-C has the largest energy dissipation by 6.4% over type-A, 13.96% over type-D, and 25.95% over type-B (Figure 8c). Type-C is the most effective in the remaining comparisons.

Figure 8 Comparison between types of piano key in residual energy (E r). (a) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1.25). (b) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (Ho/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1). (c) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 0.8). (d) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for low types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1.25). (e) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for low types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 0.8).
Figure 8

Comparison between types of piano key in residual energy (E r). (a) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1.25). (b) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (Ho/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1). (c) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for high types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 0.8). (d) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for low types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 1.25). (e) Change residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) for low types of PKW with width ratio (W i/W o = 0.8).

3.4 Flow pattern

In PKW models, the flow pattern varies from one type to another; the following form (Figure 9) shows that type-C has the maximum disturbance in the backside region and increases the disturbance with an increase in the overhang length. The downstream area is less turbulent in type-B since there is no downstream overhang in the PKW. For the same head, type-D passes on a greater discharge of type-B, causing the downstream to become more turbulent. Additionally, the surface of the flow above type-B PKW is more stable, and the surface line of the flow is straight as opposed to the types (A, C, and D), which have several curves.

Figure 9 Flow pattern forms for laboratory models of PKW: (a) side view and (b) top view.
Figure 9

Flow pattern forms for laboratory models of PKW: (a) side view and (b) top view.

4 Conclusions

The experiment aimed to ascertain and evaluate the impact of the four types of PKW (A, B, C, and D) on the amount of energy dissipated. Five models were taken for each type, two of which were low PKWs with height ratios (P/L = 0.078) and width ratios (W i/W o: 1.25 and 0.8), and three of which were high PKWs with height ratios (P/L = 0.11) and W i/W o width ratios: 1.25, 1, and 0.8). The impact of width and height ratios as dimensionless groups was taken on the relationship between energy dissipation (1–E r) or residual energy (E r) with head ratio (H o/P) in each type. According to the findings, type-C PKWs dissipate the most energy due to their longer overhang on the backside compared to type-A weirs by 20.8% followed by type-D by 30.8%. Type-B PKWs dissipate the least energy since they only have an overhang upstream where the amount of energy dissipation is less than type-C by 46.8%. The study concludes that increasing the width of the downstream key, along with a larger overhang and higher PKW, leads to increased disturbances in the inflow, resulting in greater energy dissipation (meaning that the narrower the outlet key’s width, the less energy is lost). Type-B weirs demonstrate a more stable and uniform flow surface pattern and shape compared to the other types, while the remaining types exhibit multiple curves and a larger aeration area in comparison to type-B. These hydraulic properties give important information about PKW performance in the particular geometry of the chosen models. The research showed that PKWs are a good substitute for stilling basins in terms of the determinants considered in this study, since they may be utilized not only as control and discharge measurement facilities but also as energy dissipation facilities.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. TAM carried out the experiment, wrote the manuscript with support from NOSA and manufacture the experimental models. Both authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2024-01-29
Revised: 2024-03-29
Accepted: 2024-05-01
Published Online: 2024-11-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
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  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
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  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
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  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
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  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
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  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
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  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
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  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
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  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0045
Keywords for this article
piano key weir; energy dissipation; head ratio; labyrinth weir; crest length; residual energy
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  2. Methodology of automated quality management
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  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
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  35. Review Articles
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  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
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  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
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  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
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  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
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  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
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  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
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  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
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  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
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  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
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  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
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