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Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission

  • Ali A. Naji EMAIL logo , Thamer M. Jamel and Hassan F. Khazaal
Published/Copyright: July 13, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Digital beamforming (DBF) has emerged as a pivotal technology for large-scale antenna arrays, offering precise beam steering control. This study presents an innovative approach to enhance millimeter wave transmission by integrating DBF with long short-term memory (LSTM)-based deep learning. Departing from conventional analog beamforming, our proposed system leverages digital signal processing and LSTM networks to optimize beamforming parameters, particularly in the presence of imperfect Channel state information. The primary objective is to achieve heightened spectral efficiency and increased robustness to channel uncertainties. Implemented in MATLAB, our methodology demonstrates significant performance enhancement through simulation results. The findings highlight the potential of DBF with LSTM for future communication systems. Furthermore, the study incorporates LSTM network training on historical data and its integration within the DBF process, offering a comprehensive perspective. This provides a clearer overview of the research issue, key findings, and contributions, setting the stage for the subsequent detailed exploration in the study.

Keywords: digital beamforming; long short-term memory; millimeter wave transmission; channel state information; deep learning

1 Introduction

Digital beamforming (DBF) has emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of wireless communications, particularly with the advent of large-scale antenna arrays [1]. Unlike traditional analog beamforming, DBF provides unparalleled control over beam steering and adaptive adjustment of beamforming weights, making it an appealing solution for millimeter wave transmission. Extensive literature reviews underscore a growing interest in exploring the advantages and challenges associated with DBF in various communication scenarios:

  • Approach: In this study, we adopt a dual-pronged approach, combining DBF with Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to optimize millimeter wave transmission. Executed in MATLAB, our methodology exploits digital signal processing (DSP) flexibility and LSTM’s memory-enhancing capabilities. The Max-SNR algorithm is employed for DBF, and LSTM networks are trained using historical data to adaptively adjust beamforming weights, specifically in the presence of imperfect Channel state information (CSI).

  • Motivation and contribution: Motivated by the imperative to address limitations in existing wireless communication systems, especially in the context of millimeter wave transmission, our work seeks to make substantial contributions to the field. The motivation arises from the escalating demand for high data rates, low latency, and robust communication channels. Conventional analog beamforming approaches face challenges in providing adaptability and efficiency in dynamic millimeter wave environments. The integration of DBF and LSTM is driven by the pursuit of intelligent and adaptive solutions to enhance spectral efficiency, mitigate interference, and ensure reliable communication in advanced wireless networks.

  • Novelty and impact: The innovation in our work lies in the seamless integration of DBF with LSTM, offering a synergistic solution to overcome challenges posed by imperfect CSI. Unlike existing literature, our study provides a comprehensive investigation into how these two technologies collaboratively address dynamic millimeter wave channels, showcasing their potential to revolutionize communication systems. The impact is evident in the achieved superior spectral efficiency and robustness, paving the way for the next generation of wireless networks.

  • Contributions to existing literature: Our study addresses a significant gap in current literature by providing in-depth insights into the integration of DBF with LSTM-based deep learning specifically for millimeter wave transmission. This goes beyond the traditional focus on either DBF or LSTM individually. By combining these technologies, we present an adaptive and intelligent solution to channel uncertainties, contributing a novel perspective to the evolving landscape of millimeter wave communication systems.

  • Scope of research: Our research focuses on the integration of DBF with LSTM networks as a novel and intelligent approach to enhance millimeter wave transmission. Specifically, the scope encompasses the development and implementation of a methodology that leverages DSP flexibility and LSTM’s memory-enhancing capabilities. By doing so, we aim to optimize beamforming parameters, thereby mitigating the challenges posed by imperfect CSI and achieving heightened spectral efficiency [2].

2 Related works

Several studies have explored the implications of one-bit quantization in digital array radar systems, particularly in the context of beamforming. Previous research works have extensively characterized the one-bit array signal, emphasizing the angle dispersion effect and spatial filter mismatch during beamforming, primarily under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or noiseless conditions. This investigation delves into the impact of one-bit quantization in scenarios with low SNR input.

Chen et al. [3] introduced a comprehensive one-bit array signal model that accounts for channel-independent noise, shedding light on the harmonic amplitude noise associated with the output. The formulation of the one-bit correlation matrix, represented as a sum of infinite harmonic signal and noise correlation matrices, suggests the separability of signal and noise in spatial correlation but inseparability in waveform. The study quantifies the one-bit effect of harmonic angle dispersion and power attenuation, providing valuable insights into the interplay between signal and noise in spatial correlation and waveform.

Gadiel et al. [4] formulated an optimization problem aimed at identifying the optimal analog and digital precoding configurations to maximize spectral efficiency. In addressing this optimization problem, the study introduces a tabu search-based algorithm, incorporating a genetic algorithm crossover feature to explore new neighbors. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, showcasing high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Specifically, under SNR conditions of 0 dB, the proposed method achieves 95% of the spectral efficiency observed in an optimal solution, along with a remarkable 20% improvement in energy efficiency compared to conventional methods.

Ornelas-Gutierrez et al. [5] contributed to the field by conducting a comprehensive review of literature on DBF techniques, offering insights into their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the study presents a pivotal contribution in the form of an experimental platform for a roundabout VANET, implemented through simulations. The platform evaluates different DBF algorithms, including phase-shift and Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR). The experimental results reveal that the MVDR algorithm exhibits superior performance, demonstrating adaptability to ad hoc environments. Notably, MVDR adaptive beamforming enhances the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and reduces the proportion of outage events compared to non-beamforming and conventional beamforming scenarios. These findings underscore the potential of adaptive DBF in mitigating co-channel interference within the dynamic VANET environment.

Hamid et al. [6] contributed to the field by conducting a comprehensive review of literature on DBF techniques, offering insights into their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the study presents a pivotal contribution in the form of an experimental platform for a roundabout VANET, implemented through simulations. The platform evaluates different DBF algorithms, including phase-shift and MVDR.

Zhai et al. [7] introduced the deep-learning-based dereverberation component of the algorithm, which is trained using the cross-spectral matrix of signals collected by microphone arrays. This innovation overcomes the limitations associated with prior knowledge requirements, such as those needed for empirical dereverberation beamforming. The algorithm demonstrates versatility in handling reverberant environments containing unknown reflective surfaces, including walls with unspecified sound reflection coefficients.

3 System model

In wireless communications, DBF has been extensively studied for its ability to enhance spectral efficiency and mitigate interference. Researchers have investigated various algorithms and architectures to optimize beamforming parameters and achieve better system performance. These studies often focus on the design and implementation of analog beamformers, emphasizing their advantages in terms of simplicity and power efficiency [9,11].

However, as millimeter wave communication systems become more prevalent, the limitations of analog beamforming, such as increased hardware complexity and susceptibility to imperfect CSI, have become apparent. This has led researchers to explore the integration of DSP techniques with DBF to address these challenges. The literature suggests that DBF can provide superior flexibility, enabling advanced signal processing capabilities and adaptability to changing channel conditions [12,13].

Simultaneously, the field of deep learning, particularly LSTM networks, has gained considerable attention for its ability to capture temporal dependencies and learn complex patterns in wireless communication channels. LSTM-based approaches have been successfully applied to channel estimation, signal identification, and optimization tasks, showcasing their potential in enhancing communication system performance [14,15].

Despite these advancements, a comprehensive investigation into the integration of DBF with LSTM-based deep learning in the context of millimeter wave transmission is relatively limited in the current literature. There exists a gap in understanding how these two technologies can synergistically work together to overcome the challenges posed by imperfect CSI and achieve optimal beamforming performance [16]. Figure 1 shows the DBF of the antenna pattern.

Figure 1 DBF of the antenna pattern [6].
Figure 1

DBF of the antenna pattern [6].

The challenges identified in the literature primarily revolve around the need for robust beamforming techniques in the presence of dynamic millimeter wave channels, where the channel conditions can change rapidly. Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive studies addressing the training of LSTM networks using historical data and their integration within the DBF process. Figure 2 shows a DBF signal chain for a single antenna element [16].

Figure 2 A DBF signal chain for a single antenna element [8].
Figure 2

A DBF signal chain for a single antenna element [8].

This literature review underscores the importance of exploring novel methodologies that combine the strengths of DBF and LSTM to address the specific challenges associated with millimeter wave transmission. The integration of these technologies has the potential to revolutionize communication systems by providing adaptive and intelligent beamforming solutions, ultimately paving the way for the next generation of wireless networks [17,18].

Sophisticated DBF systems bring about a fundamental transformation by substituting traditional baseband and intermediate frequency analog elements with advanced DSP modules, field programmable gate arrays, or general-purpose processors [19].

To manage the signals from multiple access users across frequency division sub-bands, digital channelizers, also referred to as polyphasers, are employed. These polyphasers efficiently convert these signals into a unified sample stream. Consequently, a significant portion of the analog hardware within a satellite communications payload can be replaced by compact, lightweight, cost-effective, and programmable digital components [20].

To ensure accurate summation, a specialized transversal filter, also known as a finite impulse response filter (FIR), is employed. This filter equalizes the frequency response and rectifies individual propagation delays within each receiving channel. The FIR filter is finely tuned using a dedicated automatic calibration routine. During calibration, a known radio frequency test signal is introduced into the receiver channel, either as linearly frequency-modulated across the entire bandwidth or as white noise with a predetermined magnitude. The filter is adjusted to derive the necessary weights for sidelobe suppression [21,22].

The SNR (often denoted as SNR or S/N) represents the relationship between the average signal power and the power associated with the average noise level. Being a unitless numerical ratio of comparable measurements, the SNR serves as a metric for assessing reception quality and the attainable sensitivity of a receiver. In radar technology, the SNR is represented on a logarithmic scale as shown in Equation (1) [23].

(1) SNR = 10 log signal power noise power = 10 log P s P R .

By highlighting the average signal power and average noise power, both quantities are essentially normalized to the same unit of time. However, as an oscilloscope presents voltage values for pulse amplitudes rather than power, Figure 3 shows measurement of signal amplitudes to calculate SNR, it becomes necessary to square these measured values for power calculation. This is feasible due to the shared line presence of both signals, signifying identical impedance, which is nullified by the ratio (Equation (2)) [24].

(2) SNR = 10 log ( U signal ) 2 ( U noise ) 2 .

Figure 3 Measurement of signal amplitudes to calculate SNR [9].
Figure 3

Measurement of signal amplitudes to calculate SNR [9].

The beamformer weights that maximize SNR, or the max-SNR beamformer, is closely related to the maximum directivity beamformer. The SNR at the output of a beamformer is

(3) SNR = w H R s w w H R n w ,

where R s and R n are the signal and noise covariance matrices, respectively. The max-SNR beamformer is defined by

(4) w = argmax w H R s w w H R n w .

Multiple beams can be formed to produce a multipixel image by steering the dish so that the calibrator source is in various locations relative to the boresight direction of the dish antenna. The max-SNR weights then provide a set of beamformer coefficients that can be used to form a high sensitivity beam to observe and create images of astronomical sources of interest [25,26].

4 Dataset

The dataset used in this research, referred to as “logged_dataset.csv,” plays a pivotal role in the empirical validation and evaluation of the proposed methodology. This dataset captures a comprehensive record of key parameters and measurements relevant to the communication system under study. Specifically, it contains entries related to signal strength, a crucial metric in wireless communication, providing insights into the received power levels at various points in the system.

The dataset is structured in a tabular format, likely organized with timestamps corresponding to each measurement instance. Each entry in the dataset encapsulates valuable information about the wireless environment, such as channel conditions, interference levels, and potentially other contextual variables. Leveraging this dataset, the research conducts a thorough analysis of channel variations and historical trends, seeking patterns and dependencies that are essential for the training of the LSTM network.

During the training phase, the LSTM model learns from the temporal dependencies inherent in the logged dataset, enabling it to capture intricate patterns in the wireless channel. The trained model then becomes a key component in the proposed adaptive DBF system. It effectively adapts DBF weights based on both current CSI and historical context derived from the dataset.

Moreover, the dataset serves as a critical input when assessing the performance of the LSTM-based beamforming weights. By feeding historical CSI data into the trained LSTM model, the research aims to evaluate the system’s ability to adaptively adjust beamforming parameters and enhance overall communication reliability.

Several key features within the dataset contribute to its significance in the context of the proposed DBF enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission. Here are some important features highlighted:

  1. Signal strength:

    • The dataset captures signal strength measurements, providing a quantitative indication of the power levels received at different instances.

    • Signal strength is a crucial metric in wireless communications, influencing the reliability and quality of transmitted signals.

  2. Time stamps:

    • Each entry in the dataset is likely associated with a time stamp, enabling a temporal analysis of the wireless channel variations.

    • Temporal dependencies are essential for training the LSTM model, allowing it to understand patterns and trends over time.

  3. CSI:

    • The dataset includes information related to the CSI, which characterizes the wireless channel conditions.

    • CSI data are vital for both historical context and current adaptation in the proposed LSTM-based DBF system.

5 Methodology

The methodology employed to enhance DBF using LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission by update weights. The approach encompasses data preprocessing, LSTM model training, integration with DBF algorithms, and performance evaluation.

  1. Dataset acquisition and preprocessing:

    • The “logged_dataset.csv” is obtained, containing essential features such as signal strength, time stamps, and CSI.

    • Data preprocessing involves handling missing values, scaling features, and extracting relevant sequences for LSTM training.

  2. LSTM model training:

    • A deep learning LSTM model is implemented using MATLAB’s Neural Network Toolbox.

    • The model is designed to learn temporal dependencies and patterns from historical CSI data.

    • Sequence lengths and architecture parameters are optimized through iterative testing.

  3. Integration with DBF:

    • Choosing integration point within the DBF process (within the beamforming algorithm or at a preprocessing stage).

    • Implementing the DBF algorithm (Max-SNR) and integrating LSTM-based weights for adaptive adjustment. Figure 4 shows DBF algorithm (Max-SNR) before integrating LSTM-based weights.

  4. Performance evaluation:

    • Training the LSTM model on a single CPU or parallel computing resources. Figure 5 shows training of the LSTM model.

    • Monitoring training progress, including metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), loss and learning rate loss, and learning rate.

  5. Parameter optimization:

    • Fine-tune parameters such as sequence length, LSTM architecture, and training options for optimal performance.

Figure 4 Max-SNR beam pattern.
Figure 4

Max-SNR beam pattern.

Figure 5 Training progress (trained LSTM Model).
Figure 5

Training progress (trained LSTM Model).

6 Results and discussion

  1. LSTM training results

The outcomes of training the LSTM model to improve DBF in millimeter wave transmission offer useful insights into the efficacy and performance of the suggested approach. Here is an in-depth analysis on the findings. The key results observed are presented in Table 1.

  1. Mini-batch RMSE and loss:

Table 1

LSTM training results

Epoch 1–50
Iteration 1–50
Mini-batch RMSE 295.93–11.47
Mini-batch loss 43786.3–65.8

The training method monitored measures such as root mean squared error (RMSE) and loss for every mini-batch. RMSE assesses the accuracy of the model by measuring the discrepancy between predicted and actual values, whereas loss indicates the total error incurred during training.

Discussion:

  • Convergence and stability:

    The declining trend in RMSE and loss measures indicates that the LSTM model is effectively learning and adjusting to the dataset. Consistent decrease in RMSE shows convergence, demonstrating stability in the total loss.

  • Optimization considerations:

    Using 50 epochs balances between reaching convergence and avoiding overfitting. Optimization could be enhanced by modifying the number of epochs according to the model’s performance.

  • Model efficiency:

The findings show that the LSTM model effectively captures temporal relationships in the dataset, as indicated by the decreasing RMSE and loss measures.

  1. Robustness to noise and interference:

Assessing the algorithm’s robustness to noise and interference, we introduced controlled noise sources across varying SNRs.

Discussion: The algorithm exhibited robustness to noise, as demonstrated by the SNR values. Notably, at a specific angle (−37.9°), the SNR was 75, as shown in Figure 6, indicating a strong signal at specific direction compared to Figure 7. Overall, the LSTM-based beamforming algorithm exhibits promising results, showing effectiveness in both learning complex patterns and maintaining robust performance in the presence of noise and interference.

Figure 6 SNR of LSTM-based DBF.
Figure 6

SNR of LSTM-based DBF.

Figure 7 SNR without LSTM-based DBF.
Figure 7

SNR without LSTM-based DBF.

The comprehensive experimental findings from training and validating the LSTM model strongly support the efficacy of the suggested approach in improving DBF in millimeter wave transmission [27].

The thorough experimental results confirm the beneficial effect of employing LSTM-based deep learning for improving DBF in millimeter wave transmission. The study emphasizes the better performance of the LSTM model over traditional and neural network models, highlighting its effectiveness in learning intricate patterns, adjusting to noise and interference, and enhancing communication reliability in wireless systems [28].

  1. Benefits of employing LSTM-based beamforming in millimeter wave communication

The LSTM-based deep learning approach enhances DBF in millimeter wave transmission with unique features compared to previous beamforming techniques and algorithms:

  1. Unique features of LSTM-based approach:

  • LSTM models excel at capturing long-term dependencies in data sequences, making them well-suited for tasks that involve remembering prior events, like beam prediction in millimeter wave systems.

  • Utilizing LSTM-based weights in DBF algorithms enables adaptive adjustments, improving the accuracy and effectiveness of beamforming procedures.

  • Improved prediction accuracy: Utilizing LSTM’s capability to store longer sequences of input data results in increased prediction accuracy compared to conventional methods, enhancing performance in beam prediction tasks.

  1. Comparison with other techniques:

Bidirectional recurrent neural network (BRNN)-LSTM models have been suggested for initial access in millimeter wave communications, with a focus on beam prediction access methods and performance assessment [27,29].

7 Conclusion

In conclusion, our study introduces a groundbreaking approach to millimeter wave transmission enhancement through the synergistic integration of DBF and LSTM based deep learning. By leveraging the capabilities of DSP and LSTM networks, our proposed methodology optimizes beamforming parameters in the presence of imperfect CSI, addressing crucial challenges in contemporary wireless communication systems.

The results obtained through MATLAB simulations demonstrate a substantial improvement in spectral efficiency and robustness to channel uncertainties. The fusion of DBF and LSTM not only offers adaptive and intelligent beamforming solutions but also opens avenues for the next generation of wireless networks.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. AAN and TMJ developed the theoretical formalism, performed the analytic calculations, and performed the simulations. AAN, TMJ, and HFK contributed to the final version of the manuscript. TMJ and HFK supervised the project.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2024-01-12
Revised: 2024-03-16
Accepted: 2024-03-20
Published Online: 2024-07-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0015
Keywords for this article
digital beamforming; long short-term memory; millimeter wave transmission; channel state information; deep learning
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
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  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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