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An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer

  • Hanaa Sh. Humadi EMAIL logo , Zainab S. Ali , Qusay A. Jabal and Alaa H. Jawad
Published/Copyright: July 8, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Polymer-modified concrete and mortars are widely used with different purposes in precast concrete and prestressed concrete structural elements, bridge decks, buildings, and repair requirements because of their significant behavior under different conditions, such as durability against freezing and thawing, ability to absorb impact loads and good mechanical properties compared to ordinary concretes. This study aims to improve some mechanical properties of cement mortar by using styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, a superplasticizer, and also decreasing the absorption level to lower values by using these two admixtures. The study shows that using 10% SBR by weight of cement increases the compressive strength from 28.6 to 30.8 MPa and decreases the absorption from 2.3 to 1.7% which gives durability for cement mortar. This study also shows the development in strength achieved by using SBR superplasticizer simultaneously, and absorption decreases to only 0.76% for 10% SBR mixes. In comparison, it was 1.75% for mixes with SBR only.

Keywords: polymer; concrete; absorption; compressive strength; tensile strength; cement mortar

1 Introduction

Polymer-modified concrete (PMC) and polymer-modified mortars (PMM) are concrete types with polymers added as admixtures. Various percentages of polymers were added relative to the weight of cement. Polymer concrete, PMC, and mortar applications are not new. during the 1970s, polymer-modified cement composites were used in the United Kingdom and some other countries, but are now used widely all over the world. The benefit of using polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and other liquid polymers is to improve the quality of concrete and mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive, flexural, and tensile strength, it also improves freezing and thawing effects [1,2]. The impact strength or impact resistance can be highly improved by using polymers in concrete. Polymer concrete can be used in precast and prestressed concrete systems, overlays, repair work, maintenance, and concrete bridge decks [3,4]. Less absorption or less permeable concrete can also be achieved using polymer concrete, which is a more durable than ordinary concrete [5–8], superplasticizer and polymers are used widely to improve the properties of concrete and durability [9,10].

Polymer-modified cement mortar had been investigated and improved with silica fume powder by Gao [11] to achieve higher values in mechanical properties. The effect of polymers on ultra-high performance concrete was studied by Mayhoub [12] and he concluded that using polymers in ultra-high strength concrete improve mechanical properties and durability in later stages. Polymers are also used in carbon fiber polymer bars to improve the properties of concrete [13]. This study aims to improve some of the properties of PMM used in superplasticizers. This study also includes mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and absorption.

2 Experimental procedure

2.1 Materials and mixes

The mixes contain 1:1 cement to sand ratio. Ordinary Portland cement type V was used in this study, and the fine aggregates used were yellow sand. Its sieve analysis is shown in Table 1 and confirms zone 2 according to Indian Standards Limits [14].

Table 1

Sieve analysis for sand confirming with zone 2 limits

Sieve size Percentage passing by weight Zone 2 limits according to IS-383 specifications
10 mm 100 100
4.75 mm 100 90–100
2.36 mm 92.3 75–100
1.18 mm 63.7 55–90
600 μm 37.8 35–59
300 μm 10.1 8–30
150 μm 1.4 0–10

The polymer used in the study is white SBR, and is used as 0, 5, 10, and 15% of the weight of cement.

The superplasticizer used is from type PC-200 and is used to improve the properties of polymer-modified cement mortar. It is used as a 1% cement weight.

2.2 Laboratory tests

Cubes of specimens were used for each mix to calculate the absorption of PMM. After 28 days of curing in water, the specimens were weighed to calculate the average saturated weight (W2). The specimens were then dried in the oven for 24 h to calculate the dry weight (W1). The absorption rate is calculated using the following equation:

(1) Absorption = [ [ W 2 − W 1 ] / W 1 ] × 100 ,

where W1 is the dry weight of the concrete specimen and, W2 is the saturated weight of the concrete specimen.

Additionally, the compressive strength of three specimens for each mix were tested, and taking the average value, and tensile strength was tried by using 100 × 200 mm cylinders and tested for splitting tensile test (indirect method); the tensile strength value of the specimen was calculated using the following equation:

(2) σ t = [ 2 P / ( π · D · L ) ] ,

where σt is the tensile strength of a concrete cylinder, P is the max load from the machine (until failure), D is the diameter of the cylinder, and L is the length (or height) of the cylinder.

Figure 1 shows the cubic specimen under the compression test, and also shows the cylindrical concrete specimen under the tensile test (splitting test). Figure 2 shows few specimens after the compression test.

Figure 1 Tensile and compression tests for PMM specimens.
Figure 1

Tensile and compression tests for PMM specimens.

Figure 2 PMM specimens after compression test.
Figure 2

PMM specimens after compression test.

3 Results and discussion

Table 2 shows the absorption, compressive strength, and tensile strength of PMM and reference mix (without polymers) properties. From this table, PMM with 10% SBR polymer gives the best results and less absorption than other mixes, and this mix can be considered as the optimum mix. The reference mix shows 28.6 MPa in compressive strength while the 10% P/C mix gives 30.8 MPa. Absorption decreased from 2.3 to 1.75%, giving concrete more durability. The 15% ratio shows lesser mechanical property values and slightly lower absorption.

Table 2

Some properties of PMM with reference mix

Mix type Compressive strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Absorption (%)
Cement mortar 1:1 reference mix 28.61 1.65 2.31
PMM 5% SBR 29.92 1.93 1.94
PMM 10% SBR 30.86 2.63 1.75
PMM 15% SBR 29.13 2.19 1.71

Table 3 shows the same mixes but modified with superplasticizer mechanical properties improved by using superplasticizer. Less absorption was achieved compared to Table 1.

Table 3

Some properties of PMM were modified with a superplasticizer with a reference mix

Mix type Compressive strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Absorption (%)
Cement mortar 1:1 reference mix modified with s.p 30.18 1.88 2.15
PMM 5% SBR modified with s.p 31.69 2.25 1.43
PMM 10% SBR modified with s.p 34.75 2.96 0.76
PMM 15% SBR modified with s.p 33.12 2.91 0.69

Figures 3–5 show the relation between polymer/cement ratio and compressive strength, tensile strength, and absorption of PMM with the reference mix. The compressive strength increased by increasing the SBR polymer dosage to 10%, but then it slightly decreased, as shown in Figure 3. The tensile strength increased by increasing the polymer/cement ratio to 10% dosage, but absorption decreased beyond 10%, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 3 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and compressive strength of PMM.
Figure 3

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and compressive strength of PMM.

Figure 4 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and tensile strength of PMM.
Figure 4

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and tensile strength of PMM.

Figure 5 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and absorption of PMM.
Figure 5

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and absorption of PMM.

Using a superplasticizer improves the mechanical properties of PMM, as shown in Figures 6 and 7. The results show a higher increment in compressive and tensile strength compared to ordinary PMM, but less absorption was obtained by using superplasticizers as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 6 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and compressive strength of PMM using superplasticizer.
Figure 6

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and compressive strength of PMM using superplasticizer.

Figure 7 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and tensile strength of PMM using superplasticizer.
Figure 7

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and tensile strength of PMM using superplasticizer.

Figure 8 Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and absorption of PMM using superplasticizer.
Figure 8

Relationship between polymer/cement ratio and absorption of PMM using superplasticizer.

4 Conclusions

The following outcomes can be pointed out:

  1. Polymer-modified cement mortar can be improved using a superplasticizer with higher compressive and tensile strength than ordinary polymer-modified mortar.

  2. Using 10% SBR by weight of cement increases the compressive strength from 28.6 to 30.8 MPa and decreases absorption from 2.3 to 1.7%.

  3. Significantly lower values in absorption were achieved in the study using a superplasticizer. The absorption lowered to only 0.76%, while in ordinary polymer mortar it was 1.75%, making polymer-modified cement mortar long-lasting.

5 Recommendations and further studies

  • Owing to the large diversity of concrete types, we advise employing polymers in reactive powder concrete or high performance concrete. These polymers reduce permeability and absorption, making the concrete more durable.

  • We advise performing parametric studies with additional elements and additions using numerical analysis (finite element approach).

  • Using field models to validate the outcomes of the experiments carried out for this study.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted the responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. QAJ and ZSA designed the experiments and AHJ carried them out. HSH developed the model code and performed the simulations. QAJ prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2024-02-07
Revised: 2024-02-29
Accepted: 2024-03-10
Published Online: 2024-07-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0010
Keywords for this article
polymer; concrete; absorption; compressive strength; tensile strength; cement mortar
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  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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