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Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation

  • Samer A. Kokz EMAIL logo , Ali M. Mohsen , Khaldoon Khalil Nile and Zainab B. Khaleel
Published/Copyright: March 4, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

As the main load bearer throughout the gait cycle, the tibia is a crucial bone in the lower leg that distributes ground reaction forces with each stride. Comprehending the distribution of stress inside the tibia is essential for both avoiding fractures and developing efficient methods of redistributing load to promote healing and biomechanical correction. The study examined the stress, strain, and deformation encountered by the tibia over a 7-s walking cycle using an ANSYS workbench software, using tibia bone under a period of force applied to the boundary condition at intervals of 0.2 s. The tibia encounters stress levels varying from 0 to 1,400 N, exhibiting a regular pattern that aligns with the loading attributes often associated with traditional walking. The research conducted in this study identified the occurrence of maximum stress levels, measuring 25.45 MPa. Additionally, related peak elastic strains and deformations were observed, measuring 2.19 × 10−3 and 2.43 mm, respectively. The patterns that have been seen indicate that there is an initial contact of the foot with the ground, followed by the bearing of weight and subsequently the toe-off. These observed patterns closely resemble the natural motion of the foot during the act of walking. Temporal fluctuations in elastic strain through the tibia throughout a gait cycle reveal that the strain is mostly cantered at the medial surface of the tibia. Additional investigation into the elastic properties and overall deformations of the tibia yielded valuable observations on prospective areas of interest within the bone’s structure. These findings are of utmost importance for biomechanical assessments and the identification of potential injury hazards in subsequent research endeavours.

Keywords: tibia bone; magnetic resonance imaging; finite element analysis (FEA)

1 Introduction

The discipline of Orthopaedics with a particular emphasis on the biomechanics of the tibial bone has seen substantial growth due to developments in medical imaging technologies and computing capacities. The integration of computed tomography (CT) and finite element analysis (FEA) has yielded unprecedented insights into the internal structure and biomechanical characteristics of the tibia bone. A comprehensive comprehension of the tibia’s response to various levels of pressure and distribution of weight is vital due to its pivotal role as the major weight-bearing bone in the lower leg. Visualization of the tibia can be carried out with CT scanning, by creating detailed three-dimensional models for FEA [1,2]. Such models are used to investigate the distribution of pressure and weight-bearing regions in the tibia [3,4].

FEA is widely used to evaluate the stability of tibial shaft fixation by examining the length of the plate, the integrity of the fibula, and the position of the plate in relation to the overall stability of the fixation. This approach facilitates the comprehension of intricate phenomena, such as the impact of intramedullary nailing and double-locking plates in addressing proximal tibial fractures, along with the results of placing tibial cutting guide pins in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty [5].

Numerous studies have been reported to explore various factors, including torsion, the interplay between the Achilles tendon and the kinematic coupling among tarsal bones, the biomechanical repercussions of a lateral hinge fracture, and the effects of Tai Chi movements on knee structures [6,7,8,9]. The use of FEA in the field of biomechanics has greatly enhanced our comprehension of the variables that impact tibial pressure and weight distribution. Aluminium plates, serving as ballistic shields in aviation and light vehicles, were analysed using the Johnson–Cook model with variable impact velocities of 25 to 55 m/s and angles of 0° to 45° [10]. Results showed that penetration occurred at velocities exceeding 25 m/s, with perforation at 35 m/s and an impact angle of 15, and further perforation at 45 m/s with an impact angle of up to 30°. Decker et al. [11] discussed the significance of high quality and durability in the production of semi-trailer axles, crucial components in the road transport industry. Through macroscopic observations and dynamic FEA, the study analysed damage to the rear axle, identifying cases where the yield point is exceeded and the strength limit is reached, emphasizing the heightened risk of damage to the suspension system on challenging road conditions. Quantitative study was carried out to assess the fatigue of polymer–ceramic dental composites, comparing commercial (Filtek Z550) and experimental (Ex-nano (G), Ex-flow (G)) materials [12]. Results indicated that composites with higher inorganic particle content exhibit greater strength after ageing, but experimental composites show significantly lower residual strength after thermocycles compared to commercial counterparts.

Often encountered obstacle in finite element studies is the intrinsic complexity involved in effectively replicating the specific circumstances and features of human tissues [13,14,15]. However, considerable progress has been made in improving the accuracy of finite element models. The correctness of their finite element model was effectively confirmed by Wang et al., as shown by their study on the tibia impacted by osteogenesis imperfecta [16]. The researchers focused considerable importance on considering the influence of imperfect bone while creating models [13].

The employment of CT has expanded beyond its original imaging purpose due to technological advancements. The incorporation of this tool has been essential in the creation of complex and personalized models for FEA [2,3,17]. Mehta and Rajani and Tan et al. applied specific methodologies in their individual investigations to investigate the biomechanical effects of arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis and the progressive degradation of the posterolateral complex of the knee joint [18,19].

The integration of FEA with CT scans has played a pivotal role in the investigation of stress distribution and fusion efficacy in the subtalar joint [17], the evaluation of contact stress experienced by the hip joint during a gait cycle [20], and the exploration of potential methods for reconstructing bone defects after tumour excision in the distal tibia [21]. The use of CT imaging is crucial in properly depicting the complex anatomy of the tibia bone and other components of the lower leg, hence augmenting the authenticity of the modelling process.

The use of CT and FEA methodologies has shown notable benefits in the examination of the biomechanical characteristics of the tibial bone. Employing such technologies provides a potent tool for studying the effect of many variables on the pressure and weight-bearing regions of the tibia, thereby augmenting our comprehension of its physiological function and pathological transformations. However, the ongoing advancement of these technologies indicates the continuous need for further research to fully exploit their capabilities and improve their accuracy in the analysis of tibial biomechanics.

This study aimed to provide an analysis of the aforementioned advancements pertaining to the pressure and weight-bearing region in the tibia and evaluate the outcomes derived from these advancements. The main goal is to examine the tibia bone’s strength and responsiveness to body weight throughout the gait cycle. Gaining insight into the behaviour of the tibia bone under stress provides medical care providers with vital views on the bone’s biomechanics. Such knowledge is essential for avoiding fractures, especially in situations such as osteoporosis. Furthermore, it assists in the correction of bone architecture, ensuring that patients’ weight is distributed appropriately, hence reducing possible difficulties.

2 Materials and methods

The present work used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data obtained from a patient as shown in Table 1. These data were utilized to generate a precise three-dimensional (3D) representation of various tissues via the utilization of sophisticated image processing software known as Mimics. The subsequent use of 3-Matic software was used to perform further image processing operations, including the segmentation of distinctly various kinds of tissues, resulting in the generation of an enhanced three-dimensional model, as shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Anthropometric parameters of a patient’s tibia bone at the Al Amin Al Hussain Hospital, Iraq

Patient name Patient name (SG)
Patient age 38 years
Gender Male
Side of tibia Right
Weight of patient 73 kg
Figure 1 Tibia bone undergoes a process of segmentation and treatment in order to facilitate the creation of a 3D module.
Figure 1

Tibia bone undergoes a process of segmentation and treatment in order to facilitate the creation of a 3D module.

The model was refined by removing unnecessary data and reducing noise using 3-Matic, a software tool optimized for intricate geometric manipulations as shown in Figure 2(a). Additionally, a finite element mesh was generated to further enhance the model in Figure 2(b) and (c). Material properties were allocated to the 3D model by considering tissue types and bone density. The bone’s density was used to establish material properties, such as modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 in order to accurately replicate the mechanical characteristics of the bone, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 3-Matic Medial software used to enhance the mimics module (a) and generate volume meshes (b, c).
Figure 2

3-Matic Medial software used to enhance the mimics module (a) and generate volume meshes (b, c).

Figure 3 Incorporating material attributes based on tibia bone densities and MRI is essential for achieving an identical density to that of genuine tibia bone layers.
Figure 3

Incorporating material attributes based on tibia bone densities and MRI is essential for achieving an identical density to that of genuine tibia bone layers.

Subsequently, the model was imported to Ansys Workbench software, a complete software platform used for engineering simulation, specifically for the purpose of conducting FEA. The model was enhanced by the implementation of a more precise mesh in regions of specific significance. Additionally, mesh convergence analyses were performed to verify the independence of the obtained outcomes from the mesh density. The total number of nodes and elements are 2232878 and 1193060, respectively. The boundary conditions were established based on the particular characteristics of the physical scenario being simulated [16], as shown in Figure 4, aiming to recreate the real-pressure disruption circumstances on the tibia bone in which the model runs. The weight of the patient was 73 kg but during the simulation, we consider the patient in different batten interim to reflect the real load that might distribute in the tibia bone during the gait cycle. By using the tablature data in Ansys workbench to increasing the load over the tibia model gradually from zero to maximum load, the loads were applied on Figure 4(a) and (c) was considered as a supporting area as shown in Figure 4. The loads were varying from 600 to 1,400 N; this is because the load on the human body limb segments is increased according to the speed of the person based on the following equation:

(1) F = m * g + m * a ,

where F is the normal (reaction) force, g is the gravitational force (or the weight of the person), m is the mass of the person, and a is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s near the surface of the Earth).

Figure 4 Applying the boundary conditions on tibia model bone, (a) the application of forces on the internal and exterior condylar surfaces at knee joint, (b) the fixed inferior articular surfaces of the tibia bone.
Figure 4

Applying the boundary conditions on tibia model bone, (a) the application of forces on the internal and exterior condylar surfaces at knee joint, (b) the fixed inferior articular surfaces of the tibia bone.

The inclusion of this particular stage had a pivotal role in the entire process, as it exerted a substantial influence on the outcomes of the analysis. The module after meshing consisted of 22,32,878 nodes and 11,93,060 elements.

The model that has been verified in our study has the capability to accurately forecast biomechanical responses across different situations. This valuable tool contributes to the comprehension of diseased states and facilitates the enhancement of treatment approaches. The strategy used in this study aligns with other investigations in the field of orthopaedics using FEA and offers a novel methodology for modelling and examining patient-specific data. The model has the potential for extensive use in the examination of many situations and circumstances, hence serving as a helpful instrument for both clinicians and researchers.

3 Results

The tibia seems to experience varying stresses, ranging from 0 to 1,400 N, which may be influenced by the gait cycle. Commencing and concluding with zero load (0 N) implies a complete step cycle that initiates and terminates with the foot in an elevated position.

The duration of the analysis is 7 s, during which stress data are collected at regular intervals of 0.2 s as shown in Figure 5. During this temporal period, there is an elevation in stress inside the tibia bone, reaching its maximum point, followed by a subsequent decline down to a neutral state. This pattern mirrors the loading characteristics seen in a conventional gait cycle.

Figure 5 Temporal stress variations inside the tibia during a gait cycle lasting 7 s while subjecting the bone to forces ranging from 600 to 1,400 N.
Figure 5

Temporal stress variations inside the tibia during a gait cycle lasting 7 s while subjecting the bone to forces ranging from 600 to 1,400 N.

The observed minimum stress values exhibit a significant diminution, approaching zero at zero loaded during the initial heel Strick (heel contact), across all temporal instances. This phenomenon raises the possibility that these values may be attributable to numerical aberrations stemming from the FEA calculation or correspond to locations within the model where no external load has been applied. The maximum stress values exhibit a consistent upward trend until the 6 s interval, after which they show a subsequent decline. This phenomenon is often seen when the tibia is subjected to maximal stress and then decreased when the step is completed. The calculation of average stress values offers a comprehensive perspective on the distribution of stress inside the tibia. The observed pattern aligns with that of maximum stress, suggesting a consistent distribution of stress throughout the loading process.

During the first phase, which spans from 0 to 3 s, there is a noticeable increase in the load exerted on the tibia. This is evident by the constant upward trend seen in both maximum and average stresses. Moreover, during the middle phase, which typically lasts between 3 to 6 s, the load attains its maximum magnitude and afterward starts a gradual decline. Stress levels reach their maximum and thereafter start a drop. In the last phase, which lasts around 6–7 s (Figure 5), the load is swiftly and abruptly eliminated, resulting in a significant reduction in stresses to a value of zero. At the time interval of 6 s, the tibia undergoes a peak maximum stress of around 25.455 MPa, as shown in Figure 6. This data point would have significant importance, particularly in the context of evaluating the mechanical qualities of the tibia, such as its yield strength. In the event that the applied stress exceeds the yield strength of the bone material, there exists a potential for damage or fracture.

Figure 6 Temporal stress variations inside the tibia during a gait cycle show the equivalent von Mises stress concentrated at the medial surface of the tibia.
Figure 6

Temporal stress variations inside the tibia during a gait cycle show the equivalent von Mises stress concentrated at the medial surface of the tibia.

The observed loading pattern, characterized by loads ranging from 0 to 1,200 N and returning to 0 N, seems to resemble a conventional gait cycle associated with walking or running. During this cycle, the foot establishes contact with the ground, assumes the whole-body weight (perhaps augmented by additional loads), and afterwards disengages from the ground surface.

Strain is a quantification of the extent of distortion experienced by a material under the influence of applied stress. In this particular instance, it exemplifies the manner in which the tibia bone undergoes deformation as a result of the stresses exerted upon it during the act of walking. For each time step, the corresponding elastic strain is recorded and the maximum, minimum, and average values are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Corresponding elastic strain is recorded and the maximum, minimum, and average values.
Figure 7

Corresponding elastic strain is recorded and the maximum, minimum, and average values.

During the first phase, which spans from 0 to 3 s, it can be seen that when the load on the tibia rises, there is a linear increase in the corresponding elastic strain. The bone is undergoing compression, and the strain levels correspond to this deformation. During the middle phase, which spans from 3 to 6 s, the load attains its greatest magnitude, and the corresponding elastic strain continues to escalate, culminating in its highest value at the 6-s mark. During the last phase, which lasts around 6–7 s, the load is swiftly eliminated, resulting in a significant reduction in the corresponding elastic strain until it reaches zero. This phenomenon signifies the bone’s relaxing in response to the removal of a load.

Points of interest refer to certain locations or attractions that are of particular significance or interest to individuals. These points of interest may vary greatly and may include landmarks and historical sites. At the time interval of 6 s, the maximal equivalent elastic strain reaches a value of roughly 2.19 × 10−3, as shown in Figure 8. The comprehension of the elastic characteristics of the bone enables one to ascertain the extent of deformation occurring at the maximum point of stress. The research reveals that the minimal equivalent elastic strains have values that are in close proximity to zero, indicating the presence of insignificant amounts of tension.

Figure 8 Temporal fluctuations in elastic strain through tibia throughout a gait cycle reveal that the strain is mostly centred at the medial surface of the tibia.
Figure 8

Temporal fluctuations in elastic strain through tibia throughout a gait cycle reveal that the strain is mostly centred at the medial surface of the tibia.

Gaining comprehension of the strain response shown by the tibia in the presence of these loads may provide valuable insights into the operational characteristics of the tibia when subjected to typical gait loads. Furthermore, it can help identify possible areas of concern if the strain surpasses certain tolerance thresholds. The elastic strain was 0.002193 at the medial surface of the tibia.

Deformation refers to the alteration in the geometric configuration or dimensions (or both) of an entity as a consequence of the application of an external force. Within this particular context, the data serve as a representation of the changes in the structural configuration of the tibia bone in response to the various mechanical stresses experienced during the act of walking. The presented data include the highest, lowest, and average total deformations for each timestamp. During the first phase, which spans from 0 to 3 s, the overall deformation exhibits a linear rise as shown in Figure 9. This observation suggests a persistent and progressive force exerted on the tibia in the early stage of the walking cycle. At the time interval of 3 s, the highest deformation of the object is seen to be around 1.56 mm.

Figure 9 Total deformation of the tibia during the gait cycle after applying varying loads.
Figure 9

Total deformation of the tibia during the gait cycle after applying varying loads.

During the middle phase, which spans from 3 to 6 s, the overall deformation of the material continues to progress, although at a reduced rate compared to the first phase. This deceleration suggests a gradual decrease in the rate of load increment. The maximum deformation is seen during a time of 6 s, with a magnitude of roughly 2.43 mm. During the last phase, which lasts around 6–7 s, there is a notable and rapid reduction in deformation. This reduction is indicative of the load being removed from the tibia as the gait cycle reaches completion. The minimum deformation constantly stays at zero, indicating that some regions of the tibia do not undergo any deformation over the whole of the gait cycle (Figure 8).

Figure 10 Total deformation of the tibia after applying a series of forces on the condylar surface.
Figure 10

Total deformation of the tibia after applying a series of forces on the condylar surface.

The average deformation of the tibia offers a comprehensive perspective on the collective response of the whole bone, hence facilitating comprehension of the bone’s average deformation. Gaining an understanding of the deformation characteristics shown under these loads may provide valuable insights into the functional aspects of the tibia when subjected to normal gait loads. Furthermore, it can help identify possible areas of concern if deformation surpasses certain tolerance thresholds. Regions characterized by significant deformation may need attention, particularly if they surpass the biomechanical thresholds of the tibia, possibly resulting in the occurrence of stress fractures or other types of injuries.

4 Discussion

The results suggest that the tibia undergoes a diverse spectrum of stress levels, ranging from 0 to 1,400 N, for the whole of a gait cycle. The stress distribution pattern found in the tibia throughout the gait cycle reflects the loading parameters observed in a typical walking or running cycle. The tibia experiences a gradual escalation in stress as it bears the whole of the body’s weight, often compounded by supplementary burdens. The tension reaches its maximum level at around the 6 s mark, followed by a quick decline to zero when the foot becomes detached from the ground surface. In the present study, it is shown that the tibia undergoes a notable peak maximum stress of around 25.455 MPa. This particular data has significant importance in the assessment of the mechanical properties of the tibia, including its yield strength. In the event that the applied stress surpasses the yield strength of the bone material, there exists a possible hazard of experiencing damage or fracture.

The analysis of the tibial strain response under these specific pressures offers significant insights into the functional properties of the bone when exposed to normal walking loads. Strain is a quantifiable parameter that characterizes the degree of deformation encountered by a material when subjected to an externally applied force or stress. In the current scenario, the phenomenon under consideration pertains to the structural alteration of the tibia bone resulting from the mechanical strains encountered throughout the locomotion process. The strain levels are directly associated with the deformation, exhibiting a linear relationship where strain progressively increases as the weight on the tibia escalates. The greatest equivalent elastic strain is around 2.19 × 10−3, and this data may be used to determine the magnitude of deformation at the location of maximum stress in the structure of tibia bone as shown in (Figure 10).

The data shown in Figure 9 provide further support for the notion that the tibia undergoes a complete deformation during the gait cycle. The data demonstrats a consistent and gradual increase in deformation over the course of 0 to 3 s, suggesting the presence of a sustained and advancing force applied to the tibia during the first phase of walking. The peak distortion is seen at around 6 s, after which there is a rapid decrease as the gait cycle reaches its conclusion. The minimal deformation constantly stays at zero, suggesting that some areas of the tibia remain undeformed over the whole gait cycle. The module may be fabricated by the use of a 3D printer or casting method in order to get a prototype. Subsequently, mechanical parameters such as tensile strength, compression strength, and bending strength can be determined using appropriate testing procedures [22]. The experiential analysis of mechanical properties for the tibia bone is essential to understand the behaviour of the tibia bone under the weight of the individual during the gait cycle.

5 Conclusion

This research facilitates comprehension of the distribution of stress inside the tibia bone during a walking cycle. To conduct a comprehensive evaluation, the maximum stresses experienced by the bone are compared with established tolerance levels and strengths. This comparison enabled the determination of whether the applied loads are within safe limits. Moreover, gaining knowledge of the precise places within the tibia where these maximal stresses manifest might provide valuable insights into prospective fracture sites or areas of particular concern.

The findings demonstrate a distinct correlation between strain and the applied loads throughout the gait cycle. The reaction of the tibia bone is characterized by a progressive compression phase followed by a relaxation phase, which aligns with the anticipated biomechanical patterns seen during activities such as walking or running. It is observed that during the gait cycle, elastic strain fluctuations in the tibia are largely localized to the medial surface. This distortion reaches its apex at the 6 s point, coinciding with the late stance phase. This critical discovery emphasizes that the greatest weight-bearing and, as a result, the greatest stress on the tibia occur at this time, which is critical for commencing the push-off phase. These results have implications for understanding load distribution in the tibia, which might be critical for designing targeted therapies to reduce injury risks or improve prosthetic limb development. The results demonstrate a distinct pattern of deformation in response to the applied stresses during a gait cycle. The overall deformation of the tibia bone exhibits a pattern of augmentation while the foot is placed, culminating in its maximum value, followed by a decline when the foot is raised from the ground.

The research provides information to assist in understanding the weight distribution on the tibia and provide amputees with appropriate prostheses to enhance walking and minimize energy consumption during the amputation. It also helps in correcting the definitions of the tibia bone in order to change the ground response forces during the ambulator.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analysed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on a reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-09-14
Revised: 2023-11-28
Accepted: 2023-12-04
Published Online: 2024-03-04

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
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  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
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  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
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  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0572
Keywords for this article
tibia bone; magnetic resonance imaging; finite element analysis (FEA)
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
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