Startseite Geologie und Mineralogie Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin
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Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin

  • Runcheng Xie , Shuangjun Fu , Honggang Liang , Kun Deng , Shuai Yin EMAIL logo , Tingting Ma , Siyuan Li und Wenli Cai EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Juli 2024
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Abstract

The genesis and prediction of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstone reservoirs are hot spots in oil and gas geology research worldwide. High-porosity and low-permeability sandstone reservoirs are developed in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation of the Luntai Uplift in the northern Tarim Basin, China. In this article, we conducted a systematic study on the geological origin and logging identification of high-porosity and low-permeability tight sandstone based on core observation, thin section, logging index response, and mathematical discrimination methods. The results show that the K1bs sandstone segment in the study area generally contains calcium carbonate, which mainly comes from carbonate rock debris and calcite cement. Calcite cement mainly fills the pores between primary particles, and it is the main factor leading to the densification of the reservoir. The geological origin of the formation of low-permeability layer is mainly due to the early cementation of carbonate, and the development mode of the low-permeability layer is “high content of calcium debris → severe calcium cementation → poor petrophysical properties → formation of low-permeability layer.” The low-permeability layer has the characteristics of high gamma and high resistivity, and the multi-parameter discriminant method established based on the Fisher criterion has a good identification effect for the low-permeability layer. The low-permeability layer has a small thickness, poor stability and continuity, and strong longitudinal heterogeneity, thus it can form a low-permeability baffle inside the reservoir, which greatly reduces the oil and gas migration capacity.

1 Introduction

Tight reservoir segments are often referred to as low-permeability or impermeable layers [13]. Previous studies have shown that low-permeability layers with large area distribution can divide the originally deposited thick sandstone reservoir into several seepage units [4,5]. It enhances the heterogeneity of the sandstone reservoir and severely blocks and isolates the fluid migration and seepage between its adjacent units [6,7]. Especially in the middle and late stages of reservoir development, the low-permeability layer controls the distribution of remaining oil, which in turn has a more prominent impact on oil and gas seepage and development, and ultimately affects oilfield productivity [8,9]. Based on petrological studies, the previous believed that the low-permeability layer in the sandstone was mainly formed by the muddy matrix filled with the original sediment and the strong calcareous cementation in the early diagenetic stage [10,11]. Other studies have combined sequence stratigraphy and diagenesis studies to explore the regularity of diagenesis in sandstones in different system domains, and mentioned the importance of some major sequence interfaces in forming low-permeability layers [12,13]. Therefore, sea-level fluctuations control the formation and spatial distribution of low-permeability layers in sandstones by affecting sedimentation types and early diagenesis. The study of the origin of low-permeability layers has important theoretical significance for the precise prediction of the distribution characteristics of low-permeability layers [14,15].

The research area (Block S3-1) is located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin. The area is rich in oil and gas resources, and many large oil and gas fields have been discovered. A series of Cretaceous-Paleogene oil and gas fields, such as Yangtak, Yudong, Queer, and Yaha, which have been discovered in the western section of the Tabei Uplift, have shown good prospects for Cretaceous-Paleogene oil and gas resources in the study area. The main producing layer of the S3-1 block is the K1bs sandstone segment of the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation. The K1bs sandstone belongs to braided river delta sedimentary system, and the lithology is mainly light brown, brown, and red-brown medium-fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. There are multiple sets of low-permeability interlayers in the S3-1 block in the longitudinal direction, and the heterogeneity is strong, which has a great influence on the oil and gas seepage and reduces the vertical migration ability of oil and gas. The bottom water energy of the Cretaceous sandstone reservoir in the study area is weak, and the low-permeability interlayer in the reservoir can block the bottom water. The bottom water mainly rushes along the high-permeability zone, and is easy to cause flooding. The productivity of a single well decreases rapidly after seeing water, and the liquid accumulation in the wellbore is serious.

The low-permeability layer in the K1bs sandstone segment of the study area acts as a barrier to the reservoir, which makes the permeability anisotropy of the reservoir more obvious. The distribution of the low-permeability layer also has a certain effect on the oil–water movement law in the study area, and the stability of its distribution can affect the pressure distribution in the thick oil layer. In the exploration and development of low-porosity and low-permeability oil fields, the geological origins of low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs are mainly the driving force and pore structure. After the accumulation of oil and gas, if there is no continued sedimentation of the overlying strata, the low-porosity and low-permeability reservoir may become a low saturation reservoir. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct geological investigations for studying the origin and identification of low-permeability layers and identification research on the low-permeability layer of the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation sandstone in S3-1 area. The research results can provide scientific guidance for the exploration and development of the same type of gas reservoirs worldwide.

2 Databases and methods

2.1 Geological background

The study area (S3-1 block) is located on the northern side of the Luntai No. 1 fault in the Tarim Basin, which is in the fault-step zone between the Luntai No. 1 fault and the Yanan fault (Figure 1). The S3 structure is an overlying structure formed on a pre-Sinian metamorphic basement. The target layer in this article is the K1bs sandstone segment of the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation. The K1bs sandstone segment mainly develops a set of braided river delta front subfacies, and its sand bodies are mainly sediments of underwater distributary channels, and the sand bodies have good continuity. The low-permeability layers in Block S3-1 mainly refer to the low-permeability interlayers within a single sand layer, which are generally calcareous sandstone.

Figure 1 
                  Location and structure of the study area. (a) The research area (Block S3-1) is located in the Luntai Uplift in the northern part of the Tarim Basin. (b) The structural contour of the top surface of the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation in Block S3-1.
Figure 1

Location and structure of the study area. (a) The research area (Block S3-1) is located in the Luntai Uplift in the northern part of the Tarim Basin. (b) The structural contour of the top surface of the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation in Block S3-1.

The Meso-Cenozoic strata in the study area are well developed. Among them, the Triassic-Lower Cretaceous is continuous deposition, the upper Cretaceous is missing, and the Paleogene-Quaternary is continuous deposition. Among them, the Cretaceous–Paleogene deposits in the north of the Tarim and the south of the Tianshan Mountain have certain differences (Figure 2), which is mainly affected by the structural transformation and changes of the basin.

Figure 2 
                  Division of sequence stratigraphic units of the Cretaceous and Paleogene in the study area and its adjacent areas [7].
Figure 2

Division of sequence stratigraphic units of the Cretaceous and Paleogene in the study area and its adjacent areas [7].

2.2 Methods

We have observed the sandstone samples of the target layer under a microscope, and the identification standard is SY/T 5368-2016. These large number of thin section identification results were used to analyze the cause of the high-porosity and low-permeability sandstone in the target layer [16,17]. At the same time, through the abundant logging data in the area, logging parameters were extracted for strata with different types of permeability characteristics (low-permeability layer and high-permeability layer). Seven logging parameters of GR (natural gamma), SP (natural potential), CNL (neutron porosity), DEN (rock density), AC (acoustic time difference), RILD (deep lateral resistivity), and RILM (medium induction resistivity) were extracted. The ability of various parameters to identify the permeability of the formation is analyzed. The ability of various parameters to identify the permeability of the stratum was analyzed, and the identification model of the low-permeability stratum of the target stratum was established by a multivariate discriminant method. Finally, the distribution characteristics of the low-permeability layer were analyzed.

Based on the research of phased 3D geological modeling and relying on Petrel software, we have unified the interlayer and the diversion bay into a low-permeability layer. Then, the identification criteria of low-permeability layers were brought into the established three-dimensional geological model of the gas reservoir, and the distribution positions of low-permeability intervals (including plane and profile positions) were clarified to obtain the distribution characteristics of low-permeability layers in the study area. The criteria for identifying low-permeability layers are: rock porosity <10%, rock permeability <10 mD, and h (thickness) >0.5 m.

The overall research process is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 
                  Research flowchart.
Figure 3

Research flowchart.

3 Results

3.1 Petrological characteristics

The results of thin section identification in the study area indicate that K1bs sandstone is mainly lithic quartz sandstone or lithic sandstone, followed by lithic feldspar sandstone (Figure 4). The primary intergranular pores are the most important type of reservoir space in the K1bs sandstone segment. The particles are mainly in point-line contact, reflecting the overall low compaction strength. The primary intergranular pores are well preserved (Figure 4). The current buried depth of the K1bs sandstone segment in the study area is about 5,000 m, which has a moderate to strong compaction degree. Its under-compaction characteristics may be related to oil and gas charging.

Figure 4 
                  Reservoir sandstone type of K1bs formation in S3-1 block. (a) Well S3-1, 5033.57 m, cast thin section. Medium-fine-grained lithic sandstone, with medium particle sorting. The rock debris content is relatively high, which is mainly quartz siltstone debris, metamorphic quartzite debris, and granite debris. The primary intergranular pores are well preserved, and a small part is filled with early calcareous cement. In addition, a small amount of intergranular dissolution pores can be seen. (b) Well S3-1, 5043.87 m, cast thin section. Fine-medium-grained lithic sandstone, with poor particle sorting. The rock debris are mainly quartz sandstone debris, quartz siltstone debris, and granite debris. Weak chlorite rim cementation can be seen at the edges of some particles. Primary intergranular pores were well preserved. (c) Well S3-9, 5050.57 m, cast thin section. Fine-grained lithic quartz sandstone, with good particle sorting. A large number of primary intergranular pores and intergranular dissolution pores can be seen under the microscope, some of which are filled with calcareous cement, and a small amount of micro-cracks can also be seen. R, rock debris; Q, quartz.
Figure 4

Reservoir sandstone type of K1bs formation in S3-1 block. (a) Well S3-1, 5033.57 m, cast thin section. Medium-fine-grained lithic sandstone, with medium particle sorting. The rock debris content is relatively high, which is mainly quartz siltstone debris, metamorphic quartzite debris, and granite debris. The primary intergranular pores are well preserved, and a small part is filled with early calcareous cement. In addition, a small amount of intergranular dissolution pores can be seen. (b) Well S3-1, 5043.87 m, cast thin section. Fine-medium-grained lithic sandstone, with poor particle sorting. The rock debris are mainly quartz sandstone debris, quartz siltstone debris, and granite debris. Weak chlorite rim cementation can be seen at the edges of some particles. Primary intergranular pores were well preserved. (c) Well S3-9, 5050.57 m, cast thin section. Fine-grained lithic quartz sandstone, with good particle sorting. A large number of primary intergranular pores and intergranular dissolution pores can be seen under the microscope, some of which are filled with calcareous cement, and a small amount of micro-cracks can also be seen. R, rock debris; Q, quartz.

3.2 Genesis of low-permeability layer

According to the analysis of thin sections, the development of the K1bs sandstone segment in the study area is mainly controlled by the provenance, sedimentary facies, and diagenesis. The parent rock is dominated by physical weathering, while chemical weathering is weak. Insufficient weathering results in the weathering products of the parent rock being mainly rich in detrital particles and lean in clay minerals. This kind of sandy provenance mainly is an important reason to control the development of K1bs sandstone with little muddy deposit [18,19].

The early cementation of carbonate is also an important factor in the formation of low-permeability layers in the K1bs sandstone segment (Figure 5a), which leads to a decrease in the petrophysical properties of the reservoir [2023]. Core observations revealed that when 5% dilute hydrochloric acid was dropped on K1bs sandstone, the rock would generate bubbles, indicating that the sandstone generally contains a certain amount of calcium carbonate. Combined with the analysis results of the cast thin sections, it is found that the calcium carbonate in the sandstone mainly comes from carbonate rock debris and calcite cement. At the same time, samples with better particle sorting often have better reservoir properties. Calcite cement mainly comes from the pressure dissolution of carbonate rock debris, which mainly fills the pores between primary grains, and is the main factor leading to the densification of the reservoir [24,25]. The content of calcareous debris in different samples is quite different (Figure 5b and c). The content of carbonate rock debris in the original sediment usually determines the amount of calcite cement, which in turn determines the quality of the sand body [2628]. The petrophysical properties of the reservoir are mainly controlled by the content and sorting of calcium debris. The formation process of the low-permeability layer is as follows: high calcium debris content → severe calcium cementation → poor sandstone physical properties → formation of low-permeability layer.

Figure 5 
                  Microscopic features of calcareous cement in the K1bs sandstone segment of Block S3-1: (a) Well S3-5, 5075.69 m, (b) Well S3-1, 5018.30 m, and (c) Well S3-9, 5069.77 m.
Figure 5

Microscopic features of calcareous cement in the K1bs sandstone segment of Block S3-1: (a) Well S3-5, 5075.69 m, (b) Well S3-1, 5018.30 m, and (c) Well S3-9, 5069.77 m.

4 Case analysis

Combined with the results of well-logging interpretation and the analysis of cast thin sections, it is found that the low-permeability layer in the K1bs sandstone section of the study area is mainly related to the content of rock debris in carbonate rocks [29,30]. The low-permeability layer rich in calcite has the characteristics of high GR, low AC value, high resistivity, and high density on the log curves. Calcareous lithic sandstone is mainly distributed in the local area in the form of interlayers, which has little effect on the overall petrophysical properties of the reservoir, but it is an important reason for the strong in-layer heterogeneity. It can be seen from the intersection of the porosity and permeability of the low-permeability layers and the high-permeability layers (Figure 6) that the correlation between the porosity and permeability of the high-permeability layers is much better than that of the low-permeability layers, reflecting the strong heterogeneity of the low-permeability layers [31,32].

Figure 6 
               Relationship between porosity and permeability in the K1bs sandstone segment of the study area.
Figure 6

Relationship between porosity and permeability in the K1bs sandstone segment of the study area.

According to the existing full logging series, seven logging parameters Gamma Ray-Natural Radioactivity, Spontaneous Potential, Compensated Dual-Spacing Neutron Log, Density, Acoustic log, Deep Investigation Induction Log, and Medium Investigation Induction Log were extracted for analysis. Compared with the high-permeability layer, the low-permeability layer has a small compensation neutron, a large compensation density, and a relatively large GR value (Figure 7). Therefore, the intersection of GR and CNL, GR and DEN can be used to preliminarily identify the low-permeability layers.

Figure 7 
               Logging response characteristics of high-permeability layer and low-permeability layer.
Figure 7

Logging response characteristics of high-permeability layer and low-permeability layer.

However, the single-parameter intersection method has low recognition accuracy for low-permeability layers. Therefore, this article selects seven logging parameters of GR, SP, CNL, DEN, AC, RILD, and RILM to judge the low-permeability layer. The multi-discrimination identification model of high-permeability layer and low-permeability layer is as follows:

(1) Discriminant equation of high permeability layer = 6.39 × GR 2.52 × SP + 29.89 × CNL + 7 203.51 × DEN + 59.53 × AC 723.47 × RILD + 643.68 × RILM 11 331.21 ,

(2) Discriminant equation of low permeability layer = 6.54 × GR 2.44 × SP + 29.75 × CNL + 7 296.73 × DEN + 59.91 × AC 735.43 × RILD + 655.49 × RILM 11 600.32 .

According to the identification results of the low-permeability layer obtained by the multiple discriminant method, the identification effect of the initial group of low-permeability layers is 91.8%. The identification effect of the low-permeability layer in the cross-validation group is 87.8%. The initial recognition effect and cross-validation recognition effect are very good, and the model is highly reliable (Table 1).

Table 1

Logging identification results of the low-permeability layers

Formation type Discrimination results Discrimination rate (%)
Number of high-permeability layers Number of low-permeability layers
High-permeability layer 25 1 96.15
Low-permeability layer 3 20 86.96

According to the recognition effect of the low-permeability layers in the K1bs sandstone segment of Well S3-1 (Figure 8), it can be found that the recognition effect of this model is good. The logging response characteristics of the low-permeability layers are obvious, and they have typical high GR, low AC, high resistivity, and high density characteristics. Combined with thin section data, we found that the low-permeability layers have the characteristics of high resistivity and high calcareous debris, which is in sharp contrast with the characteristics of the low resistivity and low calcareous debris of the high-permeability layers.

Figure 8 
               Logging identification profile of the low-permeability layer in the K1bs sandstone segment of Well S3-1.
Figure 8

Logging identification profile of the low-permeability layer in the K1bs sandstone segment of Well S3-1.

Observing the inside of the SSC5 layer in the east–west profile, it is found that the low-permeability layer of the SSC5 layer is located at the bottom of the layer, which has a large east–west extension (Figure 9). For the north–south profile, the low-permeability layer of the SSC5 layer also has a certain extension range (Figure 9). Overall, the low-permeability layer has a small thickness, poor stability and continuity, and strong longitudinal heterogeneity, thus it can form a low-permeability baffle inside the reservoir, which greatly reduces the oil and gas migration capacity.

Figure 9 
               Geological modeling profile of the target layer. The gray area represents the low-permeability layer, and the yellow area represents the high-permeability layer.
Figure 9

Geological modeling profile of the target layer. The gray area represents the low-permeability layer, and the yellow area represents the high-permeability layer.

5 Conclusions

  1. High-porosity and low-permeability sandstone reservoirs are developed in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation of the Luntai Uplift in the northern Tarim Basin, China. In this article, we conducted a systematic study on the geological origin and logging identification of high-porosity and low-permeability tight sandstone based on core observation, thin section, logging index response, and mathematical discrimination methods.

  2. The K1bs sandstone segment in the study area generally contains calcium carbonate, which mainly comes from carbonate rock debris and calcite cement. Calcite cement mainly fills the pores between primary particles, and it is the main factor leading to the densification of the reservoir.

  3. The geological origin of the formation of low-permeability layer is mainly due to the early cementation of carbonate, and the development mode of the low-permeability layer is “high content of calcium debris → severe calcium cementation → poor petrophysical properties → formation of low-permeability layer.”

  4. The low-permeability layer has the characteristics of high gamma and high resistivity, and the multi-parameter discriminant method established based on the Fisher criterion has a good identification effect for the low-permeability layer. The low-permeability layer has a small thickness, poor stability and continuity, and strong longitudinal heterogeneity, thus it can form a low-permeability baffle inside the reservoir, which greatly reduces the oil and gas migration capacity.


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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41572130) and the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2017ZX05035001-007).

  1. Author contributions: Xie and FU: Data collection and analysis; Yin and Cai: Writing and revising the paper. Liang and Deng: Drawing and Statistics; Li and Ma: Literature research.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2024-02-03
Revised: 2024-06-16
Accepted: 2024-06-18
Published Online: 2024-07-22

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  11. Identification of magnetic mineralogy and paleo-flow direction of the Miocene-quaternary volcanic products in the north of Lake Van, Eastern Turkey
  12. Impact of fully rotating steel casing bored pile on adjacent tunnels
  13. Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas
  14. Petrogenesis of Jurassic granitic rocks in South China Block: Implications for events related to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate
  15. Differences in urban daytime and night block vitality based on mobile phone signaling data: A case study of Kunming’s urban district
  16. Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan
  17. Integrated geophysical approach for detection and size-geometry characterization of a multiscale karst system in carbonate units, semiarid Brazil
  18. Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value and analysis of driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta Region
  19. Deep fault sliding rates for Ka-Ping block of Xinjiang based on repeating earthquakes
  20. Improved deep learning segmentation of outdoor point clouds with different sampling strategies and using intensities
  21. Platform margin belt structure and sedimentation characteristics of Changxing Formation reefs on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough, eastern Sichuan Basin, China
  22. Enhancing attapulgite and cement-modified loess for effective landfill lining: A study on seepage prevention and Cu/Pb ion adsorption
  23. Flood risk assessment, a case study in an arid environment of Southeast Morocco
  24. Lower limits of physical properties and classification evaluation criteria of the tight reservoir in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area of the Kuqa depression
  25. Evaluation of Viaducts’ contribution to road network accessibility in the Yunnan–Guizhou area based on the node deletion method
  26. Permian tectonic switch of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from magmatism in the southern Alxa region, NW China
  27. Element geochemical differences in lower Cambrian black shales with hydrothermal sedimentation in the Yangtze block, South China
  28. Three-dimensional finite-memory quasi-Newton inversion of the magnetotelluric based on unstructured grids
  29. Obliquity-paced summer monsoon from the Shilou red clay section on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
  30. Classification and logging identification of reservoir space near the upper Ordovician pinch-out line in Tahe Oilfield
  31. Ultra-deep channel sand body target recognition method based on improved deep learning under UAV cluster
  32. New formula to determine flyrock distance on sedimentary rocks with low strength
  33. Assessing the ecological security of tourism in Northeast China
  34. Effective reservoir identification and sweet spot prediction in Chang 8 Member tight oil reservoirs in Huanjiang area, Ordos Basin
  35. Detecting heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to sports facilities for adolescents at fine scale: A case study in Changsha, China
  36. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil nutrients by soft rock and sand remodeling
  37. Vibration prediction with a method based on the absorption property of blast-induced seismic waves: A case study
  38. A new look at the geodynamic development of the Ediacaran–early Cambrian forearc basalts of the Tannuola-Khamsara Island Arc (Central Asia, Russia): Conclusions from geological, geochemical, and Nd-isotope data
  39. Spatio-temporal analysis of the driving factors of urban land use expansion in China: A study of the Yangtze River Delta region
  40. Selection of Euler deconvolution solutions using the enhanced horizontal gradient and stable vertical differentiation
  41. Phase change of the Ordovician hydrocarbon in the Tarim Basin: A case study from the Halahatang–Shunbei area
  42. Using interpretative structure model and analytical network process for optimum site selection of airport locations in Delta Egypt
  43. Geochemistry of magnetite from Fe-skarn deposits along the central Loei Fold Belt, Thailand
  44. Functional typology of settlements in the Srem region, Serbia
  45. Hunger Games Search for the elucidation of gravity anomalies with application to geothermal energy investigations and volcanic activity studies
  46. Addressing incomplete tile phenomena in image tiling: Introducing the grid six-intersection model
  47. Evaluation and control model for resilience of water resource building system based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and its application
  48. MIF and AHP methods for delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi District, India
  49. New database for the estimation of dynamic coefficient of friction of snow
  50. Measuring urban growth dynamics: A study in Hue city, Vietnam
  51. Comparative models of support-vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and decision tree ‎predication approaches for landslide ‎susceptibility analysis
  52. Experimental study on the influence of clay content on the shear strength of silty soil and mechanism analysis
  53. Geosite assessment as a contribution to the sustainable development of Babušnica, Serbia
  54. Using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for road transportation services management based on remote sensing and GIS technology
  55. Accumulation mechanism of multi-type unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Northern China: Taking Hari Sag of the Yin’e Basin as an example
  56. TOC prediction of source rocks based on the convolutional neural network and logging curves – A case study of Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag
  57. A method for fast detection of wind farms from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis
  58. Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification in Southwest China based on GIS and geodetector
  59. Physicochemical and mineralogical composition studies of clays from Share and Tshonga areas, Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implications for Geophagia
  60. Geochemical sedimentary records of eutrophication and environmental change in Chaohu Lake, East China
  61. Research progress of freeze–thaw rock using bibliometric analysis
  62. Mixed irrigation affects the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community
  63. Examining the swelling potential of cohesive soils with high plasticity according to their index properties using GIS
  64. Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin
  65. Usability of PPGIS tools exemplified by geodiscussion – a tool for public participation in shaping public space
  66. Efficient development technology of Upper Paleozoic Lower Shihezi tight sandstone gas reservoir in northeastern Ordos Basin
  67. Assessment of soil resources of agricultural landscapes in Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on agrochemical indexes
  68. Evaluating the impact of DEM interpolation algorithms on relief index for soil resource management
  69. Petrogenetic relationship between plutonic and subvolcanic rocks in the Jurassic Shuikoushan complex, South China
  70. A novel workflow for shale lithology identification – A case study in the Gulong Depression, Songliao Basin, China
  71. Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Fei-3 Member of Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic, Puguang area
  72. Impact of high-speed railway network on county-level accessibility and economic linkage in Jiangxi Province, China: A spatio-temporal data analysis
  73. Estimation model of wild fractional vegetation cover based on RGB vegetation index and its application
  74. Lithofacies, petrography, and geochemistry of the Lamphun oceanic plate stratigraphy: As a record of the subduction history of Paleo-Tethys in Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone of Thailand
  75. Structural features and tectonic activity of the Weihe Fault, central China
  76. Application of the wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform in stratigraphic sequence division of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Southwest Sichuan Basin
  77. Structural detachment influences the shale gas preservation in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  78. Distribution law of Chang 7 Member tight oil in the western Ordos Basin based on geological, logging and numerical simulation techniques
  79. Evaluation of alteration in the geothermal province west of Cappadocia, Türkiye: Mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, and remote sensing data
  80. Numerical modeling of site response at large strains with simplified nonlinear models: Application to Lotung seismic array
  81. Quantitative characterization of granite failure intensity under dynamic disturbance from energy standpoint
  82. Characteristics of debris flow dynamics and prediction of the hazardous area in Bangou Village, Yanqing District, Beijing, China
  83. Rockfall mapping and susceptibility evaluation based on UAV high-resolution imagery and support vector machine method
  84. Statistical comparison analysis of different real-time kinematic methods for the development of photogrammetric products: CORS-RTK, CORS-RTK + PPK, RTK-DRTK2, and RTK + DRTK2 + GCP
  85. Hydrogeological mapping of fracture networks using earth observation data to improve rainfall–runoff modeling in arid mountains, Saudi Arabia
  86. Petrography and geochemistry of pegmatite and leucogranite of Ntega-Marangara area, Burundi, in relation to rare metal mineralisation
  87. Prediction of formation fracture pressure based on reinforcement learning and XGBoost
  88. Hazard zonation for potential earthquake-induced landslide in the eastern East Kunlun fault zone
  89. Monitoring water infiltration in multiple layers of sandstone coal mining model with cracks using ERT
  90. Study of the patterns of ice lake variation and the factors influencing these changes in the western Nyingchi area
  91. Productive conservation at the landslide prone area under the threat of rapid land cover changes
  92. Sedimentary processes and patterns in deposits corresponding to freshwater lake-facies of hyperpycnal flow – An experimental study based on flume depositional simulations
  93. Study on time-dependent injectability evaluation of mudstone considering the self-healing effect
  94. Detection of objects with diverse geometric shapes in GPR images using deep-learning methods
  95. Behavior of trace metals in sedimentary cores from marine and lacustrine environments in Algeria
  96. Spatiotemporal variation pattern and spatial coupling relationship between NDVI and LST in Mu Us Sandy Land
  97. Formation mechanism and oil-bearing properties of gravity flow sand body of Chang 63 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing area, Ordos Basin
  98. Diagenesis of marine-continental transitional shale from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, China
  99. Vertical high-velocity structures and seismic activity in western Shandong Rise, China: Case study inspired by double-difference seismic tomography
  100. Spatial coupling relationship between metamorphic core complex and gold deposits: Constraints from geophysical electromagnetics
  101. Disparities in the geospatial allocation of public facilities from the perspective of living circles
  102. Research on spatial correlation structure of war heritage based on field theory. A case study of Jinzhai County, China
  103. Formation mechanisms of Qiaoba-Zhongdu Danxia landforms in southwestern Sichuan Province, China
  104. Magnetic data interpretation: Implication for structure and hydrocarbon potentiality at Delta Wadi Diit, Southeastern Egypt
  105. Deeply buried clastic rock diagenesis evolution mechanism of Dongdaohaizi sag in the center of Junggar fault basin, Northwest China
  106. Application of LS-RAPID to simulate the motion of two contrasting landslides triggered by earthquakes
  107. The new insight of tectonic setting in Sunda–Banda transition zone using tomography seismic. Case study: 7.1 M deep earthquake 29 August 2023
  108. The critical role of c and φ in ensuring stability: A study on rockfill dams
  109. Evidence of late quaternary activity of the Weining-Shuicheng Fault in Guizhou, China
  110. Extreme hydroclimatic events and response of vegetation in the eastern QTP since 10 ka
  111. Spatial–temporal effect of sea–land gradient on landscape pattern and ecological risk in the coastal zone: A case study of Dalian City
  112. Study on the influence mechanism of land use on carbon storage under multiple scenarios: A case study of Wenzhou
  113. A new method for identifying reservoir fluid properties based on well logging data: A case study from PL block of Bohai Bay Basin, North China
  114. Comparison between thermal models across the Middle Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Eastern Llanos basins in Colombia
  115. Mineralogical and elemental analysis of Kazakh coals from three mines: Preliminary insights from mode of occurrence to environmental impacts
  116. Chlorite-induced porosity evolution in multi-source tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Shaximiao Formation in western Sichuan Basin
  117. Predicting stability factors for rotational failures in earth slopes and embankments using artificial intelligence techniques
  118. Origin of Late Cretaceous A-type granitoids in South China: Response to the rollback and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate
  119. Modification of dolomitization on reservoir spaces in reef–shoal complex: A case study of Permian Changxing Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
  120. Geological characteristics of the Daduhe gold belt, western Sichuan, China: Implications for exploration
  121. Rock physics model for deep coal-bed methane reservoir based on equivalent medium theory: A case study of Carboniferous-Permian in Eastern Ordos Basin
  122. Enhancing the total-field magnetic anomaly using the normalized source strength
  123. Shear wave velocity profiling of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, utilizing the multi-channel analysis of surface waves method
  124. Effect of coal facies on pore structure heterogeneity of coal measures: Quantitative characterization and comparative study
  125. Inversion method of organic matter content of different types of soils in black soil area based on hyperspectral indices
  126. Detection of seepage zones in artificial levees: A case study at the Körös River, Hungary
  127. Tight sandstone fluid detection technology based on multi-wave seismic data
  128. Characteristics and control techniques of soft rock tunnel lining cracks in high geo-stress environments: Case study of Wushaoling tunnel group
  129. Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
  130. Study on sedimentary model of Shanxi Formation – Lower Shihezi Formation in Da 17 well area of Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin
  131. Multi-scenario territorial spatial simulation and dynamic changes: A case study of Jilin Province in China from 1985 to 2030
  132. Review Articles
  133. Major ascidian species with negative impacts on bivalve aquaculture: Current knowledge and future research aims
  134. Prediction and assessment of meteorological drought in southwest China using long short-term memory model
  135. Communication
  136. Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models
  137. Erratum
  138. Erratum to “Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan”
  139. Special Issue: Natural Resources and Environmental Risks: Towards a Sustainable Future - Part I
  140. Spatial-temporal and trend analysis of traffic accidents in AP Vojvodina (North Serbia)
  141. Exploring environmental awareness, knowledge, and safety: A comparative study among students in Montenegro and North Macedonia
  142. Determinants influencing tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye – Impact of earthquake hazards on Serbian visitors’ preferences
  143. Application of remote sensing in monitoring land degradation: A case study of Stanari municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  144. Optimizing agricultural land use: A GIS-based assessment of suitability in the Sana River Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  145. Assessing risk-prone areas in the Kratovska Reka catchment (North Macedonia) by integrating advanced geospatial analytics and flash flood potential index
  146. Analysis of the intensity of erosive processes and state of vegetation cover in the zone of influence of the Kolubara Mining Basin
  147. GIS-based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility using BWM-LSI: A case study – city of Smederevo (Serbia)
  148. Geospatial modeling of wildfire susceptibility on a national scale in Montenegro: A comparative evaluation of F-AHP and FR methodologies
  149. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
  150. Urban geoheritage and degradation risk assessment of the Sokograd fortress (Sokobanja, Eastern Serbia)
  151. Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
  152. Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
  153. Forest soil CO2 emission in Quercus robur level II monitoring site
  154. Characterization of glomalin proteins in soil: A potential indicator of erosion intensity
  155. Power of Terroir: Case study of Grašac at the Fruška Gora wine region (North Serbia)
  156. Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
  157. Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
Heruntergeladen am 28.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2022-0662/html
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