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Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil nutrients by soft rock and sand remodeling

  • Haiou Zhang EMAIL logo , Yang Zhang , Tingting Cao , Yingguo Wang and Xiandong Hou
Published/Copyright: April 16, 2024
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

To explore the mechanism of freeze–thaw cycles on the nutrient release of soft rock and sand-remodeled soils in Mu Us Sandy land of China, and to clarify the adaptation potential of remodeled soils with different proportions to extreme environment, indoor freezer simulation freeze–thaw experiments were carried out. The research results show that during the 2 cycles of freeze–thaw, the remodeled soil organic matter content and total nitrogen content (TNC) of the three treatments reached their peaks. Compared with that before freezing, T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased TNC by 40.9, 90.2, and 118.9%. The freeze–thaw cycle has a significant impact on the emergence rate of maize (P < 0.05). In the soil during the 2 freeze–thaw cycles, the seedling emergence rate of maize is the highest. Compared with non-freeze–thaw treatment, the maize emergence rate of T1, T2, and T3 treatments was increased by 2, 3, and 3 times, and the emergence rate of T2 and T3 treatments was higher than that of T1 treatments under different freeze–thaw cycles. In conclusion, short-term freeze–thaw cycles can promote soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization and improve nutrient availability in Mu Us Sandy land, and T2 and T3 treatments have better adaptability to the environment.

Keywords: soft rock; sandy soil; remodeled soil; freeze; thaw cycles; nutrient release; seedling emergence rate

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview of soil and climate in Mu Us sandy land

The Mu Us Desert is one of the four major sandy lands in China, located in the ecotone of agriculture, animal husbandry, and prataculture. It is a typical ecologically fragile area and one of the most serious desertification areas in northern China. There is a high amount of soft rock and sand alternating distribution in the desert area of China, of which 1.67 of 3.98 million hectares of Mu Us Sandy land are distributed with abundant soft rock [1,2]. Moreover, the soft rock distributed around the Mu Us Sandy land has serious soil erosion, which is the main source of coarse sand in the Yellow River of China, known as “environmental cancer” [3,4]. To improve the environment, Han et al. [5,6] added soft rock rich in clay minerals to improve the sandy land, which increased the clay content in the sandy soil, and provided the requirements of loam particle foundation and cementation mechanics, thus adjusting the soil structure of the sandy land, realizing the quality improvement of the sandy soil and the virtuous cycle of the ecosystem [7], improving productivity [8,9], and providing a scientific basis for soil freeze–thaw research. However, as a new type of remodeled soil, its adaptability to the regional natural environment is also a scientific problem that needs further attention in the long-term utilization process.

As a natural phenomenon, freeze–thaw cycle is widely found in middle-high latitudes and high altitudes, which refers to a physical geological process and phenomenon in which the soil layer freezes and thaws when the temperature changes around 0°C [10]. In the middle and high latitudes, due to significant changes in temperature during the day and night, the surface soil undergoes a daily freeze–thaw process in late autumn or early spring, known as freeze–thaw effect. Freeze–thaw cycle is an abiotic stress acting on soil, which has direct or indirect effects on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil [11,12], and is a more important factor affecting the biogeochemical processes of soil carbon and nitrogen [13]. The freeze–thaw alternation phenomenon is very significant due to the influence of temperate cold climate and seasonal freezing layer in Mu Us Sandy land. Therefore, this study focuses on the soil freeze–thaw in Mu Us Sandy land.

1.2 Effects of freeze–thaw action on soil nutrients

The duration of seasonal freeze–thaw action and the number of freeze–thaw cycles directly affect the supply of soil nutrients and thus play an important role in crop cultivation and growth [14]. Therefore, crop emergence rate was adopted in this study to reflect the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil. During the freeze–thaw cycles, the death of bacteria and fungi leads to the exudation of intracellular substances and the physical destruction of soil aggregates, which can turn organic matter and nutrients in the soil into effective nutrients [15], thereby increasing the concentration of nutrients available to plants in the soil [16]. Freeze–thaw effect plays a positive role in the release of nutrients such as N, P, and organic carbon in soil [17], thus improving the cultivability of soil. Therefore, soil organic matter and total nitrogen were selected to evaluate the effects of freeze–thaw on soil nutrients in this study. Continuous freezing is conducive to the accumulation of soil active organic carbon components, while frequent freeze–thaw cycles accelerate the decomposition and mineralization of soil active organic carbon components such as water-soluble organic carbon and light organic matter accumulated during freezing [18,19]. In summary, the freeze–thaw cycle process has an important impact on soil nutrient release and availability. However, its impact is extremely complex and there is no consensus conclusion so far.

Under the background of climate warming, the influence of freeze–thaw action on soil nutrients and key biogeochemical processes in permafrost area is currently a hot topic in international research [20,21]. However, previous studies on freeze–thaw processes focused on alpine forest soils [22,23] and wetland soils [24], but there was no report on cultivated soil, especially the effects of freeze–thaw processes on soil nutrients and plant growth in farmland in Mu Us Sandy land, China. In this study, farmland soil in Mu Us Sandy Land was taken as the object, and the effects of freeze-thaw action on organic matter content (OMC), total nitrogen content (TNC) and maize emergence rate of remodeled soil by soft rock and sand were studied through indoor simulated freeze-thaw experiments, so as to clarify the adaptation potential of different proportions of remodeled soil to extreme environment. The results of this study can provide practical guidance and scientific basis for exploring soil degradation, soil fertility improvement, grain yield and income increase, and agricultural sustainable development in seasonal frozen soil areas.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental materials

The experimental soil was taken from the field test plot of improved sand soil of soft rock in Xiaojihan Township, Yuyang District, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China (E109°28′58″–109°30′10″, N38°27′53″–38°28′23″). The study area is a typical mid-temperate semi-arid continental monsoon climate area, with uneven temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. The average precipitation is 413.9 mm, the maximum annual extreme rainfall is 695.4 mm and the minimum is 159.6 mm, and 60.9% rainfall is concentrated in July to September, with simultaneous rainfall and heat. The region is rich in light resources, it is a high-yield eugenic land for maize and potato crops, and the planting system is one crop per year. The annual average temperature is 6.0–8.5°C, the annual average frost-free period is 154 d, and the average temperature in January is −12 to −9.5°C. The temperature in this region enters below 0°C in November every year and gradually returns to above 0°C in March of the next year, the freezing period lasts for 4 to 5 months, and the soil is in freeze–thaw cycle and thawing state during the late autumn and early spring seasons.

In 2011, a field test plot was established for the remodeled soil of soft rock and sand. On the surface of the original sand soil, the thickness of 30 cm is covered with remodeled soil with the volume ratio of 1:1 (T1), 1:2 (T2), and 1:5 (T3) soft rock and sand. Each treatment was repeated three times, with a total of 9 plots. The 0–30 cm surface soil of each test plot was collected, and the collected soil samples were dried naturally in the room after removing grass roots and other debris, and then ground through a 2 mm sieve for freeze–thaw culture experiment. At the same time, collect local irrigation water for future use for moisture correction of test samples. Remodeled soil texture under different volume mixing ratios of soft rock and sand is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Remodeled soil texture under different volume mixing ratio of soft rock and sand

Soft rock:sand Soil particle composition (%) Texture
Sand (2.000–0.050 mm) Silt (0.050–0.002 mm) Clay (<0.002 mm)
0:1 94.07 ± 2.1379a 3.20 ± 1.1626e 2.73 ± 0.0805d Sand
1:5 74.79 ± 2.6164b 20.08 ± 0.9003d 5.13 ± 0.1890c Sandy loam
1:2 64.67 ± 4.5002b 30.04 ± 1.2187d 5.29 ± 0.0472c Sandy loam
1:1 46.84 ± 2.4189c 44.92 ± 0.5783c 8.24 ± 0.2013a Loam
2:1 33.76 ± 2.4651d 58.58 ± 1.5469b 7.66 ± 1.2821b Silt loam
5:1 20.61 ± 1.9325e 72.18 ± 2.0017a 7.21 ± 1.3037b Silt loam
1:0 19.57 ± 3.7081e 72.94 ± 0.1354a 7.49 ± 0.7689b Silt loam

Notes: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different proportions of mixed soils in the same column (P < 0.05), the same below.

2.2 Experimental design

Prepare five groups of soil samples from each of the sieved T1, T2, and T3 treatments, with three replicates for each treatment. Each 500 g soil sample was put into 45 circular plastic flowerpots for future use. To make the indoor freeze–thaw conditions closer to the natural state, that is, temperature fluctuations should start from the surface soil as much as possible, the asbestos mesh should be wrapped outside the flowerpot to achieve good insulation effect. Before freeze–thaw, the moisture content of the soil sample is corrected to reach the field capacity. Each sample is injected with 150 ml of local irrigation water, and the lost moisture is continuously replenished through weighing method during the experiment to maintain the corresponding moisture conditions of the soil sample. Soil samples of each group were first placed at room temperature 20°C for 24 h, then completely frozen at −15°C for 72 h in the freezer, and melted at room temperature for 24 h, which was a freeze–thaw cycle. In this experiment, soil samples were subjected to freeze–thaw cycles of 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 cycles to determine soil OMC, TNC, and maize emergence rate after different freeze–thaw cycles.

Plant four maize seeds (variety Yudan 9) in soil that have undergone different freeze–thaw cycles, with a sowing depth of 2 cm, and place them in an artificial climate chamber for cultivation. The environmental temperature is set at 25°C, the light intensity is 40,001×, and the light time is 8:00–20:00. Water every 2 days, and after 10 days of sowing, count the number of seedlings in each treatment and calculate the emergence rate. The experimental site is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 On-site photos of the experimental stage.
Figure 1

On-site photos of the experimental stage.

2.3 Sample measurement methods

OMC was measured using the potassium dichromate volumetric-external heating method, with the OMC being 1.724 times the soil organic carbon content, and TNC was measured using the Kättner nitrogen method [25]. The soil particle composition was determined using a laser particle size analyzer Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK), and the soil texture types were determined using the soil texture automatic classification system [21].

Emergence percentage = ( total number of seedlings sprouted per pot/total number of seeds sown per pot ) × 100%

2.4 Data processing

The experimental data of OMC were plotted by SigmaPlot 12 software, and the experimental data of TNC and maize emergence rate were plotted by Microsoft Excel 2010 software. All the data were represented by mean ± standard error. SPSS 13.0 statistical analysis software was used for T test and Duncan’s new multiple difference method was used for comparative analysis. Different letters represented significant differences at the level of 0.05. The sample data processing method is shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Sample data processing methods

Monitoring index Test method Data processing Difference
OMC Potassium dichromate volumetric-external heating method Microsoft Excel 2010, SPSS 13.0 statistical analysis software Duncan’s new multiple difference method
TNC Kättner nitrogen method
Emergence percentage Total number of seedlings sprouted per pot/total number of seeds sown per pot × 100%

3 Results

3.1 OMC change characteristics

The freeze–thaw cycle had significant effects on OMC of the soil in the three treatments (P < 0.005) (Figure 2). Before freezing (0 cycles), the soil OMC of the three treatments showed a trend of T2 > T3 > T1, and the difference of OMC among all treatments reached a significant level of 5%. As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, the soil OMC in the three treatments increased significantly and reached the peak value during the second freeze–thaw cycle. Compared with before freezing, the OMC of T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased by 70, 55, and 59%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. After the two freeze–thaw cycles, the soil OMC decreased rapidly, and after the five freeze–thaw cycles, the reduction rate of OMC slowed down. After the 10 freeze–thaw cycles, the OMC of T1, T2, and T3 treatments was 0.89, 0.74, and 0.77%, and the overall change tended to be gentle, but compared with before the freeze, the OMC still increased overall, and the difference between T1, T2, and T3 reached a significant level (P < 0.05).

Figure 2 Changes in OMC in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.
Figure 2

Changes in OMC in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.

3.2 TNC change characteristics

It was found that with the increase in freeze–thaw cycles, the distribution of TNC in remodeled soil under the three treatments changed, showing a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then steadily increasing (Figure 3). Before freezing (0 cycles), the soil TNC of the three treatments showed T1 > T2 > T3. TNC increased significantly at the early stage of freeze-thaw cycle, and reached the peak at the second freeze-thaw cycle. Compared with the 0 freeze-thaw cycle, TNC in T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased by 40.9, 90.2 and 118.9%, and the content was T3 > T2 > T1, in which TNC under T2 and T3 treatment was significantly higher than that under T1. Among them, the TNC in T2 and T3 treatments was significantly higher than that in T1. After two cycles of freeze–thaw, the TNC in T1, T2, and T3 treatments decreased somewhat, but overall, the TNC still increased significantly compared with the non-freeze–thaw treatment, and the TNC tended to be stable after five cycles of freeze–thaw.

Figure 3 Changes in TNC in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.
Figure 3

Changes in TNC in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.

3.3 Relationship between OMC and TNC under different freeze–thaw cycles

After 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 freeze–thaw cycles, there was a positive correlation between remodeled soil OMC and TNC in T1, T2, and T3 treatments, and the correlation regression coefficients of OMC and TNC were significantly different in different treatments (Figure 4). The positive correlation between OMC and TNC in T1 treatment was not significant (P > 0.05), and the correlation coefficient was 0.3715. There was a significant positive correlation between OMC and TNC in T2 and T3 treatments (P < 0.05), and the correlation coefficients were 0.7011 and 0.6150. In particular, the positive correlation between OMC and TNC was the highest in T2 treatment.

Figure 4 The correlation between OMC and TNC in T1, T2, and T3 treatments under different freeze–thaw cycles.
Figure 4

The correlation between OMC and TNC in T1, T2, and T3 treatments under different freeze–thaw cycles.

3.4 Maize seedling emergence rate

The freezing-thawing cycles had a significant impact on the seedling rate of maize in the remodeled soils of the three treatments (Figure 5). Freeze–thaw cycle treatments promoted the seedling rate of maize. Under different freeze-thaw cycles, the maize emergence rate of T2 and T3 treatments was significantly higher than that of T1 treatments, especially T3 treatments was the best. With the increase in freezing-thawing cycle, the maize seedling emergence rate showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The seedling rate of remodeled soil maize in the second freezing-thawing cycles was the highest, and the seedling rate in T1, T2, and T3 treatments was increased by two, three, and three times compared with that in 0 freezing-thawing cycles. After five cycles of freezing-thawing, the maize seedling rate of remodeled soil under different treatments decreased slightly and stabilized with the increase in the freezing–thawing cycle, but it was still significantly higher than that of 0 cycles of freezing–thawing.

Figure 5 Maize seedling rate in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.
Figure 5

Maize seedling rate in remodeled soil under different freeze–thaw cycles.

4 Discussion

4.1 Effect of freeze–thaw on OMC

The freeze–thaw cycle process has a significant impact on soil OMC, but the research results differ due to differences in soil parent materials, environmental conditions, and experimental methods [26,27,28]. This study found that short-term freeze–thaw cycles have a significant impact on soil OMC. During the 2 freeze–thaw cycles, the OMC of the remodeled soil by the three treatments reached the peak, and after the 5 freeze–thaw cycles, the change in OMC tended to be gradual. Similar to the research conclusion of Hao et al. [29], they found that the OMC of rice soil showed a significant increase trend during 1–3 freeze–thaw cycles and showed a decreasing trend after 6 cycles. This is mainly because the soil freeze–thaw process causes plant cell death and organic matter release, accelerating the mineralization and nitrification rate of organic matter, and increasing the concentration of available nutrients in soil solutions [16,30,31]. The change of soil OMC in the three treatments during freeze–thaw cycles mainly came from the change in soil microorganisms. In the early stage of freeze–thaw cycle, OMC showed an increasing trend, mainly because some microorganisms were killed by the intense freezing temperature, and some small molecular organic matter was released by the dead microorganisms during the decomposition process, which increased the OMC in the soil. The stability of soil aggregates is also an important factor in determining the OMC [32,33]. Freeze–thaw cycle destroys the stability of soil aggregates, causing the early release of organic matter wrapped and adsorbed by the soil, thus increasing the OMC in soil. However, after many times of freeze–thaw cycles, microorganisms have developed a certain adaptability to external temperature changes, and their absolute number of deaths gradually decreases, corresponding to a decrease in the OMC released by microorganisms. In addition, soil mineralization has an impact on OMC. With the development of freeze–thaw experiments, the microorganisms living in the soil gradually decompose and utilize the organic matter existing in the soil, resulting in the reduction of OMC in the soil.

4.2 Effect of freeze–thaw on TNC

Freeze–thaw process affects the nitrogen geochemical cycle by changing the influencing factors of soil nitrogen transformation [34]. However, some research results showed that soil TNC did not change significantly during freeze–thaw process [35], and freeze–thaw process mainly affected soil mineralization, microbial survival, and activity, thereby affecting soil nitrogen content [36]. Groffman et al. [37] and Zhao et al. [38] believed that overwintering and ice-snow melting processes were key controls of nitrogen accumulation and cycling, and the damage of soil structure by freeze–thaw would increase the death of plant fibrous roots and weaken the absorption of nitrogen by plants. Therefore, the conclusions of relevant studies differ greatly. This study found that the freeze–thaw cycles had a significant impact on the TNC of the remodeled soil under three treatments (P < 0.05); after freeze–thaw cycle, soil TNC showed an increasing trend. This is because the freeze–thaw process promotes the mineralization process of soil organic nitrogen. On the one hand, the freeze–thaw process kills some microorganisms, causing their cells to rupture, and some of the inorganic nitrogen in the soil directly comes from the release of microorganisms [39]; second, after many freeze–thaw cycles, some microorganisms adapt to survive at low temperatures. When the frozen soil melts with the temperature rising, the remaining microorganisms utilize the sufficient substrate provided by the dead microorganisms to stimulate microbial activity, which is conducive to the mineralization process of remodeling soil organic nitrogen and promoting the increase of soil nitrogen content during the freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, the destruction of soil aggregates during the freeze–thaw cycles increases the extractable organic matter and mineral nitrogen in the soil [40]. Zamparas et al. [41] and Chen et al. [42] have shown that the freeze–thaw cycle process may lead to the release of nitrogen from previously unusable organic and inorganic colloids in soil; this may be the reason for the increase in available nutrients in the soil after freeze–thaw cycles. However, the effect of freeze–thaw process on nitrogen release was different in different regions and different soil types. Especially, the release of available nitrogen should be considered in the soil after many freeze–thaw cycles, so as to appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied.

4.3 Relationship between OMC and TNC under freeze–thaw action

Soil organic matter and total nitrogen are important indicators for characterizing soil fertility levels and evaluating soil quality development [39,43]. Relevant studies have found [44,45,46] that more than 95% of nitrogen in surface soil exists in the form of organic combination (humus, etc.), that is, soil OMC has a significant impact on the growth and decline of TNC. Nitrogen contains a part of soil organic matter, and the nitrogen content in organic matter is relatively fixed. Organic matter in soil is the main site for nitrogen, and there is a certain correlation between the two [47]. This study verifies the above conclusions again. This study found that there was a positive correlation between soil OMC and TNC under different freeze–thaw cycles, and the correlation was more significant under short-term freeze–thaw cycles (P < 0.05). Among them, the positive correlation between soil organic matter and total nitrogen in T2 and T3 treatments was higher than that in T1 treatments. Therefore, for the improvement of soil fertility in frozen soil area, organic fertilizer can be applied before soil freezing, and OMC can be increased after seasonal freeze–thaw cycles, so as to improve soil TNC.

4.4 Effect of freeze–thaw on plant growth

The changes in soil environment caused by freeze–thaw processes have a series of direct or indirect impacts on plant growth and development, resulting in changes in vegetation morphological characteristics and physiological functions [48]. The results showed that short-term freezing-thawing cycles could promote the emergence rate of maize, and the emergence rate of maize treated with T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of T1 under different freezing-thawing cycles. This is mainly because freeze–thaw cycles usually destroy the soil structure and change its biochemical characteristics, which has a significant impact on soil solution components and nutrient availability [44], thus indirectly affecting seed germination and plant growth [49]. Liu et al. [50] confirmed that the freeze–thaw cycle of farmland soil could promote the release of potential nutrients in plant tissue cell, such as roots, branches, and leaves, and the release amount was positively correlated with the frequency of soil freezing-thawing. Second, the emergence rate of maize fully conforms to the changes in soil nutrients. The short-term freeze–thaw cycle makes the soil nutrient release effect of T2 and T3 treatments better, significantly increasing the effective nutrient content in soft rock and sand-remodeled soils, and promoting the growth of maize seeds.

In addition, the particle composition and texture of soil have a crucial impact on the biological characteristics and physical and chemical properties of soil, affecting the transformation of nutrients and the type of soil structure [51]. Seed emergence is closely related to soil texture. From Table 1, it can be seen that compared with different volume mixing ratios of soft rock and sand-remodeled soils, as the content of soft rock increases, the content of silt and clay gradually increases, while the content of sand gradually decreases. The soil texture changes from sandy soil to loam soil, and the texture category has been significantly improved. Among them, the soil texture of the 1:1 (T1), 1:2 (T2), and 1:5 (T3) treatments is loam–sandy loam–sandy loam in turn. In soil rich in clay particles, the more colloidal content, the stronger the ability to absorb soil nutrients [52]. Therefore, the activation and release effects of soil nutrients in T2 and T3 treatments were greater than those in T1 treatment after freeze–thaw cycles, which significantly improved the emergence rate of maize. The interaction between freeze–thaw cycles and soil types resulted in different physiological adaptations and rhizosphere responses of roots, which affected the emergence rate of maize.

5 Conclusion

The OMC and TNC reached the peak and the emergence rate of maize was the highest when the freeze–thaw cycle was two cycles. However, the OMC and TNC decreased after five cycles of freeze–thaw. Therefore, the short-term freeze–thaw cycle plays a positive role in the activation and release of organic matter and total nitrogen in the remodeled soil, which releases some nutrients that are difficult to use in the soil, thereby improving the effectiveness and availability of nutrients in the soil, and promoting the growth of plants in early spring. Frequent freeze–thaw cycles accelerate the decomposition and mineralization of soil active nutrients accumulated during the freezing period. Under different freeze–thaw cycles, T2 and T3 treatments had better soil nutrient content and maize seedling emergence rate, and T2 and T3 treatments had better adaptation potential to extreme freeze–thaw environment in Mu Us Sandy land, which was suitable for large-scale application. The research results provide scientific guidance for soil quality improvement, management, and sustainable utilization of soft rock and sand remodeling in Mu Us Sandy land and, more importantly, have important practical and scientific significance for vegetation management, soil fertility improvement, and agricultural sustainable development in the global seasonal frozen soil area.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2023-ZDLNY-48, 2022NY-082), Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program (2021JZ-57), funded by Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group internal research project (DJNY-YB-2023-32, DJNY2024-20).

  1. Author contributions: Z.H.O. – designed the experiments; C.T.T., W.Y.G., and H.X.D. – carried the experiments out; Z.H.O. and Z.Y. – formal analysis; W.Y.G. and H.X.D. – investigation and data curation; Z.H.O. and Z.Y. – writing original draft preparation; Z.H.O. and C.T.T. – writing review and editing; Z.H.O. – project administration. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-19
Revised: 2024-03-14
Accepted: 2024-03-18
Published Online: 2024-04-16

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Theoretical magnetotelluric response of stratiform earth consisting of alternative homogeneous and transitional layers
  3. The research of common drought indexes for the application to the drought monitoring in the region of Jin Sha river
  4. Evolutionary game analysis of government, businesses, and consumers in high-standard farmland low-carbon construction
  5. On the use of low-frequency passive seismic as a direct hydrocarbon indicator: A case study at Banyubang oil field, Indonesia
  6. Water transportation planning in connection with extreme weather conditions; case study – Port of Novi Sad, Serbia
  7. Zircon U–Pb ages of the Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata in the Junggar Basin, NW China
  8. Monitoring of mangrove forests vegetation based on optical versus microwave data: A case study western coast of Saudi Arabia
  9. Microfacies analysis of marine shale: A case study of the shales of the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in the western Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, China
  10. Multisource remote sensing image fusion processing in plateau seismic region feature information extraction and application analysis – An example of the Menyuan Ms6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022
  11. Identification of magnetic mineralogy and paleo-flow direction of the Miocene-quaternary volcanic products in the north of Lake Van, Eastern Turkey
  12. Impact of fully rotating steel casing bored pile on adjacent tunnels
  13. Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas
  14. Petrogenesis of Jurassic granitic rocks in South China Block: Implications for events related to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate
  15. Differences in urban daytime and night block vitality based on mobile phone signaling data: A case study of Kunming’s urban district
  16. Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan
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  19. Deep fault sliding rates for Ka-Ping block of Xinjiang based on repeating earthquakes
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  24. Lower limits of physical properties and classification evaluation criteria of the tight reservoir in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area of the Kuqa depression
  25. Evaluation of Viaducts’ contribution to road network accessibility in the Yunnan–Guizhou area based on the node deletion method
  26. Permian tectonic switch of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from magmatism in the southern Alxa region, NW China
  27. Element geochemical differences in lower Cambrian black shales with hydrothermal sedimentation in the Yangtze block, South China
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  29. Obliquity-paced summer monsoon from the Shilou red clay section on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
  30. Classification and logging identification of reservoir space near the upper Ordovician pinch-out line in Tahe Oilfield
  31. Ultra-deep channel sand body target recognition method based on improved deep learning under UAV cluster
  32. New formula to determine flyrock distance on sedimentary rocks with low strength
  33. Assessing the ecological security of tourism in Northeast China
  34. Effective reservoir identification and sweet spot prediction in Chang 8 Member tight oil reservoirs in Huanjiang area, Ordos Basin
  35. Detecting heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to sports facilities for adolescents at fine scale: A case study in Changsha, China
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  37. Vibration prediction with a method based on the absorption property of blast-induced seismic waves: A case study
  38. A new look at the geodynamic development of the Ediacaran–early Cambrian forearc basalts of the Tannuola-Khamsara Island Arc (Central Asia, Russia): Conclusions from geological, geochemical, and Nd-isotope data
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  116. Chlorite-induced porosity evolution in multi-source tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Shaximiao Formation in western Sichuan Basin
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  118. Origin of Late Cretaceous A-type granitoids in South China: Response to the rollback and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate
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  129. Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
  130. Study on sedimentary model of Shanxi Formation – Lower Shihezi Formation in Da 17 well area of Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin
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  149. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
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  156. Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0626
Keywords for this article
soft rock; sandy soil; remodeled soil; freeze; thaw cycles; nutrient release; seedling emergence rate
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Theoretical magnetotelluric response of stratiform earth consisting of alternative homogeneous and transitional layers
  3. The research of common drought indexes for the application to the drought monitoring in the region of Jin Sha river
  4. Evolutionary game analysis of government, businesses, and consumers in high-standard farmland low-carbon construction
  5. On the use of low-frequency passive seismic as a direct hydrocarbon indicator: A case study at Banyubang oil field, Indonesia
  6. Water transportation planning in connection with extreme weather conditions; case study – Port of Novi Sad, Serbia
  7. Zircon U–Pb ages of the Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata in the Junggar Basin, NW China
  8. Monitoring of mangrove forests vegetation based on optical versus microwave data: A case study western coast of Saudi Arabia
  9. Microfacies analysis of marine shale: A case study of the shales of the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in the western Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, China
  10. Multisource remote sensing image fusion processing in plateau seismic region feature information extraction and application analysis – An example of the Menyuan Ms6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022
  11. Identification of magnetic mineralogy and paleo-flow direction of the Miocene-quaternary volcanic products in the north of Lake Van, Eastern Turkey
  12. Impact of fully rotating steel casing bored pile on adjacent tunnels
  13. Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas
  14. Petrogenesis of Jurassic granitic rocks in South China Block: Implications for events related to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate
  15. Differences in urban daytime and night block vitality based on mobile phone signaling data: A case study of Kunming’s urban district
  16. Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan
  17. Integrated geophysical approach for detection and size-geometry characterization of a multiscale karst system in carbonate units, semiarid Brazil
  18. Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value and analysis of driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta Region
  19. Deep fault sliding rates for Ka-Ping block of Xinjiang based on repeating earthquakes
  20. Improved deep learning segmentation of outdoor point clouds with different sampling strategies and using intensities
  21. Platform margin belt structure and sedimentation characteristics of Changxing Formation reefs on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough, eastern Sichuan Basin, China
  22. Enhancing attapulgite and cement-modified loess for effective landfill lining: A study on seepage prevention and Cu/Pb ion adsorption
  23. Flood risk assessment, a case study in an arid environment of Southeast Morocco
  24. Lower limits of physical properties and classification evaluation criteria of the tight reservoir in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area of the Kuqa depression
  25. Evaluation of Viaducts’ contribution to road network accessibility in the Yunnan–Guizhou area based on the node deletion method
  26. Permian tectonic switch of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from magmatism in the southern Alxa region, NW China
  27. Element geochemical differences in lower Cambrian black shales with hydrothermal sedimentation in the Yangtze block, South China
  28. Three-dimensional finite-memory quasi-Newton inversion of the magnetotelluric based on unstructured grids
  29. Obliquity-paced summer monsoon from the Shilou red clay section on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
  30. Classification and logging identification of reservoir space near the upper Ordovician pinch-out line in Tahe Oilfield
  31. Ultra-deep channel sand body target recognition method based on improved deep learning under UAV cluster
  32. New formula to determine flyrock distance on sedimentary rocks with low strength
  33. Assessing the ecological security of tourism in Northeast China
  34. Effective reservoir identification and sweet spot prediction in Chang 8 Member tight oil reservoirs in Huanjiang area, Ordos Basin
  35. Detecting heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to sports facilities for adolescents at fine scale: A case study in Changsha, China
  36. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil nutrients by soft rock and sand remodeling
  37. Vibration prediction with a method based on the absorption property of blast-induced seismic waves: A case study
  38. A new look at the geodynamic development of the Ediacaran–early Cambrian forearc basalts of the Tannuola-Khamsara Island Arc (Central Asia, Russia): Conclusions from geological, geochemical, and Nd-isotope data
  39. Spatio-temporal analysis of the driving factors of urban land use expansion in China: A study of the Yangtze River Delta region
  40. Selection of Euler deconvolution solutions using the enhanced horizontal gradient and stable vertical differentiation
  41. Phase change of the Ordovician hydrocarbon in the Tarim Basin: A case study from the Halahatang–Shunbei area
  42. Using interpretative structure model and analytical network process for optimum site selection of airport locations in Delta Egypt
  43. Geochemistry of magnetite from Fe-skarn deposits along the central Loei Fold Belt, Thailand
  44. Functional typology of settlements in the Srem region, Serbia
  45. Hunger Games Search for the elucidation of gravity anomalies with application to geothermal energy investigations and volcanic activity studies
  46. Addressing incomplete tile phenomena in image tiling: Introducing the grid six-intersection model
  47. Evaluation and control model for resilience of water resource building system based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and its application
  48. MIF and AHP methods for delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi District, India
  49. New database for the estimation of dynamic coefficient of friction of snow
  50. Measuring urban growth dynamics: A study in Hue city, Vietnam
  51. Comparative models of support-vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and decision tree ‎predication approaches for landslide ‎susceptibility analysis
  52. Experimental study on the influence of clay content on the shear strength of silty soil and mechanism analysis
  53. Geosite assessment as a contribution to the sustainable development of Babušnica, Serbia
  54. Using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for road transportation services management based on remote sensing and GIS technology
  55. Accumulation mechanism of multi-type unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Northern China: Taking Hari Sag of the Yin’e Basin as an example
  56. TOC prediction of source rocks based on the convolutional neural network and logging curves – A case study of Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag
  57. A method for fast detection of wind farms from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis
  58. Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification in Southwest China based on GIS and geodetector
  59. Physicochemical and mineralogical composition studies of clays from Share and Tshonga areas, Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implications for Geophagia
  60. Geochemical sedimentary records of eutrophication and environmental change in Chaohu Lake, East China
  61. Research progress of freeze–thaw rock using bibliometric analysis
  62. Mixed irrigation affects the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community
  63. Examining the swelling potential of cohesive soils with high plasticity according to their index properties using GIS
  64. Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin
  65. Usability of PPGIS tools exemplified by geodiscussion – a tool for public participation in shaping public space
  66. Efficient development technology of Upper Paleozoic Lower Shihezi tight sandstone gas reservoir in northeastern Ordos Basin
  67. Assessment of soil resources of agricultural landscapes in Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on agrochemical indexes
  68. Evaluating the impact of DEM interpolation algorithms on relief index for soil resource management
  69. Petrogenetic relationship between plutonic and subvolcanic rocks in the Jurassic Shuikoushan complex, South China
  70. A novel workflow for shale lithology identification – A case study in the Gulong Depression, Songliao Basin, China
  71. Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Fei-3 Member of Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic, Puguang area
  72. Impact of high-speed railway network on county-level accessibility and economic linkage in Jiangxi Province, China: A spatio-temporal data analysis
  73. Estimation model of wild fractional vegetation cover based on RGB vegetation index and its application
  74. Lithofacies, petrography, and geochemistry of the Lamphun oceanic plate stratigraphy: As a record of the subduction history of Paleo-Tethys in Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone of Thailand
  75. Structural features and tectonic activity of the Weihe Fault, central China
  76. Application of the wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform in stratigraphic sequence division of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Southwest Sichuan Basin
  77. Structural detachment influences the shale gas preservation in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  78. Distribution law of Chang 7 Member tight oil in the western Ordos Basin based on geological, logging and numerical simulation techniques
  79. Evaluation of alteration in the geothermal province west of Cappadocia, Türkiye: Mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, and remote sensing data
  80. Numerical modeling of site response at large strains with simplified nonlinear models: Application to Lotung seismic array
  81. Quantitative characterization of granite failure intensity under dynamic disturbance from energy standpoint
  82. Characteristics of debris flow dynamics and prediction of the hazardous area in Bangou Village, Yanqing District, Beijing, China
  83. Rockfall mapping and susceptibility evaluation based on UAV high-resolution imagery and support vector machine method
  84. Statistical comparison analysis of different real-time kinematic methods for the development of photogrammetric products: CORS-RTK, CORS-RTK + PPK, RTK-DRTK2, and RTK + DRTK2 + GCP
  85. Hydrogeological mapping of fracture networks using earth observation data to improve rainfall–runoff modeling in arid mountains, Saudi Arabia
  86. Petrography and geochemistry of pegmatite and leucogranite of Ntega-Marangara area, Burundi, in relation to rare metal mineralisation
  87. Prediction of formation fracture pressure based on reinforcement learning and XGBoost
  88. Hazard zonation for potential earthquake-induced landslide in the eastern East Kunlun fault zone
  89. Monitoring water infiltration in multiple layers of sandstone coal mining model with cracks using ERT
  90. Study of the patterns of ice lake variation and the factors influencing these changes in the western Nyingchi area
  91. Productive conservation at the landslide prone area under the threat of rapid land cover changes
  92. Sedimentary processes and patterns in deposits corresponding to freshwater lake-facies of hyperpycnal flow – An experimental study based on flume depositional simulations
  93. Study on time-dependent injectability evaluation of mudstone considering the self-healing effect
  94. Detection of objects with diverse geometric shapes in GPR images using deep-learning methods
  95. Behavior of trace metals in sedimentary cores from marine and lacustrine environments in Algeria
  96. Spatiotemporal variation pattern and spatial coupling relationship between NDVI and LST in Mu Us Sandy Land
  97. Formation mechanism and oil-bearing properties of gravity flow sand body of Chang 63 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing area, Ordos Basin
  98. Diagenesis of marine-continental transitional shale from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, China
  99. Vertical high-velocity structures and seismic activity in western Shandong Rise, China: Case study inspired by double-difference seismic tomography
  100. Spatial coupling relationship between metamorphic core complex and gold deposits: Constraints from geophysical electromagnetics
  101. Disparities in the geospatial allocation of public facilities from the perspective of living circles
  102. Research on spatial correlation structure of war heritage based on field theory. A case study of Jinzhai County, China
  103. Formation mechanisms of Qiaoba-Zhongdu Danxia landforms in southwestern Sichuan Province, China
  104. Magnetic data interpretation: Implication for structure and hydrocarbon potentiality at Delta Wadi Diit, Southeastern Egypt
  105. Deeply buried clastic rock diagenesis evolution mechanism of Dongdaohaizi sag in the center of Junggar fault basin, Northwest China
  106. Application of LS-RAPID to simulate the motion of two contrasting landslides triggered by earthquakes
  107. The new insight of tectonic setting in Sunda–Banda transition zone using tomography seismic. Case study: 7.1 M deep earthquake 29 August 2023
  108. The critical role of c and φ in ensuring stability: A study on rockfill dams
  109. Evidence of late quaternary activity of the Weining-Shuicheng Fault in Guizhou, China
  110. Extreme hydroclimatic events and response of vegetation in the eastern QTP since 10 ka
  111. Spatial–temporal effect of sea–land gradient on landscape pattern and ecological risk in the coastal zone: A case study of Dalian City
  112. Study on the influence mechanism of land use on carbon storage under multiple scenarios: A case study of Wenzhou
  113. A new method for identifying reservoir fluid properties based on well logging data: A case study from PL block of Bohai Bay Basin, North China
  114. Comparison between thermal models across the Middle Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Eastern Llanos basins in Colombia
  115. Mineralogical and elemental analysis of Kazakh coals from three mines: Preliminary insights from mode of occurrence to environmental impacts
  116. Chlorite-induced porosity evolution in multi-source tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Shaximiao Formation in western Sichuan Basin
  117. Predicting stability factors for rotational failures in earth slopes and embankments using artificial intelligence techniques
  118. Origin of Late Cretaceous A-type granitoids in South China: Response to the rollback and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate
  119. Modification of dolomitization on reservoir spaces in reef–shoal complex: A case study of Permian Changxing Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
  120. Geological characteristics of the Daduhe gold belt, western Sichuan, China: Implications for exploration
  121. Rock physics model for deep coal-bed methane reservoir based on equivalent medium theory: A case study of Carboniferous-Permian in Eastern Ordos Basin
  122. Enhancing the total-field magnetic anomaly using the normalized source strength
  123. Shear wave velocity profiling of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, utilizing the multi-channel analysis of surface waves method
  124. Effect of coal facies on pore structure heterogeneity of coal measures: Quantitative characterization and comparative study
  125. Inversion method of organic matter content of different types of soils in black soil area based on hyperspectral indices
  126. Detection of seepage zones in artificial levees: A case study at the Körös River, Hungary
  127. Tight sandstone fluid detection technology based on multi-wave seismic data
  128. Characteristics and control techniques of soft rock tunnel lining cracks in high geo-stress environments: Case study of Wushaoling tunnel group
  129. Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
  130. Study on sedimentary model of Shanxi Formation – Lower Shihezi Formation in Da 17 well area of Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin
  131. Multi-scenario territorial spatial simulation and dynamic changes: A case study of Jilin Province in China from 1985 to 2030
  132. Review Articles
  133. Major ascidian species with negative impacts on bivalve aquaculture: Current knowledge and future research aims
  134. Prediction and assessment of meteorological drought in southwest China using long short-term memory model
  135. Communication
  136. Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models
  137. Erratum
  138. Erratum to “Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan”
  139. Special Issue: Natural Resources and Environmental Risks: Towards a Sustainable Future - Part I
  140. Spatial-temporal and trend analysis of traffic accidents in AP Vojvodina (North Serbia)
  141. Exploring environmental awareness, knowledge, and safety: A comparative study among students in Montenegro and North Macedonia
  142. Determinants influencing tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye – Impact of earthquake hazards on Serbian visitors’ preferences
  143. Application of remote sensing in monitoring land degradation: A case study of Stanari municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  144. Optimizing agricultural land use: A GIS-based assessment of suitability in the Sana River Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  145. Assessing risk-prone areas in the Kratovska Reka catchment (North Macedonia) by integrating advanced geospatial analytics and flash flood potential index
  146. Analysis of the intensity of erosive processes and state of vegetation cover in the zone of influence of the Kolubara Mining Basin
  147. GIS-based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility using BWM-LSI: A case study – city of Smederevo (Serbia)
  148. Geospatial modeling of wildfire susceptibility on a national scale in Montenegro: A comparative evaluation of F-AHP and FR methodologies
  149. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
  150. Urban geoheritage and degradation risk assessment of the Sokograd fortress (Sokobanja, Eastern Serbia)
  151. Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
  152. Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
  153. Forest soil CO2 emission in Quercus robur level II monitoring site
  154. Characterization of glomalin proteins in soil: A potential indicator of erosion intensity
  155. Power of Terroir: Case study of Grašac at the Fruška Gora wine region (North Serbia)
  156. Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
  157. Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
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