Exploring environmental awareness, knowledge, and safety: A comparative study among students in Montenegro and North Macedonia

3.2.1 Environmental awareness attitudes

The research findings indicate that students from Montenegro and North Macedonia rate the following attitudes with the highest values: biodiversity preservation is vital for humanity (M = 3.92), individuals significantly influence the environment (M = 4.77), and knowledge fosters environmental awareness (M = 4.22). These findings suggest a high level of awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity, the influence of individuals on the environment, and the significance of knowledge in promoting environmental awareness among students in both countries. In contrast, they rate the following three items with the lowest values: humanity is responsible for environmental damage (M = 3.63), legal regulations govern nature conservation (M = 2.78), and nature benefits humanity (M = 3.63). These findings point to potentially less-pronounced awareness of individual responsibility for environmental damage, legal regulations in nature conservation, and the benefits nature provides to humanity among the respondents (Table 3 and Figure 2).

The research findings on the differences in the level of environmental awareness between students from Montenegro and North Macedonia reveal significant disparities in their perspectives. Namely, students in Montenegro demonstrate a higher awareness of the importance of access to natural resources for the survival of humankind compared to their counterparts in North Macedonia (M = 3.97 vs M = 3.05). Furthermore, Montenegrin students stand out with significantly higher average ratings when it comes to perceiving the impact of environmental conditions on human health compared to students in North Macedonia (M = 4.53 vs M = 2.86). In addition, Montenegrin students exhibit greater awareness of how resource scarcity jeopardizes national security and well-being compared to students in North Macedonia (M = 4.02 vs M = 3.25). Moreover, students in Montenegro surpass their peers in North Macedonia with a higher average rating regarding the belief that legal regulations govern nature conservation (M = 3.20 vs M = 2.35) (Table 3 and Figure 2).

On the other hand, students in North Macedonia stand out with significantly higher average ratings concerning the belief that natural resources are universally available compared to students in Montenegro (M = 4.72 vs M = 3.13). Similarly, students in North Macedonia demonstrate greater awareness of the importance of biodiversity preservation for humanity compared to students in Montenegro (M = 4.17 vs M = 2.09). Moreover, students in North Macedonia exhibit slightly higher average ratings concerning the belief that environmental awareness begins in families compared to students in Montenegro (M = 4.14 vs M = 3.78). Additionally, students in North Macedonia show slightly higher average ratings regarding the belief that knowledge fosters environmental awareness compared to students in Montenegro (M = 4.25 vs M = 4.01). Conversely, students in North Macedonia express greater trust in the renewability of natural resources compared to students in Montenegro (M = 3.47 vs M = 2.73). Furthermore, students in North Macedonia stand out with slightly higher average ratings concerning the belief that development often harms the environment compared to students in Montenegro (M = 4.18 vs M = 3.86) (Table 3 and Figure 3).

Figure 3

Environmental awareness variables comparison between Montenegro and North Macedonia.

Ultimately, it was found that there is no significant difference between students from both countries regarding the belief that individuals significantly influence the environment. Similarly, there is no significant difference between students from both countries regarding the belief that: immersion in nature fosters environmental stewardship; humanity is responsible for environmental damage; collective action protects nature; and nature benefits humanity (Table 3 and Figure 2).

In response to the question of whether human survival depends on the accessibility of natural resources, most respondents in both samples provided affirmative answers. Statistically, a higher level of agreement (83%) was observed in the North Macedonian sample compared to 75% in the Montenegrin sample. Researchers attribute this variance to Montenegro’s neoliberal economic model over the past two decades, which prioritizes prosperity and development over the conservation of natural resources. Both samples exhibited significant scepticism regarding the universal accessibility of natural resources, with 30% of respondents from each sample expressing doubt. Furthermore, a considerable proportion (28% in each sample) suggested that natural resources are not equally accessible to everyone. Researchers attribute this sentiment to the neoliberal economic framework, where access to resources is primarily controlled by powerful economic entities through state or private capital. The unregulated exploitation of these resources leads to swift profits, exacerbating the division between affluent and impoverished economies and resulting in significant harm to both humanity and the environment.

The combined sample showed significant agreement on this topic, with 88% expressing alignment with this notion. Minor instances of scepticism and disagreement were deemed statistically insignificant for further consideration. A majority of respondents (95% of the combined sample) concurred that the environment directly affects human health, rendering the 5% discordance statistically inconsequential. Both samples predominantly disagreed or expressed doubt regarding the renewability of natural resources. Sustainable resource management systems necessitate a delicate balance between exploitation and regeneration, achieved through meticulous management and legislative measures. The constraints imposed by the finite nature of natural resources underscore the scepticism regarding their renewability.

Responses to the question regarding the negative environmental impact of development varied, ranging from affirmative acknowledgement to scepticism about its validity. Such opinions are influenced by educational levels, awareness, quality of life, and environmental circumstances. While examples worldwide illustrate the positive influence of development on the environment, instances of adverse environmental impacts, particularly in Montenegro’s coastal regions due to excessive construction, have also shaped public opinion. While a majority of respondents (73%) affirmed the positive impact of nature exposure on environmental awareness, nearly one-third (27%) expressed scepticism. This discrepancy raises questions about the role of modern lifestyles, dominated by technology, in impeding positive experiences with nature. Further analysis and research may shed light on this topic in the future.

Respondents across both samples showed notable scepticism regarding the universal accessibility of natural resources, with 30% of each sample expressing doubt. In addition, a substantial portion (28% in each sample) suggested that natural resources are not equally accessible to everyone. Researchers attribute this sentiment to the neoliberal economic framework, wherein access to resources is primarily controlled by powerful economic entities through state or private capital. The unregulated exploitation of these resources leads to swift profits, exacerbating the division between affluent and impoverished economies and resulting in significant harm to both humanity and the environment.

Concerning the impact of natural resource scarcity or depletion on the security of the country and individuals, 80% of students across both samples responded positively. However, the 20% who answered negatively or expressed doubt raised questions about their understanding of the various types of security impacted by such scarcity or depletion. The researchers suggest that a lack of awareness about environmental issues may contribute to this sentiment, as the diminishing natural resources can profoundly undermine the country’s power and overall economic development, potentially jeopardizing both the nation’s and individuals’ survival.

As for whether the protection and preservation of nature and natural resources are solely governed by laws, the situation varied within each sample. In North Macedonia, 50% of respondents answered positively, while the remaining 50% expressed doubt or provided negative responses. In Montenegro, 41% responded positively, while 59% expressed doubt or negativity. This distribution prompts inquiries into the reasons behind such varied perceptions. Researchers attribute this to a lack of environmental awareness among respondents, as legal regulations represent just one aspect of environmental protection. Both North Macedonia and Montenegro, aspiring EU members, have signed numerous international strategies, declarations, conventions, and protocols committing to nature and natural resource conservation. However, effective enforcement and implementation of these regulations require a high level of societal and individual environmental awareness.

The necessity of biodiversity conservation for human survival was questioned, with 89% of students across both samples responding negatively and only 11% responding positively. This could be interpreted as a consequence of insufficient attention or understanding among respondents, possibly due to the complex nature of the question or the lack of focus during the response. Regarding whether environmental awareness is instilled within families, 76% of respondents across the entire sample answered positively, with 13% expressing doubt and 11% responding negatively. Given the multifaceted nature of family upbringing and its impact on environmental awareness, this question warrants further sociological analysis. Similarly, the question of whether environmental awareness is acquired through knowledge yielded similar responses across both samples. It is worth emphasizing that a well-established environmental awareness within families can further enhance and deepen environmental awareness acquired through education.

Finally, the significance of a collective approach to nature and natural resource protection was highlighted, with 78% of respondents across the entire sample providing positive responses. Given the global nature of environmental issues, a collective, socially, and corporately responsible approach is deemed essential for effective nature and natural resource conservation. Such an approach involves a spectrum of activities at national, transnational, and international levels, emphasizing the shared responsibility of all segments of society, from families and educational institutions to communities and employees. The perception that nature exists to serve humanity garnered varied responses, with 69% providing positive responses, 20% offering negative responses, and 11% expressing doubt. This diversity in responses underscores the complexity of environmental attitudes shaped by factors such as exposure to nature, understanding of biodiversity conservation, and environmental awareness.

3.2.2 Environmental knowledge attitudes

Results of the research indicate that students from Montenegro and North Macedonia rate the following aspects with the highest values: the protection of flora and fauna is imperative for their preservation (M = 4.14); human activities stand as the primary catalysts of climate change (M = 3.96); sustainable development involves finding a harmonious equilibrium (M = 3.75). Conversely, they rate the following three aspects with the lowest values: human actions indeed have an impact on the ozone layer (M = 2.15); waste, when managed effectively, can be a valuable resource (M = 2.73); water resources, contrary to common belief, are not inexhaustible (M = 2.61) (Table 4 and Figure 3).

Montenegrin students generally rate the concept of finding a harmonious equilibrium slightly higher (M = 3.91) compared to their peers in North Macedonia (M = 3.56) concerning sustainable development. Likewise, Montenegrin students rate human activities as primary catalysts of climate change lower (M = 3.55) compared to North Macedonian students (M = 4.38). Both groups assign high importance to the protection of flora and fauna for their preservation, with Montenegrin students rating it slightly higher (M = 4.18) than those in North Macedonia (M = 4.10). Moreover, Montenegrin students recognize the importance of recycling more (M = 4.02) compared to their counterparts in North Macedonia (M = 2.49) concerning recycling efforts and energy conservation. However, human actions impacting the ozone layer receive slightly higher ratings from Montenegrin students (M = 1.97) than from those in North Macedonia (M = 2.33). In addition, regarding water resources and their exhaustibility, Montenegrin students have a lower perception (M = 2.23) compared to their peers in North Macedonia (M = 2.98). Notably, North Macedonian students rate human activities affecting water quality higher (M = 3.56) than those in Montenegro (M = 2.84). Moreover, vehicle emissions and their impact on the ozone layer receive higher ratings from Montenegrin students (M = 4.10) compared to those in North Macedonia (M = 3.43). Montenegrin students also attribute more value to effective waste management (M = 3.38) than their counterparts in North Macedonia (M = 2.08) regarding waste management as a valuable resource (Table 4 and Figure 4).

Figure 4

Environmental knowledge variables comparison between Montenegro and North Macedonia.

On the other side, North Macedonian students rate the impact of forest resource protection on air quality notably higher (M = 3.87) than those in Montenegro (M = 2.24). In addition, the establishment of protected areas for preservation receives higher ratings from North Macedonian students (M = 4.04) compared to those in Montenegro (M = 3.60). Both groups acknowledge the direct threats posed by fossil fuel use, with similar ratings between Montenegrin (M = 4.13) and North Macedonian (M = 3.95) students regarding the utilization of fossil fuels and human health.

However, North Macedonian students attribute more responsibility to governments (M = 3.93) than those in Montenegro (M = 3.45) regarding government responsibility for resource management. Montenegrin students rate environmental protection achieved through laws and strategies slightly higher (M = 3.83) than their counterparts in North Macedonia (M = 3.79). Effective waste management as a pressing environmental challenge is perceived as more pressing by North Macedonian students (M = 4.02) than by those in Montenegro (M = 3.71) (Table 4 and Figure 3).

Overall, these findings suggest nuanced differences in environmental knowledge between students from Montenegro and North Macedonia. While students in Montenegro tend to prioritize the protection of flora and fauna and recognize the importance of sustainable development, their counterparts in North Macedonia show a stronger emphasis on the role of human activities in climate change and the significance of recycling efforts. These variations may reflect different educational approaches, cultural attitudes, and environmental challenges in each country.

Sustainable development epitomizes a nuanced equilibrium among technological advancement, environmental stewardship, and the socio-political fabric of society. Within the North Macedonian cohort, 51% exhibited affirmative responses, while 38% harboured uncertainty, with a further 10% in dissent. Those hesitating in their response, in the researcher’s estimation, may lack comprehensive understanding or, drawing from personal encounters, harbour scepticism towards the assertion. Conversely, within the Montenegrin cohort, it is salient to note that eight respondents refrained from answering, constituting 8% of the sample. Notably, 68% of respondents unequivocally endorsed the statement, with 24% expressing ambivalence. The notable prevalence of uncertainty can be elucidated by the composition of the sample, wherein 56% comprise first and second-year students, potentially possessing limited exposure to interdisciplinary paradigms and the fundamental underpinnings of environmental conservation and sustainable development.

Attribution of climate change to human activity emerges prominently. In the North Macedonian sample, 58% concurred, with 21% uncertain and a corresponding 21% dissenting. Likewise, in the Montenegrin cohort, 66% acknowledged human influence, while 17% remained uncertain, and 14% dissented. Comparative analysis underscores the conspicuous representation of the “unsure” and “disagree” factions within the Montenegrin cohort. It is reasonable to anticipate heightened cognizance of the issue among individuals inclined towards biological pursuits. However, it also serves as a barometer of deficient comprehension concerning climate change, thus necessitating a reservoir of individuals capable of devising judicious normative, strategic, and pragmatic remedies.

Consensus among pertinent international institutions corroborates the anthropogenic origins of climate change. Concurrently, efforts pivot on mitigating its repercussions, adaptive responses, and prognostic prognoses. The prodigious consumption of fossil fuels has engendered a palpable surge in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, concomitant with exacerbating particulate matter, deleteriously impacting air quality and climate dynamics. Conjoined with apprehensions surrounding ozone depletion, escalating deforestation, biodiversity loss, and dwindling arable land, the collective repercussions underscore the exigency of scrutinizing climate change, relegating it to the zenith of global political agendas. Ergo, the elevated incidence of negative or sceptical responses attests to the gravity of the global predicament.

Preservation of flora and fauna mandates safeguarding measures. In the North Macedonian cohort, a substantive majority (86%) advocated for protective measures, while 14% evinced scepticism or dissent. Similarly, in the Montenegrin demographic, 89% articulated support, with 11% oscillating between uncertainty and rejection. Although ostensibly minor, these proportions furnish a compelling impetus to fortify and augment educational outreach concerning these themes. In deliberating on the collective approach towards nature conservation and resource preservation, the study expounds on North Macedonia and Montenegro’s accession to international commitments under the aegis of nature conservation imperatives. This entails meticulous alignment of domestic legislation and comprehensive implementation of protective protocols, mindful of the economic, social, and ecological capacities of the state, communities, and individuals. Crucially, robust data and understanding of species, their vulnerability, and prudent management are indispensable prerequisites. This imperative finds manifestation in Red Books, seminal compilations maintained by the International Union for Conservation of Nature [97], delineating protected species and conservation strategies. Legal safeguards, predominantly manifest in stringent nature reserves with minimal human intrusion, fortify the preservation paradigm. National parks, emblematic of holistic conservation endeavours, orchestrate an intricate tapestry of protection and sustainable utilization to safeguard the intrinsic worth of the locale. Complementing the Red Books, the scholarly community has promulgated the Black Book [98], cataloguing species extinct or imperilled due to human negligence, underscoring the imperative of responsible stewardship. The extensive implementation of all these measures in North Macedonia and Montenegro implies that any responses falling under the “disagree” or “uncertain” categories can be attributed, at the very least, to inadequate knowledge or lack of information.

In the North Macedonian sample, 80% of respondents provided affirmative responses, while 10% expressed negative views and 10% were uncertain regarding recycling conserves energy. In the Montenegrin cohort, the distribution differs slightly, though insignificantly for this analysis – 77% responded positively, 9% negatively, and 14% indicated uncertainty. Waste resulting from human activities, whether direct or indirect, as a consequence of meeting escalating human needs, disrupts the environmental and societal quality of life. Numerous waste materials can undergo reuse through proper disposal methods, namely, by segregating fractions. This practice culminates in recycling, a process that engenders novel products from items or materials with renewed utility value. Consequently, the establishment of recycling centres emerges as one of the most efficacious means of waste management and reduction.

Human activities do not influence ozone layer depletion: Within the North Macedonian sample, 55% of participants affirmed this assertion, 14% exhibited uncertainty, and 31% dissented. Conversely, within the Montenegrin sample, 76% agreed, 10% were uncertain, and 8% dissented. This query may be construed as a trick question due to its negative framing, where a negative response paradoxically affirms the premise – namely, that human activities do not affect ozone layer depletion. Hence, it is plausible that some respondents may have misconstrued the query. Nevertheless, despite such ambiguities, there is a pressing need to bolster and deepen educational initiatives concerning these topics to ensure that the knowledge and awareness of future policymakers or practitioners attain the requisite level for innovatively addressing issues pertinent to ozone layer preservation.

Through routine economic activities, human endeavours contribute to ozone layer depletion. Chief among these deleterious impacts are greenhouse gases and chlorofluorocarbons. Freon, among the most noxious substances to the ozone, finds application in the fabrication of refrigeration and air conditioning units. Although proscribed in many developed nations, it continues to be employed in less-developed and developing countries. In addition, exhaust emissions from transportation and detonations of nuclear weapons, releasing hazardous nitrogen dioxide gas, pose significant threats to the ozone layer.

In the North Macedonian sample, 58% disagreed with this statement, 21% were uncertain, and 21% concurred. Conversely, within the Montenegrin cohort, 34% disagreed, 36% expressed uncertainty, and 25% agreed. A substantial proportion of respondents in both groups concur with this assertion, indicative, in the researchers’ view, of the prevailing circumstances or conditions within which respondents reside. This phenomenon is closely tied to the abundant water resources and commendable water quality in North Macedonia and Montenegro, obviating the perception of global scarcity or limitation of this crucial resource.

Water quality hinges not directly on human activities but on its utilization: Respondents from North Macedonia articulated their viewpoints on this matter as follows: 34% dissented, 24% were uncertain, and 42% assented. Similarly, respondents from Montenegro voiced their opinions as follows: 6% dissented, 9% were uncertain, and 85% assented. Notably, the percentage of dissent among North Macedonian respondents (34%) is noteworthy, alongside those expressing uncertainty, constituting 58% of the total sample. This sizable percentage of negative or undecided responses, according to the researchers, may be attributed to insufficient knowledge and awareness among students from North Macedonia regarding the impacts of economic activities and lifestyle choices. This underscores the imperative to intensify educational efforts to enhance awareness and understanding of environmental protection issues and natural resources, as well as the responsibilities incumbent upon all, from governmental entities to individual citizens, to ensure the sustainable utilization of resources that directly and indirectly impact the quality of life and the survival of humanity.

In the Montenegrin sample, 15% of respondents disagreed, 33% were uncertain, and 48% agreed that vehicle exhaust emissions contribute to ozone layer depletion. In the North Macedonian sample, 14% disagreed, 27% were uncertain, and 59% agreed with this statement. Regarding the question of whether waste is a resource, 20% of respondents from North Macedonia disagreed, 20% were uncertain, and 60% agreed. In Montenegro, 13% disagreed, 20% were uncertain, and 65% agreed. Despite the similar responses, a notable divergence is observed, with more North Macedonian respondents considering waste not a resource. Strategic waste management requires significant human and financial resources, aiming to reduce environmental vulnerability and improve the quality of life. Managing waste adequately, considering it a resource represents a highly profitable economic activity. Inadequate waste management or its absence affects air quality, and availability of healthy natural resources, and ultimately contributes to climate change.

The perception that protected areas are crucial for nature conservation elicited responses from North Macedonian respondents where 17% disagreed, 10% were uncertain, and 73% agreed. In Montenegro, 4% disagreed, 23% were uncertain, and 73% agreed. This question underscores the need to strengthen knowledge about resource protection methods and individual and institutional responsibilities. International conventions and EU directives also impose obligations to ensure future generations enjoy resources (sustainable development). Respondents from North Macedonia answered as follows: 7% disagreed, 15% were uncertain, and 78% agreed that fossil fuel use (coal, oil, and natural gas) directly and indirectly impact human health. Similarly, respondents from Montenegro provided very similar responses: 5% disagreed, 19% were uncertain, and 76% agreed. These responses highlight the current relevance of this issue globally and in both countries, driven by the number of vehicles and congested traffic in major cities where the majority of respondents reside.

In the North Macedonian sample, 7% disagreed, 14% were uncertain, and 79% agreed that governments (at national and local levels) bear the most responsibility for resource preservation and use. In the Montenegro sample, 15% disagreed, 36% were uncertain, and 49% agreed. The divergence in responses, especially in Montenegro, indicates two possibilities: individual responsibility and unfamiliarity with the responsibilities and obligations of state institutions at national and local levels. Therefore, environmental governance, management, and legislative acts require scrutiny, particularly in educational programs focusing on environmental protection.

Respondents from North Macedonia expressed their views as follows: 14% disagreed, 10% were uncertain, and 76% agreed that nature conservation is achieved through laws and strategies. In Montenegro, responses were as follows: 6% disagreed, 24% were uncertain, and 70% agreed. The sizable portion of uncertain responses indicates potential trust issues in state institutions, possibly due to political upheavals in both countries in recent decades and political interference in resource allocation. These findings serve as a warning to political structures and governments in both countries to ensure effective law enforcement relies on citizen trust in institutions and their intentions. The biggest ecological problem in Montenegro/North Macedonia is waste. In the North Macedonian sample, 14% disagreed, 21% were uncertain, and 65% agreed. In the Montenegrin sample, 13% disagreed, 28% were uncertain, and 59% agreed.

Considering both countries are in development and heavily influenced by tourism and agriculture, the responses indicate that waste management is a pressing issue for further sustainable and cleaner development, generating less waste and protecting resources. These responses could be subject to future analysis. In the context of the research results, participants were asked how they believed they could best contribute to environmental protection. They were presented with three options: (a) Declaration of Protected Areas: This option involves safeguarding resources and biodiversity by declaring protected areas. In response, 89% of respondents from Montenegro (MNE) agreed, while 70% of respondents from North Macedonia (SMAK) expressed agreement; (b) Waste Reduction: This option entails reducing waste through minimizing production and waste generation, as well as through recycling efforts. Among respondents, 82% from MNE and 69% from North Macedonia (SMAK) agreed with this approach; (c) Raising Awareness: This option involves raising and/or strengthening awareness of environmentally friendly and necessary behaviours, such as living in harmony with nature, sustainable resource use, and avoiding environmental pollution. A significant majority of respondents supported this option, with 92% from MNE and 83% from North Macedonia (SMAK) expressing agreement.

3.2.3 Environmental safety attitudes

The analysis of environmental safety variables for the total sample indicates that “Raising awareness of environmentally responsible behaviour” received the highest rating (M = 4.22, SD = 0.81), while “Reducing waste through decreased production and recycling” was rated the lowest (M = 3.98, SD = 1.12). Further, the obtained results indicate several significant differences in environmental protection awareness between Montenegro and North Macedonia. In terms of declaring protected areas and conserving resources and biodiversity, students from Montenegro demonstrate a higher level of awareness (M = 4.27) compared to students from North Macedonia (M = 3.95). Although the difference is less pronounced, students from Montenegro also exhibit a slightly higher level of awareness of waste reduction through decreased production and recycling (M = 4.04) compared to participants from North Macedonia (M = 3.93) (Table 5 and Figure 5).

Figure 5

Environmental protection impact assessment between Montenegro and North Macedonia.

However, the most significant difference is observed in raising awareness of responsible behaviour towards the environment, where students from Montenegro show a considerably higher level of awareness (M = 4.65) compared to students from North Macedonia (M = 3.79). These results suggest the need for further exploration of differences in environmental policies and educational programs between these two countries, as well as potential strategies to enhance environmental protection awareness in North Macedonia (Table 5 and Figure 4).

3.3.1 Influences on the environmental awareness and safety attitudes

3.3.2 Influences on environmental knowledge attitudes

3.4.1 Assessing environmental perceptions in Montenegro: A comparative analysis by region and student characteristics

For this investigation, participants were presented with three response options and encouraged to provide a rationale for their selection. The response choices were (a) poor, (b) good, and (c) excellent. The analysis is conducted through two distinct criteria: (a) regional breakdown and representation of secondary schools and (b) comparison based on academic year and student status. The researcher perceives the rationale behind this analysis as the need to assess the quality of information relative to the type of secondary education completed and to evaluate environmental awareness and comprehension in relation to academic progression. Furthermore, through the second criterion, the aim is to discern the quality of information conveyed by regular versus non-regular students. The analysis, based on regional demographics and secondary school representation, is elaborated in Table 12.

Among graduates from gymnasiums, 44% perceive Montenegro’s environmental state as unfavourable, while 56% view it positively. When considering the overall respondent pool, 23% of gymnasium graduates express pessimism regarding the environmental state, contrasted with 29% who hold an optimistic outlook. Notably, all students who completed medical school (100%) share a perception of the environmental state as poor. Within this group, 23% of respondents who graduated from medical schools align with this viewpoint. For students from other secondary schools, 25% perceive the environmental state as unfavourable, 50% as favourable, and 25% as excellent. In terms of the entire respondent population from other secondary schools, 6% view the environmental state negatively, 13% positively, and 6% excellently.

While these statistics provide numerical insights, the narratives behind these perceptions offer a richer understanding. In the central region, rationales are grounded in everyday observations rather than formal education. Surprisingly, students from other secondary schools demonstrate a deeper understanding of environmental issues compared to gymnasium graduates, as evidenced by their comprehensive examples. Conversely, the southern region highlights different concerns. Despite a basic grasp of the subject, students primarily focus on local environmental challenges, particularly coastal protection and urbanization issues. While positive instances of coastal protection are cited, concerns arise regarding excessive urbanization leading to environmental degradation. In the northern region, a notable depth of knowledge and comprehension regarding environmental matters is observed. Interestingly, there is no discrepancy in understanding between gymnasium and other secondary school graduates. Rural residency among 20% of focus group participants in this region suggests that their justifications are backed by tangible examples, such as deforestation, inadequate protection of national parks, lax enforcement of hunting and fishing laws, and unauthorized construction. Moreover, students express dissatisfaction with Montenegro’s stringent yet poorly enforced laws, signalling a higher level of education fostered by collaboration with governmental institutions and numerous non-governmental organizations. Ultimately, their proposals for environmental improvement stem from practical experiences, demonstrating a high degree of realism. The analysis, based on student representation by academic year and study status, is detailed in Table 13.

This table indicates that as students progress through higher years of university, the number of those who believe the environmental state is good decreases. The reasons lie both in the maturation of awareness regarding real environmental issues and in the decline in students’ exam performance. The assumption is that studying leads to the strengthening of critical awareness and awareness of the environment and its protection issues.

3.4.2 The quintessential environmental challenges in Montenegro

The investigation into this matter has been somewhat explored in the preceding inquiry. Here, the crux lies in confirming whether students possess a genuine grasp of the most pivotal ecological issues and their ability to compile a roster of priority concerns regarding the environment. The analytical framework incorporates regional categorization, academic progression, and student categorization. Upon scrutinizing the data, a mosaic of logical yet intriguing insights emerges. Notably, the prevalence of diverse waste types and ensuing pollution manifests prominently in the perspectives of respondents, offering a lucid portrayal. Within the central region, such perspectives stem from the presence of the Aluminum Plant in Podgorica and its raw materials repository in the Nikšić bauxite mine, where waste generation lacks adequate management. Concurrently, the spectre of air pollution pervades the proximal and distal environs of these industrial nodes, alongside the looming menace of water contamination and agricultural soil degradation. This vantage point bespeaks discontent fuelled by the dearth of recycling hubs and essential water treatment facilities.

Conversely, in the southern precincts, waste concerns pivot not on industrial edifices but on the paucity of suitable waste storage or recycling avenues for daily refuse emanating from tourist and residential hubs. In the northern expanse, the waste conundrum intertwines with the coal mine and thermal power plant in Pljevlja, acting as the solitary economic entities engendering a gamut of waste categories. Within the narratives of the central and northern locales, recommendations advocating heightened investments in innovative technologies and meticulous blueprinting of potential recycling outposts and landfill sites abound, while the southern domain finds solace in earmarking adequate waste disposal locales. The pervasive conundrum of unchecked urbanization casts its shadow across all realms, albeit to varying degrees. Significantly, the southern landscape emerges as the epicentre of this predicament, wherein “territorial desolation in the service of tourism prevails, with all endeavours conducted haphazardly, in defiance of Montenegro’s spatial blueprint” (quote from a respondent).

Indicative markers in these tabulations unfold as follows: (a) three-fifths (or marginally less than two-fifths) of respondents hailing from the central quadrant accord precedence to waste as an ecological quandary, with an analogous cohort earmarking water pollution as paramount, while a mere one-seventh discern excessive urbanization as a salient environmental issue. Notably, respondents from the central swathes do not perceive natural endowments like flora and fauna as imperilled, particularly given the presence of national parks like “Skadar Lake” and “Lovćen”; (b) 40% of respondents from the southern sphere identify excessive urbanization as the chief ecological bugbear, whereas 20% apportion equal priority to waste, preservation of natural resources, and safeguarding of flora and fauna. Intriguingly, respondents from the southern sector do not construe water pollution as an urgent concern. This stance may stem from conflating wastewater issues with waste, despite clear delineations in the questioning, or from the overarching nature of the excessive urbanization issue, which encapsulates water pollution concerns. The impetus behind their emphasis on preserving flora and fauna lies in the dwindling spatial expanse due to urban sprawl and the heightened incidence of forest conflagrations along coastal peripheries.

3.4.3 Institutions in Montenegro engaged in environmental protection and methods of protecting natural resources in Montenegro

The aim of this inquiry was to gain an understanding of students’ general awareness of institutions involved in environmental protection, as well as to assess their knowledge of the hierarchical status of state institutions. The indicators are as follows: 63% of respondents know which institutions in the country are engaged in environmental protection, while the remaining 27% of the focus group is partially familiar with this topic, and 10% of respondents are unaware of the relevant institutions; and the best knowledge of institutions engaged in environmental protection is demonstrated by respondents from the northern region, followed by those from the central region, with the fewest respondents from the southern region.

The goal of this inquiry (methods of protecting natural resources in Montenegro) was to ascertain whether respondents possess an understanding of how and which priorities are set for the protection of natural resources in Montenegro. The aim was not to determine percentages but rather to see if environmental considerations are made in line with principles of environmental protection and sustainable management. Apart from the southern region, respondents offered a number of proposals, which can be categorized into (a) administrative and (b) educational-operational measures. Regarding administrative measures, respondents pay the most attention to (a) strict enforcement of laws; (b) strengthening inspection activities; and (c) detailed planning and broader community involvement in planning. Concerning educational-operational measures, students particularly emphasize raising awareness among the population. Such an approach is characteristic of every region in Montenegro.

Operational measures vary from region to region. In the southern region, respondents insist on protecting space and water, as well as drastically reducing urbanization. Respondents from this region exhibit conflicting views, as they do not prioritize water pollution among the top five environmental problems, yet all propose measures for water protection. This is the best evidence supporting the conclusion drawn by the researcher in the chapter on major environmental problems, where it is noted that students from the southern region perceive this water pollution issue as part of the broader issue of space pollution.

In the central region, operational measures are reduced to detailed planning within spatial planning frameworks, as well as controlled use of natural resources. Detailed planning within spatial plans must adhere to sustainable planning and management of natural resources. Controlled use of natural resources implies the utilization of resources entrusted through the Concessions Law, as envisaged by law and with enhanced control over plans and their implementation, as well as those resources used for tourism-educational purposes, managed by National Parks. In the northern region, the most measures are proposed, ranging from administrative to protective measures such as (a) preserving green areas, (b) using alternative energy and heating systems, (c) establishing new green spaces, and (d) treating wastewater. In addition, proposals are made regarding cooperation among institutions, the non-governmental sector, and local communities in planning and implementing plans, aiming for transparent processes related to environmental protection. It is entirely logical that most measures and activities are found in the northern region, considering that the spectrum of environmental protection issues is most prevalent in this area.

3.4.4 Enhancing environmental awareness: Analysing the focus group’s insights

The analysis of the focus group regarding environmental knowledge represents a logical progression from the initial phase, during which 18 questions were included in the survey. Building upon the insights gleaned in the initial phase, four key questions were singled out for the focus group: (a) How many National Parks exist in Montenegro, and what measures are in place to safeguard the natural assets placed under their protection?; (b) strategies for addressing and mitigating waste issues in Montenegro; (c) identifying sustainable practices for the utilization of natural resources; and (d) assessing Montenegro’s vulnerability to climate change and exploring strategies for resilience and adaptation (Table 14).

The primary objective of this analysis is to gauge the depth of environmental knowledge possessed by students at the time of the study and to ascertain how this knowledge level varies across different academic years at the Faculty of Biology. Inquiring about the number of National Parks in Montenegro and the methods employed to protect the natural resources within them revealed a comprehensive understanding among respondents. They demonstrated awareness not only of National Parks but also of other protective designations like regional parks, nature reserves, and natural monuments. However, responses to the latter part of the questions largely revealed gaps in information, particularly concerning the scope of protection provided by National Parks, which respondents believed was primarily physical.

Table 14 offers an in-depth analysis of this query, yet it leaves a lingering inquiry into the methods employed to safeguard natural assets. Specifically, only one (1) student asserted that they are preserved through regulatory measures, representing merely 6% of the focus group or 33% of the cohort comprising non-regular students. The researcher notes an evident dearth in knowledge or comprehension regarding both natural resources and the legislative framework governing this domain. While there exists a conventional enumeration of protected natural assets, a prevailing situation emerges where the criteria for delineating these assets hierarchically remain elusive, coupled with a conspicuous absence of familiarity with protective measures.

3.4.5 Waste management solutions in Montenegro

This question stands out as one of the most significant within the scope of this research, as it fundamentally provides insights into students’ understanding of the environment and environmental protection issues. Centred on waste management, statistically marked as the foremost environmental concern, the question is designed, according to the researcher’s perspective, to reveal the knowledge or lack thereof among students, rather than extracting “dry percentages” for analysis.

Given that waste is identified as Montenegro’s major ecological challenge, corresponding knowledge is expected. However, the insights drawn from this analysis directly reflect the lack of awareness or distinction between industrial and other forms of waste. Most respondents frequently propose the establishment of recycling centres, the introduction of various waste containers, the standardization of landfills, and similar measures. Notably, the absence of suggestions on addressing solid and liquid waste from mines, such as tailings, is evident.

Examining the situation regionally, distinct patterns emerge: (a) in the southern region, waste management is primarily seen through addressing landfill issues in one or more municipalities. Proposals focus on securing suitable spaces for standardized landfills or constructing regional landfills, which seems reasonable given the absence of major land-based industrial entities causing significant pollution. Notably, proposals regarding liquid waste and waste polluting the sea, both from tourist complexes and ships, particularly in the Bar port, are lacking, as are adequate suggestions for addressing communal pollution; (b) in the central region, major polluters like the aluminium plant and the bauxite mine in Nikšić prompt respondents to address air and water pollution issues. However, solid waste resulting from the operations of these entities is not identified by respondents. Suggestions revolve around technological advancements, especially in air and water purification near these industrial sites; (c) in the northern region, all respondents highlight issues with the Pljevlja municipality and its thermal power plant and coal mine. Problems with air pollution are more pronounced here, with Pljevlja being a notorious environmental hotspot in the country. It is logical to expect respondents from this region to demonstrate more knowledge about waste, which they do, primarily in terms of identification. Proposed solutions lean towards “green methods” within the operations of these entities, advocating for increased investments in the production segments causing the most air pollution.

3.4.6 Identifying sustainable practices for utilizing natural resources

The sustainable way of using natural resources was the primary focus of this question. Its aim was to determine which natural resources are being utilized and whether they fall under the term sustainable management based on the way they are used. This question is the best indicator of how life in a specific region of the country shapes environmental attitudes. In this approach, it was necessary to present to the respondents all natural resources – assets managed according to the principle of direct utilization, in accordance with Montenegro’s legislative framework. According to regions, the situation appears as follows: (a) in the southern region, respondents primarily view the sea, forests, flora, and fauna as natural resources. Concerning the sea, students believe it is not being managed sustainably, especially regarding the use of fishery resources. The prevailing opinion is that fish are being overfished, and there are insufficient data on fish stocks, suggesting a need for strengthened control. However, according to the researcher’s opinion, enhanced control is only a means of sustainable management, while a proposal for a sustainable management method is lacking. Forests in the southern region are not interesting in terms of exploitation but are significant from a protective aspect, particularly against forest fires. Hence, reforestation of burnt areas with fire-resistant species is suggested to expedite the return of nature to its normal state, creating conditions for the re-establishment of wildlife, which is forced to leave its natural habitat; (b) in the central region, lifestyle determines a different perspective on the sustainable use of natural resources. In this region, respondents prioritize the following natural resources for sustainable management: (a) utilization of National Parks; (b) water usage; and (c) hunting and fishing.

The use of national parks – Skadar Lake and Lovćen – is not conducted sustainably. While the tourist aspect of utilizing national parks is not questioned by students, the management of natural resources within the parks is brought into focus. The primary issue concerning Skadar Lake is illegal fishing and the lack of data on its fish stock. Illegal fishing cannot be tolerated, especially through unconventional and prohibited methods. Regarding Lovćen National Park, students identify the main problem as the perceived poor management of its forests and suggest strengthening control given existing management plans.

In the central region, students believe water resources are not managed sustainably. They advocate for regulating river flows and utilizing their full energy potential while safeguarding the environment. Since water resources are managed through concessions, strict adherence to concession laws is recommended, along with enhanced control over concessionaires. Due to the lack of data on fish stocks, maximum control over fishing activities and adherence to conventional fishing methods are proposed. In addition, students suggest valorising water resources through quality water sports offerings. Students believe hunting and fishing can be controlled through legal compliance, good management plans for hunting grounds, enhanced inspection oversight, and educational programs involving hunters, fishermen, and local communities. In the northern region, students identify management issues in national parks, forests, and water bodies, which will be further analysed. Three national parks are located in this region: Durmitor, Biogradska Gora, and Prokletije.

For Durmitor National Park, students propose maximal protection, especially considering its UNESCO status. They emphasize uncoordinated construction within the park, treating any such construction as illegal, and suggest restrictive construction practices to ensure sustainable management. Given its susceptibility to forest fires, modern protection methods, education investment, and proper equipment are recommended. Students propose similar measures for Biogradska Gora National Park, which generally faces fewer issues, focusing on maximizing planning documents for tourism and education activities. For Prokletije National Park, which recently gained status, students recommend rational planning for forest, wildlife, and water resource utilization, emphasizing the protection of key water bodies.

Forest resource utilization is seen as a point of contention between state and non-state institutions. Students propose measures ranging from transparent forest planning to intensified reforestation efforts and strengthened inspection oversight over forest management. Regarding water resources in the northern region, students advocate for hydroelectric potential utilization, tourist valorization of water bodies, rigorous inspection oversight, and punitive measures.

3.4.7 Climate change threat and adaptation strategies for Montenegro

The importance of climate change worldwide was a sufficient reason for students to be asked this question at this stage of the research. In addition, the aim of this question is to determine whether there is an intention among students to permanently monitor environmental issues, as this can be established in the second part of the question, where methods of resistance and adaptation to climate change in Montenegro are sought. Table 10 depicts students’ attitudes according to their year of study regarding the degree of threat to Montenegro from climate change.

The dominant perception among respondents is that Montenegro faces a modest threat from climate change, with 47% of the focus group sharing this view. Meanwhile, 29% of respondents believe that Montenegro is not threatened by climate change, while 24% consider the threat to be significant. A thorough examination of the data highlights key insights into the preconceptions formed by students during their secondary education and the evolution of their understanding during their academic pursuits, profoundly shaping their perspectives. Specifically, among first and second-year students, there is a lack of consensus regarding the severity of the threat posed by climate change in Montenegro; half of them perceive no threat, while the other half perceive a slight threat. However, this perception shifts significantly in later years, when the majority recognizes a substantial threat to Montenegro.

As for the strategies to combat or adapt to climate change, the analysis reveals regional disparities in priorities and approaches among students. Nonetheless, common themes emerge across all regions, emphasizing the need to curtail urbanization, enhance green spaces, and impose stricter regulations on natural resource utilization. Moreover, there is a unanimous call for legal reforms aimed at effectively monitoring gas emissions, curbing excessive urban development, and managing natural resources more sustainably.