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Research on spatial correlation structure of war heritage based on field theory. A case study of Jinzhai County, China

  • Peng Zhang EMAIL logo and Wei Dong
Published/Copyright: October 22, 2024
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The value of war heritage is usually reflected in the historical process constituted by the correlation among many heritages rather than a single heritage itself. Traditional heritage protection strategies often focus on ontological protection of heritage, while the inherent relevance between heritage due to their joint participation in historical events is often ignored. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to connect the scattered heritage sites spatially through certain logic, to show the historical process as a whole, and to maximize the integration and protection of the entire resources of the heritage protection mode. Taking the war heritage of Jinzhai as the object, this article analyzes the overall distribution characteristics of the war heritage and the formation process of the war heritage field on the basis of the field theory, and then puts forward the spatial sorting steps based on historical events. The research shows that it is feasible to use key historical events to organize the space of many war heritages to obtain a kind of integrated structure, which can be used as the basic framework for the future use of heritage protection, tourism development, heritage display, and utilization.

Keywords: war heritage; key historical events; field theory; monolithic structure; Jin Zhai; AHP

1 Introduction

The instinctive image of war is evil and negative because it means grief, struggle, and death, so is it necessary to link “war” with “heritage” and study the importance of its preservation and inheritance? We believe that when war is studied as a part of history, another part of its significance is to arouse the sense of compassion, sympathy, and justice, and only by properly commemorating war can we prevent the recurrence of tragedies. Commemorating the war is not only an expression of personal emotion but also a directive of government policy [1]. In a broad sense, war heritage refers to the cultural heritage such as the ruins or related buildings, memorial sites, and lines formed in the past wars and preserved till now [2], which are important carriers of national history and people’s collective memory [3]. Assman argues that collective memory and identity are constructed through common practices and discourses and passed down from generation to generation with the aid of historical narratives, including verbal and visual signs, institutions of learning, sites and monuments, and commemoration rites [4]. War heritage contributes to national identity by presenting collective memories and providing opportunities to experience the collective past [5]. China has experienced countless wars in its history. In the long history of China, there are many important segments that affect the course of history, including the period from the early 20th century to the founding of New China, which has had a huge impact on all aspects of contemporary China, known as the “New Democratic Revolution Period” (1919–1949). The war heritage mentioned in this article, namely, the ruins, buildings, and memorial sites preserved during this period, is also known as the “Red Heritage” in the context of China. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study and protect the war heritage: first, the war heritage provides evidence that the present economic prosperity and peaceful life were achieved by heroes who fought against suffering and enemies to strengthen party identity and national patriotism. Second, any nation or country in any era needs the inspiration of heroism to face the possible external or internal challenges in the future, and the war heritage is the bearing of this spirit. Third, using the war heritage for tourism development can properly promote the income of local government and residents.

Different from the general cultural heritages, war heritages have their particularity in formulating protection strategies because of their unique value attributes and spatial distribution characteristics. In the current practice of the protection of the war heritage in China, more attention is paid to the partial protection of a single heritage sites, but the historical environment around the heritage is not considered enough [6,7,8]. In addition, only focusing on the use of the heritage itself but ignoring the natural landscape, cultural customs, products, and historical resources in the location of the heritage also reduces the economic and social benefits of the war heritage [9,10].

Judging from international experience, it has become a common trend of the international community to designate a larger area and a wider area as the object of cultural heritage protection [11]. For example, Article 1 of the “International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites” (Venice Charter for short) points out: “the concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant development or a historic event.” This document expands the vision of heritage protection from the single building to the historical environment where the monument is located for the first time [12]. In addition, the “Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas” also mentioned: “the importance and uniqueness of the surrounding environment of the heritage lies not only in their social, spiritual, and historical values. It is more about the connection between them and the material, visual, spiritual and other background environments.” The document not only includes the surrounding environment into the scope of heritage protection but also emphasizes the connection between heritage and environment [13]. Therefore, the overall protection of war heritage and the appropriate correlation with other valuable resources around it has become an important content of future heritage protection research and practice. Based on this, this article attempts to propose a method of integration of many war heritage using key historical events. The goal is to form a basic framework for heritage protection and utilization. This spatial framework is composed of several heritage lines. The war heritages on the lines have a certain historical logic among them, and these heritages themselves integrate other resources within a certain range. Through this basic framework, it can better serve the propaganda of patriotism, the study of national and national history, the development of heritage tourism, and the overall protection of war heritage.

2 Literature review

2.1 Theory of field

To properly describe the interconnectedness of war heritages and how the holistic structure formed by historical events is presented in different spaces, we need to draw on the wisdom of the “field theory.” The concept of “field theory” originated in physics to describe the phenomena of gravity, electromagnetic force, and other interactions with other objects. In the 1960s, it was introduced into the field of practical sociology by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu [14]. He believed that “in a highly differentiated society, the world is composed of relatively autonomous social small worlds, which are social relations networks with their own logic and inevitability, called ‘Fields’” [15]. Furthermore, he defined “Field” as “the network structure formed between locations, in which the elements are related to each other.” The “Field” has the following characteristics: (1) diversity: Each field has its own uniqueness. For example, according to different media, the field can be divided into aesthetic field, religious field, and education field. (2) The level: The whole region is composed of several “Sub-Fields,” and the range of associated elements is adjusted with the change in the spatial scale of the field. (3) Connectedness: Elements in the field are related to each other. In a cultural community, the geographical environment constitutes the basis of the field, the humanistic environment constitutes the basic content, and other cultural elements such as language, custom, residence, lifestyle, and products constitute a network community that is interconnected and influenced by each other.

“Field theory” has also been widely used in the study of heritage protection and utilization. Zhou et al. used the field theory to analyze the historical development and landscape system of Long Quan Temple in Taiyuan City and constructed a value evaluation system of cultural landscape based on the premise of authenticity [16]. Guo and Huang combined the “field theory” with the “space production theory” to analyze the actors, habitus, capital, and spatial form in the spatial field of Zhou Zhuang, and explained the dynamic mechanism of the multidimensional spatial development of ancient towns [17]. Guo et al. combined the “field theory” with GIS software to analyze the field spatial characteristics of the three carrier elements of “elegant culture” in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty, so as to explore the causes and scope of the field formation [18]. By constructing a landscape “field model,” Zhang and Xu combined war sites with regional economic and social elements and put forward the idea of red field landscape community planning in Linyi City [19]. Yu combined the spatial distribution of heritage with the evaluation of field correlation and analyzed the field correlation mechanism and influencing factors of Tarsi cultural heritage, so as to guide the delineation of the overall protection scope of heritage [20]. The aforementioned research provides an important basis for the application of “field theory” in the field of heritage protection. However, it focuses on the analysis of the impact of economy, society, and culture on heritage protection, and does not put forward operational suggestions on the spatial distribution form and structure of cultural heritage, and lacks the research on the spatial planning of war heritage guided by “field theory.”

In this article, the formation of war heritage “field” not only depends on the connection between heritage spaces but also explores the historical and cultural internal correlation between heritages, so historical events play an important role in it. Historical events can not only rediscover and connect neglected heritages in the past but also make interesting connections between heritages that are far apart, which adds narrative to the space. In addition, the concept of “Field” does not exclude other resources that have a weak correlation with cultural heritage. By constructing several “sub-fields,” more valuable resources can be contained by the “field,” thus forming a flexible content system.

2.2 Field characteristics of war heritage

There is a potential for coupling between the systematic protection of war heritage and the “field theory.” Due to the unique geographical environment and historical background of the value of war heritage, it has unique attributes different from those of a single heritage point: first, the value must be presented as the whole. For example, the value of a single heritage is very common, but it is very important in the whole link. Second, the complex diversity of heritage values. Many heritages not only have cultural symbols during the war but also have many other values such as architecture, art, history, and ecology. Third, the spatial distribution of war heritage is usually hidden and scattered, and there are no conditions for centralized protection, but there is usually a strong historical connection between these heritage, which is an important embodiment of the vitality of heritage [21]. War heritages are always understood within the framework of current politics, but they are also in continuous dialogue with their physical surroundings, so the shape and the topography are affected by it [22]. Therefore, spatial optimization methods that include environmental foundations and complete narrative logic are quite necessary to tell the historical story of war heritage [23]. The war heritage and the surrounding environment together constitute a number of “Sub-Fields” and then make spatiotemporal correlation through historical events to form the “Overall Field.”

This approach not only emphasizes the importance of the heritage but also appropriately describes the surrounding environment of the heritage and its historical connections [19]. As a kind of “buffer zone,” it can preserve the authenticity and integrity of material and intangible cultural values in the field, so it has natural adaptability for the study of war heritage. Taking the war heritage of Jinzhai County as a case, this article discusses how to connect many war heritages into a “field” with a complete structure through historical events, which provides a framework for the subsequent development and protection of war heritage.

3 Methodology

3.1 Jinzhai as a case study

3.1.1 Location of Jinzhai

Jinzhai County is located in Lu’an City, Anhui Province, between 115°22′–116°11′ east longitude and 31°06′–31°48′ north latitude. It is the intersection of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui provinces, and its geographical position is very important (Figure 1). Jinzhai County is 77 km long from north to south and 78 km wide from east to west, with a total area of 3,814 km2. Its administrative areas include Meishan Town, Mabu Town, Nan Xi Town, Gubi Town, Shuang He Town, Tang Jiahui Town, Qing Shan Town, Ban Zhuyuan Town, Yan Zihe Town, Wu Jiadian Town, and Tian Tangzhai Town. There are 23 townships and 224 administrative villages in the county, with a population of 683,500 at the end of 2022.

Figure 1 The geographical location of Jinzhai.
Figure 1

The geographical location of Jinzhai.

3.1.2 War heritage and distribution in Jinzhai

Jinzhai is a famous old revolutionary base area, which is the early political, economic, and military center of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui base areas. During the war, Jinzhai erupted the “Battle of Start of Summer” and the “Lu Huo Uprising.” The Fourth Front of the Red Army, the 25th Army of the Red Army, and the 28th Army of the Red Army were founded, which was an important source of the Chinese revolution and an important birthplace of the Chinese people’s Army. Jinzhai County has a large number of war heritage: including national, provincial, municipal, and county war heritage a total of 89 (Figure 2), and the types of heritage mainly include old buildings, tombs, and battle sites (Figure 3).

Figure 2 Distribution map of war heritage in Jinzhai.
Figure 2

Distribution map of war heritage in Jinzhai.

Figure 3 Typical war heritages in Jinzhai. From left to right: Site of the birthplace of the early Party organization in Jinzhai; site of the battle of Start of Summer; site of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Provincial Committee meeting.
Figure 3

Typical war heritages in Jinzhai. From left to right: Site of the birthplace of the early Party organization in Jinzhai; site of the battle of Start of Summer; site of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui Provincial Committee meeting.

3.2 Problems in heritage conservation

3.2.1 Some valuable war heritages are ignored by “benefit first”

For a long time, the local government represented by Jinzhai has emphasized the “benefit first” attitude toward war heritage, that is, giving priority to the attention and protection of war heritages with high visibility, high expected benefits, and low development costs. There are two common selection strategies: first, determine the priority of protection according to the official protection level of the heritage – the higher the priority, the higher the priority; second, the priority is determined according to the difficulty of protection and utilization of the heritage – the lower the difficulty, the more priority. The consequence of this is that many heritage sites are becoming more and more dilapidated due to low visibility and high development costs (such as the transportation cost caused by the location, the cost of property rights recovery, etc.), which cannot get sufficient protection and management funds. Heritage sites with a high level of protection have been better protected, and even have a surplus of protection funds (Figure 4). From the perspective of historical events, the value of each heritage should be presented in the chain of historical events in which it is located, while popularity and development cost cannot directly determine the protection value of war heritage [24]. For example, the “Former Site of Central Branch Conference of Hubei, Henan and Anhui” located in Qi Lin Village, Yan Zihe Town, Jinzhai, this meeting directly determined the great shift of the development strategy of the main force of The Fourth Front of the Red Army from the Hubei, Henan, and Anhui areas to the Sichuan and Shaanxi areas, which had great historical significance in the development process of the army and the Party. However, due to low spatial accessibility and poor heritage preservation state, it has been excluded from the list of priority conservation. If similar heritage points are ignored, it is impossible to fully understand the course of historical events.

Figure 4 Statistics of heritage preservation in different locations and levels.
Figure 4

Statistics of heritage preservation in different locations and levels.

3.2.2 The value of various resources cannot be integrated by “Point Protection”

Limited by the protection funds, management needs, and other conditions, a large number of war heritage adopt the method of “point protection,” that is, the war heritage is treated as an isolated shop, and only the heritage itself and a small surrounding space are protected. This approach does not take into account the social, cultural, and ecological value of the surrounding environment nor does it ignore the historical connections between the heritage, and fails to highlight the overall value of the heritage community. For example, the “Tian Tangzhai Scenic Area” located in the south of Jinzhai County has good ecological resources and is only 3 km away from the war heritage “Jindong County Government Site,” but there is no mechanism for associated protection and cooperative development. Practice has proved that the integration and correlation of resources are conducive to the maximization of benefits, and this benefit will also form a positive feedback to the protection of war heritage. With the rapid advancement of urbanization, the natural environment, cultural foundation, and social ecology of the site of war heritage are undergoing great changes, resulting in a great crisis in the environmental integrity and historical relevance of war heritage. Therefore, the protection of war heritage in Jinzhai County needs to break the development paradigm of “benefit first” and “point protection,” and find a holistic protection framework that takes into account the integration of historical environment protection and near-area resources (Figure 5).

Figure 5 “Former Site of Central Branch Conference of Hubei, Henan and Anhui” and “Jindong County Government Site.
Figure 5

“Former Site of Central Branch Conference of Hubei, Henan and Anhui” and “Jindong County Government Site.

3.3 Data collection

In recent years, the local cultural relics authority of Jinzhai has done a lot of work on the protection of war heritage, including the compilation of historical information on war heritage sites, regular updates on protection and maintenance, and tracking of the use of protection funds. On this basis, this article systematically sorted out and counted the 89 war heritages involved the location, category, age information, area, surrounding environment, longitude and latitude coordinates, historical events, and preservation status, and conducted on-site investigations and interviews on 35 of the most representative war heritages, basically grasping important information about Jinzhai war heritages.

3.4 Analysis framework

3.4.1 The formation principle and evolution process of “field model”

In the primitive state, war heritage is scattered in a large space, each heritage and its spatial environment constitute a “spontaneous field,” the war heritage as a “sub-field” constituted by the “individual” and the surrounding environment; in the “field model,” combing and extracting information about war heritage, looking for key clues of historical events, and structurally linking representative war heritage related to events to form an “embedded association structure”; then center on representative war heritage, sort out, and evaluate near-field war heritages, natural, historical, and cultural resources integrate the heritages and resources with higher comprehensive scores into the related structure to form several “Embedded concentric fields” (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Model map of war heritage field.
Figure 6

Model map of war heritage field.

3.4.2 Steps of spatial combing based on historical events

The spatial combing based on historical events is divided into six steps (Table 1):

  • Step 1, history combing

    Classify the historical period of the area where the war heritage is located, and select the most important period. This historical period determines the unique position of the place in the entire historical process; furthermore, it sorts out the important historical clues that occurred in the range during this period and selects the most representative historical events as “key historical events.”

  • Step 2, clue extraction and relevance structure

    According to the “key historical events” selected in the first step, we will have an in-depth understanding of the historical background and the occurrence process of the event, and select the war heritages directly related to the event from all existing heritages. According to the sequence of occurrence and spatial location, time connection and spatial alignment are carried out in the current map to form the “embedded association structure” of the heritage field.

  • Step 3, site heritage evaluation model

    First, centering on key historical events and related war heritage, a certain radius of space is set as the boundary of the war field. War heritage and surrounding resources within the boundary constitute the object of field heritage evaluation; second, analyze and determine the influencing factors of heritage evaluation and build a multilevel weight evaluation system; third, build an evaluation model to determine the weight of each indicator by soliciting expert opinions and collecting data.

  • Step 4, evaluation and identification of field elements

    First, the evaluation criteria of each impact factor are determined, the war heritage in the field is quantified and scored, and the average value is taken; second, the evaluation model of the third step is used to calculate the weight index of the war heritage in the field to obtain the final score. Some heritages with the highest comprehensive scores are taken as the relevant elements of the field structure.

  • Step 5, field resource embedding

    The ecological, historical, and cultural resources with unique value within the boundary of the war field are identified, together with the war heritage identified in the fourth step constitute an “embedded concentric field.”

  • Step 6, path optimization

Table 1

Spatial combing model based on historical events

Step 1, history combing Historical period Ⅰ Historical period Ⅱ Historical period Ⅲ Historical period Ⅳ
Historical events 1 Historical events 2 Historical events 3 Historical events 4
Select “Key Historical Events”
Step 2, clue extraction and relevance structure Filter direct connection points Establish time-space association
“Embedded Association Structure” is formed
Step 3, site heritage evaluation model Set the boundaries of the field and sort out information on heritage and resources
Determine the evaluation object Determine impact factors and weights Build an evaluation system
Field evaluation model of war heritage
Step 4, evaluation and identification of field elements Determine the evaluation criteria for the heritage Scoring war heritage
Identify the most valuable war heritage through the evaluation model
Step 5, field resource embedding War heritage in the field Identification of ecological resources Identification of historical and cultural resources
“Embedded Concentric Field” is formed
Step 6, path optimization Design of routes, facilities, landscape environment, and important nodes within and between the fields

Based on the aforementioned evaluation results, the spatial route carrier, transportation infrastructure, street landscape environment, and important space nodes, within and between the fields are comprehensively sorted and designed.

3.5 Data processing and analysis steps

3.5.1 History combing

The war heritages in Jinzhai County span a large period, covering the Great Revolution, agrarian revolution, the War of Resistance against Japan, and the War of liberation four periods; the number of war heritages are 3, 76, 6, and 14, and there are 5 war heritages spanning multiple periods. Most of them are from the agrarian revolution (Figure 7). To sort out the major revolutionary events in the history of Jinzhai, the representative campaign in the agrarian revolution period is selected – “Battle of Start of Summer” as the key historical clue.

Figure 7 Quantities of war heritages in different periods of Jinzhai.
Figure 7

Quantities of war heritages in different periods of Jinzhai.

3.5.2 Clue extraction and relevance structure

In the modern war history of Jinzhai County, there were 10 large-scale battles, among which the “Battle of Start of Summer,” as the earliest one, was of great historical significance to the development of the Jinzhai revolution (Figure 8). “Battle of Start of Summer” was fought on May 6, 1929, so named because it was the first day of summer. It was the first comprehensive victory in Hubei-Hen-Anhui area that overthrew the original ruling forces in Jinzhai County and established the first local army with peasants as the main body. The commanders of the campaign took the opportunity of local festival celebrations to ambush the Ding Jiabu area and take the lead in capturing the enemy, while the battles in Tang Jiahui, Nan Xi, Wu Jiadian, and Shahe Township were successful one after another. The army first assembled at Ding Jiabu and then agreed to surround the area of Ban Zhuyuan in five ways and repelled the enemy in Ban Zhuyuan 3 days later, and achieved success in the campaign.

Figure 8 The spatial map of the important battles of Jinzhai in modern times.
Figure 8

The spatial map of the important battles of Jinzhai in modern times.

Due to the randomness of the battlefield, headquarters, and other sites during the war, and the march route of the troops is not predetermined in advance, the distribution of war heritage is relatively scattered. As a result, Jinzhai County has not yet had a heritage protection system with the theme of the “Battle of Start of Summer.” After sorting out the important battles of Jinzhai and all the heritages, this article selects the heritages directly related to the “Battle of Start of Summer,” and marks these 14 heritages in the current situation map according to the sequence of events. Then the formation background, surrounding environment, related people, and their activity track of the heritage are analyzed, so as to draw a rough road map, which is the main correlation structure of the “war field” (Figure 9).

Figure 9 The correlation structure formed by the direct correlation points of the battle.
Figure 9

The correlation structure formed by the direct correlation points of the battle.

3.5.3 Site heritage evaluation model

The field structure based on key historical events needs to organize the space by historical events, so it is necessary to set certain conditions to screen the war heritage and related resources. This article introduces the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to construct a screening model. To avoid the unnecessary workload caused by the participation of all elements in the evaluation, the evaluation object should be framed first: based on the 14 selected heritages directly related to the “Battle of Start of Summer,” the boundaries of the battlefields were defined with a radius of 15 min’ walk (about 2 km), and the war heritages within the boundaries were taken as the objects of heritage evaluation.

The key to the evaluation model is to identify what types of resource elements should be selected and how closely related the heritage is to be included in the field structure. As the basic characteristics of “field theory,” “diversity,” and “relevance” should be paid attention to and applied to the analysis of the impact factors of heritage evaluation. The two basic thinking points are “field richness” and “field correlation.” The former includes “heritage ontology value” and “heritage resource value,” while the latter includes “field element density” and “field element accessibility.” The historical information, current preservation degree, heritage type, and value diversity of the war heritage within the scope were sorted out as the impact factors for evaluating the “ontological value of the war heritage.” The ecological, historical, and cultural values, and intangible cultural heritage of the location of the heritage were sorted out as the impact factors for evaluating the “war heritage resource value.” Both of them constitute the evaluation basis of “field richness.” The density of field elements was evaluated according to the density of war heritages and the distance between heritages and resources. Accessibility of field elements is evaluated according to location conditions and road conditions of the elements, which together constitute the evaluation basis of the field correlation degree. The aforementioned evaluation contents constitute the evaluation system of three levels (Table 2).

Table 2

Three-tier evaluation system

First-level evaluation factors Second-level evaluation factors Third-level evaluation factors Description
A1 field richness B1 heritage value C1 importance of historical information Relevance of cultural clues, role in history, protection level, age, etc.
C2 extent of preservation Condition of preservation and degree of decoration
C3 richness of values Artistic value, aesthetic value, ecological value
C4 richness of heritage types Architecture, tombs, stone carvings, etc.
B2 diversity of resources C5 ecological resources Landscape pattern, scenic area
C6 historical and cultural resources Ancient history, archaeological sites,
C7 intangible cultural heritage Festivals, folklore, genealogy, etc.
A2 field relevance B3 heritage density C8 density of heritage sites —
C9 distance to other resources —
B4 heritage reachability C10 location Towns, villages, suburbs
C11 path patency Road grade, traffic facilities

It should be noted that this evaluation system should be open and dynamic, and the content of impact factors may increase or decrease with the change of evaluation objects and purposes. However, under normal circumstances, the change of nonimportant impact factors will not have a subversive effect on the final results.

By inviting experts in the field of heritage protection to form an expert committee, the importance of impact factors at each level is compared after comprehensive discussion and comparison, and the evaluation factor comparison matrix is constructed. In general, the higher the element richness in a unit area, the stronger its potential correlation. In the heritage field, the weight of the richness of the heritage elements should be higher than that of the correlation of the heritage elements, so the weight score table of the impact factors at the first level is obtained (Table 3).

Table 3

The importance comparison matrix of the first-level evaluation factors

Evaluation factor A1 field richness A2 field relevance Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
A1 field richness 1 3 2 Qa1 = 0.750
A2 field relevance 1/3 1 2/3 Qa2 = 0.250

In the second level, the value of war heritage obtained by participating in historical events and revolutionary war should be the first, and the weight of its influence factor is higher than the compound value of other aspects of the heritage, which is determined by the theme of war heritage protection. The higher the intensity of the war heritage, the stronger the accessibility within the walking range. Therefore, the intensity of the heritage should be given a higher weight in the correlation degree of the field (Table 4).

Table 4

The importance comparison matrix of the second-tier evaluation factors

First-level evaluation factors Second-level evaluation factors B1 heritage value B2 diversity of resources Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
A1 field richness B1 heritage value 1 3 2 Qb1 = 0.750
B2 diversity of resources 1/3 1 2/3 Qb2 = 0.250
A2 field relevance Second-level evaluation factors B3 heritage density B4 heritage reachability Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
B3 heritage density 1 2 3/2 Qb3 = 0.6667
B4 heritage reachability 1/2 1 3/4 Qb4 = 0.3333

In the third level, the weight of the four influencing factors of heritage historical information, preservation degree, value richness, and type diversity was compared. It was concluded that in the heritage field composed of key historical events, the importance of historical information carried by heritage should be given higher weight. Among the resource diversity factors, the contribution of green ecological value and historical and cultural value to the field richness is higher than that of intangible cultural heritage. In the factor of heritage density, the importance of the distance between heritage and other resources should be replaced by the intensity of the war heritage itself. Among the heritage accessibility factors, the influence of location conditions on the accessibility of war heritage is higher than that of route patency, because more modes of transportation can be chosen, as long as the attraction of war heritage is large enough (Table 5). To calculate the weight score of each war heritage point in more detail, the weight score of the third layer evaluation factor is listed separately (Table 6).

Table 5

The importance comparison matrix of the third-tier evaluation factors

Second-level evaluation factors Third-level evaluation factors C1 importance of historical information C2 extent of preservation C3 richness of values C4 richness of heritage types Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
B1 heritage value C1 importance of historical information 1 3 5 5 7 Qc1 = 0.5769
C2 extent of preservation 1/3 1 5/3 5/3 7/3 Qc2 = 0.1923
C3 richness of values 1/5 3/5 1 1 7/5 Qc3 = 0.1154
C4 richness of heritage types 1/5 3/5 1 1 7/5 Qc4 = 0.1154
Second-level evaluation factors Third-level evaluation factors C5 ecological resources C6 historical and cultural resources C7 intangible cultural heritage – Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
B2 diversity of resources C5 ecological resources 1 1 3 5/3 Qc5 = 0.4286
C6 historical and cultural resources 1 1 3 — 5/3 Qc6 = 0.4286
C7 intangible cultural heritage 1/3 1/3 1 — 5/9 Qc7 = 0.1429
Second-level evaluation factors Third-level evaluation factors C8 density of heritage sites C9 distance to other resources – – Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
B3 heritage density C8 density of heritage sites 1 3 — — 2 Qc8 = 0.750
C9 distance to other resources 1/3 1 — — 2/3 Qc9 = 0.250
Second-level evaluation factors Third-level evaluation factors C10 location C11 path patency – – Average value X = (A1 + A2)/n Weights (Q = X1/ΣX)
B4 heritage reachability C10 location 1 2 — — 3/2 Qc10 = 0.6667
C11 path patency 1/2 1 — — 3/4 Qc11 = 0.3333
Table 6

Summary of the calculation of the weights of the third-level evaluation factors

Third-level evaluation factors Calculation method of weights Weights
C1 importance of historical information Q1 = Qa1 × Qb1 × Qc1 = 0.750 × 0.750 × 0.5769 Q1 = 0.3245
C2 extent of preservation Q2 = Qa1 × Qb1 × Qc2 = 0.750 × 0.750 × 0.1923 Q2 = 0.1082
C3 richness of values Q3 = Qa1 × Qb1 × Qc3 = 0.750 × 0.750 × 0.1154 Q3 = 0.0649
C4 richness of heritage types Q4 = Qa1 × Qb1 × Qc4 = 0.750 × 0.750 × 0.1154 Q4 = 0.0649
C5 ecological resources Q5 = Qa1 × Qb2 × Qc5 = 0.750 × 0.250 × 0.4286 Q5 = 0.0804
C6 historical and cultural resources Q6 = Qa1 × Qb2 × Qc6 = 0.750 × 0.250 × 0.4286 Q6 = 0.0804
C7 intangible cultural heritage Q7 = Qa1 × Qb2 × Qc7 = 0.750 × 0.250 × 0.1429 Q7 = 0.0268
C8 density of heritage sites Q8 = Qa2 × Qb3 × Qc8 = 0.250 × 0.6667 × 0.750 Q8 = 0.1250
C9 distance to other resources Q9 = Qa2 × Qb3 × Qc9 = 0.250 × 0.6667 × 0.250 Q9 = 0.0417
C10 location Q10 = Qa2 × Qb4 × Qc10 = 0.250 × 0.3333 × 0.6667 Q10 = 0.0556
C11 path patency Q11 = Qa2 × Qb4 × Qc11 = 0.250 × 0.3333 × 0.3333 Q11 = 0.0278

3.5.4 Evaluation and identification of field elements

The fourth step is to evaluate the war heritage and field resources according to the evaluation model in the previous step. The evaluation system is based on a percentage scale. Experts in urban planning and heritage protection are invited to evaluate the war heritage. In order to avoid confusion caused by too many evaluation elements, the influence degree of impact factors is comprehensively reflected by four fractions, which are: 80–100, 60–80, 40–60, and below 40. According to the final weight value of each impact factor in Table 6, the value score of the war heritage is weighted (the calculation process is abbreviated), and then the final value score of each war heritage is obtained (Table 7). According to the ranking of evaluation scores, different protection levels can be further divided, and classification and discussion can be conducted according to the characteristics and values of war heritages of different levels, which can make protection measures more targeted. Due to the limitation of the space of the field structure, the war heritage with a higher rating can be included in the field structure in priority. Of course, some war heritages with low scores do not mean that they themselves lack conservation values, because the evaluation model is based on the value criteria of specific historical events, which is fully taken into account in the weighting of impact factors and expert ratings.

Table 7

Scoring table of field heritage and resource value

The title of the war heritage Score values of impact factors in the field of war heritage (C1–C11) Score (S = Σ(C1−C11))
Field 1: Tang Jiahui
Birthplace of the party organization S1 = 25.96+7.57 + 4.54 + 4.87 + 6.43 + 6.03 + 2.01 + 8.75 + 2.71 + 3.89 + 1.95 74.72
Akagi post office S2 = 30.18 + 9.85 + 5.19 + 5.06 + 6.43 + 6.99 + 2.14 + 10.63 + 3.54 + 5.00 + 2.36 87.39
Former government site in Southeastern Henan Province S3 = 29.85 + 9.52 + 5.26 + 4.93 + 6.83 + 6.83 + 2.20 + 10.50 + 3.46 + 4.73 + 2.28 86.40
Lenin Primary School site S4 = 29.53 + 9.41 + 5.32 + 5.19 + 6.83 + 6.67 + 2.17 + 10.00 + 3.34 + 4.61 + 2.22 85.31
Former Site of Chi Nan County government S5 = 26.61 + 9.20 + 4.74 + 4.67 + 6.43 + 6.43 + 2.01 + 10.00 + 3.46 + 4.56 + 2.36 80.47
Heritage of the trade Union in Shang Cheng County S6 = 26.28 + 8.66 + 4.54 + 4.67 + 6.11 + 6.35 + 2.01 + 9.63 + 3.17 + 4.23 + 2.09 77.73
Heritage of Shang Cheng County Party Committee S7 = 26.61 + 8.66 + 4.80 + 4.87 + 6.59 + 6.43 + 2.09 + 10.00 + 3.34 + 4.23 + 2.03 79.64
Former site of the sixth district Government of South County S8 = 25.96 + 8.76 + 4.93 + 4.87 + 6.67 + 6.27 + 2.01 + 9.75 + 3.21 + 4.34 + 2.09 78.86
Former Site of the second red army hospital S9 = 26.93 + 8.98 + 5.06 + 5.13 + 6.83 + 6.59 + 2.09 + 9.75 + 3.25 + 4.34 + 2.17 81.13
Field 2: Nan Xi
Former site of the 28th red army rebuilt S10 = 24.66 + 8.66 + 4.54 + 4.54 + 6.27 + 5.47 + 1.74 + 8.75 + 2.71 + 3.78 + 1.95 73.07
Former site of Chi Nan County government S11 = 24.34 + 7.36 + 4.54 + 4.22 + 6.03 + 5.63 + 1.77 + 8.50 + 2.92 + 3.89 + 1.81 71.00
Site of Red sun printing factory S12 = 25.96 + 8.87 + 5.19 + 5.13 + 6.59 + 6.43 + 2.04 + 9.63 + 3.21 + 4.17 + 2.25 79.47
Red 28 military hospital S13 = 24.66 + 8.66 + 5.32 + 5.13 + 6.11 + 6.27 + 2.01 + 9.50 + 3.04 + 4.34 + 2.22 77.26
Site of red army women’s cadre school S14 = 26.28 + 9.09 + 5.26 + 5.39 + 6.67 + 6.59 + 2.04 + 10.00 + 3.17 + 4.28 + 2.17 80.94
Former site of the general hospital of the 32nd red army division S15 = 25.31 + 8.33 + 5.19 + 4.54 + 5.87 + 6.27 + 1.98 + 8.75 + 3.13 + 4.17 + 2.22 75.77
Battle site of Ge Jin mountain S16 = 23.36 + 7.47 + 5.06 + 4.87 + 7.08 + 5.47 + 1.61 + 7.50 + 2.21 + 3.95 + 1.67 70.24
Field 3: Ban Zhuyuan
Heritage of red army hospital S17 = 25.64 + 8.33 + 4.74 + 4.54 + 4.82 + 6.03 + 1.88 + 10.00 + 3.34 + 4.17 + 2.22 75.71
Heritage of Tai Shan Farmers association S18 = 23.36 + 8.66 + 4.54 + 5.32 + 4.82 + 6.51 + 1.88 + 9.13 + 2.92 + 4.23 + 2.28 73.65
Heritage of the two joint meetings of the party S19 = 24.99 + 8.98 + 5.19 + 4.93 + 6.03 + 6.43 + 2.12 + 9.50 + 3.34 + 4.73 + 2.36 78.60
Party affairs training course of Bai liang pa lace S20 = 24.66 + 7.57 + 4.48 + 4.28 + 6.43 + 5.39 + 1.61 + 7.50 + 2.92 + 4.28 + 1.95 71.07
Heritage of Liu Bocheng’s Ar my S21 = 23.69 + 7.36 + 4.67 + 4.87 + 5.63 + 5.79 + + 2.01 + 9.00 + 3.21 + 4.39 + 2.03 72.65
Field 4: Wu Jiadian
Former site of Bao Jiafan Combat headquarters S22 = 25.31 + 7.68 + 4.28 + 4.15 + 6.11 + 5.23 + 1.90 + 7.88 + 3.25 + 4.28 + 1.95 72.02
Site of Shang Cheng County government S23 = 24.99 + 7.47 + 4.54 + 4.61 + 5.63 + 5.71 + 1.74 + 7.50 + 2.63 + 4.17 + 2.00 70.98
Field 5: Sha He
Former site of the guard regiment of Liu Deng’s army S24 = 24.01 + 7.57 + 4.74 + 4.93 + 5.79 + 5.87 + 1.82 + 8.88 + 2.84 + 3.89 + 2.03 72.37
Former site of government Residence in Gunan Town S25 = 24.66 + 8.12 + 4.87 + 5.00 + 5.79 + 6.43 + 1.96 + 9.38 + 2.75 + 4.00 + 2.09 75.03

3.5.5 Field resource embedding

According to the above calculation, the war heritages are sorted according to the score from high to low, and differentiated protection and utilization strategies can be adopted for different score intervals. In the “Field model,” priority is given to war heritage with higher scores and embedded in the association structure as a manifestation of the field’s comprehensive value. Select the war heritages with a comprehensive score of 70 or more, together with the 14 war heritages directly related to historical events in the second step, as the war heritages that need to be linked eventually; in addition, other ecological resources, historical and cultural resources with unique value are distributed within the boundary of the field, which together with the recognized war heritages constitute an “embedded concentric field,” which is also embedded in the associated structure of the war field (Figure 10).

Figure 10 The relational structure of war heritage and resources in Jinzhai.
Figure 10

The relational structure of war heritage and resources in Jinzhai.

3.5.6 Path optimization

Based on the above evaluation results, the spatial route carriers, transportation infrastructure, street landscape environment, and important space nodes within and between the sites are comprehensively sorted and designed. A network system of war fields with unobstructed closure, clear levels, and high relevance will be formed.

4 Results

Through the “embedded association structure,” the war heritages are connected with each other through historical events and related in space; the most valuable war heritages and other resources in the field have been effectively integrated through the embedded concentric field. Several concentric fields are attached to the relational structure to form the “Space-time relational structure” of the war heritages in Jinzhai.

Through this structure, the scattered heritages of war can be protected as a whole. This approach breaks through the protection mode of single heritage as the basic unit and integrates all heritages and resources with historical relevance into the overall protection structure of historical space corridor, thus giving narrative to the war heritages. This structure can also be used for tourism development, thematic exhibitions, and historical education of war heritage, so as to connect the spatially dispersed war heritages through historical events.

5 Discussion

Based on the “Field theory,” this paper analyzes the multi-dimensional spatial elements and their interaction relationships with war heritage as the main body in Jinzhai, Aan Hui Province. The main conclusions are as follows:

War heritage as a special type of modern heritage, has special difficulties in formulating protection strategies, which are different from general cultural heritage. It is mainly reflected in the complex type, wide spatial distribution, large number, and difficult to reflect the value. Therefore, the integration of space and internal logic of several war heritages through historical events is a necessary means of protection. Based on the “field theory,” this paper analyzes the characteristics of war heritages and the key problems in the protection of war heritages, and puts forward a set of integrated and relevant spatial protection structure of war heritages, and take the war heritages in Jinzhai County as a typical case for detailed explanation.

First, the historical background and current characteristics of war heritage determine that its value needs to be presented in the overall structure, so the traditional protection mode of “point protection” in the past needs to be changed. The historical correlation between the war heritages due to the joint participation in historical events, as well as the synergistic utilization of the war heritages with other surrounding resources, should be highly valued. Second, “field theory” focuses on the correlation, diversity, and hierarchy among conservation elements, and is highly coupled with the protection needs of war heritages, so it provides an important reference for the holistic protection method of war heritages. Thirdly, a spatial sorting method of war heritages based on “key historical events” is proposed, which is mainly divided into six steps, including sorting out historical clues, constructing spatial framework, screening important heritage and resources, forming spatial routes, etc., and a detailed demonstration is carried out through Jinzhai County as a case to enhance the spatial correlation and historical narrative of war heritages in Jinzhai County.

The spatial protection structure of war heritages based on historical events is a basic spatial framework and has strong application value in areas where war heritages are widely distributed. Its possible application scenarios include: in the tourism development with war heritages as the theme, the field structure can be used as a reference for tourism route design to enhance the fun of the tour. In the heritage protection planning, the field structure can also be used as a reference for the design of historical landscape corridors, and provide a basis for spatial route selection for different heritage protection and utilization strategies. In addition, the field structure can also provide an important supplement for the protection of non-material war heritages that can be used in spatial planning practice [25].

The complexity of the background of the generation of war heritages and the historical value brought by the transformation of several generations determine that the research on war heritages will be extremely challenging [26]. As a preliminary exploration of the spatial structure and historical logic construction of war heritages, this study inevitably has some limitations. For example, compared with other countries, the study of China’s war heritages has a significant role in patriotic education, so are there other technical differences? [27] As a kind of modern heritage, many elderly people have witnessed the historical evolution of the war heritages. How to integrate these collective memories into the concrete spatial structure to enrich the value of the war heritages? [28] In addition, continuous tracking and feedback on the social effects of war heritage display is also an important link in the whole life cycle protection of war heritages [29]. Continuous tracking and evaluation of the spatial structure of war heritages in Jinzhai County is one of the important directions of future research.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Professor Dong Wei for his support in the early research work and for his guidance in the writing process of the paper.

  1. Funding information: The research was supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities” (Number: NZ2024003) and “Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Fund project” (Number: 90YAH24018).

  2. Author contributions: PZ: put forward the main ideas and innovation points of the article, responsible for the construction of the structure of the article, data analysis, chart drawing, etc. WD: improve the main points of the article, explain the data analysis results, polish and modify the language, and provide funding and platform support for the field investigation.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-05-26
Revised: 2024-04-02
Accepted: 2024-04-03
Published Online: 2024-10-22

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  119. Modification of dolomitization on reservoir spaces in reef–shoal complex: A case study of Permian Changxing Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
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  129. Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
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  145. Assessing risk-prone areas in the Kratovska Reka catchment (North Macedonia) by integrating advanced geospatial analytics and flash flood potential index
  146. Analysis of the intensity of erosive processes and state of vegetation cover in the zone of influence of the Kolubara Mining Basin
  147. GIS-based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility using BWM-LSI: A case study – city of Smederevo (Serbia)
  148. Geospatial modeling of wildfire susceptibility on a national scale in Montenegro: A comparative evaluation of F-AHP and FR methodologies
  149. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
  150. Urban geoheritage and degradation risk assessment of the Sokograd fortress (Sokobanja, Eastern Serbia)
  151. Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
  152. Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
  153. Forest soil CO2 emission in Quercus robur level II monitoring site
  154. Characterization of glomalin proteins in soil: A potential indicator of erosion intensity
  155. Power of Terroir: Case study of Grašac at the Fruška Gora wine region (North Serbia)
  156. Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
  157. Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0636
Keywords for this article
war heritage; key historical events; field theory; monolithic structure; Jin Zhai; AHP
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  151. Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
  152. Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
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