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Spatial coupling relationship between metamorphic core complex and gold deposits: Constraints from geophysical electromagnetics

  • Xu Zhihe EMAIL logo , Shi Bin EMAIL logo , Fan Weiqing , Li Weidong , Wei Xuguang , Li Guangxiang , Wang Naichen and Yang Zhongjie
Published/Copyright: October 17, 2024
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The evolution of metamorphic core complexes is closely related to gold formation. Due to the thick cover and orebodies’ lying depth, exploration regularities, and metallogenic prediction have faced challenges. Therefore, new data were obtained through controlled-source audio magnetotelluric (MT) and broadband MT methods to predict the ore-bearing properties at depth and decipher the spatial coupling relationship, respectively. The results of broadband MT surveys allow us to identify the thick cover (apparent resistivity of 3,000 Ω m), the strongly deformed metamorphic rock (apparent resistivity of 18,000 Ω m), and two low-angle detachment faults (apparent resistivity from 5,000 to 8,000 Ω m). The fault-dip value on the left side is roughly 30°, while on the other side, the values significantly change from 30° to 75°, although they are in the same structure. Moreover, the controllable source audio MT method provides more detailed examinations of the right side fault. The proved ore-bearing gold orebodies were all located in the transition zone where the inclination angle changes from steep to gentle or gentle to steep. The discovery of this mineralization pattern allows us to evaluate the mining prospecting potential and predict the deep-seated metallogenic location. Based on the geotectonic environment and the geophysical profiles, we conclude that the coeval exhumation of the metamorphic core complex with non-symmetrical northwest-southeast shear senses may have resulted from a decratonization event during the retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Keywords: North China Craton; metamorphic core complex; ductile shear zone; gold deposit; geophysical method

1 Introduction

The mechanism behind the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) is a crucial topic in geology and geophysics. It directly contributes to unraveling models of continental formation evolution, understanding interactions between Earth’s spheres, comprehending metallogenic systems, and improving metallogenic prospecting predictions [1,2,3,4,5,6].

Since the higher degree of ductile deformation and magma mineralization activity in the Eastern NCC, large and super-large gold deposits are generally concentrated within the metamorphic core complexes in eastern Shandong, eastern Liaoning, and southern Jilin provinces (Figure 1) [1,7]. The mineralization age, ore-controlling structures, and ore-hosting rocks are closely resembled in the mentioned above provinces [8–14]. However, there is still an enormous class difference in proven gold reserves between Shandong (967.93 tons) and southern Jilin provinces (24.63 tons) [15–21]. This huge gap is often explained partly by differences in geodynamic settings. Limited by the hostile environment and substantial Quaternary cover in southern Jilin province, traditional geological methods can only analyze the finite information from surface or drill cores and cannot obtain effective information about strongly deformed metamorphic rock and low-angle detachment faults [21,22]. This would cause the ongoing debate surrounding the temporal and spatial relationship between the evolution of the metamorphic core complex and the metallogenic mechanism in southern Jilin.

Figure 1 Spatial distribution of major gold deposits and metamorphic core complex in the North China Craton (modified by Li et al., [31]).
Figure 1

Spatial distribution of major gold deposits and metamorphic core complex in the North China Craton (modified by Li et al., [31]).

In this study, we present new geophysical data obtained by broadband magnetotelluric (MT) methods to penetrate the thick cover and identify the metamorphic core complex. Moreover, controlled-source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT) provides more detail about the low-angle detachment fault and explores the deep-seated gold orebodies. The majority of orebodies are located in the fault where the inclination angle changes from steep to gentle or gentle to steep.

1.1 Geological setting

The Precambrian basement of the NCC is predominantly composed of Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite gneisses, along with felsic or mafic intrusions, and minor amounts of supracrustal rocks [23]. Subsequently, it underwent shallow-marine carbonate deposition during the Paleoproterozoic to Paleozoic eras. Throughout the Paleozoic to Mesozoic periods, the northern region of the NCC experienced multiple episodes of subduction and orogeny [20,24].

By the early Cretaceous, the tectonic evolution of the NCC led to the development of intra-continental rift basins, metamorphic core complexes, and significant mafic and felsic magmatic activity. These geological processes supplied abundant materials conducive to the formation of extensive gold deposits, contributing to the emergence of the region as a significant gold province [22].

Decratonic gold deposits as the most important type of gold are constituted by two important gold mineralization zones in the NCC: the East Gold Belt and the West Gold Belt [25–33]. Gold mineralization is intricately linked to profound deep/fluid modification and intense crust-mantle magmatism during large-scale decratonization. Typically, gold ore-forming materials are found concentrated in the secondary faults of regional fault systems [33]. Taking the Jiaodong gold province in the East Gold Belt as an example, quartz vein-type gold deposits (Linglong-style gold deposits) prevailed in the early stages, explored in shallow depths with a confirmed reserve of only 340 tons. However, the discovery of Jiaojia-type deposits within alteration patterns with fracture zones has reshaped the metallogenic theory, suggesting that deep-seated faults not only serve as ore-guiding structures but also directly preserve gold ore bodies [34].

Consequently, the development of the metallogenic mechanism of decratonic gold deposits has progressed through various stages, including greenstone belt processes, multisource long-term mineralization, magmatic hydrothermal types, mantle-derived mineralization, orogenic gold deposits, and thermal uplift-extension associated with NCC destruction [33–35]. According to this new theory, large and super-large gold deposits have been successively discovered in Linglong, Jiaojia, and Sanshandao, reaching depths of 1,500, 2,600, and 4,000 m. These ore bodies were all deposited within low-angle detachment fault zones, revealing newly identified gold resources totaling over 2,700 tons [34].

Moreover, the eastern Liaoning province has explored interlayer detachment zones using geophysical methods in the Wulong gold deposit at a depth of 3,000 m. Subsequently, the first sino-probe metal drilling for solid has been initiated in Northeast China, with the aim of exploring thousand-ton-grade gold concentration districts [35].

In southern Jilin province, there are only 21 identified gold deposits, comprising 2 medium-sized, 10 small-sized, and 9 gold points, with a total gold resource reserve of approximately 24.63 tons. The reasons for this disparity include: (1) geological explorations predominantly focusing on shallow engineering investigations [20]; (2) controversies surrounding ore genesis [22,23]; and (3) difficulty in satisfying the structural complexity and ore diversity using a single geophysical method or through delayed data processing.

1.2 Geological background of gold mineralization

The Nancha, Daqingshan, Huangchagou, Baligou, and Xiaosiping gold deposits are situated within an S-shaped ductile shear zone of the Laoling metamorphic core complex in the southern part of Jilin province [19,22,23,36,37]. This brittle–ductile fault zone trends northeast to southwest, covering a general width of four to five kilometers and a length of eighty kilometers. The zone primarily comprises mylonitized rock, protomylonite, mylonite, and rocks exhibiting ductile deformation fabrics. It also serves as the boundary between the Paleoproterozoic Zhenzhumen and Huashan formations (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Regional geological map of Laoling metamorphic core complex in south Jilin, North China Craton (modified by Liu et al., [25]). (1) Cenozoic; (2) Mesozoic; (3) Paleozoic; (4) Proterozoic; (5) Archean basement; (6) early Cretaceous granite; (7) early to middle Jurassic granite; (8) late Triassic granite; (9) Paleoproterozoic granite; (10) mafic to ultramafic intrusions; (11) fault zone; (12) S-shaped ductile brittle shear zone; (13) gold deposits; and (14) Laoling metamorphic core complex.
Figure 2

Regional geological map of Laoling metamorphic core complex in south Jilin, North China Craton (modified by Liu et al., [25]). (1) Cenozoic; (2) Mesozoic; (3) Paleozoic; (4) Proterozoic; (5) Archean basement; (6) early Cretaceous granite; (7) early to middle Jurassic granite; (8) late Triassic granite; (9) Paleoproterozoic granite; (10) mafic to ultramafic intrusions; (11) fault zone; (12) S-shaped ductile brittle shear zone; (13) gold deposits; and (14) Laoling metamorphic core complex.

Taking the Nancha gold deposit as an example, it is located in a contact zone between Cretaceous Xingfushan granitoids, Paleoproterozoic Zhenzhumen formation (consisting of dolomitic marble, carbonaceous schist, and carbonaceous phyllite), and Cretaceous Guosong Formation (comprising andesite, basaltic andesite, tuff, and rhyolite). The proven gold reserves are approximately 11 tons with an average grade of 6.59 g/t. The gold veins include auriferous quartz veins and auriferous altered rocks, typically controlled by the ductile shear zone, running in parallel orientations [19,22,23,34,36,37].

1.3 Geophysical setting of gold mineralization

Understanding the geological and geophysical setting is crucial for investigating regional ore formation, metallogenic principles, and forecasting prospects. Analyzing regional gravity or aeromagnetic anomaly map aids in distinguishing and delineating geological boundaries in plane [38–42].

The residual gravity low anomalies named by L-16 and L-15 in the central and eastern regions correspond to Caoshan and Mayihe mid-acid intrusive rocks. Meanwhile, anomalies L-3, L-9, and L-10 align with the Fusong volcanic basin in the eastern and southern areas. The elongated high gravity anomaly G-12 in the southwest likely relates to Proterozoic sedimentary metamorphic rocks (Figure 3a). Additionally, two axiolitic-shaped aeromagnetic high anomalies in the central region, corresponding to low gravity anomalies, further support the hypothesis of these being Caoshan and Mayihe granites. The mid-range of blue coloration is presumed to be associated with Paleozoic to Mesozoic strata. Moreover, weak positive magnetic anomalies scattered in the southern parts indicate Mesozoic intrusive and volcanic rocks. Notably, these gold deposits cluster around the transition zone from positive to negative geophysical abnormalities. Furthermore, the presence of large-scale linear gradients, anomalous dislocation zones, and diverse morphological geophysical abnormalities within the S-shaped ductile shear zone suggests that gold mineralization involved multiple origins, factors, and stages (Figure 3b).

Figure 3 Regional gravity and magnetic anomaly map of Laoling metamorphic core complex: (a) Residual gravity anomaly map and (b) reduction-to-the-pole of the magnetic anomalies.
Figure 3

Regional gravity and magnetic anomaly map of Laoling metamorphic core complex: (a) Residual gravity anomaly map and (b) reduction-to-the-pole of the magnetic anomalies.

2 Geophysical analytical methods

2.1 Geophysical profiles

The broadband MT data were acquired using the Aether 200 instrument from Crystal Earth Co., Ltd., USA. The data quality is excellent, requiring a collection time of no less than 10 h and covering a period range of 0.001–1,000 s. CSAMT data were collected using the V8 multifunctional electric workstation manufactured by Phoenix in Toronto, Canada (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Work principle sketch maps of electromagnetic method: (a) broadband electromagnetic method and (b) controlled source acoustic MT method.
Figure 4

Work principle sketch maps of electromagnetic method: (a) broadband electromagnetic method and (b) controlled source acoustic MT method.

Long-period MT and CSAMT methods, as non-seismic geophysical techniques, have the potential to overcome the complex geological challenges. They can accurately provide information about the spatial distribution of the metamorphic crystalline basement, low-angle detachment faults, Early Cretaceous intrusions, and gold deposits. These insights are instrumental in deciphering the spatial coupling relationship between faults and gold deposits, enabling exploration of potential ore bodies at depth. Accurately predicting the characteristics of a complex geological body necessitates the integration of information from various geophysical datasets and new inversion methods [43]. However, at the regional scale, the increasing scale and depth of original potential field data, such as gravity and aeromagnetism, pose challenges in identifying deep-seated faults and subtle mineralization-related anomalies. Recognizing that subsurface geological features vary in scale and depth, employing a combination of CSAMT and broadband MT (with a detection depth ranging from 0 to 10 km) proves to be a useful approach. Moreover, broadband MT or CSAMT profile can identify geological bodies at different depths. Several exceptionally big gold deposits have been found by broadband MT or CSAMT profile, for example, Jiaojia gold deposit, Xiadian gold deposit, Shanshandao gold deposit, and Wulong lode gold deposit [18,35,44]. Thus, broadband MT and CSAMT profiles were adopted to decrypt the gravity G-1 anomalies (Figure 3a).

2.2 Data processing

Geophysical electromagnetics data processing workflow generally can be broken into three parts: data preprocessing, multiple dimensional inversion, and interpretation.

The first step includes deleting jump point data, modifying duplicate data, correcting electrode coordinates, determining available frequency, and eliminating industrial and natural noise [45]. Source correction and static correction that can be eliminated by far reference and robust methods should be in progress before forward modeling, one-dimensional inversion, and two-dimensional inversion [45–48]. Then, geoelectric structure interpretation is obtained using the uniform telluric model in combination with multiple dimensional inversion results, geological, drilling, and geophysical petrophysics data (Figure 5). The lithosphere geoelectric structure is calculated by Occam inversion in transverse magnetic model [46–48]. The inversion models were discretized by several grid sizes with an initial uniform half-space resistivity of 100 Ω m. To ascertain the optimum value for the root mean square (RMS) misfit and the roughness for the Occam inversion, a number of inversions were performed [49]. After eight iterations, the model responses are well fitted to the observed data, and the preferred model is obtained with an average normalized RMS misfit of less than 5.0 for all sites.

Figure 5 Data processing and interpretation workflow chart of electromagnetic method.
Figure 5

Data processing and interpretation workflow chart of electromagnetic method.

3 Results

In contrast to the numerous geochemical and geochronological studies of the southern Jilin area, few studies have considered the geophysical aspects in the southern Jilin area. Geophysical electromagnetics has been widely used to detect the spatial distribution of different geological bodies and boundaries [45–47]. An accurate prediction of a complex geological body requires combined information from multiple geophysical datasets [46]. Thus, broadband MTs and CSAMT methods are adopted.

3.1 Broadband MT results

Taking into account the orientation of the metamorphic core complex and the S-shaped ductile shear zone, we opted for an NW–SE-trending geophysical profile comprising 20 long-period MT points with a length of 19,500 m.

Horizontally, the geophysical features reveal low resistivity anomalies (depicted in blue) at sites 0 to 9,000, indicative of Cretaceous volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Between sites 8,000 and 10,000, the identification of a linear resistivity gradient zone suggests robust deformation, associated with a series of northeast to southwest trending ductile shear zones (at sites 9,000, 9,500, and 10,000) (Figure 8). In the region spanning sites 10,000–16,000, the metamorphic core complex exhibits an ellipsoidal trend and is characterized by relatively strong high resistivity anomalies (depicted in red). In comparison to sites 8,000–10,000, the linear gradient zone is not symmetric to that at sites 13,000–15,000, indicating more pronounced linear deformation.

Figure 6 Two-dimensional inversion result of broadband MT.
Figure 6

Two-dimensional inversion result of broadband MT.

The presence of Paleoproterozoic strata (Huashan and Zhenzhumen formations) is inferred toward the end of the geophysical profile (depicted in the green zone). Vertically, the Cretaceous volcanic–sedimentary and Paleoproterozoic strata are buried at depths of less than 4,000 m. However, the metamorphic core complex, situated at depths exceeding 10,000 m, serves as the crystallization base for metamorphic processes in this area (Figure 6).

Figure 7 Comprehensive interpretation map of CSAMT profile. (a) Two-dimensional inversion result of CSAMT (with drillings) and (b) geological interpretation of CSAMT.
Figure 7

Comprehensive interpretation map of CSAMT profile. (a) Two-dimensional inversion result of CSAMT (with drillings) and (b) geological interpretation of CSAMT.

3.2 CSAMT results

Due to the limitations posed by the dead band, broadband MT, with weakened detectability in the frequency range of 1–5 kHz, faces challenges in accurately interpreting subsurface depths. In contrast, the CSAMT method has emerged as a robust technique, employing a strong artificial field source audio signal to discern subsurface structures at depths of up to 2 km [50]. The CSAMT profile is strategically positioned to encompass imbricate detachment structures in the southeast section of the broadband MT profile, aiding in the exploration of the spatial coupling relationship between faults and gold deposits.

Geophysical features within the region spanning sites 13,000–14,500 in the CSAMT profile mirror those identified in broadband MT, corresponding to Archean TTG gneisses. However, a significant shift in apparent resistivity (from 10,000 to 5,000 Ω m) at sites 13,800–14,000 is interpreted as a regional ductile shear zone, delineating the separation between Archean gneiss and Zhenzhumen marble (Figure 7). The results underscore the capability of CSAMT not only to enhance both global and local subsurface details but also to distinctly outline the geometry of ductile shear zones. A smoothed waveform, low resistivity anomaly observed between sites 14,200 and 14,300, serves to separate Zhenzhumen marble from the Dalizi phylites.

Figure 8 The formational schematic diagram of the Xinfang metamorphic core complex.
Figure 8

The formational schematic diagram of the Xinfang metamorphic core complex.

Vein-bound structures with a distinctive strike and dip become evident at site 14,200, where Daqingshan gold-quartz veins are predominantly distributed in turning points and gently dipping locations at depths ranging from −134.53 to −318.95 m (Figure 7a). The observed trend in the dip angle of the ductile shear zone, shifting from 75° to 30° and then 30° to 75°, suggests a history of multiple tectonic events and indicates promising prospects for exploration. Drilling activity labeled No. zk2101 successfully penetrated the ore-controlling fault, uncovering an industrial-grade gold deposit at a depth of 780 m. Consequently, there are high expectations for No. zk2302 to discover deep-seated gold bodies (Figure 7b).

4 Discussion

4.1 Relationship between gold mineralization and structures

Previous research has proposed various metallogenic mechanisms for the South Jilin gold deposit, including Carlin-type deposits [19], epithermal types, or those related to magmatic–hydrothermal processes [20] and meteoric processes [23]. However, these processes, rooted in subsurface characteristics of ore deposit geology, do not offer sufficiently deep explanations of their nature.

Evidently, the distribution of ore bodies in the Jinan area is structurally determined by the S-shaped brittle–ductile shear zone, suggesting that these deposits exhibit attributes of a fault-valve model. Due to episodic shearing during the evolution of a metamorphic core complex, cyclical fluctuation of metallogenic fluid, from lithostatic to hydrostatic, promotes the enrichment and deposition of gold [22]. The emplacement mechanism of Cretaceous intermediate-acid intrusives (low residual gravity anomaly and high aeromagnetic anomaly) into Archean crystalline basement triggered the detachment of overlying Paleoproterozoic metasediment (the Dataishan, Zhenzhumen, Huashan formations) [51]. Additionally, under the interaction between gravitational sliding and regional extension, the upside and downside blocks of this fault reoccurred to slide or detach. Subsequently, a mylonitization zone and secondary domino fault were formed below the detachment fault.

Electromagnetism has been used to detect the spatial distribution of different geological bodies [35]. In this study, the CSAMT profile reveals a distinct division of the brittle-ductile shear zone into five distinct phases: three faults with high obliquity and two gentle, low-angled faults (Figure 7a). Notably, the proven gold deposit occurs at the transition zone at a depth of −134.53 to −318.95 m (Figure 7b). It is noteworthy that the transition zone, where the initial high-obliquity fault transitions to a gentle, low-angled fault, also coincides with this same depth range. This transition zone is facilitated by the reduction in overburden pressure, which prompts the upward migration of ore-forming fluids within the gentle, low-angled fault, ultimately leading to the formation of gold ore bodies.

The lode-type gold deposits in Jilin province exhibit similar properties and attributes to those found in the Jiaodong gold province, as well as in the Liaodong province. Consequently, the prospecting potential in southern Jilin province is significant, particularly in the transition zone where the second high-obliquity fault transitions to the second low-angled fault at a certain depth (Figure 8).

4.2 Geodynamics of decratonic gold deposit in Jilin gold province

Metamorphic core complexes located in the margins of the NCC play a crucial role in governing a significant portion of gold mineralization, as illustrated in Figure 1 [27]. Notably, the Jiaojia, Pengjiakuang, Xinfang, and Paishanlou gold deposits are intricately associated with the Linglong, Queshan, Xinfang, and Waziyu metamorphic core complexes, respectively [51–53]. The temporal and spatial alignment of these occurrences provides compelling evidence that the evolution of metamorphic core complexes exerts a significant influence on gold mineralization.

In general, the gold element content in the Archean basement surpasses that in the continental crust by two to three times. The development of ductile shear zones during the extensional process of metamorphic core complexes further enhances the gold content in the initial source layer. Furthermore, the existence of thick sedimentary layers provides favorable sealing conditions for the accumulation of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids.

Lode-type gold deposits in Jilin province are typically associated with NNE-NE trending detachment faults, closely linked to the formation of the Laoling metamorphic core complex [6,13]. Various explanations, such as epithermal type or processes related to magmatic–hydrothermal activity, have been proposed to account for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes [54,55]. However, these theories struggle to elucidate the extended duration of the extensional period [56–58].

According to plate tectonic theory, the spatial and temporal distribution of metamorphic core complexes, coupled with widespread 130–110 Ma magmatism in the NCC, is likely explained by the progressive slab rollback of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Furthermore, evidence from the Songliao Basin, Late Jurassic sediments, indicates that the eastern margins of the NCC experienced an extensional setting.

Therefore, gold deposits within the Laoling metamorphic core complex are defined by the far-field stresses associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate, which initiates the temporal evolution of igneous activity and the structural configurations of gold deposits. The S-shaped ductile shear zone efficiently facilitates the rapid migration of auriferous fluids without the formation of extensive melts, thereby exerting control over the distribution of gold deposits (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Cartoon showing the geodynamics of decratonic gold deposits in Jilin province.
Figure 9

Cartoon showing the geodynamics of decratonic gold deposits in Jilin province.

5 Conclusions

  1. The broadband MT surveys reveal the strong heterogeneous characteristics of two ductile shear zones on either side of the Laoling metamorphic core complex.

  2. By combining the CSAMT results, the coeval exhumation of the metamorphic core complex with non-symmetrical northwest-southeast shear senses may have resulted from a decratonization event during the retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

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Acknowledgments

We greatly appreciate the Editor-in-Chief for their insightful and constructive comments and suggestions which greatly helped improve this article. We thank Professors Fengyue Sun and Zhengjiang Ding for their guidance and help in our study. This article is financially supported by the Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Application and Development of Big Data for Deep Gold Exploration (No. SDK202221) and Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining, Ministry of Natural Resources.

  1. Funding information: The Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining，Ministry of Natural Resources (No. LDKT-2023BZX-12), Langfang Science and Technology Research Funded Project (No. 2022013082).

  2. Author contributions: ZHX designed the surveys and carried them out. SB and FWQ performed the geophysical data processing and prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors. LWD, WXG, LGX, WNC, and YZJ performed the figures.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.

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Received: 2024-03-12
Revised: 2024-06-12
Accepted: 2024-06-24
Published Online: 2024-10-17

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0686
Keywords for this article
North China Craton; metamorphic core complex; ductile shear zone; gold deposit; geophysical method
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Theoretical magnetotelluric response of stratiform earth consisting of alternative homogeneous and transitional layers
  3. The research of common drought indexes for the application to the drought monitoring in the region of Jin Sha river
  4. Evolutionary game analysis of government, businesses, and consumers in high-standard farmland low-carbon construction
  5. On the use of low-frequency passive seismic as a direct hydrocarbon indicator: A case study at Banyubang oil field, Indonesia
  6. Water transportation planning in connection with extreme weather conditions; case study – Port of Novi Sad, Serbia
  7. Zircon U–Pb ages of the Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata in the Junggar Basin, NW China
  8. Monitoring of mangrove forests vegetation based on optical versus microwave data: A case study western coast of Saudi Arabia
  9. Microfacies analysis of marine shale: A case study of the shales of the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in the western Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, China
  10. Multisource remote sensing image fusion processing in plateau seismic region feature information extraction and application analysis – An example of the Menyuan Ms6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022
  11. Identification of magnetic mineralogy and paleo-flow direction of the Miocene-quaternary volcanic products in the north of Lake Van, Eastern Turkey
  12. Impact of fully rotating steel casing bored pile on adjacent tunnels
  13. Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas
  14. Petrogenesis of Jurassic granitic rocks in South China Block: Implications for events related to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate
  15. Differences in urban daytime and night block vitality based on mobile phone signaling data: A case study of Kunming’s urban district
  16. Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan
  17. Integrated geophysical approach for detection and size-geometry characterization of a multiscale karst system in carbonate units, semiarid Brazil
  18. Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value and analysis of driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta Region
  19. Deep fault sliding rates for Ka-Ping block of Xinjiang based on repeating earthquakes
  20. Improved deep learning segmentation of outdoor point clouds with different sampling strategies and using intensities
  21. Platform margin belt structure and sedimentation characteristics of Changxing Formation reefs on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough, eastern Sichuan Basin, China
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  23. Flood risk assessment, a case study in an arid environment of Southeast Morocco
  24. Lower limits of physical properties and classification evaluation criteria of the tight reservoir in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area of the Kuqa depression
  25. Evaluation of Viaducts’ contribution to road network accessibility in the Yunnan–Guizhou area based on the node deletion method
  26. Permian tectonic switch of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from magmatism in the southern Alxa region, NW China
  27. Element geochemical differences in lower Cambrian black shales with hydrothermal sedimentation in the Yangtze block, South China
  28. Three-dimensional finite-memory quasi-Newton inversion of the magnetotelluric based on unstructured grids
  29. Obliquity-paced summer monsoon from the Shilou red clay section on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
  30. Classification and logging identification of reservoir space near the upper Ordovician pinch-out line in Tahe Oilfield
  31. Ultra-deep channel sand body target recognition method based on improved deep learning under UAV cluster
  32. New formula to determine flyrock distance on sedimentary rocks with low strength
  33. Assessing the ecological security of tourism in Northeast China
  34. Effective reservoir identification and sweet spot prediction in Chang 8 Member tight oil reservoirs in Huanjiang area, Ordos Basin
  35. Detecting heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to sports facilities for adolescents at fine scale: A case study in Changsha, China
  36. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil nutrients by soft rock and sand remodeling
  37. Vibration prediction with a method based on the absorption property of blast-induced seismic waves: A case study
  38. A new look at the geodynamic development of the Ediacaran–early Cambrian forearc basalts of the Tannuola-Khamsara Island Arc (Central Asia, Russia): Conclusions from geological, geochemical, and Nd-isotope data
  39. Spatio-temporal analysis of the driving factors of urban land use expansion in China: A study of the Yangtze River Delta region
  40. Selection of Euler deconvolution solutions using the enhanced horizontal gradient and stable vertical differentiation
  41. Phase change of the Ordovician hydrocarbon in the Tarim Basin: A case study from the Halahatang–Shunbei area
  42. Using interpretative structure model and analytical network process for optimum site selection of airport locations in Delta Egypt
  43. Geochemistry of magnetite from Fe-skarn deposits along the central Loei Fold Belt, Thailand
  44. Functional typology of settlements in the Srem region, Serbia
  45. Hunger Games Search for the elucidation of gravity anomalies with application to geothermal energy investigations and volcanic activity studies
  46. Addressing incomplete tile phenomena in image tiling: Introducing the grid six-intersection model
  47. Evaluation and control model for resilience of water resource building system based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and its application
  48. MIF and AHP methods for delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi District, India
  49. New database for the estimation of dynamic coefficient of friction of snow
  50. Measuring urban growth dynamics: A study in Hue city, Vietnam
  51. Comparative models of support-vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and decision tree ‎predication approaches for landslide ‎susceptibility analysis
  52. Experimental study on the influence of clay content on the shear strength of silty soil and mechanism analysis
  53. Geosite assessment as a contribution to the sustainable development of Babušnica, Serbia
  54. Using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for road transportation services management based on remote sensing and GIS technology
  55. Accumulation mechanism of multi-type unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Northern China: Taking Hari Sag of the Yin’e Basin as an example
  56. TOC prediction of source rocks based on the convolutional neural network and logging curves – A case study of Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag
  57. A method for fast detection of wind farms from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis
  58. Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification in Southwest China based on GIS and geodetector
  59. Physicochemical and mineralogical composition studies of clays from Share and Tshonga areas, Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implications for Geophagia
  60. Geochemical sedimentary records of eutrophication and environmental change in Chaohu Lake, East China
  61. Research progress of freeze–thaw rock using bibliometric analysis
  62. Mixed irrigation affects the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community
  63. Examining the swelling potential of cohesive soils with high plasticity according to their index properties using GIS
  64. Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin
  65. Usability of PPGIS tools exemplified by geodiscussion – a tool for public participation in shaping public space
  66. Efficient development technology of Upper Paleozoic Lower Shihezi tight sandstone gas reservoir in northeastern Ordos Basin
  67. Assessment of soil resources of agricultural landscapes in Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on agrochemical indexes
  68. Evaluating the impact of DEM interpolation algorithms on relief index for soil resource management
  69. Petrogenetic relationship between plutonic and subvolcanic rocks in the Jurassic Shuikoushan complex, South China
  70. A novel workflow for shale lithology identification – A case study in the Gulong Depression, Songliao Basin, China
  71. Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Fei-3 Member of Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic, Puguang area
  72. Impact of high-speed railway network on county-level accessibility and economic linkage in Jiangxi Province, China: A spatio-temporal data analysis
  73. Estimation model of wild fractional vegetation cover based on RGB vegetation index and its application
  74. Lithofacies, petrography, and geochemistry of the Lamphun oceanic plate stratigraphy: As a record of the subduction history of Paleo-Tethys in Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone of Thailand
  75. Structural features and tectonic activity of the Weihe Fault, central China
  76. Application of the wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform in stratigraphic sequence division of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Southwest Sichuan Basin
  77. Structural detachment influences the shale gas preservation in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  78. Distribution law of Chang 7 Member tight oil in the western Ordos Basin based on geological, logging and numerical simulation techniques
  79. Evaluation of alteration in the geothermal province west of Cappadocia, Türkiye: Mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, and remote sensing data
  80. Numerical modeling of site response at large strains with simplified nonlinear models: Application to Lotung seismic array
  81. Quantitative characterization of granite failure intensity under dynamic disturbance from energy standpoint
  82. Characteristics of debris flow dynamics and prediction of the hazardous area in Bangou Village, Yanqing District, Beijing, China
  83. Rockfall mapping and susceptibility evaluation based on UAV high-resolution imagery and support vector machine method
  84. Statistical comparison analysis of different real-time kinematic methods for the development of photogrammetric products: CORS-RTK, CORS-RTK + PPK, RTK-DRTK2, and RTK + DRTK2 + GCP
  85. Hydrogeological mapping of fracture networks using earth observation data to improve rainfall–runoff modeling in arid mountains, Saudi Arabia
  86. Petrography and geochemistry of pegmatite and leucogranite of Ntega-Marangara area, Burundi, in relation to rare metal mineralisation
  87. Prediction of formation fracture pressure based on reinforcement learning and XGBoost
  88. Hazard zonation for potential earthquake-induced landslide in the eastern East Kunlun fault zone
  89. Monitoring water infiltration in multiple layers of sandstone coal mining model with cracks using ERT
  90. Study of the patterns of ice lake variation and the factors influencing these changes in the western Nyingchi area
  91. Productive conservation at the landslide prone area under the threat of rapid land cover changes
  92. Sedimentary processes and patterns in deposits corresponding to freshwater lake-facies of hyperpycnal flow – An experimental study based on flume depositional simulations
  93. Study on time-dependent injectability evaluation of mudstone considering the self-healing effect
  94. Detection of objects with diverse geometric shapes in GPR images using deep-learning methods
  95. Behavior of trace metals in sedimentary cores from marine and lacustrine environments in Algeria
  96. Spatiotemporal variation pattern and spatial coupling relationship between NDVI and LST in Mu Us Sandy Land
  97. Formation mechanism and oil-bearing properties of gravity flow sand body of Chang 63 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing area, Ordos Basin
  98. Diagenesis of marine-continental transitional shale from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, China
  99. Vertical high-velocity structures and seismic activity in western Shandong Rise, China: Case study inspired by double-difference seismic tomography
  100. Spatial coupling relationship between metamorphic core complex and gold deposits: Constraints from geophysical electromagnetics
  101. Disparities in the geospatial allocation of public facilities from the perspective of living circles
  102. Research on spatial correlation structure of war heritage based on field theory. A case study of Jinzhai County, China
  103. Formation mechanisms of Qiaoba-Zhongdu Danxia landforms in southwestern Sichuan Province, China
  104. Magnetic data interpretation: Implication for structure and hydrocarbon potentiality at Delta Wadi Diit, Southeastern Egypt
  105. Deeply buried clastic rock diagenesis evolution mechanism of Dongdaohaizi sag in the center of Junggar fault basin, Northwest China
  106. Application of LS-RAPID to simulate the motion of two contrasting landslides triggered by earthquakes
  107. The new insight of tectonic setting in Sunda–Banda transition zone using tomography seismic. Case study: 7.1 M deep earthquake 29 August 2023
  108. The critical role of c and φ in ensuring stability: A study on rockfill dams
  109. Evidence of late quaternary activity of the Weining-Shuicheng Fault in Guizhou, China
  110. Extreme hydroclimatic events and response of vegetation in the eastern QTP since 10 ka
  111. Spatial–temporal effect of sea–land gradient on landscape pattern and ecological risk in the coastal zone: A case study of Dalian City
  112. Study on the influence mechanism of land use on carbon storage under multiple scenarios: A case study of Wenzhou
  113. A new method for identifying reservoir fluid properties based on well logging data: A case study from PL block of Bohai Bay Basin, North China
  114. Comparison between thermal models across the Middle Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Eastern Llanos basins in Colombia
  115. Mineralogical and elemental analysis of Kazakh coals from three mines: Preliminary insights from mode of occurrence to environmental impacts
  116. Chlorite-induced porosity evolution in multi-source tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Shaximiao Formation in western Sichuan Basin
  117. Predicting stability factors for rotational failures in earth slopes and embankments using artificial intelligence techniques
  118. Origin of Late Cretaceous A-type granitoids in South China: Response to the rollback and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate
  119. Modification of dolomitization on reservoir spaces in reef–shoal complex: A case study of Permian Changxing Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
  120. Geological characteristics of the Daduhe gold belt, western Sichuan, China: Implications for exploration
  121. Rock physics model for deep coal-bed methane reservoir based on equivalent medium theory: A case study of Carboniferous-Permian in Eastern Ordos Basin
  122. Enhancing the total-field magnetic anomaly using the normalized source strength
  123. Shear wave velocity profiling of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, utilizing the multi-channel analysis of surface waves method
  124. Effect of coal facies on pore structure heterogeneity of coal measures: Quantitative characterization and comparative study
  125. Inversion method of organic matter content of different types of soils in black soil area based on hyperspectral indices
  126. Detection of seepage zones in artificial levees: A case study at the Körös River, Hungary
  127. Tight sandstone fluid detection technology based on multi-wave seismic data
  128. Characteristics and control techniques of soft rock tunnel lining cracks in high geo-stress environments: Case study of Wushaoling tunnel group
  129. Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
  130. Study on sedimentary model of Shanxi Formation – Lower Shihezi Formation in Da 17 well area of Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin
  131. Multi-scenario territorial spatial simulation and dynamic changes: A case study of Jilin Province in China from 1985 to 2030
  132. Review Articles
  133. Major ascidian species with negative impacts on bivalve aquaculture: Current knowledge and future research aims
  134. Prediction and assessment of meteorological drought in southwest China using long short-term memory model
  135. Communication
  136. Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models
  137. Erratum
  138. Erratum to “Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan”
  139. Special Issue: Natural Resources and Environmental Risks: Towards a Sustainable Future - Part I
  140. Spatial-temporal and trend analysis of traffic accidents in AP Vojvodina (North Serbia)
  141. Exploring environmental awareness, knowledge, and safety: A comparative study among students in Montenegro and North Macedonia
  142. Determinants influencing tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye – Impact of earthquake hazards on Serbian visitors’ preferences
  143. Application of remote sensing in monitoring land degradation: A case study of Stanari municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  144. Optimizing agricultural land use: A GIS-based assessment of suitability in the Sana River Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  145. Assessing risk-prone areas in the Kratovska Reka catchment (North Macedonia) by integrating advanced geospatial analytics and flash flood potential index
  146. Analysis of the intensity of erosive processes and state of vegetation cover in the zone of influence of the Kolubara Mining Basin
  147. GIS-based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility using BWM-LSI: A case study – city of Smederevo (Serbia)
  148. Geospatial modeling of wildfire susceptibility on a national scale in Montenegro: A comparative evaluation of F-AHP and FR methodologies
  149. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
  150. Urban geoheritage and degradation risk assessment of the Sokograd fortress (Sokobanja, Eastern Serbia)
  151. Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
  152. Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
  153. Forest soil CO2 emission in Quercus robur level II monitoring site
  154. Characterization of glomalin proteins in soil: A potential indicator of erosion intensity
  155. Power of Terroir: Case study of Grašac at the Fruška Gora wine region (North Serbia)
  156. Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
  157. Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
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