Startseite Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
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Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum

  • Jun Wang , Linxiang Liu und Jianwei Jiang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. März 2021
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 19 Heft 1

Abstract

Flavonoids are common bioactive components in plants. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid in the human diet, accounting for more than half of the total daily consumption of flavonoids. In this study, adsorption and electrocatalytic activities of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum on an electrode was studied via homemade electrodes. An in situ UV-Visible thin-layer spectroelectrochemical method was used to study the electrochemical behavior of quercetin in detail and to explore its electrochemical reaction mechanism. This experiment proves that UV-Vis thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry is a feasible way for studying the electrochemical reaction mechanism of flavonoids in plants.

Keywords: flavonoids; spectroelectrochemistry; electrochemical reaction mechanism; Zanthoxylum bungeanum ; quercetin

1 Introduction

Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a kind of plant resource with high edible and medicinal value [1,2]. The chemical components of Z. bungeanum mainly include volatile oils, alkaloids, amides, coumarins, and flavones. Flavonoids are a kind of common bioactive component in plants [3,4]. In recent years, quercetin, hyperoside, anisidine, arbutin, and rutin have been isolated from the pericarp of Z. bungeanum [5,6].

Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid in the human diet, accounting for more than half of the total daily consumption of flavonoids. Ionizing radiation can produce a large number of free radicals and cause a series of free radical reactions, including lipid peroxidation [7,8,9]. Excessive free radicals are harmful and can lead to changes in the cellular structure and the destruction of cellular functions, which may cause cancer, increased ageing, cardiovascular disease, and other health concerns. Quercetin can combine with Fe(iii) and Mn(ii) ions, and its role as an antioxidant may be achieved by affecting the internal balance of metal ions, thus changing their oxidation state in cells [10,11,12,13]. NO is a messenger molecule found in recent years, which is a part of many physiological activities. Excessive NO production in the brain can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Quercetin can inhibit the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner and thus shows a preventive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the incubation of 10 mg of quercetin with the HepG2 cell line can effectively inhibit the binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B and protect against injuries induced by H2O2 [14,15,16].

Electrochemical methods have been widely used for studying the antioxidation activity of natural antioxidants; in addition, these methods have been used for the analysis and detection of natural antioxidants [17,18,19]. The main research contents of electrochemical methods can be summarized as the electrochemical detection of flavonoids and the kinetic study of electrode processes. However, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants and the interaction between natural antioxidants and natural oxidants have also been reported [20,21]. Cyclic voltammetry, as a simple and fast electrochemical method, has been used by many researchers to detect antioxidants [22,23,24]. Differential pulse voltammetry, oscillopolarography, and flow injection amperometric methods have also been used in the analysis of natural antioxidants [25,26,27]. Choosing a suitable method is the key for improving detection sensitivity. By using electrochemical theories and methods, the reversibility of a reaction can be obtained from the electrochemical data, and the apparent kinetic parameters, such as the number of electron transfers, rate constants, exchange current densities, and transfer coefficients, can be obtained; furthermore, the intermediate particles and products can be detected [28,29].

Spectroelectrochemistry is an interdisciplinary field developed in chronology. A simple electrochemical measurement technique can only obtain indirect information about the interfacial structure and reaction history of the electrode solution [30,31]. The main disadvantage of electrochemical techniques is that they only have pure electrochemical measurements and lack the characteristics of the electrode reaction molecules; thus, there is no useful information about reaction products or intermediates [32]. Spectroelectrochemistry is a method that combines spectroscopy and electrochemical methods to simultaneously measure an electrolytic cell. Generally, the spectroelectrochemical spectrum uses electrochemistry as the excitation signal, and the response of the system to the electrical excitation signal is monitored by the spectroscopic technology [33,34]. The two are closely combined to exert their respective advantages. In this way, a variety of information can be obtained at the same time, which provides a very powerful research method for studying the electrode process mechanism and electrode surface characteristics, along with identifying the intermediates of reaction processes, transient states, and product properties; moreover, certain electrochemical parameters can be measured [35,36].

It is often difficult to study the redox reaction of drugs in vivo. According to the research characteristics of medicinal chemistry, people often choose electrochemical techniques to study the electron transfer properties of drugs for simulating or assisting the exploration of the redox process of drugs in vivo [37,38]. Chemical reactions of drug molecules often occur in multiple steps, and the reaction mechanism is complex; therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine them by general methods [39,40,41]. UV-Vis spectroscopy has unique advantages in identifying reactive substances, especially the transient states and intermediates of the reaction. Therefore, UV-Vis spectroscopy can immediately provide considerable information about reactants, intermediates, and products, thereby making it a powerful method to study electrochemical reactions and mechanisms [42,43]. Many drug molecules have characteristic absorption in the ultraviolet-visible region, which makes it possible to study the properties of drug molecules by spectroelectrochemistry. The thin-layer spectroelectrochemical measurement requires a short electrolysis time, which makes it easy to control the directional electron transfer properties of drug molecules, and the drug distribution in the thin-layer solution is uniform [44,45]. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry can also be used to study the adsorption properties of drugs on electrode surfaces.

The purpose of this study is to enhance adsorption and electrocatalytic activities of quercetin on the electrode by using homemade electrodes and to use in situ UV-Visible thin-layer spectroelectrochemical methods to study the electrochemical behavior of quercetin in detail and explore its electrochemical reaction mechanism.

2 Experimental

All reagents were of analytical grade. Paraffin wax and graphite powder were spectrally pure, and other reagents were analytically pure. Quercetin was isolated from Z. bungeanum (inset of Figure 1). When designing a thin-layer electrochemical cell, to avoid modifying the sample cell of the spectrophotometer, a common cuvette was directly used as the cell body. The research electrode should be easily fixed and removed for grinding and cleaning before the experimental test.

Figure 1 CV curves of quercetin in different pH values of B–R buffer solutions (0.1 M). Scan rate: 50 mV/s.
Figure 1

CV curves of quercetin in different pH values of B–R buffer solutions (0.1 M). Scan rate: 50 mV/s.

To obtain the changes in the concentrations of reactants and products in the thin-layer liquid phase during the electrode reaction, the parallel incidence method was adopted, that is, the incident light was projected across the electrode surface in parallel with the electrode surface. For the light path of the Shimadzu UV-Vis 2550 spectrophotometer used in the experiment, the electrode surface should be inserted vertically into the cuvette. A certain slit was formed by a gasket of a certain thickness at the upper and lower ends of the electrode plate, and another baffle was used in the cuvette. This slit formed a thin layer of electrolyte, and the thickness was the thickness of the gasket. The thickness of the thin pool could be adjusted by changing the thickness of the gasket.

A certain amount of quercetin stock solution was taken and diluted with a certain amount of buffer to obtain the required concentration of quercetin solution. A cuvette was filled with a certain amount of quercetin solution. The research electrode was inserted, and the thin cell was filled with solution to drive out air bubbles. The reference electrode and the platinum mesh auxiliary electrode were inserted, and a syringe was used to aspirate excess solution. The cuvette was inserted into the sample cell of the spectrophotometer, and leads of the three electrodes were led out of the test system. The quercetin was scanned by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis, and the scanning spectrum and absorbance–time curve of the thin-layer cell solution were recorded.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

Figure 1 shows the large range of CV curves of quercetin in B–R buffer solution (0.1 M) at different pH values. It can be seen from the figure that with the increase in the pH value, redox peak potentials of quercetin are negatively shifted, and the peak current tends to be smaller. When the pH value reaches 12, almost no redox peak appears. When pH = 1.8, the system shows the best CV curve, with a good peak shape and large peak current. This behavior change may be caused by the hydrolysis of quercetin. Therefore, pH of 1.8 was selected for further study.

Figure 2 shows the repeated scanning of the UV-Vis spectrum of the solution in the thin-layer cell during the constant potential oxidation process that was within the potential range of the first oxidation peak. At the beginning of the scanning, there are two maximum absorption peaks at 369 and 255 nm, which were the characteristic absorption peaks of quercetin. The absorption band of the first long wavelength is mainly due to the transition between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) [46]. Due to the HOMO–LUMO conversion, the electron charge density of the B-ring shifts to the carbonyl bond of the C-ring [47]. Other transformations are the redistribution of charge throughout the molecule. For these compounds, the UV-Vis spectrum cannot distinguish the detailed structure of the molecule.

Figure 2 UV absorption spectrum of quercetin in a thin-layer cell during 0.47 V constant potential oxidation.
Figure 2

UV absorption spectrum of quercetin in a thin-layer cell during 0.47 V constant potential oxidation.

Figure 3 shows the change in the absorbance of quercetin on the quercetin electrode in the thin-layer cell under open-circuit conditions. As time passes, Abs369nm starts to decrease from the initial maximum value to a limit value, indicating that quercetin has a certain adsorption on the electrode surface. If the concentration of quercetin is increased, the time needed to reach adsorption equilibrium will increase accordingly [48]. When the electrode surface is replaced by a polyethylene plate, Abs369nm did not change over time, indicating that quercetin adsorption is carried out on the electrode surface rather than on the polyethylene plate.

Figure 3 Absorbance time curve of quercetin in a thin-layer cell under the open-circuit condition.
Figure 3

Absorbance time curve of quercetin in a thin-layer cell under the open-circuit condition.

Figure 4 shows the in situ kinetic tests of quercetin and its oxidation products in the thin-layer cell at 369 and 293 nm, respectively. In the course of repeated EMF scanning, the absorbance of the thin-layer solution shows periodic changes at both wavelengths. During forward scanning, Abs369nm decreases with time, while Abs293nm increases, which corresponds to the decrease in the quercetin concentration and the increase in the product concentration. In the back sweep of potential, due to the opposite electrode process, the product is reduced, so the corresponding absorbance change is also opposite to that of the forward sweep. However, the amplitude of the change is smaller than that during forward scanning, especially in the case of a slow scan (Figure 4a). With the increase in the number of scanning cycles, the overall Abs369nm shows a decreasing trend, while the overall Abs293nm shows an increasing trend (Figure 4a and b). At the same time, Figure 4a and b clearly shows that not only quercetin is preadsorbed on the electrode surface before the power is turned on participating in the electron transfer reaction but also quercetin and its products in solution participate in the reaction through the preadsorption and subsequent desorption steps [49,50].

Figure 4 The dual wavelength absorbance time curve in the scanning process of quercetin cyclic potential: (a) scanning range: 0.3–0.5 V; quercetin concentration: 50 μm; pH = 1.8; scanning speed: 5 mV/s; number of cycles: 8. (b) Scanning speed: 50 mV/s; number of cycles: 16. (c) Scanning speed: 5 V/s; number of cycles: 1,500.
Figure 4

The dual wavelength absorbance time curve in the scanning process of quercetin cyclic potential: (a) scanning range: 0.3–0.5 V; quercetin concentration: 50 μm; pH = 1.8; scanning speed: 5 mV/s; number of cycles: 8. (b) Scanning speed: 50 mV/s; number of cycles: 16. (c) Scanning speed: 5 V/s; number of cycles: 1,500.

It is generally believed that for a quasi-reversible reaction, the reversibility of the system will decrease with the increasing scanning speed. Comparing Figure 4a and b, it can be seen that the studied reaction has high reversibility at high scanning speeds, which is contrary to the performance of typical quasi-reversible reactions [51,52]. When the scanning speed is fast enough (Figure 4c), Abs369nm and Abs293nm hardly change with the number of cycles, showing the properties of a nearly ideal reversible system.

Figure 5 shows the cyclic voltammetry curve obtained from a wide range of potential scans. A significant feature is that in the subsequent cycle, the oxidation peaks (except A2) and reduction peaks decrease significantly. A2 becomes the main oxidation peak. In addition, at least from the second cycle, the reactants of A2 did not come from the products of A1. It can also be seen that A3 is a composite peak. In the second cycle, there are two small peaks attributed to A3 in the potential range. In addition, the reduction peaks on the curve are all very wide composite peaks.

Figure 5 Cyclic voltammetric curves scanned between 0 and 0.9 V in 0.1 M B–R buffer solution. Scan rate: 50 mV/s.
Figure 5

Cyclic voltammetric curves scanned between 0 and 0.9 V in 0.1 M B–R buffer solution. Scan rate: 50 mV/s.

Figure 6a shows the absorbance time curve of the quercetin solution during cyclic potential scanning at a rate of 5 mV/s and in the range of 0–0.9 V. It can be seen that Abs369nm decreases to a very small value in the first forward scanning process, which makes the overall change in the subsequent scanning process small. Accordingly, Abs293nm also reaches a high value in the first scan, which is similar to when the sweep speed is high. This result indicates that most quercetin in the thin-layer solution takes part in the reaction during the first forward scan, but the products in the solution are not significantly reduced back to their original forms during the reverse scan. It can be concluded that quercetin has been continuously adsorbed on the electrode surface to participate in the aforementioned oxidation reaction over the whole potential range of a 0.9 V sweep potential [53]. During the subsequent cycle, Abs293nm shows periodic absorbance changes that are synchronized with the cyclic potential scanning, especially when the scanning speed is high (Figure 6b and c). However, it is remarkable that Abs293nm decreases in the forward scan and increases in the reverse scan, which is the opposite of the periodicity of oxidation products and reduction products during cyclic scanning. The main reason for this phenomenon can be attributed to the influence of the added electrode potential on the adsorption of the product. In the back sweep of the potential, the product is driven by the interfacial electric field to desorb from the electrode surface into the solution and then adsorb to the electrode surface again during the forward sweep of the potential. During forward scanning, the electrode surface is covered by the continuous adsorption of the final product [54]. Figure 6a also shows that Abs369nm shows a less obvious periodic change, which is opposite to that of Abs293nm, indicating the competitive adsorption between the residual quercetin and final oxidation products on the electrode surface. In Figure 6a, we see a more complex periodic absorption wave, but it disappears when the scanning speed increases (Figure 6b and c). This complex wave appears simultaneously with the cyclic voltammetry peak, which is clearly related to the formation of oxidation products. When these products are formed on the electrode surface, they diffuse to the thin-layer solution due to supersaturation on the electrode surface. Then, with the positive change in potential, these products are adsorbed on the electrode surface, which results in the absorption wave. Because the adsorption and desorption process of oxidation products is relatively slow, this step is skipped when the scanning speed is fast.

Figure 6 The dual wavelength absorbance time curve in the scanning process of quercetin cyclic potential: (a) scanning range: 0.0–0.9 V; quercetin concentration: 50 μm; pH = 1.8; scanning speed: 5 mV/s; number of cycle: 1. (b) Scanning speed: 10 mV/s; number of cycles: 5. (c) Scanning speed: 100 mV/s; number of cycles: 50.
Figure 6

The dual wavelength absorbance time curve in the scanning process of quercetin cyclic potential: (a) scanning range: 0.0–0.9 V; quercetin concentration: 50 μm; pH = 1.8; scanning speed: 5 mV/s; number of cycle: 1. (b) Scanning speed: 10 mV/s; number of cycles: 5. (c) Scanning speed: 100 mV/s; number of cycles: 50.

4 Conclusion

In the homemade 0.2 mm-thick thin-layer electrochemical cell, the absorbance at two wavelengths expresses a good response to the electrochemical reaction process, thereby quickly and accurately showing the electrochemical reaction process. The oxidation behavior of quercetin is a chain reaction. The results show that quercetin adsorbed on the electrode surface and in the solution participates in the electrode reaction at the same time, and the electrode has strong adsorption behavior toward quercetin and its various oxidation products at high potentials. This experiment proves that UV-Vis thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry is a feasible way to study the electrochemical reaction mechanism of flavonoids in plants.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by Zhejiang scientific traditional Chinese medicine research fund (2016ZB020).

  2. Author contributions: J. J.: conceptualization; J. J., J. W.: data curation; J. W. and J. J.: methodology; L. L.: formal analysis; J. W.: writing—original draft; J. J.: review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2020-07-16
Revised: 2021-01-30
Accepted: 2021-02-09
Published Online: 2021-03-09

© 2021 Jun Wang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
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  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0031
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
flavonoids; spectroelectrochemistry; electrochemical reaction mechanism; Zanthoxylum bungeanum; quercetin
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
  13. Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form
  14. Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases
  15. Computational studies by molecular docking of some antiviral drugs with COVID-19 receptors are an approach to medication for COVID-19
  16. Synthesis of amides and esters containing furan rings under microwave-assisted conditions
  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
  18. Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents
  19. Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity
  20. A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity
  21. Assessing encapsulation of curcumin in cocoliposome: In vitro study
  22. Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity
  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
  24. Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy
  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
  26. Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry
  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
  28. Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
  31. A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
  32. On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O
  33. Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
  34. Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol
  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
  56. Potency and selectivity indices of Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace chloroform extract against non-clinical and clinical human pathogens
  57. Simple modifications of nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acids toward new weapons against plant diseases
  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
  62. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells
  63. Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
  64. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature
  65. Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques
  66. Study on the speciation of arsenic in the genuine medicinal material honeysuckle
  67. Two Cu(ii)-based coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment activity on periodontitis
  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
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Heruntergeladen am 6.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2021-0031/html?lang=de
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