Home Physical Sciences Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
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Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development

  • Pham Minh Quan EMAIL logo , Le Thi Thuy Huong , Tran Quoc Toan , Nguyen Phi Hung , Pham Hai Nam , Ngo Tuan Kiet , Nguyen Xuan Ha , Dang Thi Thanh Le , Ton Nu Thuy An , Pau Loke Show and Hai Ha Pham Thi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 21, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

This study contributes to anti-malarial research effort by conducting in silico assessment of 125 compounds originated from Cannabis sativa L. against plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase (pfDHFR-TS) enzyme for potential inhibition activity. Drug-like and pharmacokinetic criteria were used to assess the drug-like properties of the studied compounds. AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina software were used to calculate the possible binding pose of the studied compounds to pfDHFR-TS enzyme. The docking procedure was validated using two known inhibitors cycloguanil and WR99210. 65 out of 125 compounds violated no more than 2 of Lipinski’s rule of five and were sorted out as favorable for drug development. Amongst these 65 compounds, pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity evaluation identified 60 compounds that meet the criteria of drug-like properties and were subjected to further docking studies. Docking outcomes identified 10 compounds including compounds 4, 9, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 42, 43, and 59 as potential candidates for inhibiting the function of pfDHFR-TS at the active site through hydrogen bonds with Ile14, Asp54, and Ile 164 residues. Compound 9 is considered as the top “hit” with docking energy far more exceeding those of the standard compounds. High correlation coefficient between the docking energy of AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina was recorded with the value of R 2 = 0.74.

Keywords: virtual screening; molecular docking; pfDHFR-TS; anti-malarial compounds; Cannabis sativa L.; Plasmodium falciparum

1 Introduction

Malaria represents a considerable threat to public health, not only in the past, but also in recent period where the disease was reported to be responsible for approximately 405,000 death worldwide [1,2]. The etiologies of malaria is explored due to the development of protozoan parasite of the genus plasmodium in erythrocytes through a bite of female anopheles mosquito [3]. According to literature studies, it is well recognized that Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax (accounts for 99.7% of all cases in 2018) have developed resistance to nearly all the currently available antimalarial drugs, such as sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, mefloquine, halofantrine, and quinine, thus posing significant threat to malarial control and results in increased malarial morbidity and mortality.

Amongst current treatment methods, folate metabolism is known as one of the best targets for drug development [4]. It includes two important enzymes, dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase (DHFR-TS) and dihydropteroate synthase. The inhibition of these two enzymes might abrogate essential folate cofactors for DNA synthesis and metabolism of several amino acids [5]. Up to date, many antifolate drugs have been developed for the treatment; however, it is increasingly susceptible to the resistance in malaria parasite. Mutations occur in the active site of the two enzymes, directly affecting the binding ability of drugs and resulting in diminished long-term efficiency [6]. In addition, these types of drugs were reported to have several side effects on bone marrow, skin, and hair [7]. Due to the burden this disease causes to the health and social systems, more novel agents are still in urgent need, especially the one originated from natural sources with less side effects during treatment. Cannabis sativa L. has been well studied in terms of chemical composition with hundreds of compounds being identified so far and they are rich in cannabinoids, flavonoids, sophoroside, etc. Amongst them, several flavonoids were reported in previous studies for potential antimalarial activity [8,9], thus, suggesting this species is an interesting natural source for further investigation. In this study, a set of 125 compounds from Cannabis sativa L. were assessed for drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties and then, molecular docking study was conducted against enzyme pfDHFR-TS to find potential inhibitors for further drug development.

2 Experimental methods

2.1 Protein and ligand preparation

Among 14 structures of enzyme pfDHFR-TS available from Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB), the best structure with PDB ID: 1J3I was selected for research with a resolution of 2.33 Å [10,11]. The protein structure was prepared using the Graphical User Interface program named Autodock Tools to produce accurate representation of amino acid residues in terms of ionization and tautomeric states [12]. Procedures of the protein preparation process included removal of water molecules, addition of polar hydrogen atoms, and assignment of Kollman united atom partial charges and salvation parameters. Obtained atomic coordinates of the protein were then exported into a PDBQT file which will be used for execution of AutoGrid and AutoDock.

The chemical structure of 125 compounds isolated from Cannabis Sativa L. were collected from published literature [8,9,13] (Figure S1). Chemical structures of these compounds were visualized using Marvin software. The 3D structure of the compounds were built using Pymol 2.2.2 [14]. The energy minimization was carried out using Gabedit 2.5.0 [15]. Open bioactivity prediction online server Molinspiration and ProTox-II were utilized to evaluate the drug-like properties and the acute toxicity of all the research compounds.

2.1.1 Docking using AutoDock4.2.6

A computer equipped with Intel®CoreTM i7-9700K CPU @ 3.60 GHz, with 32 GB DDR4 RAM, was utilized to perform docking runs. Docking results were analyzed by different packages including PyMOL [14], Discovery Studio Visualizer [16], LigPlus [17], and Maestro [18]. Distances of hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen and its assumed binding partner were calculated based on the analyzed result.

Compilation of AutoDock4.2.6 and docking was performed under Ubuntu-Linux 14.04.6 LTS operating system [11]. The grid box that encloses amino acid domains had dimensions of 62 × 68 × 72 Å (x × y × z) with grid spacing of 0.375 Å. AutoGrid and AutoDock was used to calculate the pre-calculated binding affinity of each ligand’s atom type and to perform molecular docking simulation, respectively. The parameters of the Lamarckian genetic algorithm were: 50 runs; elitism of 1; the mutation rate of 0.02; the population size of 300; a crossover rate of 0.80; number of generations of 27,000; the energy evaluations of 50,000,000, and the root-mean-square cluster tolerance was set to 2.0 Å in each run. The ligand conformation with the lowest free energy of binding, chosen from the most favored cluster, was selected for further analysis.

2.1.2 Docking using AutoDock Vina

AutoDock Vina was employed to perform molecular docking with global searching exhaustiveness of 400. Difference in energy between the worst and best docking modes was allowed to vary up to 7 kcal/mol. The grid center was selected such that it incorporates the amino acids domain involved in binding with standard ligand. The grid size was set to 15 Å3 × 19 Å3 × 14 Å3, which is large enough to cover the entire target active site [19].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Validation docking

Two co-crystallized ligand cycloguanil and WR99210 redocked as references with pfDHFR-TS resulted in dock score of −9.32 and −9.92 kcal/mol, respectively. These two inhibitors were both shown to form hydrogen bonds with Ile14, Asp54, and Ile164, as indicated previously in the literature [20] (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Hydrogen bonding patterns of cycloguanil and WR99210 inhibitors with enzyme pfDHFR-TS (PDB ID: 1J3I). (a) Cycloguanil and (b) WR99210.
Figure 1

Hydrogen bonding patterns of cycloguanil and WR99210 inhibitors with enzyme pfDHFR-TS (PDB ID: 1J3I). (a) Cycloguanil and (b) WR99210.

Obtained results show that these inhibitors share the common residues interaction similar to previously published studies, suggesting that the procedure and the set parameters were suitable for docking simulation and are reproducible.

3.2 Drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties assessment

As part of the in silico screening, the drug-like properties of 125 compounds were assessed by subjecting them to Lipinski’s rule of five (Table S1). This rule includes criteria that determine which compound is considered to be drug-like in nature, such as molecular weight (MW) < 500 Da, number of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) ≤5, number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) ≤10, octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) < 5, and molar refractivity (MR) value between 40–130. Compounds that satisfy these rules would be considered to be drug-like in nature. The obtained results help in providing essential information regarding the development and discovery of new drugs.

The outcomes indicate that amongst the studied molecules, 65 candidates were sorted out as favorable for drug development (Table 1). These compounds were then further evaluated for pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity prediction using Molinspiration and ProTox-II cheminformatic server (Table S2) [21]. In general, the studied compounds showed interesting results regarding calculated toxicity. From Table S2, compounds 5, 54, and 60 were classified as non-toxic with very high LD50 (6,000, 10,000 and 13,500 mg/kg, respectively). Ten compounds were positioned at rank 5 and could be considered as safe. Forty-five compounds were classified as compounds with low toxicity (rank 4) which is equivalent to the toxic prediction of cycloguanil and WR99210. On the other hand, it is observed that three compounds 5, 17, and 63 had their milog P value lain in minus values (−0.9, −1.99, and −4.3, respectively) which suggest their inability to bind with pfDHFR-TS enzyme. In addition, the enzyme inhibitory potential value of compounds 29 and 62 were −0.14 and −0.32, respectively, indicating that these compounds are not likely to exhibit inhibition activity toward target enzyme. Thus, these five ligands were excluded and only 60 amongst 65 compounds possess pharmacokinetic properties and toxic ranking suitable for further docking studies.

Table 1

List of compounds with drug-like properties satisfying with Lipinski’s rule

ID Compound name MW HBD HBA log P MR
1 (1′S)-Hydroxycannabinol 342 3 4 4.69 97.15
2 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3,6-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 302 2 5 2.66 81.34
3 4,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,5-trihydroxyphenanthrene 286 3 5 2.74 77.97
4 8,9-Dihydroxy-delta6a,10a-Tetrahydrocannabinol 362 4 5 2.93 100.22
5 Uracil 112 2 4 −0.66 25.81
6 5′-Methyl-4-pentylbiphenyl-2,6,2′-triol 286 3 3 4.51 84.84
7 6-Prenylapigenin 338 3 5 3.93 93.95
8 7-Methoxycannabispirone 260 0 3 3.03 73.02
9 7-oxo-9a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 346 2 4 4.11 97.14
10 8,9-Dihydroxy-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol 346 3 4 3.96 98.83
11 8-Hydroxycannabinol 298 2 3 4.42 86.66
12 8-Hydroxycannabinolic acid A 326 2 4 4.23 92.05
13 8-oxo-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol 328 1 3 4.91 95.65
14 Tetrahydrocannabivarin 286 1 2 4.96 86.03
15 Secoisolariciresinol 362 4 6 2.12 97.88
16 Quercetin 304 5 7 1.19 73.25
17 Quebrachitol 194 5 6 −3.18 40.83
18 9,10-Dihydro-2,3,5,6-tetramethoxyphenanthrene-1,4-dione 330 0 6 1.83 84.91
19 9a-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol 344 2 4 4.16 97.83
20 9β,10β-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol 330 1 3 4.95 94.79
21 9a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 332 2 3 4.93 96.75
22 10aa-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol 344 2 4 4.02 96.81
23 10a-Hydroxy-delta9,11-hexahydrocannabinol 330 2 3 4.71 96.65
24 Chrysin 254 2 4 2.71 69.15
25 Cannabitetrol 362 4 5 2.93 99.27
26 Cannabiripsol 348 3 4 3.90 98.14
27 Pyrimethamine 248 4 4 2.52 70.68
28 8-Hydroxy-isohexahydrocannabivirin 298 2 3 4.78 89.36
29 Mannitol 174 2 2 1.52 50.83
30 Luteolin 286 4 6 2.13 72.48
31 Chrysoeriol 300 3 6 2.43 77.37
32 Lariciresinol 360 3 6 2.65 95.78
33 Isocannabispiradienone 242 1 3 2.28 67.94
34 Cannabinodivarin 282 1 2 4.76 86.65
35 Cannabimovone 346 3 4 4.08 98.84
36 Cannabicyclovarin 286 1 2 4.89 83.34
37 Kaempferol 286 4 6 2.31 72.39
38 Cannabielsoin 330 2 3 4.71 96.65
39 C3-Cannabeilsoin 302 2 3 3.93 87.42
40 Cannabielsoic acid B 358 2 4 4.52 102.04
41 Cannabielsoic acid A 358 2 4 4.52 102.04
42 10a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 332 2 3 4.79 96.68
43 10aR-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 332 2 3 4.79 96.68
44 10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol 374 2 4 5.00 108.23
45 Cannabichromanones B 362 2 5 3.82 99.79
46 Cannabichromanones C 344 0 4 4.33 97.12
47 Cannabielsoic acid B-C3 330 2 4 3.74 92.81
48 Cannabidivarinic acid 314 2 3 4.88 93.19
49 Cannabielsoin 330 2 3 4.71 96.65
50 Cannabielsoin acid A 330 3 4 4.76 94.76
51 Cannabidiocol 258 2 2 4.42 78.54
52 Cannabichromanone-C5 332 1 4 4.46 93.78
53 Cannabichromanone-C3 304 1 4 3.68 84.54
54 Catechin 290 5 6 1.55 72.62
55 Cannabigerovarinic acid 332 3 4 4.98 96.85
56 Carmagerol 350 4 4 4.23 102.00
57 Cannabinol-C2 268 1 2 4.56 81.31
58 Cannabiorcool 254 1 2 4.30 76.67
59 Cannabitriol 346 3 4 3.96 98.83
60 Cannabivarin 282 1 2 4.95 85.93
61 10-oxo-Delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol 328 1 3 5.05 96.37
62 3,3′-Demethyl-heliotropamide 580 6 9 4.40 160.43
63 Sophoroside 342 8 11 −5.40 68.62
64 (−)-Cannabidivarin 286 2 2 5.07 87.80
65 Cannabichromanones D 314 0 3 5.08 91.20
Cycloguanil 251 4 2 2.98 66.07
WR99210 393 4 4 2.8 90.32

MW: Molecular weight (g/mol); HBD: Hydrogen bond donor; HBA: Hydrogen bond acceptor; log P: octanol-water partition coefficient; MR: Molar refractivity.

The bold rows indicate data for standard ligands.

3.3 Docking studies

To explore the inhibition potential of 60 selected ligands with enzyme pfDHFR-TS model, AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina were utilized for docking studies. Table 2 exhibits the dock score of the studied compounds.

Table 2

Docking score results of 16 potential compounds on enzyme pfDHFR-TS

ID Compound name Dock score (kcal/mol)
AutoDock4.2.6 AutoDock Vina
4 8,9-Dihydroxy-delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −8.32 −8.50
9 7-oxo-9a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −9.06 −9.40
13 8-oxo-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol −8.89 −9.10
19 9a-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −8.13 −8.80
22 10aa-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol −8.18 −8.90
23 10a-Hydroxy-delta9,11-hexahydrocannabinol −8.21 −9.00
25 Cannabitetrol −7.90 −8.50
28 8-Hydroxy-isohexahydrocannabivirin −8.24 −8.80
30 Luteolin −8.31 −8.90
41 Cannabielsoic acid A −8.06 −8.50
42 10a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −8.34 −9.10
43 10aR-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −8.70 −9.20
45 Cannabichromanones B −7.85 −8.60
59 Cannabitriol −8.32 −8.70
61 10-oxo-Delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −8.94 −9.20
65 Cannabichromanones D −8.71 −8.90
Cycloguanil −7.77 −8.50
WR99210 −8.91 −9.10

The bold rows indicate data for standard ligands.

Cycloguanil and WR99210 were used as reference inhibitors with dock score obtained from AutoDock4.2.6 being −7.77 and −8.91 kcal/mol and dock score of AutoDock Vina being −8.50 and −9.10 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, ligand has docking energy fall within these range or more negative would be considered as potential inhibitor of pfDHFR-TS. In general, according to the obtained results, 16 out of 60 screened compounds were identified as potential inhibitors (Table 2). Compounds 9 and 61 are the top two ligands with docking energy far more exceeding those of standard compounds. The rest 14 hits presented dock scores that matched the selection criteria and had dock score ranging from −7.85 to –9.06 kcal/mol, and from −8.5 to −9.4 kcal/mol, obtained from AutoDock and AutoDock Vina, respectively. On the other hand, a high correlation coefficient between the docking energy of AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina was recorded with the value of R 2 = 0.74 (Figure 2) that supports for the accuracy of the docking study.

Figure 2 Correlation graph between dock score of AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina.
Figure 2

Correlation graph between dock score of AutoDock4.2.6 and AutoDock Vina.

The potential hits were further analyzed for ligand efficiency (LE) and binding poses (Table 3). LE is a useful metric for the selection of lead compounds in drug discovery and has been widely used as a measurement for the binding energy of the ligand per atom, which is calculated according to the equation (1):

(1) Δ g = Δ G N non-hydrogen atoms ,

where Δg is the ligand efficiency and ΔG is the docking energy.

Table 3

The LE and hydrogen bond interactions between 16 potential compounds and pfDHFR-TS

ID Compound name LE No. of H-bonds Interacting residues
4 8,9-Dihydroxy-delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −0.41 5 Ala16; Tyr170; Ile164
9 7-oxo-9a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −0.39 3 Ser111; Ile164
13 8-oxo-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol −0.39 1 Ala16
19 9a-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −0.42 3 Ser108; Ile14; Tyr170
22 10aa-Hydroxy-10-oxo-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol −0.42 3 Ser108; Ser111; Ile164
23 10a-Hydroxy-delta9,11-hexahydrocannabinol −0.42 3 Ala16; Asp54; Tyr170
25 Cannabitetrol −0.43 5 Ile164; Tyr170
28 8-Hydroxy-isohexahydrocannabivirin −0.47 3 Tyr170; Ala16
30 Luteolin −0.46 3 Val45; Asp54
41 Cannabielsoic acid A −0.41 3 Ala16; Leu40; Ile164
42 10a-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −0.45 1 Ile164
43 10aR-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol −0.43 3 Tyr170; Ile164
45 Cannabichromanones B −0.40 4 Thr107; Ser108; Ser167
59 Cannabitriol −0.45 3 Tyr170; Ile164
61 10-oxo-Delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol −0.43 2 Tyr170
65 Cannabichromanones D −0.41 1 Ser167
Cycloguanil −0.45 5 Ile164; Ile14; Cys15; Thr185; Asp54
WR99210 −0.38 5 Cys15; Asp54; Ile14; Ile164

The bold rows indicate data for standard ligands.

Statistically, compounds with LE varying within 0.3 < LE < 0.5 are more potential for further optimization. Calculated LE of 16 hit compounds in this study ranged from −0.39 to −0.47, suggesting their considerable potential for drug development.

For inhibition to occur, interaction is needed on key amino acid residues Ile14, Asp54, and Ileu164 at the active site of the enzyme [20]. As indicated in Table 3, although having better docking energy than standard cycloguanil and WR99210, compounds 13, 28, 45, 61, and 65 did not form hydrogen bonds with any of three key residues, therefore, these ligands were assumed as non-specific for pfDHFR-TS inhibition potential. Regarding the toxicity prediction (Table 2), compound 41 was excluded due to high toxicity (LD50 value of 3 mg/kg). Compounds 30 and 61 were highlighted for their safe class of toxicity (LD50 value of 3,919 and 2,647 mg/kg, respectively) (Table S1). The hydrogen bonding patterns and stereo view of binding mode of ten potential pfDHFR-TS inhibition compounds are shown in Figures S2 and S3.

4 Conclusion

In this study, computational molecular simulation and drug-like properties assessment were used to gain insight into the binding ability of phytoconstituents of Cannabis sativa L. on enzyme pfDHFR-TS. Among 125 studied compounds, 10 compounds including compounds 4, 9, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 42, 43, and 59 were identified as potential candidates for inhibiting the function of pfDHFR-TS at the active site through hydrogen bonds with Ile14, Asp54, and Ile 164 residues. Compound 9 is considered as the top “hit” regarding binding affinity to target enzyme and drug-like properties. The LE value of these compounds ranged from −0.39 to −0.47, suggesting their promising opportunities for further optimization in drug development. These findings shed light on the potential anti-malarial activity of compounds isolated from Cannabis sativa L.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Prof. Pham Quoc Long and Prof. Pham Thi Hong Minh for continuous intellectual support as well as interesting discussion on the topic.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by the cooperation program between Nguyen Tat Thanh University and Institute of Natural Products Chemistry.

  2. Author contributions: P.M.Q. and H.H.P.T. conceived and designed the study. P.H.N., N.T.K., N.X.H., and D.T.T.L. performed data collection and data analysis. L.T.T.H., T.Q.T., and N.P.H. performed drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties assessment. P.M.Q., T.N.T.A., P.L.S., and H.H.P.T. performed docking studies and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2020-12-11
Revised: 2021-11-01
Accepted: 2021-11-02
Published Online: 2021-12-21

© 2021 Pham Minh Quan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  22. Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity
  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
  24. Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy
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  26. Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry
  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
  28. Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
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  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
  56. Potency and selectivity indices of Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace chloroform extract against non-clinical and clinical human pathogens
  57. Simple modifications of nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acids toward new weapons against plant diseases
  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
  62. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells
  63. Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
  64. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature
  65. Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques
  66. Study on the speciation of arsenic in the genuine medicinal material honeysuckle
  67. Two Cu(ii)-based coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment activity on periodontitis
  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
  127. Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites
  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
  133. Carryover effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation and early weaning on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Najdi lambs
  134. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  135. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode
  136. Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis
  137. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  138. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review
  139. Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0102
Keywords for this article
virtual screening; molecular docking; pfDHFR-TS; anti-malarial compounds; Cannabis sativa L.; Plasmodium falciparum
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
  13. Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form
  14. Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases
  15. Computational studies by molecular docking of some antiviral drugs with COVID-19 receptors are an approach to medication for COVID-19
  16. Synthesis of amides and esters containing furan rings under microwave-assisted conditions
  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
  18. Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents
  19. Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity
  20. A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity
  21. Assessing encapsulation of curcumin in cocoliposome: In vitro study
  22. Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity
  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
  24. Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy
  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
  26. Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry
  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
  28. Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
  31. A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
  32. On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O
  33. Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
  34. Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol
  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
  56. Potency and selectivity indices of Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace chloroform extract against non-clinical and clinical human pathogens
  57. Simple modifications of nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acids toward new weapons against plant diseases
  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
  62. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells
  63. Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
  64. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature
  65. Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques
  66. Study on the speciation of arsenic in the genuine medicinal material honeysuckle
  67. Two Cu(ii)-based coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment activity on periodontitis
  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
  127. Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites
  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
  133. Carryover effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation and early weaning on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Najdi lambs
  134. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  135. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode
  136. Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis
  137. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  138. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review
  139. Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation
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