Home Physical Sciences Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
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Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester

  • Yaya Li , Shitao Yu EMAIL logo , Huimin Zhang and Jiuming Zhang
Published/Copyright: September 20, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

In order to solve the problems of low recovery, low availability, and high cost in the synthesis of rosin glycol ester, a series of supported ZnO magnetic catalysts were prepared with Fe3O4 as the magnetic center, and their structures and compositions were characterized by TEM, XRD, and XPS. Through screening, the results show that Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO has the best catalytic effect, far better than other catalysts, and has good stability. At the same time, the effects of zinc source and its load and different reaction conditions on the synthesis of rosin glycol ester were also investigated. The results showed that: When zinc chloride was used as zinc source, theoretical loading of zinc source was 0.45 g, reaction temperature was 270°C, reaction time was 5 h, and catalyst dosage was 0.2 g, the esterification rate of rosin-glyceryl ester was 87.2% and acid value was 26.5 mg KOH g−1.

Graphical abstract

In our paper, the optimal process conditions for rosin glyceride were obtained as follows: zinc acetate is the zinc source, the theoretical load of zinc source is 0.25 g, the reaction temperature is 240°C, the reaction time is 5 h, and the amount of catalyst is 0.2 g. The esterification rate was 81.5%, and the acid value was 38.2 mg KOH g−1. The catalytic activity of the catalyst remained basically unchanged after 5 times use, indicating that it has good stability, and an available catalyst was added for the rosin esterification reaction.

Keywords: rosin; Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO; rosin glycol ester; esterification

1 Introduction

Rosin, as one of the most important forest products, has a wide range of applications [1]. It can be used in industries such as paper making and soap, traditional Chinese medicinal materials, string instruments, etc. However, the defects of rosin melting point and softening point greatly limit its industrial use [2,3], so rosin is often modified to solve the above defects [4]. Esterification is one of the most commonly used methods to modify rosin. The modified rosin ester has the characteristics of good oxidation resistance, low brittleness, good thermal stability, and light color. Rosin glycol ester is a kind of plastic resin [5], which is often used as a tackifier raw material to make adhesives and also as solid soldering fluxes and plasticizer [6,7,8].

At present, zinc oxide is a commonly used catalyst in rosin esterification reaction [9]. The abundant oxygen vacancy on the surface can enhance the Lewis acidity of the catalyst and improve the catalytic activity [10]. Zeng used nanometer zinc oxide to catalyze the esterification reaction of rosin and glycerol [9]. The reaction esterification rate reached 94.4%; however, the recycle of catalyst was difficult. The magnetic catalyst can solve the problem of catalyst recovery. Therefore, magnetic as a special fixed carrier has attracted widespread attention. Chen [11] prepared Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 photocatalytic composites, which remained stable under acidic conditions by coating SiO2 on the surface of Fe3O4. Baby [12] prepared Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC glucose sensor by coating magnetic nanoparticles with silica to promote the dispersion of nanoparticles. A series of catalysts with zinc oxide supported on magnetic carriers were designed to explore the synthesis of rosin glycol ester in order to provide new ideas for the rosin esterification reaction.

2 Experimental

2.1 Instruments and reagents

Rosin (first grade, acid value 206.5 mg KOH g−1), zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, iron(iii) chloride, anhydrous sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and other reagents were of analytical grade.

2.2 Catalyst synthesis

2.2.1 Preparation of Fe3O4

Fe3O4 particles were prepared by the traditional solvothermal method [13]. A mixture of ferric chloride, anhydrous sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and ethylene glycol was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then, the mixed solution was transferred to a crystallization kettle and reacted at 220°C for 10 h. After cooling, the product was separated by external magnetic field, washed, and dried. The black product Fe3O4 was obtained.

2.2.2 Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2

Fe3O4@SiO2 was prepared by a typical sol–gel method. [14] Fe3O4, ethanol, ammonia, and deionized water were added in certain proportion to a three-necked flask containing a thermometer, a mechanical stirrer, and a condenser. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then ethyl orthosilicate was slowly added to the mixture. After the mixed solution was continuously stirred for 8 h, the obtained product was separated with external magnetic field, washed, and dried to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2.

2.2.3 Preparation of Fe3O4@ZnO

The Fe3O4@ZnO catalyst was synthesized by using Fe3O4 as the carrier and using zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, and zinc chloride as the zinc source. Specific methods can refer to supporting materials.

2.2.4 Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO

The Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst was synthesized by using Fe3O4@SiO2 as the carrier and using zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, and zinc chloride as the zinc source. Specific methods can refer to supporting materials.

2.3 Rosin esterification

Rosin, ethylene glycol, and catalyst were added to a three-necked flask equipped with a thermometer and a water condenser with a spherical condensation. The reaction temperature was 240–280°C and the reaction time was 5 h. According to GB/T8146-2003 “Rosin Test Method” [15] and GB10287-2012 “Food Additives: Rosin Glyceride and Hydrogenated Rosin Glyceride” [16], the acid value of the product after cooling was measured.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of catalyst

3.1.1 XRD characterization

The structure of the synthesis catalyst was characterized by XRD. The results are shown in Figure 1. From Figure 1a, it can be observed that there are diffraction peaks with 2θ of 30°, 43.2°, 53.8°, and 74.5°, which can correspond to the standard Fe3O4 diffraction peaks, indicating that Fe3O4 has been synthesized [17]. From Figure 1c–d, we can observe the diffraction peaks of 2θ of 34.6°, 47.8°, 56.7°, and 63.2°, which can correspond to (002), (102), (110), and (103) of the standard ZnO. Crystal plane shows that ZnO successfully adhered to the surface of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 [18]. However, SiO2 does not show obvious diffraction peaks. The reason may be that SiO2 does not form a crystalline state and cannot be detected.

Figure 1 XRD characterization: (a) Fe3O4; (b) Fe3O4@SiO2; (c) Fe3O4@ZnO; (d) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO. (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).
Figure 1

XRD characterization: (a) Fe3O4; (b) Fe3O4@SiO2; (c) Fe3O4@ZnO; (d) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO. (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).

3.1.2 TEM characterization

The surface morphology of the synthesis catalyst was characterized by TEM. The results are shown in Figure 2. It can be seen from Figure 2a that the formed microspheres with rough surface are synthesized Fe3O4. It can be observed from Figure 2b that there is a smooth coating layer on the surface of the microspheres, and the distribution is relatively uniform, which indicates that SiO2 is successfully coated on the surface of Fe3O4. From Figure 2c–d, it can be observed that the surface of the microspheres is rough and uneven, which is caused by the presence of a large number of zinc oxide crystal grains on the surface of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2, indicating that ZnO is successfully loaded on the surface of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2.

Figure 2 TEM characterization: (a) Fe3O4; (b) Fe3O4@SiO2; (c) Fe3O4–ZnO; (d) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO. (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).
Figure 2

TEM characterization: (a) Fe3O4; (b) Fe3O4@SiO2; (c) Fe3O4–ZnO; (d) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO. (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).

3.1.3 XPS characterization

Based on the TEM and XRD analysis results, the surface composition of the synthetic catalyst and the chemical state of the elements were further characterized by XPS. The results are shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3b, the full-scan XPS spectra of the two catalysts have characteristic peaks of Zn and O elements, and no characteristic peaks of Fe are detected. Moreover, the characteristics of Si are not detected in the Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO2 catalyst. This means that Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 surfaces are successfully loaded with ZnO [19,20]. At the same time, Figure 3a is the XPS spectrum of the characteristic peak of Zn 2p. The peaks of Zn in Fe3O4–ZnO and Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalysts appeared in 1022.4 (Zn 2p3/2) and 1044.8 eV (Zn 2p1/2), indicating that Zn2+ mainly existed in the catalysts.

Figure 3 XPS (a) and Zn 2p (b) characterization of catalyst: ((a) Fe3O4–ZnO and (b) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO). (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).
Figure 3

XPS (a) and Zn 2p (b) characterization of catalyst: ((a) Fe3O4–ZnO and (b) Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO). (Zinc chloride was used as zinc source).

3.2 Effect of catalyst on preparation of rosin glyceride

3.2.1 Effect of different catalyst types on ester production

The effects of different types of catalysts on the synthesis of rosin glycol esters under the same active component dosage (Table S1) were investigated. As shown in Table 1, the acid value of the products was reduced with the participation of the catalyst, corresponding to the increased esterification rate. Among them, Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) catalyst was better than other catalysts. At this time, the acid value was 26.5 mg KOH g−1 and the esterification rate was 87.2%. This may be due to the more uniform dispersion of nano-sized zinc oxide on the magnetic carrier, which enhances its catalytic activity. Therefore, the following experiments were continued with Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO (ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) catalyst.

Table 1

The effect of different catalysts on the reaction of rosin glycol estersa

Catalyst type Acid value (mg KOH g−1) Esterification (%)
— 115.6 44.0
ZnAC2 87.1 57.8
ZnO 68.5 66.8
Fe3O4–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) 57.8 72.0
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) 26.5 87.2

aRosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h.

3.2.2 Effect of different zinc sources on ester production

Different zinc sources for the reaction of ethylene glycol ester rosin are shown in Figure 4. The results show that the addition of catalyst can reduce the acid value of the reaction product and increase the corresponding esterification rate. Among them, Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) catalytic effect of the catalyst is significantly better than that of other catalysts. NH3-TPD and Py-IR linear fitting diagrams are shown in Figure 5. It can be concluded that NH3-TPD is more influential during the reaction of rosin glycol ester. The acid distribution of different zinc sources is shown in Table 2. The results show that the unit weak acid value of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) is at most 9.2 mmol, indicating that the presence of weak acid is more conducive to the reaction of rosin glycol ester.

Figure 4 The effect of different zinc sources on the reaction of rosin glycol esters (rosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h).
Figure 4

The effect of different zinc sources on the reaction of rosin glycol esters (rosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h).

Figure 5 Linear fit results of the responses to different zinc sources.
Figure 5

Linear fit results of the responses to different zinc sources.

Table 2

Acidity distributions with different zinc sources

Catalyst type Total acidity per unit (mmol) Weak acid per unit (mmol) Medium strong acid per unit (mmol) Strong acid per unit (mmol)
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnAC2) 34.9 5.3 15.3 14.3
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(Zn(NO3)2) 7.8 4.1 2.3 1.5
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnSO4) 7.2 3.7 0.3 3.2
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2) 23.9 9.2 11.1 3.6

3.2.3 Effect of different Zn loadings on ester production

The effects of different zinc source loadings on the reaction of rosin glycol esters are shown in Figure 6. The results show that the addition of any supported catalyst can reduce the acid value of the product and increase the esterification rate of the product. Among them, Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO (ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) catalyst has the best catalytic effect. The linear fitting diagram of NH3-TPD and Py-IR is shown in Figure 7. From Figure 7, it can be concluded that Py-IR is more influential. The acid distributions of different zinc sources are shown in Table 3. The results show that the minimum B/L value of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO (ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) is 0.1 µmol g−1, which can explain the low B/L value more conducive to the reaction of rosin glycol esters.

Figure 6 The effects of different loadings on the reaction of rosin glycol esters (rosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h).
Figure 6

The effects of different loadings on the reaction of rosin glycol esters (rosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h).

Figure 7 Linear fit results of the response to different loadings.
Figure 7

Linear fit results of the response to different loadings.

Table 3

Acid load distribution with different loadings

Catalyst type B/L(350°C)/(µmol g−1)
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.1 g) 0.2
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.25 g) 0.2
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.45 g) 0.1
Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2 = 0.6 g) 0.4

3.3 Evaluation of catalyst recovery performance

The catalytic activity of the recovered catalyst is shown in Table 4. The results showed that no significant loss of catalytic activity was observed after the catalyst was reused for 5 times, and the esterification rate could be stabilized above 80%, indicating that the synthesized catalyst had good stability and high availability.

Table 4

Recyclability of catalysta

Recycling times Acid value (mg KOH g−1) Esterification (%)
1 26.5 87.2
2 27.2 86.9
3 29.3 85.8
4 30.2 85.4
5 36.9 82.1
  1. a

    Rosin 15.0 g, ethylene glycol 1.7 g, catalyst 0.2 g, T 270°C, t 5 h.

3.4 Optimal process conditions

The results of the rosin glycol ester process experiment are shown in Table 5. It can be seen from Table 5 that the optimum process conditions for rosin glycol ester are zinc chloride as the zinc source; the theoretical load of the zinc source is 0.45 g, the reaction temperature is 270°C, reaction time is 5 h, rosin is 15 g, ethylene glycol is 3.2 g, and the amount of catalyst is 0.2 g.

Table 5

Process conditions of rosin glycol ester

T (°C) t (h) Catalyst Amount of catalyst (g) Loading of zinc source (g) Acid value (mg KOH g−1) Esterification (%)
1 270 5 — 0.2 — 115.6 44.0
2 Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnAC2) 0.45 51.0 75.3
3 Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2) 26.4 87.2
4 Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(Zn(NO3)2) 154.0 25.0
5 Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnSO4) 95.9 54.0
6 Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO(ZnCl2) 0.1 33.8 83.6
7 0.25 76.7 62.9
8 0.6 75.9 63.2
9 0.1 0.45 77.6 62.4
10 0.15 40.9 80.2
11 0.25 50.5 75.5
12 0.3 70.7 65.8
13 3 0.2 98.6 52.3
14 4 32.8 84.1
15 6 27.4 86.7
16 7 27.6 86.6
17 240 5 106.3 48.5
18 250 68.7 66.7
19 260 30.2 85.4
20 280 27.9 86.5

4 Conclusion

Catalysts such as Fe3O4@ZnO and Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO were successfully designed and synthesized. The morphology and structure of the catalyst were characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM, and the acidity and acid content of the catalyst were determined by Py-IR and NH3-TPD. It was found that the reaction of rosin glycol ester was affected by the amount of catalyst acid. The results showed that the optimum process conditions for rosin glycol esters were: zinc chloride as the zinc source, the theoretical load of the zinc source was 0.45 g, the reaction temperature was 270°C, the reaction time was 5 h, the rosin was 15 g, and the ethylene glycol was 3.2 g and the amount of catalyst used were 0.2 g. At this time, the esterification rate of the product rosin ethylene glycol ester was 87.2%, and the acid value was 26.5 mg KOH g−1. No significant loss of catalytic activity was observed after the synthesized catalyst was reused 5 times, which indicated that the synthesized catalyst had better stability and high availability.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China and Talent Fund of Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Eco-Chemical Engineering for the technical and financial support.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0600804) and Talent Fund of Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Eco-Chemical Engineering (XTCX21978041).

  2. Author contributions: Y.S.T. – conceptualization and methodology; L.Y.Y., Z.H.M., and Z.J.M. – investigation and data curation; L.Y.Y. and Z.H.M. – original draft preparation; L.Y.Y. – investigation, data curation, and manuscript reviewing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state they have no competing interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

  5. Informed consent: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  6. Supplementary information: Supplementary information (detailed here the kind of information) is available free of charge at http://jbcs.sbq.org.br

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Received: 2021-05-29
Revised: 2021-08-03
Accepted: 2021-08-17
Published Online: 2021-09-20

© 2021 Yaya Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0083
Keywords for this article
rosin; Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO; rosin glycol ester; esterification
Creative Commons
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