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Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid

  • Samar O. Aljazzar EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 21, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Metformin is one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes. Two new mixed ligand complexes of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) ions with the general formula [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl, respectively, where L1 is the metformin and L2 is the glycine amino acid, have been synthesized in MeOH solvent with 1:1:1 stoichiometry and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The spectroscopic data suggested that the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex possesses a square pyramidal geometry, where the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex possesses an octahedral geometry. The L1 ligand coordinated to the VO(ii) and Cr(iii) ions via the N atoms of the imino (‒C═NH) groups, where the L2 ligand coordinated via the O atom of the carboxylate group (COO) and the N atom of the amino group (NH2). The interaction of ligands L1 and L2 with the metal ions leads to complexes that have organized nanoscale structures with a main diameter of ∼14 nm for the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex and ∼40 nm for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex.

Keywords: metformin; glycine; mixed ligand complex; VO(ii) ion; Cr(iii) ion

1 Introduction

Metal complexes are an important class of compounds with applications in various fields such as medicine, material sciences, biology, and catalysis [1,2]. These class of compounds may have different geometries, which make them potentially biologically active and used as anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial agents. For example, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and cisplatin, which are platinum-based metallodrugs, are considered anticancer drugs for treating several solid tumors such as ovarian, bladder, and testicular cancers. Platinum-based metallodrugs kill tumor cells by damaging DNA, which inhibit tumor cell division [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Nevertheless, the adverse side effects and acquired resistance associated with several metallodrugs prevent their effectiveness and widespread applications [9,10,11,12]. Because of that, significant attempts have been made to replace metallodrugs by developing innovative drugs with negligible side effects, enhanced efficiency, and decreased drug resistance and toxicity profiles. One of these attempts involves the design of new metal-based drugs by coordinating metal ions with biologically active ligands. Ions of transition metals play an important role in the fields of biochemistry and medicine, and their complexes are extensively used as therapeutic agents and drugs for the treatment of various human diseases, including neurological disorders, diabetes, inflammation, infection control, lymphomas, and carcinomas. Two interesting properties of transition metals enabling the design of metallodrugs with promising biological benefits exhibited: (i) different oxidation states and (ii) the ability to interact with several metal-binding sites [13,14,15].

Metformin (C4H11N5) is a well-known AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator and well-known oral hypoglycemic drug, which has been in clinical use for over half a century, particularly in obese and overweight people. It is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug worldwide and the first-line therapy for non-insulin-dependent diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Besides its use in oral hypoglycemic medication for type II diabetes, metformin confers protection against a series of diseases through the activation of AMPK. This drug has antihyperglycemic and anticancer properties, and it strongly enhances insulin sensitivity in the body, increases the glucose uptake by peripheral tissues through stimulation of intracellular AMPK, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. This drug has multiple beneficial effects, such as the following:

  1. Does not increase the risk for hypoglycemia

  2. Reduces weight gain

  3. Lowers blood lipid levels

  4. Lowers blood glucose levels.

In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that metformin inhibits the growth of several types of tumors, such as glioma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Metformin has two imine groups that act as a chelating agent coordinating with many metal and non-metal ions. The interactions of metformin with several lanthanide and transitional metal ions, such as Y(iii), Sm(iii), Ce(iii), La(iii), Cd(ii), Fe(iii), Au(iii), Re(v), Tc(v), Pt(ii), Co(ii), V(IV), Rh(v), Cu(ii), Ni(ii), Cr(iii), Zn(ii), Te(v), Pd(ii), Os(iii), Os(ii), Ir(iii), and Rh(iii), have been investigated and reported in the literature [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38].

Further research on the complexation of metformin with metal ions, especially in mixed ligand complexes, is still important for establishing good knowledge and a better understanding of the binding modes of metformin in this type of complex as a key point for developing new metformin-based metallodrugs. Therefore, this study was done to present the synthesis and speculated formula of two mixed ligand complexes of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) ions with the general formula [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl, respectively, where L1 is the metformin and L2 is the glycine amino acid (Figure 1) and to observe the X-ray diffraction patterns, phase purity, surface morphologies, and particle shapes of the synthesized mixed ligand complexes.

Figure 1 Structures of metformin molecule (L1) and glycine molecule (L2).
Figure 1

Structures of metformin molecule (L1) and glycine molecule (L2).

2 Experimental

2.1 Instruments and chemicals

The spectrometers such as Perkin-ElmerLambda 25 UV/Vis spectrophotometer, Shimadzu FT-IR spectrophotometer, and Jeol JES-FE2XG electron spin resonance spectrometer were used to scan the UV-visible, IR, and ESR spectra at the room temperature, respectively. The microscopes such as JEOL JEM-1200 EX II transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Quanta FEG 250 scanning electron microscope (SEM) were applied to picture the TEM and SEM images, respectively. Perkin-Elmer 2400CHN elemental analyzer was applied to collect the elemental data. X’Pert Philips X-ray powder diffractometer was applied to collect the XRD spectra of the complexes, where HACH digital conductivity meter and magnetic susceptibility balance were applied for the molar conductivity and magnetic measurements, respectively. Solvents and chemicals were purchased from Merck KGaA company (Darmstadt, Germany) in analytical grade and used without further modification: metformin hydrochloride (C4H11N5·HCl ≥97%), glycine (NH2CH2COOH ≥99%), VOSO4·xH2O 97%, and CrCl3·6H2O ≥98%.

2.2 Syntheses

Mixed ligand complexes [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl were synthesized as follows: To a methanolic solution of L1 (metformin) (1 mmol in 10 mL), 1 mmol of L2 (glycine) dissolved in MeOH solvent (10 mL) was added. The solution was stirred well for 10 min. Then, 1 mmol of VOSO4·H2O dissolved in MeOH solvent (10 mL) was added to prepare the VOL1L2 complex, and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to ∼8 with the ammonia solution (5%). The resultant homogenous greenish-blue solution was refluxed with stirring for 30 min at 65°C. On cooling the reactant media, the greenish-blue-colored precipitate was separated, which was recrystallized from the MeOH solvent. The final product was filtered, washed with MeOH and CH3OCH3, and then dried in an oven at 70°C. The [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex was similarly synthesized as described for the VOL1L2 complex using 1 mmol of CrCl3·6H2O resulting in a dark green-colored product. The products were next characterized by analytical, thermal, and different spectral methods.

[VOL1L2]SO4 complex:

Gross formula, C6H16N6O7SV; general formula, [VOL1L2]SO4; molecular weight, 367.23 g mol−1; elemental results: calc. (found) for C, 21.62% (21.52); H, 4.39% (4.55); N, 22.89% (22.67); and metal, 13.87% (14.13).

[CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex:

Gross formula, C6H16N6O2Cl3Cr; general formula, [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl; molecular weight, 362.58 g mol−1; elemental results: calc.(found) for C, 19.88% (19.75); H, 4.45% (4.34); N, 23.18% (23.06); and metal, 14.34% (14.21).

  1. Ethical approval: The study was conducted and approved by the Ethical Committee of Taif University (Fast–track Research Funding program).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Analytical, conductance, and UV-visible spectral results

In this present research, the reaction of L1 and L2 with VO(ii) ions in MeOH solvent at (pH ∼8; 65°C) gave a greenish-blue-colored complex with the general formula [VOL1L2]SO4. When L1 and L2 reacted with Cr(iii) ions at the same condition, a dark green-colored complex was formed with the general formula [CrL1L2]Cl. Elemental data of the two complexes are presented in the experimental section. The data indicate that the reaction stoichiometry is 1:1:1 (L1:L2:Metal ion), which suggested that the general composition of the complexes obtained with VO(ii) and Cr(iii) ions are [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl, respectively. The molar conductivity of the [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes in DMSO (10−3 M) at 25°C is proportionate with their electrolytic nature [25,26,27,28] with 54 and 61 Ω−1 cm2 mol−1 values, respectively. The corresponding gross formulas are C6H16N6O7SV and C6H16N6O2Cl3Cr, respectively. The [VOL1L2]SO4 complex has an effective molar magnetic moment (μ eff) of 1.71 B.M. at the room temperature [39]. The [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex has an effective magnetic moment (μ eff) of 3.14 B.M. at the room temperature, which revealed that Cr(iii) complex possesses an octahedral geometry [40]. The UV-visible spectra of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes were scanned over the 200–1,000 nm wavelength range at the room temperature in DMSO solvent and presented in Figure 2. The spectrum of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex showed three bands at 37,736, 23,529, and 16,667 cm−1, where that of the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex exhibited four bands at 36,364, 23,529, 16,667, and 12,121 cm−1. Among these bands, the bands observed at 37,736 and 36,364 cm−1 were very strong. The band at 36,364 nm appeared in the spectrum of [VOL1L2]SO4 complex was stronger and broader than the band observed at 37,736 cm−1 in the spectrum of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex [40,41,42]. The electronic [VOL1L2]SO4 complex spectrum show bands at regions 12,121, 16,667, and 23,529 cm−1. These spectra are similar to those of other five-coordinate oxovanadium(iv) complexes involving nitrogen donor atoms. These spectral bands are interpreted according to an energy level scheme reported by Lever for distorted, five-coordinate square pyramidal oxovanadium(iv) complexes [40]. Accordingly, the observed bands can be assigned to 2B2 → 2E, 2B2 → 2B1, and 2B2 → 2A2 transitions, respectively. One more band is observed at the region 36,364 cm−1, which may be due to the transition of the metformin linkages [40]. For the chromium complex, two peaks at 16,667 and 23,529 cm−1 were assigned to 4A2g → 4T2g and 4A2g → 4T1g (f) d–d transitions, respectively. The appearance of these two bands confirms octahedral (Oh) geometry for this complex [40]. The other band exhibited at the region 37,736 cm−1 is assigned to the transition of the metformin linkages.

Figure 2 UV-visible spectra of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.
Figure 2

UV-visible spectra of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

3.2 IR spectral results

3.2.1 Free ligands

A free L1 molecule has three significant vibrational bands [27,43]:

  1. The C‒H vibrations:

    The two aliphatic CH3 groups give bands at 2,815 and 3,088 cm−1attributed to the νas(C–H) and νs(C–H) vibrations. The C‒H bending deformation vibrations resonated at 1,463 cm−1, where the δ rock(C–H) vibrations give a sharp band at ∼933 cm−1.

  2. The C═N and C–N vibrations:

    The ν(C═N) vibrations resonated at 1,624 cm−1, where the vibrations of C–N band resonated at 1,271 cm−1 for asymmetric stretching and at 1,168 cm−1 for symmetric stretching.

  3. The N–H vibrations:

    The ν(N–H) vibrations of imino (‒C═NH), secondary (‒NH), and primary (‒NH2) groups give strong bands around 3,369–3,295 cm−1 for asymmetric stretching and at 3,153 cm−1 for symmetric stretching. The δ(N‒H) vibrations gave a very strong band at 1,556 cm−1.

The amino group of L2 molecule can lose a hydrogen ion and become negatively charged or can accept a hydrogen ion and become positively charged, this is called as the zwitterion structure of L2 molecule in solution.

The IR data (cm−1) of free L2 molecule are as follows: 3,244 ν(NH3), 2,551 ν(CH2), 1,661 and 1,512 δ(NH3), 1,611 νas(COO), 1,436 δ def(CH2), 1,407 νs(COO), 1,326 δ wag(CH2) and δ wag(NH3), 1,138 δ rock(NH3), 1,039 ν(C‒N), and 929 δ rock(CH2) [44].

3.2.2 Mixed ligand complexes

Table 1 reports the band assignments for the important IR bands in free ligands and the mixed ligand complexes, where their IR spectra are shown in Figure 3. In the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex, the bands due to the ν(N–H) vibrations of the ligands were located at 3,394 and 3,173 cm−1. The IR spectrum of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex showed a very wide absorption band ranged from 3,600 to 2,560 cm−1 due to the overlapping of bands due to the ν(N–H), νas(C–H), and νs(C–H) vibrations. The bands located at 1,608 and 1,605 cm−1 in spectra of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes were attributed to the νas(COO) vibrations, respectively, that of the νs(COO) vibrations were resonated at 1,390 and 1,383 cm−1, respectively. These bands represent a Δν difference between νas(COO) and νa(COO): [Δν = νas − νs] equal to 218 cm−1 for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex and 222 cm−1 for the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex, suggesting a unidentate coordination mode for the carboxylate group (COO) of L2 in the mixed ligand [45]. The bands attributed to the ν(C═N) vibrations located at 1,624 cm−1 in free L1 were shifted to 1,646 cm−1 in the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex and to 1,643 cm−1 in the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex and decreased in intensity. The outlined shifts in the C═N band upon complexation suggested that the L1 ligand was coordinated to the Cr(iii) and VO(ii) ions via the nitrogen atoms of the imino (‒C═NH) groups without any displacement of protons. The [VOL1L2]SO4 complex exhibited a medium and broadband at 973 cm−1 due to the νas(V═O) vibrations [45]. It is worth mentioning that the test against the presence of the sulfate group gave a positive result; this conclusion was supported by detected the two IR active ν3 and ν4 frequencies at about 1,098 and 627 cm−1. Based on these observations, the proposed formula of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes are shown in Figure 4.

Table 1

Characteristic IR bands (cm−1) for L1, L2, and the mixed ligand complexes

Free L1 Free L2 [VOL1L2]SO4 [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl Assignments
3,369 — 3,394 Very wide band 3,600–2,560 ν(N–H), C═NH
ν(O–H)
3,295 3,244 — ν(N–H)
3,153 3,170 3,173 ν(N–H); NH2
3,088, 2,815 — 3,020 νas(C–H)+ νs(C–H)
2,551 — — ν(CH2)
1,624 — 1,646 1,643 ν(C═N)
— 1,611 1,608 1,605 νas(COO)
1,556 — — — δ(N‒H); in-plane def.
1,463 1,436 1,482 1,440 δ(C‒H) deformation
— 1,414 1,390 1,383 νs(COO)
— 1,326 1,348 1,354 δ wag(CH2)
1,271 — 1,298 1,306 νas(C‒N)
1,168 — — 1,210 νs(C‒N)
1,056 — 1,098 1,063 δ(CH) in-plane bending
ν(SO4); ν3
— 1,039 — 1,000 ν(C‒N)
— — 973 — ν(V═O)
933 929 850 849 δ rock(C‒H)
635 — 701 762 δ(CH) out-of-plane bending
627 ν(SO4); ν4
— — 596 604 ν(M‒O), ν(M‒N)
Figure 3 IR spectra of (a) metformin drug (L1), (b) glycine amino acid (L2), (c) [VOL1L2]SO4, and (d) [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.
Figure 3

IR spectra of (a) metformin drug (L1), (b) glycine amino acid (L2), (c) [VOL1L2]SO4, and (d) [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

Figure 4 The proposed structure of the [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.
Figure 4

The proposed structure of the [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

3.3 ESR spectral results

The Jeol JES-FE2XG electron spin resonance spectrometer was used to scan the powder ESR spectrum of the VOL1L2 complex, and the obtained spectrum is presented in Figure 5. Electron spin resonance spectrum of vanadyl(ii) complex in the polycrystalline state was recorded on ESR spectrometer using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH (Figure 5) free radical as “g” marker (g = 2.0027) at the room temperature. The Hamiltonian spectral data obtained from this spectrum are presented in Table 2. The powder ESR spectrum and the values of g and A for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex agree with a square pyramidal geometry [46]. Equations (1) and (2) were used to calculate the values of anisotropic (A) and isotropic (g).

(1) g 0 = ( g ∥ + 2 g ⊥ ) / 3

(2) A 0 = ( A ∥ + 2 A ⊥ ) / 3

Figure 5 ESR spectrum of [VOL1L2]SO4 complex in solid state at the room temperature.
Figure 5

ESR spectrum of [VOL1L2]SO4 complex in solid state at the room temperature.

Table 2

Values of Hamiltonian and bonding parameters for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex

[VOL1L2]SO4 ESR data
α 2 β 2 A 0 A ┴ (cm−1) A || (cm−1) g 0 g ┴ g ||
0.1648 1.1236 368 348 409 1.7956 1.6968 1.9931

Equations (3) and (4) were used to calculate the covalency of the β 2; in plane π-and α 2; in plane σ-bonding [47,48]:

(3) β 2 = 7 / 6 ( – A ∥ / P + A ⊥ / P + g ∥ – 5 / 14 g ⊥ – 9 / 14 g e

(4) α 2 = ( 2.0023 – g ∥ ) E / 8 λ β 2

where E is the electronic transition energy, λ = 135 cm−1, and P = 128 × 10−4cm−1. It is reported in the literature that a g || value more than 2.3 for a metal-ligand bind with ionic character and less than 2.3 for a covalent character [49]. The g || value for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex was 1.99, suggesting a covalent character of the ligand-metal bond. The α 2 value for the complex was found much smaller than the β 2 value.

3.4 XRD, SEM, and TEM results

To observe the X-ray diffraction patterns, phase purity, surface morphologies, and particle shapes of the [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques were used. Analyses of the XRD spectra (Figure 6), SEM micrographs (Figure 7), and TEM micrographs (Figure 8) of these complexes provided the following observations:

  1. The [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex displayed one broad peak ranging from 2θ 20° to 30° in its XRD profile. This broad peak had a maximum at diffraction line 2θ of approximately 26.531°.

  2. The [VOL1L2]SO4 complex displayed a group of intense lines at Bragg’s angle 2θ in the range of 16–33°. These lines were observed at 2θ 16.947°, 19.374°, 20.361°, 22.335°, 24.310°, 28.095°, and 30.562°.

  3. The SEM micrographs captured at various levels of magnification (i.e., ×150, ×500, ×1,000, ×2,000) indicated visible microstructural differences between the particles of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

  4. The SEM micrographs of the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex indicated that it consists of small spherical granules fused together. Several clear holes were observed between these granules, and the surfaces of the completely fused granules had several cracks.

  5. The SEM micrographs of the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex shows a coral reefs-like-shaped morphology.

  6. The TEM micrographs revealed that the shape of the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl particles was almost spherical, where the shape of the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl particles were mixed spherical and oval-shaped.

  7. Most particles of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes had diameters is in the range of 7–20 and 20–60 nm, respectively.

  8. The average particle size of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex is ∼14 nm, where it is ∼40 nm for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex. This indicated that the particles of the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex are higher by 2.8 times than the particles of the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex.

Figure 6 XRD spectra of L1, [VOL1L2]SO4, and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.
Figure 6

XRD spectra of L1, [VOL1L2]SO4, and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

Figure 7 (a) SEM micrographs of [VOL1L2]SO4 complex. (b) SEM micrographs of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex.
Figure 7

(a) SEM micrographs of [VOL1L2]SO4 complex. (b) SEM micrographs of [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex.

Figure 8 TEM micrographs of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.
Figure 8

TEM micrographs of [VOL1L2]SO4 and [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complexes.

4 Conclusion

In this work, we sought to synthesize and characterize two mixed ligand complexes containing drug metformin as L1and glycine amino acid as L2 with the metal ions of Cr(iii) and VO(ii). The interaction via a 1:1:1 (L1:L2:Metal ion) stoichiometry yielded two complexes: a greenish-blue-colored complex formulated as [VOL1L2]SO4 with a square pyramidal geometry and a dark green-colored complex formulated as [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl with an octahedral structure. Spectroscopic results indicated that L1 ligand coordinated to the VO(ii) and Cr(iii) ions via the N atoms of the imino (‒C═NH) groups, where the L2 ligand coordinated via the O atom of the carboxylate group (COO) and the N atom of the amino group (NH2). SEM and TEM results indicated that the complexes had organized nanoscale structures with a main diameter of ∼14 nm for the [CrL1L2(Cl)2]Cl complex and ∼40 nm for the [VOL1L2]SO4 complex.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the deanship of scientific research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast–track Research Funding program.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by the deanship of scientific research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast–track Research Funding program.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

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Received: 2021-01-08
Revised: 2021-05-18
Accepted: 2021-05-28
Published Online: 2021-06-21

© 2021 Samar O. Aljazzar, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0063
Keywords for this article
metformin; glycine; mixed ligand complex; VO(ii) ion; Cr(iii) ion
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
  13. Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form
  14. Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases
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  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
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  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
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  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
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  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
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  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
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  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
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