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Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice

  • Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Joanna Zembrzuska ORCID logo , Agnieszka Drożdżyńska ORCID logo , Krzysztof Smarzyński ORCID logo , Dominika Radzikowska ORCID logo , Marek Kieliszek ORCID logo , Paweł Jeżowski ORCID logo and Zuzanna Sawinska ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: December 20, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

The results of studies published in recent years indicate the broad biological activity of potato juice (PJ), which is a byproduct of the starch production process. Among the most frequently described activities are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, this waste juice is produced by the processing of many varieties of potatoes with different proportions, which does not allow to conclude on the biological activity of individual varieties. This article is a report on the antioxidant activity of PJ from seven selected potato varieties, their profile of polyphenolic compounds, and the content of glycoalkaloids (GAs). The use of similar cultivation conditions allowed to eliminate the influence of environmental factors on the content of the analyzed compounds. The influence of PJ on the growth of probiotic, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria was also assessed. It was shown that the varieties significantly influenced the differences in antioxidant activity as well as the content of GAs, but despite the observed differences, none of them showed antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that an appropriately selected variety will make it possible to obtain PJ that will be characterized by high antioxidant activity and, at the same time, will be safe from the toxicological point of view.

Keywords: potato juice; antioxidant activity; chaconine; glycoalcaloids; phenolic compounds; solanine; Solanum tuberosum L.

1 Introduction

Among the factors reducing the risk of several types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, a proper diet rich in plants, being a source of biologically active compounds, is indicated [1]. Plant phenols are a complex group of various secondary metabolite compounds, produced mainly via the shikimic acid pathway from L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, they have protective functions in the plant, for example, against UV radiation, competitive warfare against viruses, bacteria, insects, and other plants [2,3]. Their synthesis takes place more intensively in plants subjected to stress factors, including abiotic and biotic stress [4,5,6]. In recent years, the interest of researchers from around the world has been focused on the influence of free radicals on the human body, in particular reactive oxygen species. It is believed that oxidative stress can cause many chronic diseases. Free radicals can react with proteins, fats, and DNA. The consequence of these reactions is permanent DNA damage that can contribute to cardiovascular diseases, in particular atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, as well as cancer [7,8]. Numerous literature data [3,9,10] indicate that there are powerful natural antioxidants that play a key role in a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antiviral, anticoagulant, and hepatoprotective activities.

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are one of the most important cultivated plants intended for food and feed purposes. Easy cultivation and reasonable climate requirements make it grown all over the world [11]. The plant in its root system produces tubers rich in starch, which is why often high-starch varieties are used in the starch process, which results in pure potato starch [12]. The first mentions of potato cultivation date to 8,000 years ago, and today more than 5,000 varieties of this plant are cultivated [13]. The dry mass of potato tubers reaches 20–25%, and their chemical composition, determining the nutritional value, depends not only on the variety but also on the cultivation and harvesting conditions [14]. Literature sources indicate a significant impact of storage conditions on the content of dry matter of potato tubers, content of reducing sugars, or amino acid composition [15,16,17]. Among the nutrients forming the dry mass of potato tubers, starch, protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber should be distinguished. Potato tubers contain, among other vitamins C, PP, B1, B2, and B6, iodine, calcium, chlorine, and sulfur. Consumption of one medium-sized potato on skin (approximately 150 g) provides the recommended daily dose of vitamin C for an adult (100 mg) [18]. It is worth adding that potatoes are vegetables with a high iron content [19,20]. Potatoes are a low-fat raw material (about 0.5% of fresh weight), containing mainly linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3) acids [21].

Potato juice (PJ) is formed in the production of potato starch as one of the byproducts. Currently, acidic thermal coagulation is the most commonly used process of PJ management. Unfortunately, the protein preparation obtained in this way is insoluble and enzymatically inactive [22]. Low emulsifying, foaming, and water-binding abilities significantly limit the potential use of potato protein in food production [23]. In starch production factories, acid thermal coagulation of the PJ protein is commonly used, and the protein mass is then separated, dried, and used as a feed ingredient [24]. Therefore, new methods of PJ management are sought, and the directions for the use of PJ described in the literature include microbiological mediums [25,26,27] and prohealth food [28,29,30]. PJ is gaining increasing interest as a source of nutritional and bioactive compounds. On the one hand, the proteins present in PJ are characterized by high nutritional value and interesting technological properties [20,31,32,33]; on the other hand, nonprotein compounds with anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities are also present [18,34]. Among the compounds responsible for the antiproliferative properties of PJ against human skin [35], liver [36], prostate, and breast [37] cancer cells, glycoalkaloids (GAs) are indicated, mainly α-chaconine and α-solanine. Isolating the biologically active ingredients of PJ may allow them to be used in pharmacy and medicine.

PJ is a seasonal product obtained between August and December, during the starch production season. Many different varieties of potatoes are used for processing, so the described biological activity of the juice obtained may differ depending on the varieties being processed at the time. Therefore, this article is a report on antioxidant activity, polyphenols profile composition, and GA content in PJ from selected seven potato varieties, commonly cultivated in Poland.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Test material

The study used seven potato varieties, grown at the Experimental Station Gorzyń (52°57′N; 15°89′E), belonging to the Poznań University of Life Sciences (Poland). The juice was obtained from seven varieties and denoted as follows: VR 808 – denoted as PJ1, Saturna – denoted as PJ2, Toscana – denoted as PJ3, Ditta – denoted as PJ4, Lord – denoted as PJ5, Denar – denoted as PJ6, and Lady Claire – denoted as PJ7.

The potatoes were thoroughly washed and peeled, and then the juice was squeezed out. The obtained juice was left for an hour in a refrigerator (4°C) for starch sedimentation, and then the juice was decanted, frozen, and lyophilized. Three times 0.5 L of juice was obtained from each variety of potatoes, which was then freeze-dried and unified. The freeze-drying process was performed using Alpha 2–4 LD plus lyophilizer (Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). The process was initiated with a freezing stage at −35°C for 20 h, followed by the main drying step at a shelf in 5°C for 12 h, and the final drying up at 20°C for 2 h. The obtained dried material was packed in laboratory glass and stored frozen until use.

2.2 Antioxidant activity and polyphenol profile composition

2.2.1 Extraction process of antioxidants

The extraction process was carried out using an 80% solution of methanol using a double extraction from lyophilized samples. The lyophilizate (1 g) was mixed with 20 mL of methanol solution, and then shaken for 15 min using a laboratory shaker S50 (CAT Germany GmbH, Lehrte, Germany). Subsequently, the samples were centrifuged at 6,000×g for 10 min. The supernatant was decanted, and another 10 mL of methanol solution was added to the tube. It was shaken again and centrifuged under the conditions described above. The supernatant was decanted again and mixed with previously collected, then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter, and stored in the freezer at −80°C in a glass flask.

2.2.2 Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity

The total antioxidant activity was assessed against the 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical using methods described by Re et al. [38]. Results were presented as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per 1 g of dry matter of the examined sample. The total content of phenolic compounds was determined by the standard Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method [39] using a spectrophotometer (Multiskan GO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland) and expressed as chlorogenic acid equivalent per 1 g of dry matter.

2.2.3 Polyphenols profile composition determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Chromatographic analyses of phenolic compound content were carried out on an Agilent 1260 Infinity II (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) liquid chromatograph equipped with an automatic sample feeder (G7129A), a pump (G7111A), and a diode detector (G7115A) with an overview of the spectrum (190–400 nm). Vanillin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid determinations were made at a wavelength of 280 nm; p-coumaric, sinapic, and ferulic acids at 320 nm; rutin at 360 nm, niacin at 260 nm, and chlorogenic acid at 255 nm. Phenolic compounds were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a SB-C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm with 1.8 µm particle diameter, Agilent Technologies) at 25°C. The following were used as eluent: A: water:acetic acid (98:2) and B: methanol:acetic acid (98:2) at the flow of 0.75 mL/min in the gradient: 0 min 2% B, 22 min 40% B, 26 min 40% B, 28 min 100% B, 35 min 100% B, and 36 min 2% B. The samples were loaded onto the column in an amount of 10 mL. Quantitative calculations were made using the peak areas (measurement and computer integration using the OpenLab CDS (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) program).

2.3 Glycoalcaloid content

2.3.1 Sample preparation and GA extraction

Extraction and purification of PJ GAs were carried out using methods described by Nielsen et al. [40] with small modification. Briefly, 30 mg of freeze-dried PJ was added to 6 mL 5% acetic acid (Merck Life Science Sp. z o.o., Poznań, Poland), shaken for 15 min and centrifuged (14,000×g, 15 min, 4°C). After that, GAs were extracted from supernatant by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (HLB Oasis 1cc 30 mg, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) in vacuum manifold. SPE cartridges were preconditioned according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. The supernatant (2 mL) was added to the column, and then the column was washed with 2 mL of methanol solution (10% v/v). GAs were eluted with 2 mL of methanol with formic acid (0.1% v/v), and then, the elute was filtered (0.22 μm) before UHPLC–MS/MS analysis.

2.3.2 UHPLC–MS/MS analysis

The quantitative and qualitative determination of α-solanine and α-chocaine in PJ extracts were performed using the chromatographic system UltiMate 3000 RSLC (Dionex, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Bartlesville, OK, USA) coupled to an API 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (from AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA) in positive ionization mode ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was done on a Kinetex 1.7 µm C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) column from Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA). A total of 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) were used as the mobile phase. Elution was performed using a gradient: 25% B at 0 min, 32% at 3 min, increased to 100% B in 3 min and held for 0.5 min. The flow rate was 0.20 mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 35°C, and the injection volume was 10.0 μL. A postrun time was set at 4.0 min for column equilibration before the next injection. The operating conditions for mass spectrometry for α-solanine and α-chocaine were as follows: curtain gas 10 psi, nebulizer gas and auxiliary gas 40 psi, source temperature 600°C, ion spray voltage 5,500 V, and collision gas set to medium. Quantitative analysis of the compounds was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. For analytes was chosen one transitions of the protonated molecular ion and their respective ion product. The first MRM transition was used to quantitate, and the second was used to confirm. These transitions (m/z) with associated declustering potentials (V) and collision energies (V) were as follows: α-solanine 869 → 98, 181, 115; 869 → 398, 181, 95 and α-chocaine 852.6 → 98, 201, 119; 852.6 → 706, 201, 97. All compounds were quantified in the potato extracts using the standard addition method.

2.4 Microbiological tests

Antimicrobial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method. In antimicrobial assays, the following strains types were used: Listeria, Salmonella, Yersinia, Clostridium, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and yeast Candida. Specifics about species as well as conditions for the growth of microorganisms are presented in Table S1. The microorganisms were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, USA). Antimicrobial activity was determined by point-diffusion method. Agar media suitable for the growth of the investigated microorganisms were inoculated in the logarithmic growth phase in such an amount as to obtain a cell concentration of approximately 106 CFU/mL. Then, 20 μL of dried PJ at a concentration of 100 mg/mL was applied to solidified agar media. After 24 h incubation, the degree of inhibition of the growth of indicator microorganisms was assessed.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the data was performed with Statistica 13 (Dell Software Inc., USA) software. All measurements were studied using one-way analysis of variance independently for each dependent variable. Post hoc Tukey honest significant difference multiple comparison tests were used to identify statistically homogeneous subsets at α = 0.05.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Antioxidant activity and polyphenol profile

The mentioned previously published data indicate that there are also antioxidants in PJ, mainly phenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant properties. To compare the properties of the juice obtained from a particular variety, potatoes were grown under similar conditions to eliminate the differences resulting from stress factors. The content of phenolic compounds in the analyzed juices differed between the cultivars (Figure 1). Their lowest content was recorded for PJ7 (8.09 ± 0.19 mg/g), and the highest content was recorded for PJ6 (12.85 ± 0.20 mg/g). This is much higher than the average content in potato tubers of 0.74 mg/g fresh weight [18]. Nevertheless, the polyphenol content is in each form lower than that of the waste PJ obtained in the starch production process [41]. However, the high content of phenols is not associated with high antioxidant activity. The highest total antioxidant activity was recorded for PJ5 (3.04 ± 0.11 mM/g) and the lowest for PJ2, PJ1, and PJ7 (1.45 ± 0.27, 1.50 ± 0.03, and 1.63 ± 0.76 mM/g, respectively). It can, therefore, be assumed that PJ contains phenolic compounds in bound form that are linked to cell wall polysaccharides by ester bonds. They are not detected by a simple colorimetric method, but when released in the digestive tract, they can have a beneficial effect on our body. Also, simple heat treatment can release the bound phenols [42,43,44] and thus increase their bioavailability.

Figure 1 Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of analyzed PJ samples (PJs). PJ1: VR 808, PJ2: Saturna, PJ3: Toscana, PJ4: Ditta, PJ5: Lord, PJ6: Denar, and PJ7: Lady Claire. Mean values with different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05.
Figure 1

Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of analyzed PJ samples (PJs). PJ1: VR 808, PJ2: Saturna, PJ3: Toscana, PJ4: Ditta, PJ5: Lord, PJ6: Denar, and PJ7: Lady Claire. Mean values with different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05.

Among the free phenolic acids and polyphenols present in potatoes, the most frequently described are catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, gallic acids, and malvidin [45,46,47]. However, the analyzed juices showed the presence of chlorogenic, sinapic, coumaric, hydroxybenzoic acids, niacin, rutin, and vanillin. Importantly, PJs from different potato cultivars were characterized by a different profile of the analyzed compounds. PJ4 was the only one that contained chlorogenic acid, which has many health-promoting properties, most of them related to the treatment of metabolic syndrome, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive effects [48], and PJ4 was the only one that did not contain hydroxybenzoic acid. PJ4 also contained the greatest amount of rutin (3,30,40,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside), which demonstrated a number of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, cytoprotective, vasoprotective, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective activities [49]. Detailed data on the content of individual phenols are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Phenolic compounds determined by HPLC

Sample Chlorogenic acid (μg/g) Rutin (μg/g) p-Coumaric acid (μg/g) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (μg/g) Ferulic acid (μg/g) Niacin (μg/g) Sinapic acid (μg/g) Vanillin (μg/g)
PJ1 N/D 4.68 ± 0.02d 2.85 ± 0.01c 1.16 ± 0.01b 4.84 ± 0.02c 233.49 ± 1.12c N/D 38.52 ± 0.11b
PJ2 N/D N/D 11.46 ± 0.03a 1.12 ± 0.01c 3.03 ± 0.01f 274.83 ± 0.97b 1.93 ± 0.01b 47.74 ± 0.27a
PJ3 N/D 23.35 ± 0.12b 0.37 ± 0.01d 1.61 ± 0.02a 5.97 ± 0.01b 208.82 ± 1.27d 1.33 ± 0.01c 23.59 ± 0.13c
PJ4 22.96 ± 0.89 131.38 ± 0.14a N/D N/D 4.71 ± 0.01d 82.08 ± 0.99g 8.67 ± 0.02a 17.44 ± 0.10d
PJ5 N/D 1.93 ± 0.01e N/D 0.46 ± 0.02d 3.36 ± 0.02e 138.31 ± 1.06e 1.19 ± 0.01d 15.97 ± 0.09e
PJ6 N/D 18.97 ± 0.06c N/D 0.50 ± 0.02d 2.98 ± 0.01f 99.22 ± 0.89f N/D 15.36 ± 0.08e
PJ7 N/D N/D 4.62 ± 0.02b 1.12 ± 0.02c 6.36 ± 0.02a 332.52 ± 1.03a N/D 39.83 ± 0.10b

PJ1, VR 808; PJ2, Saturna; PJ3, Toscana; PJ4, Ditta; PJ5, Lord; PJ6, Denar; and PJ7, Lady Claire. N/D, not detected. Mean values with different letters in the superscript are significantly different at α = 0.05.

3.2 Glycoalcaloid contents

Despite the high nutritional value of potatoes, concern is raised by the presence of GAs, compounds that are widely recognized as toxic [50]. They are formed by combining alkaloids with one or more sugar molecules. GAs are present throughout the plant, but the greatest risk comes from their presence in the edible part, that is, tubers, from which they then pass into the PJ in the starch production process. Almost 95% of the GAs of potatoes are α-solanine and α-chaconine [51]. Due to slight differences in structure, and thus similar physicochemical properties, publications often include the total content of GAs, without distinguishing individual compounds that make up this group of compounds [52]. The use of mass spectrometry allowed to determine the content of both main GAs in the analyzed juices, and the results are presented in Figure 2. It was shown that the juices from PJ4 and PJ3 varieties had the lowest GA content, and the highest levels were observed for PJ1 and PJ6. GAs are essential for the proper growth of the plant. Like phenols, they are secondary metabolites that protect plants against pests and pathogens [53]. However, no relationship was found between the GA and phenol contents. Due to the high toxicity of GAs, an acceptable limit of their content in potatoes has been established, which is 200 mg/kg of fresh potato tubers [54]. It is, therefore, important to monitor the GA content and use varieties with the lowest possible content. For this reason, the PJ4 and PJ3 varieties can be recommended for the production of PJ, on the one hand, due to the low content of GAs and, on the other hand, due to the high content of biologically active phenolic compounds.

Figure 2 Results of LC–MS analysis of GAs. PJ1: VR 808, PJ2: Saturna, PJ3: Toscana, PJ4: Ditta, PJ5: Lord, PJ6: Denar, and PJ7: Lady Claire. Mean values with different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05.
Figure 2

Results of LC–MS analysis of GAs. PJ1: VR 808, PJ2: Saturna, PJ3: Toscana, PJ4: Ditta, PJ5: Lord, PJ6: Denar, and PJ7: Lady Claire. Mean values with different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05.

3.3 Microbiological tests

Substances present in plants, as well as plant extracts, often exhibit antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils are the most widely described [23,55,56,57]. Also, so far few sources indicate the antimicrobial activity of substances present in potato tubers. Among them, proteins and protease inhibitors are most often described [58,59] but also polyphenolic compounds and GAs [53,60,61,62]. Strains of microorganisms selected for research represent many groups of microorganisms that are important from the point of view of human physiology, both positively influencing our body, but also pathogenic. However, despite the different contents of both phenols and GAs, no antimicrobial activity was found for any of the analyzed juices (data not shown). Therefore, it can be concluded that although PJ will not protect us against the development of pathogenic microflora, its consumption will not interfere with the growth of commensal microflora.

4 Conclusion

PJ is of increasing interest as a raw material with a high biological activity. Literature data describe the broad activity of PJ as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or even cytotoxic. In this study, the juices obtained from seven potato varieties, grown under the same conditions, were analyzed. It has been shown that both the content and the profile of polyphenolic compounds depend on the variety from which the juice was obtained. The highest content of polyphenols was found in the juice obtained from the Denar, Ditta, and Toscana varieties, and the lowest content was found in the juice obtained from the Lady Claire variety. However, the use of PJ raises toxicological concerns due to the presence of GAs in potatoes. Also in this case, a significant influence of the potato variety on the GA content in the juice was observed. The lowest levels of solanine and chaconine were recorded in juices from Toscana and Ditta. None of the analyzed juices inhibited the growth of the analyzed microorganisms. It can therefore be assumed that the Ditta and Toscana varieties, due to the high content of polyphenols and the low content of GAs, can be recommended for the industrial production of PJ, which is further used in the production of functional food or dietary supplements.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Professor Grażyna Lewandowicz (Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland) for inspiration, consultation, and valuable advice.

  1. Funding information: The National Centre for Research and Development of Poland (NCBR) is acknowledged for funding provided within the program LIDER under grant agreement No. LIDER/27/0105/L-11/19/NCBR/2020 (PI: Przemysław Kowalczewski).

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, P.Ł.K.; funding acquisition, P.Ł.K.; formal analysis, P.Ł.K. and P.J.; investigation, P.Ł.K., J.Z., A.D., K.S., M.K., and P.J.; methodology, P.Ł.K., J.Z., and A.D.; project administration, P.Ł.K.; resources, D.R. and Z.S.; supervision, P.Ł.K.; visualization, P.Ł.K. and P.J.; writing – original draft, P.Ł.K., K.S., and P.J.; and writing – review and editing, P.Ł.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2021-10-25
Revised: 2021-11-18
Accepted: 2021-11-25
Published Online: 2021-12-20

© 2021 Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0109
Keywords for this article
potato juice; antioxidant activity; chaconine; glycoalcaloids; phenolic compounds; solanine; Solanum tuberosum L.
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
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  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
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  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
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  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
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  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
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  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
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  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
  31. A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
  32. On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O
  33. Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
  34. Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol
  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
  56. Potency and selectivity indices of Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace chloroform extract against non-clinical and clinical human pathogens
  57. Simple modifications of nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acids toward new weapons against plant diseases
  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
  62. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells
  63. Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
  64. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature
  65. Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques
  66. Study on the speciation of arsenic in the genuine medicinal material honeysuckle
  67. Two Cu(ii)-based coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment activity on periodontitis
  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
  127. Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites
  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
  133. Carryover effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation and early weaning on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Najdi lambs
  134. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  135. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode
  136. Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis
  137. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  138. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review
  139. Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation
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