Home Physical Sciences Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
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Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B

  • Min-Min Huang and Li-Na Xu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 21, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

A novel porous Cd(ii) metal–organic framework (MOF) with the chemical composition of {[H3O][Cd(bci)]} n ·2n(H2O) (1, H3bci = bis(2-carboxyethyl)isocyanurate) was prepared via hydrothermal responses of H3bci and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O. Luminescent property investigations indicated that compound 1 had high sensitivity toward Fe3+, and the detection limit of Fe3+ was as low as 2.15 × 10−4 M. The application values of Fe3+ on Hepatitis B were assessed, and its associated mechanism was identified simultaneously. First, the cytotoxic mediator (TNF-α) substance released into plasma was measured through the ELISA. In addition, real-time RT-PCR was employed to determine the Hepatitis B viral replication gene relative expression levels. Finally, the novel compound’s toxicity against human normal liver cells was tested by using the CCK-8 assay.

Keywords: Cd(ii) compound; porous framework; luminescence sensing; Hepatitis B; toxicity

1 Introduction

Hepatitis B infection can cause acute and chronic Hepatitis B, thereby resulting in chronic liver diseases, for instance, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis [1]. It is an important infectious disease that seriously affects the health of people. Although the antiviral treatment of interferon and nucleoside analogs has a certain effect in some Hepatitis B patients, the comprehensive treatment of combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine has also received certain results in the end-stage treatment of liver disease, but its effect is not ideal [2,3]. Therefore, new technologies and new methods for treating the Hepatitis B must be explored.

In the last ten years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn extensive research attention because of their structural diversities and their application prospects as the functional materials in the areas of luminescent probe, nonlinear optics, photocatalysis, gas adsorption, and magnetism [4,5,6,7]. At present, establishing the luminescent MOFs for selectively determining the organic small molecules, heavy metal ions, and aromatic explosives has received particular interest [8,9,10,11]. Compared with traditional detection techniques, MOF-based luminescent probes show some advantages such as high selectivity, high sensitivity, quick response, naked-eye observability, and simple operation [12,13]. Therefore, numerous luminescent MOFs have been synthesized and served as luminescent probes for exploring, Fe3+, and ions in the water [14,15,16,17].

With the development of the modern industry, many harmful substances, including nitroaromatic explosives, volatile organic solvent molecules, and heavy metal ions, have been discharged directly into the environment, which would lead to the sequence of harm to ecological environment and the health of human [18]. In protecting human safety and ecological balance, developing a new MOF-based luminescent probe with high selectivity together with high sensitivity is essential for determining these harmful substances. Herein, we reported on the generation along with characterization of a fresh 3-dimensional porous Cd(ii) MOF, namely, {[H3O][Cd(bci)]} n ·2n(H2O) (1, H3bci = bis(2-carboxyethyl)isocyanurate). The luminescence studies demonstrated that the 1 could be employed as a luminescent probe for the high sensitivity Fe3+ ion, and the detection limit of Fe3+ was calculated to be as low as 2.15 × 10−4 M. Furthermore, the compound’s treatment activity against Hepatitis B was investigated, and in meantime, the corresponding mechanism was studied.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials and instrumentation

Cd(NO3)2·4H2O (98%+, AR) was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Company. H3bci (97%, AR) ligand was supplied by Jinan Henghua Chemical Reagent Company. Dimethylformamide (DMF; 99.99%, AR) was brought from Shanghai Guoyao Chemical Reagent Company. In order to investigate the elements of Carbon, Nitrogen together with Hydrogen, Vario EL III was employed. PANalytical X′Pert Pro was applied to explore PXRD, in which the step size of Cu/Kα radiation (where λ is 1.54056 Å) is 0.05°. With the temperature from 30 to 800°C, by utilizing NETSCHZ STA-449C, TGA was finished with 0°C per min increasing rate under N flow. FLS920, an Edinburgh Analytical instrument, was applied to collect luminescent spectra.

2.2 Synthesis of compound {[H3O][Cd(bci)]} n ·2n(H2O) (1)

We sealed the mixture created through 0.1 mmol H3bci, 0.100 mmol Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 2.0 mL H2O, and 1 mL DMF into a tiny glass bottle (20.0 mL), which was then placed for two days at 110°C temperature. Next, cooling this complex with 2°C per min decreasing rate at ambient temperature, we acquired the colorless massive crystals of the compound 1 with 38 percent yield in accordance with H3bci. Elemental analysis Calcd. for the C9H14CdN3O10: N, 9.62, C, 24.74, and H, 3.21% found: N, 9.64, C, 24.78, and H, 3.19%.

2.3 X-ray crystallography

The single-crystal information of compound 1 was gathered using an Oxford Xcalibur E controlled through computer, in which the T of graphite-monochromated Cu-Kα radiation (λ is equal to 0.71073 Å) is equal to 293(2) K. The construction of compound 1 was determined through the dual direct approach and improved through the full-matrix least square approach according to F 2 employing SHELXL-2014 [19]. The lattice water molecules were squeezed out via the PLATON program [20]. Crystallographic information of 1 is shown in Table 1. Compound 1’s selected angles (°) and bond lengths (Å) are enumerated in Table S1.

Table 1

The complex 1’s crystal information

Formula C9H14CdN3O10
Fw 436.59
Crystal system orthorhombic
Space group Pnma
a (Å) 8.0632(3)
b (Å) 13.4254(6)
c (Å) 14.4599(6)
α (°) 90
β (°) 90
γ (°) 90
Volume (Å3) 1565.31 (11)
Z 4
Density (calculated) 1.623
Abs. coeff. (/mm) 11.489
Total reflections 4,561
Unique reflections 1,700
Goodness of fit on F 2 1.161
Final R indices [I > 2sigma(I 2)] R = 0.0384, wR 2 = 0.1036
R (all data) R = 0.0399, wR 2 = 0.1048
CCDC 2081898

2.4 Sensing experiments

Two milligrams of finely ground specimens of compound 1 were separately disseminated into 2 mL of M(NO3) n in water (0.01 mol/L, M = Al3+, Pb2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Na+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ag+, and Fe3+), and the above-mentioned suspensions were treated ultrasonically for half an hour. Next, these suspensions were maintained in 1 cm wide quartz cell to carry out fluorescence determination. The titration experiments of Fe3+ ions were performed as previously described by the gradual addition of Fe3+ concentration.

2.5 ELISA detection kit

After several trials, we found that the as-created Cd-MOF was insolvable in ordinary solvents; as a result, its stock solution was applied for the below biological activity detections, which were well-documented in the literature [19,20]. First, about 150–160 mg of the created MOF was stored in mortar and then they were manually ground with the pestle for half an hour to acquire the fine powders. Next, the above powders were immersed in 50 mL dimethyl sulfoxide and were then sonicated at 70 W for two hours to gather the well-dispersed stock solution. We used the ELISA detection kit in the current research to identify the levels of TNF-α liberated into the plasma following the compound treatment. The process was performed following the instructions with slight modification. In brief, fifty Balb/c mice were offered via Nanjing University’s Model Animal Center, which were utilized in the current research. The entire conduction was granted through the Nanjing University’s Animal Ethics Committee. The Hepatitis B virus was used to infect the animal for generating the animal model of Hepatitis B. For the next treatment, the mixture was treated at 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg concentration. The TNF-α content released into plasma after conducting the compound treatment was measured with ELISA.

2.6 Real-time RT-PCR

In this investigation, to explore the inhibitory activity of this new complex on the relative expression of the Hepatitis B viral replication gene, we applied real-time RT-PCR assay. Hepatitis B virus was collected and subsequently treated by this compound with 10, 20, and 50 ng/mL concentration. Next, the Hepatitis B virus was harvested, and TRIzol Reagent was applied to extract the overall RNA under the manufacturer’s instruction. Its concentration was measured with OD280/OD260 ratio, which was next reverse transcribed into the cDNA through exploiting the cDNA reverse transcription kit with high capacity. Consequently, the Hepatitis B viral replication genes relative expression was identified through SYBR Green Master Mix following the treatment of this compound. We applied the 2−ΔΔCt approach for the relative quantification of triplicate preformation.

3 CCK-8 assay

The CCK-8 assay was implemented to explore the novel compound’s toxicity against the normal human liver cells. This preformation was performed following the instructions with slight modification. In brief, the human normal liver cells isolated from the normal animal were seeded into 96-well plates with 105 cells each well concentration. After that, the cells were cultivated in a 37°C incubator with 5 percent of CO2 for half a day. As the cell enters the phage of logical growth, the compound was added with different concentrations for treatment. After the treatment, the culture medium of cell was discarded and the fresh culture medium involving reagent of CCK-8 was added into cells to implement the in-depth incubation. Eventually, for each well, its absorbance was tested at 490 mm. This research was accomplished at least 3 times, and the results were expressed with mean ± SD.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Crystal structure of compound 1

The study of X-ray diffraction indicated that compound 1 was crystallized in an orthorhombic space group of Pnma, and it reflected a 3-dimensional porous structure. Its fundamental unit contains 0.5 Cd(ii) ion, 0.5 bci3−, 0.5 free hydronium ion, and a lattice molecule of water. As displayed in the Figure 1a, Cd1 is situated in a triangular prism and is 6-coordinated through five oxygen atoms (namely, O1a and O2a, O1b, O2b, and O4c) and 1 N atom (N2) from four divergent bci3− ligands, and the separations of Cd-O are between 2.243(3) and 2.526(4) Å, and the spacing of Cd-N is 2.186(5) Å. The bci3− utilities as a μ 4-bridge involve four divergent Cd(ii) ions and its two carboxylate groups in chelating mode, one ketone oxygen atom, and one nitrogen atom both in monodentate mode (Figure 1b). Based on previous reports, such unique bridge mode of the bci3− ligand has not been reported. All of the Cd(ii) are bridged via bci3− into a 3-dimensional anionic framework (Figure 1c). Notably, no cation could be defined from the different Fourier maps; thus, we can hypothesize that one lattice water molecule was protonated into a hydronium ion to balance the charge of the 3D anionic framework. The crystallographic a axis shows 1D rhombic channels. The solvent-accessible quantity of 1 counted through the PLATON program is approximately 26.0% per unit cell. In topology, bci3− and Cd(ii) ions could be considered as four-linked nodes; therefore, the whole 3D framework of compound 1 could be shorten into a four-linked sra topological network that has {42·63·8} point symbol (Figure 1d).

Figure 1 (a) Coordination surroundings of Cd(ii) ion in compound 1. (b) The coordination mode of the bci3− ligand. (c) The 3-dimensional porous skeleton of complex 1 was observed along the crystallographic a direction. (d) Schematic diagram of the four-linked sra topological network for compound 1.
Figure 1

(a) Coordination surroundings of Cd(ii) ion in compound 1. (b) The coordination mode of the bci3− ligand. (c) The 3-dimensional porous skeleton of complex 1 was observed along the crystallographic a direction. (d) Schematic diagram of the four-linked sra topological network for compound 1.

4.2 PXRD pattern and TGA

We characterized the as-synthesized bulk specimens through powder X-ray diffraction analysis to demonstrate the phase purity. The result is shown in Figure S1. Evidently, the diffraction summits of the experimental mode fit smoothly with that of the simulated mode based on the single-crystal diffraction information, suggesting that it contains good phase purity.

The thermal behavior of 1 was investigated via TGA, which was executed on the polycrystalline specimens in the nitrogen atmosphere. In the 1’s curve of TGA (Figure 2), the release of the lattice water molecules occurred between 85 and 106°C (obsd: 12.22%, calcd: 12.37%), and then, no weight loss occurred until 285°C, from which the skeleton of 1 began to decompose. The remaining weight of 29.48% corresponded to the formation of CdO (calcd: 29.41%).

Figure 2 TGA curve of 1.
Figure 2

TGA curve of 1.

4.3 Photoluminescent property of 1

The luminescent spectra of H3bci and compound 1 have been studied at normal temperature and pressure. As shown in Figure 3a, the H3bci ligand shows a 348 nm emission band when excited by 320 nm, and 1 performs a 366 nm emission band (λ ex is equal to 330 nm) similar to the free H3bci ligand. The central Cd(ii) ion is hard to be reduced or oxidized owing to its electronic configuration of d 10; as a result, the complex 1’s luminescence may be originated from the intraligand charge transfer. In contrast to the emission of H3bci, the complex 1’s redshift emission of 18 nm might result in the bci3− coordination to the metal ions [21].

Figure 3 (a) Emission spectrum of the H3bci ligand and compound 1. (b) The luminescence intensities of compound 1 disseminated in water and divergent metal ion solutions. (c) The complex 1’s emission spectra disseminated in Fe3+ in water with diverse concentrations. (d) SV plots of I 0/I versus different concentrations of Fe3+ ions for 1.
Figure 3

(a) Emission spectrum of the H3bci ligand and compound 1. (b) The luminescence intensities of compound 1 disseminated in water and divergent metal ion solutions. (c) The complex 1’s emission spectra disseminated in Fe3+ in water with diverse concentrations. (d) SV plots of I 0/I versus different concentrations of Fe3+ ions for 1.

The 1’s porous structure and strong emission in-depth inspired us to explore its sensing characteristics for determining metal ions. In evaluating its sensing abilities for divergent metal ions, 2 mg of finely ground specimens of 1 were separately disseminated into 2 mL of M(NO3) n in water (0.01 mol/L, M = Al3+, Pb2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Na+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ag+, and Fe3+), which were ultrasonically treated for 30 min, and then we measured the luminescent spectra of the above-mentioned suspension. In addition, the blank test without metal ions was conducted at identical conditions. As shown in Figure 3b, in contrast to the result of the blank test, the luminescence intensity of 1 is greatly decided by the metal ions identities. In particular, Fe3+ ions can completely quench the luminescence of 1. Titration experiments of Fe3+ were also performed by gradually adding Fe3+ concentration to evaluate its sensitivity. As reflected in Figure 3c, the 1’s luminescence strength was progressively undermined with increasing concentration of Fe3+. When the Fe3+ concentration reached 0.80 mM, 1’s luminescence was nearly totally quenched. The Fe3+-induced quenching function of 1 could be calculated using I 0/I = Aexp(R[M]) + b, an exponential quenching equation in which I and I 0 are the luminescent strength with or without Fe3+; [M] represents Fe3+ concentration (mM); b, R, and A are the constants. The fitting result is as follows: I 0/I = 0.8739exp(3.77 × 10−3[M]) + 0.5737 (Figure 3d). In the low concentration range of 0–0.16 mM, the Stern–Volmer (SV) plot follows a linear relationship; with I 0/I = 1 + K sv[M], the SV equation, we can calculate quenching constant (K sv), which is 1.136 × 104/M. Moreover, the Fe3+ detection limit was calculated by 3σ/K sv, obtaining a low detection limit value of 2.15 × 10−4 M. These results indicated that 1 had high sensitivity toward Fe3+ ions.

4.4 Compound significantly reduced the level of TNF-α released into the plasma in a dose-dependent manner

After the synthesis of the new compound with novel structure, its treatment of Hepatitis B was determined. During the procession of the Hepatitis B infection, there was usually combined with an increased level of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, in the current study, we performed ELISA detection to detect the content of TNF-α released into the plasma after compound treatment. As the results shown in Figure 4, we can see there was a remarkably enhanced level of TNF-α in the plasma of model group, which is significantly higher than the levels in control group. There was a significant difference between these two groups, with P < 0.005. After the compound treatment, the level of TNF-α released into the plasma was decreased. The inhibition of the new compound exhibited a dose-dependent manner.

Figure 4 TNF-α content in the plasma determined with ELISA assay. The Hepatitis B virus was used to infect the animal for the construction of the Hepatitis B animal model (n = 10). The mixture compound was then utilized for therapy at the concentration of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg. ELISA detection was performed and the content of TNF-α released into the plasma was measured 6 and 12 h after compound therapy. ns means P > 0.05, *means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, and *** means P < 0.005. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.
Figure 4

TNF-α content in the plasma determined with ELISA assay. The Hepatitis B virus was used to infect the animal for the construction of the Hepatitis B animal model (n = 10). The mixture compound was then utilized for therapy at the concentration of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg. ELISA detection was performed and the content of TNF-α released into the plasma was measured 6 and 12 h after compound therapy. ns means P > 0.05, *means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, and *** means P < 0.005. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.

4.5 Compound inhibited the relative expression of Hepatitis B viral replication gene

In the above research, the mixture can remarkably decrease the level of TNF-α liberated into the plasma in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the excellent application values of the new mixture on the Hepatitis B animal model treatment through inhibiting the inflammatory response. Nevertheless, whether this compound could also influence the replication of the Hepatitis B virus still need to be explored. Therefore, in this experiment, real-time RT-PCR was implemented to determine the relative expression of the Hepatitis B viral replication gene. The information in Figure 5 suggested that compared with the higher level of Hepatitis B viral replication gene in the control group, the mixture evidently downregulate the Hepatitis B viral replication gene relative expression levels with a dose-dependent pattern, which was in accordance with the previous results. All the results above indicated the mixture has good biological activity on the Hepatitis B therapy.

Figure 5 Expression levels of cccDNA measured by real-time RT-PCR. The compound was employed to be incubated with Hepatitis B at 10, 20, and 50 ng/mL concentration (n = 5). Real-time RT-PCR was performed to measure the Hepatitis B viral replication gene relative expression levels under compound incubation for 6 and 12 h. *means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, and *** means P < 0.005. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.
Figure 5

Expression levels of cccDNA measured by real-time RT-PCR. The compound was employed to be incubated with Hepatitis B at 10, 20, and 50 ng/mL concentration (n = 5). Real-time RT-PCR was performed to measure the Hepatitis B viral replication gene relative expression levels under compound incubation for 6 and 12 h. *means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, and *** means P < 0.005. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.

4.6 Compound exhibited no toxicity on human normal liver cells

We have demonstrated the novel compound’s outstanding treatment activity against the treatment of Hepatitis B animal model through inhibiting Hepatitis B viral replication. Nevertheless, in the process of the treatment, the compound’s toxicity against human normal liver cells still required to be investigated. As a result, in this research, the CCK-8 assay was employed for determination. The information is displayed in Figure 6. In contrast to control group, the fresh compound possessed nearly no effect against the normal human liver cells viability. Besides, no remarkable difference was observed between these two groups. This research suggested that the compound had outstanding biological activity against the treatment of Hepatitis B animal model without toxicity.

Figure 6 Viability of the normal human liver cells detected by CCK-8 assay. The human normal liver cells were treated via the fresh compound at serial concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM), and then the liver cells viability was measured by the CCK-8 assay, the cells without compound treatment were used as control. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.
Figure 6

Viability of the normal human liver cells detected by CCK-8 assay. The human normal liver cells were treated via the fresh compound at serial concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM), and then the liver cells viability was measured by the CCK-8 assay, the cells without compound treatment were used as control. The experiment was repeated at least three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD.

5 Conclusion

In this present research, a novel Cd(ii) MOF was designed and synthesized in the hydrothermal condition, and this MOF shows strong luminescence at normal temperature, which could be used as the fluorescent sensor for the Fe3+ ion. The ELISA assay shows that the mixture can remarkably reduce the release of TNF-α into the plasma with a dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, the Hepatitis B viral replication gene relative expression levels were inhibited by the new mixture with a dose-dependent pattern. Finally, the prepared Cd-complex showed potential application as a candidate drug for treating the Hepatitis B through inhibiting Hepatitis B viral replication, which could significantly reduce Hepatitis B viral replication without toxicity.

  1. Funding information: No funding.

  2. Author contributions: M.M.H: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, and writing – original draft. L.N.X.: writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors declare that there do not exist conflict of interest in the publication of this study.

  4. Data availability statement: The complex 1’s selected bond angles (°) and lengths (Å); the patterns of PXRD of compound 1, the information could be observed in the supporting information file.

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Received: 2021-05-06
Revised: 2021-07-25
Accepted: 2021-08-26
Published Online: 2021-09-21

© 2021 Min-Min Huang and Li-Na Xu, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
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  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
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  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
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  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
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  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
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  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
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  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
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  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
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  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
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  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
  127. Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites
  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
  133. Carryover effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation and early weaning on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Najdi lambs
  134. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  135. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode
  136. Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis
  137. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  138. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review
  139. Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0085
Keywords for this article
Cd(ii) compound; porous framework; luminescence sensing; Hepatitis B; toxicity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
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  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
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  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
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  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
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  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
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  69. Review Articles
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  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
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  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
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  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
  127. Influence of mica mineral on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites
  128. Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomer foams based on the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubber and thermoplastic material
  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
  133. Carryover effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation and early weaning on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Najdi lambs
  134. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  135. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode
  136. Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis
  137. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  138. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review
  139. Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation
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