Determinants influencing tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye – Impact of earthquake hazards on Serbian visitors’ preferences
-
Ivana Blešić
,
Milan Ivkov
Abstract
Earthquakes are a rather complex natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented, and their effects can be catastrophic and have profound implications on various economic sectors (especially tourism). This study investigates the relationships between subjective factors (gender, age, education, previous experience, and disaster anxiety), the perceived travel risk, and the travel intention of tourists from Serbia to destinations in Türkiye. The pilot study was done in March 2023 with 110 respondents from the Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Tourism, and Hotel Management, Novi Sad. After the validation of the instruments, the main survey was conducted in the period from March to June 2023. The subjects of interest were residents of Serbia over the age of 18. The data from this study are analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis and path analyses. This study aims to enhance the understanding of perceived risk and travel intention, specifically focusing on Türkiye. The assessed outcome relates to how tourists perceive three specific categories of risk when traveling to destinations with a high risk of natural disasters, such as earthquake-prone areas. The findings suggest that older respondents tend to perceive lower physical and financial travel risks, even though the influence of age on the perception of socio-psychological risks was inconclusive. Further results reveal that individuals with prior experience tend to hold a heightened perception of physical, financial, and socio-psychological risks. An examination of the relationship between disaster anxiety and perceived travel risks indicates that physical, financial, and socio-psychological risks exert a negative influence on travel intention. Thus, this study may provide a conceptual foundation for both theoretical and practical implications for the improvement of risk management techniques at a specific travel destination in areas prone to earthquake hazards.
1 Introduction
Türkiye, spanning the Anatolian peninsula in Southwestern Asia and Thrace (Rumelia) in the Balkan region or Southeastern Europe, is recognized as one of the largest Eurasian countries. It is situated within a significant seismic belt of the world [1], which is influenced by the dynamics of numerous tectonic plates [2,3]. This area is well known for being seismically active, with short periods between seismic events – earthquakes. These complex and disastrous natural events caused many fatalities and infrastructural and economic damage over the past decades in Türkiye [4,5,6,7] and have proven to be one of the most severe threats to society in general [3]. Although earthquakes represent the second most common natural disaster in Türkiye [8], 99% of its population, 96% of industrial areas, and 75% of power stations are located in seismically risky zones [9,10,11]. Evidently, Türkiye is vulnerable to earthquake risk in terms of economic, psychologic, and social concerns [3]. According to the conducted geological analysis [12] and seismic history of the area, similar major earthquakes are also expected in the future. Unfortunately, devastating earthquakes struck the south-central parts of Türkiye (and northwestern parts of Syria) on February 6, 2023, affecting at least 13.5 million people (equivalent to approximately 16% of Türkiye’s population) and destroying around 520,000 households. This event triggered a global-scale impact [7]. Additionally, some earthquakes in the past further resulted in catastrophic tsunamis [13], with the most recent tsunami after the earthquake in 2017 off the coast of Bodrum, one of the most popular tourist destinations [14]. Hence, the susceptibility of major tourist destinations in Türkiye to seismic activity presents a looming threat with potentially devastating consequences. As highlighted by Dolu and İkizler [15], recent earthquakes, such as those in Elazig on January 24, 2020, and Izmir on October 30, 2020, underscore the vulnerability of these regions, particularly impacting the local economy, notably the tourism sector. However, it is the seismic event of August 17, 1999, with a magnitude of 7.4, that stands as a grim reminder of the catastrophic potential. This earthquake resulted in an alarming toll of 17,480 fatalities, 43,953 injuries, and widespread damage to 73,342 buildings. Its impact reverberated across ten cities, affecting 16 million people. The toll on the tourism industry was equally severe, with a staggering financial loss estimated at 173 million USD. The aftermath of the 1999 earthquake also manifested in a notable decline in international tourism arrivals. Çiftci and Bayram [16] reported a significant drop from 9,752,697 visitors in the preceding year to 7,487,285, signaling the profound impact of seismic events on the tourism landscape in Türkiye.
International tourism is an important driver of economic development in Türkiye. Being a worldwide tourism hotspot, Türkiye confronts enormous hurdles in managing tourism development [17] as this sector generates approximately one-eight of its national economy [18,19]. The current exponential growth of Turkish tourism is expected to exceed 149 billion dollars in national earnings by 2028. Moreover, Türkiye received roughly 40 million international tourists in 2018, which was more than double the number of tourists only a decade ago [20]. Therefore, it is obligatory to acknowledge tourists’ behavior, preferences, and priorities [21]. However, this country is vulnerable to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, and these safety-related concerns could further affect tourist behavior patterns and decision-making processes [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. When a country’s travel risks rise, tourists’ concerns about their personal safety cause them to postpone or cancel their travel plans. This impedes the arrival of international tourists, as risk perception about personal safety has the strongest impact on them [29,30,31]. Tourists are apprehensive about visiting earthquake-stricken areas [32], and their perceived image of that destination is likely to be negative [33]. Conversely, these risks, which could be objective or subjective [34], do not necessarily impact their decision to visit a specific location [35]. Some of them, particularly repeat visitors, return to these destinations in spite of potential risks [36].
Destination visit intention is one of the most researched issues in tourism literature [37,38,39]. As the intention to visit is shaped by a complex process, scholars have focused on uncovering the determinants that influence this procedure. Besides the aforementioned perceived risks, some of the main determinants are familiarity [40], place attachment [41,42], hospitableness [43], emotions [44], travel motivation [38], and destination image as a key determinant in this process [27,37,40,45,46,47,48,49].
While it is difficult to eliminate all potential risks and have a risk-free destination, it is critical to detect and comprehend them in order to limit their negative impacts on tourism in the long run. Governments, travel agents, and the media provide warnings about the dangers of foreign tourism on a regular basis [50], which proved to affect tourists’ perceived risk and travel behavior [51,52].
While Serbian tourists primarily seek safe destinations that fulfill most of their needs, their choices are mainly influenced by geographical proximity, economic aspects, and consumer–tourist satisfaction [53,54,26]. These destinations primarily include Türkiye, Greece, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Egypt, and Tunisia [55]. Based on data from the National Tourism Organization of Serbia and the National Bank of Serbia, among the top destinations, Greek summer resorts along the Aegean Sea claimed the lion’s share, with a staggering 392 million Euros spent by tourists from Serbia. Following closely behind, the Türkiye Riviera, notably Antalya, secured its position as the second most favored destination, with Serbian tourists contributing 125 million Euros to the tourism revenue. Zooming in on Türkiye, the influx of Serbian tourists surged significantly in 2023, with a notable 50% increase compared to the previous year. This growth trend mirrors the overall year-on-year increase of 50%, emphasizing the robust upward trajectory of Serbian visitors to Türkiye.
In addition to the available literature and the necessary pointing to travel risks, this research seeks to broaden the topic area by assessing determinants that influence tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye as an earthquake-prone destination. The main objective of the study was to examine the travel risk perception of Serbian tourists and its impact on travel intention using important socio-demographic factors (gender, age, and education), disaster anxiety, and previous earthquake experiences.
2 Theoretical background
2.1 Perceived travel risks and intention to travel
The consumer’s purchasing behavior is significantly influenced by their perception of risk. Bauer [56] identified it within the marketing discipline, specifically in the area of consumer decision-making. Consistently, the literature demonstrates that tourists’ perceptions of a destination’s safety (travel risk) have a substantial impact on their choice of destination [26,38,57,58]. The level of risk associated with travel varies depending on the exact circumstances, and each travel risk is unique and cannot be generalized [59]. Prior studies incorporated diverse categories of risks into their approaches. For example, Kovačić et al. [26] explore the impact of psychological factors, including personality traits and tourism worries, on tourist behavior based on perceived risk in the context of natural hazards affecting tourist destinations. Blešić et al. [34] underscore the significance of risk perception in the tourism industry, emphasizing the relationship between objective risks and subjective factors. The article aims to provide implications for improved risk management in regions prone to hydro-meteorological hazards. Ma et al. [60] investigate the effects of both natural and man-made disasters, including earthquakes and terrorist acts, on the tourism industry. The study focuses on analyzing the impact of disasters on tourist numbers and experiences while also providing recommendations for disaster prevention and recovery in the tourism sector. Furthermore, Ivkov et al. [61] investigate hotel resilience to natural disasters, highlighting the importance of managers’ experience, organizational factors, and disaster preparedness in sustaining business and minimizing negative impacts on the hotel industry. Kovačić et al. [62] explore the influence of individual characteristics, personality traits, socio-demographic factors, and nationality on tourists’ behavior based on perceived risks, emphasizing the importance of understanding these factors in travel decision-making for risky destinations. It is interesting research that examines travel health risk perceptions and prevention behaviors among US study abroad students, identifies knowledge and behavior gaps, and highlights the need for educational interventions and web-based resources to enhance prevention efforts [63]. While Baker’s research focuses on the link between visitors’ risk perceptions and terrorism [64], Ingram et al. [65] examine how political instability in Thailand affects tourism, emphasizing the need for a strong destination image and collaboration between destination managers and governments to ensure continued tourism revenues.
Numerous studies show that natural disasters in tourist regions significantly impact the local tourism business. The Taiwan earthquake in 1999 resulted in a 15% decline in international visitor arrivals from September to December [66]. The earthquake in Kaikōura, New Zealand, contributed to a decline of 85% in the number of city visitors in December 2016 compared to December 2015 [67]. Earthquakes are among the most catastrophic and unavoidable natural disasters [68] in terms of severity and unpredictability. They can cause incalculable environmental damage [69], loss of life [70,71], injuries [72], financial losses [73], infectious diseases [73], psychological disorders resulting from traumatic experiences [74], and social impact [75]. Previous research on the subject suggests that risk perceptions among tourists have various dimensions. As a result, academics have expended great effort in discovering and quantifying the risks associated with tourist activities [76–80]. A review of the literature revealed that researchers frequently use the financial/equipment risk, physical/health/personal/security risk, and social/socio-psychological risk dimensions to quantify the risks connected to various forms of tourism. Physical risk refers to the possibility of an accident, insecurity, an unstable environment and climate, natural disasters, life-threatening diseases, and other factors detrimental to the human body’s health [81]. Financial risk indicates that tourists may spend money to compensate for damage caused by natural hazards, not get value for their money, or spend or lose money if their travel expectations are not met [76–78,82,83]. Social risk denotes the possibility that a tourist’s vacation choices or activities may be disapproved of by family, friends, or associates; that a traveler will lose or degrade personal and social status; or that a traveler will appear unfashionable. The probability that the travel experience will not match the traveler’s personality or self-image is referred to as a psychological risk. It also refers to the possibility of self-image damage [76–81,84].
The subjective assessment of travel risk and the feeling of safety significantly impact travel intentions. Destinations that are considered overly perilous may be considered unappealing and may be omitted from the selection process [85]. According to Fuchs and Reichel [77], the perception of risk refers to the possibility of harm that is connected to a journey. This perception can influence the decision to travel if the risk is expected to surpass a threshold that the individual finds acceptable.
2.2 Disaster anxiety
Anxiety is a psychological state focused on anticipating and preparing for potential negative events in the future, while fear is a natural response triggered by an immediate or impending risk, whether actual or perceived [86]. Prior studies have demonstrated that a significant subset of individuals who have experienced natural disasters may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), various anxiety disorders, and depression. PTSD is a psychiatric condition that arises from atypical threats or tragic occurrences [87]. Individuals who are directly exposed to disasters are prone to experiencing both physical and emotional ailments. Conversely, individuals who observe calamities frequently have psychological issues, including emotional volatility, stress responses, trauma, and anxiety [88]. Based on the idea that disaster anxiety is directed towards trait anxiety, Güzel [89] created the disaster anxiety scale, a tool for measuring anxiety related to disasters. According to the existing literature, state anxiety is a form of long-term anxiety that arises when an individual is faced with a dangerous or undesirable situation. Conversely, trait anxiety can occur with or without a specific reason and is a prolonged state of anxiety that is experienced independently of the current situation [89,90]. Anxiety regarding disasters is a subjective condition that can vary based on the danger’s perception [91]. It is often linked to a cognitive state that is focused on the future and external factors. This state involves constantly monitoring the surroundings for potential dangers and anticipating potential threats [92]. According to the findings of Gudykunst [92], a tourist will probably perceive a destination as less secure and disengage from it when their anxiety and risk levels are elevated and their confidence level is low.
2.3 Socio-demographic characteristics and past earthquake experiences
Perceptions of travel risk vary among individuals, leading to diverse reactions. For instance, certain research has demonstrated that older passengers exhibit a diminished sense of travel hazards in comparison to younger passengers [34,79,93]. Furthermore, the way visitors perceive natural disasters and travel risks varies based on their gender. Women have a greater awareness of the potential dangers associated with travel and the likelihood of encountering natural disasters compared to men [34,50,94–96]. Research has shown that travelers’ perceptions of travel risks vary depending on their level of education, with those with higher levels of education typically having lower perceptions of travel hazards compared to those with lower levels of education [34,85,97].
Typically, when individuals are exposed to a natural hazard, their perception of the associated risk tends to increase. According to a study by Ahn et al. [98] in Sendai City (Japan), people who have previously experienced earthquakes estimate a higher likelihood of suffering injury from future earthquakes than people who have not. Doyle et al. [99] discovered a link between feelings of anxiety, uneasiness, and depression during an earthquake and perceived short-term aftershock probabilities, as well as perceived long-term earthquake probabilities.
This study continues the trend of analyzing travel risk perception and its influence on travel intention based on key socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, and education), disaster anxiety, and past earthquake experiences. In response to the prevailing views in the scientific literature, the following hypotheses are presented:
H1a,b,c: Women are more aware of travel risks than men.
H2a,b,c: Elderly travelers perceive less travel risk.
H3a,b,c: Tourists with more education perceive fewer travel risks.
H4a,b,c: Natural hazard experience raises travel risk perception.
H5a,b,c: Respondents’ disaster anxiety increases their perception of risk.
H6a,b,c: Perceived travel risks have a negative influence on travel intention (Figure 1).
Proposed model of research with defined hypotheses.
3 Materials and methods
3.1 Questionnaire development
The questionnaire for this study consisted of five sections. The first segment assessed the gender, age, and education. The second segment of the questionnaire consists of one question pertaining to the respondents’ earthquake experiences (yes/no question) and one question pertaining to the Turkish destinations visited by Serbian tourists (open-ended question).
The third part involves items about earthquake risk perception in tourist destinations. The travel risk perception questionnaire was adjusted based on several previous investigations [76–78,100–102]. Due to a large number of statements and a variety of scales initially compiled, six expert judges in tourism, natural hazards, and environmental sciences from the participating research consortium were invited to screen and evaluate the items in this study to improve content validity. Expert evaluation modified the scale to 15 items and 3 scales (physical risks, financial risks, and socio-psychological risks, as listed in Table 3).
The fourth part of the questionnaire examined respondents’ anxiety about the disaster. The questionnaire was taken from the research conducted by Güzel [89]. The disaster anxiety scale consists of a total of six items (Table 3).
The final section of the questionnaire, which assessed the travel intentions of visitors from Serbia to Türkiye, included three items adapted from Lam and Hsu’s [103] research (Table 3).
In the questionnaire, a five-point Likert scale was employed, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
3.2 Procedure
The questionnaire was translated into Serbian, and some items were reworded and adjusted to study respondents’ perceptions of earthquake hazards in tourist locations, as well as their intention to visit Türkiye.
A pilot study (Study 1) was conducted in March 2023 in preparation for the main study to evaluate the validity of the measurement instruments and the precision of the research questions. Prior to the pilot study, a linguist examined the items’ grammatical and semantic consistency. A total of 110 respondents from the Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geography, Tourism, and Hotel Management in Novi Sad participated in the pilot study, which utilized the conventional paper-and-pen survey. The obtained data were factor analyzed using the principal component method and varimax rotation procedure in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 (IBM, SPSS.23).
After confirming the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument, the second part of the research (Study 2) was conducted in the period from March to June 2023. Residents of Serbia over the age of 18 were of particular interest. Google Forms were used to collect the responses of participants online. The online questionnaire was disseminated through individual emails and social media channels by using a convenience sampling method. Furthermore, 523 individuals accepted the invitation to complete the questionnaire. Due to their incompleteness, 56 questionnaires (∼11%) were excluded from the analysis. Finally, the processing of 467 valid questionnaires was completed by the R-lavaan and semPlot packages (RStudio), which were used for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analyses. Additional analyses included regression analysis, t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), which were processed by the SPSS.23 statistical software. Participants were informed that the questionnaire was anonymous and that their participation was voluntary. Hence, the given approach assured the sample’s representativeness.
4 Results
4.1 Study sample
Table 1 contains the primary data from the pilot study’s sample. The sample comprises 110 students who are enrolled in the Department of Geography, Tourism, and Hotel Management within the Faculty of Sciences in Novi Sad. The sample consisted primarily of bachelor’s degree candidates, with females comprising 53.6% of the total. Approximately half of the respondents (48.6%) had personal experience with an earthquake.
Sample characteristics of Study 1 (N = 110)
| Level of study | (%) |
|---|---|
| Bachelor students | 61.8 |
| Master students | 29.1 |
| PhD students | 8.2 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 46.4 |
| Female | 53.6 |
| Prior experience | |
| Yes | 48.6 |
| No | 51.4 |
Sample 1 was used for principal component analysis (PCA) within Study 1, and Sample 2 was used for CFA within Study 2 to test and validate the measurement instruments. The second sample consists of 467 respondents from the Republic of Serbia who are over the age of 18. The majority of the sample was between the ages of 18 and 30, with females accounting for 52.2%. Further examination of the sample characteristics revealed that the largest percentage of individuals hold a university degree (40.3%). The majority of respondents (57.6%) have no personal experience with an earthquake (Table 2).
Sample characteristics of Study 2 (N = 467)
| Education | (%) | Gender | (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary school | 20.8 | Male | 47.7 |
| Higher school | 15.4 | Female | 52.2 |
| Faculty | 40.3 | Age | |
| Master | 16.3 | 18–30 | 27.4 |
| PhD | 7.3 | 31–40 | 20.3 |
| Prior experience | 41–50 | 15.8 | |
| Yes | 42.4 | 51–60 | 19.5 |
| No | 57.6 | 61+ | 16.9 |
Among the 467 participants, 204 indicated that they had visited tourist destinations in Türkiye. Respondents could list several destinations where they have been. The top three destinations with the highest response frequency are Alanya (84), Istanbul (72), and Kusadasi (63). Following them are Ankara (59), Antalya (54), Bodrum (31), Marmaris (25), Izmir (11), Kemer (4), Cesme (2), Bursa (2), Cappadocia (2), and Side (1) (Figure 2).
Destinations with the highest response frequency of Serbian tourists overlapped with simplified tectonic properties of Türkiye.
4.2 Study 1 – The results of PCA
PCA was conducted on a sample of 110 students. The results of PCA combined with PCA with Varimax rotation (KMO = 0.837, Bartlett’s test of sphericity = 2512.610, df = 300, p < 0.000) suggested a five-factor solution, included 25 items, and explained 74.83% of the variance. All factors with eigenvalue >1 and with factor loadings >0.3 were retained. Cronbach’s values for each factor were >0.7, which demonstrates that the scales of the obtained questionnaire have considerable reliability [104] (Table 3).
The results of PCA
| Factors | Items | Factor loading | Eigenvalue | Variance explained | α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical risks | I am concerned about my life | 0.740 | 9.674 | 38.697 | 0.732 |
| I am concerned about the safety and health of my parents, children, spouse, and friends | 0.830 | ||||
| I am worried about getting hurt due to encountering earthquakes in Türkiye’s destinations | 0.892 | ||||
| I am concerned about my pets’ lives and wellbeing | 0.806 | ||||
| Due to the occurrence of earthquakes, I am worried about a lack of potable and technically accurate water | 0.587 | ||||
| I am concerned about a lack of food as a result of the occurrence of earthquakes | 0.570 | ||||
| Disaster anxiety scale | Thinking of disasters makes my hands shake | 0.817 | 3.373 | 13.493 | 0.789 |
| Thinking of disasters makes my heart palpitate | 0.841 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me suffer from stomach aches | 0.838 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me feel woozy and dizzy | 0.835 | ||||
| Thinking of disasters makes me lose my sleep or have trouble falling asleep | 0.739 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me lose my appetite | 0.613 | ||||
| Socio-psychological risk | I worried that a trip to Türkiye would not be compatible with my self-image | 0.505 | 2.303 | 9.210 | 0.701 |
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would change the way my friends think of me | 0.750 | ||||
| I worried before my trip that I would not receive personal satisfaction from the trip to Türkiye | 0.750 | ||||
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would change the way my family thinks of me | 0.875 | ||||
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would not match my status in life (social class). | 0.832 | ||||
| People who are important to me would disapprove of my visiting Türkiye | 0.665 | ||||
| Some of my family members would disapprove of my visiting Türkiye | 0.545 | ||||
| Travel intention | Likelihood of visiting Türkiye in the next 12 months | 0.957 | 2.155 | 8.620 | 0.823 |
| Intend to visit Türkiye in the next 12 months | 0.941 | ||||
| Want to visit Türkiye | 0.569 | ||||
| Financial risks | I am concerned that I won’t have enough money to recoup material losses resulting from earthquake hazards | 0.868 | 1.204 | 4.816 | 0.847 |
| I am concerned that the occurrence of earthquake hazards would result in the destruction and damage of my property (car, personal belongings, etc.) | 0.793 | ||||
| I am worried that earthquake hazards at a certain tourist site will cause extra costs that were not planned for | 0.745 |
4.3 Study 2 – Confirmatory factorial analysis
CFA was conducted on a sample of 467 participants. In order to ensure the validity of the analysis, two items with high residuals and a high degree of correlation among them were excluded from the analysis (refer to Table 4). The resulting model, after excluding these items, demonstrated a satisfactory fit to the data, as evidenced by the following fit indices: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.952, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.958, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.060, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.063.
CFA results
| Factors | Items | β | t-Value | α | AVE | CR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disaster anxiety scale | Thinking of disasters makes my hands shake | 0.843 | * | 0.889 | 0.619 | 0.771 |
| Thinking of disasters makes my heart palpitate | 0.872 | 29.532 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me suffer from stomach aches | 0.881 | 29.001 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me feel woozy and dizzy | 0.766 | 29.001 | ||||
| Thinking of disasters makes me lose my sleep or have trouble falling asleep | 0.788 | 30.123 | ||||
| Thinking of/remembering disaster-related situations makes me lose my appetite | 0.791 | 29.023 | ||||
| Physical risks | I am concerned about my life | 0.727 | * | 0.833 | 0.769 | 0.863 |
| I am concerned about the safety and health of my parents, children, spouse, and friends | 0.871 | 26.569 | ||||
| I am worried about getting hurt due to encountering earthquakes in Türkiye’s destinations | 0.808 | 21.221 | ||||
| I am concerned about my pets’ lives and wellbeing | 0.812 | 21.336 | ||||
| Due to the occurrence of earthquakes, I am worried about a lack of potable and technically accurate water | 0.754 | 20.998 | ||||
| I am concerned about a lack of food as a result of the occurrence of earthquakes | 0.862 | 20.987 | ||||
| Financial risks | I am concerned that I won’t have enough money to recoup material losses resulting from earthquake hazards | 0.844 | * | 0.885 | 0.637 | 0.719 |
| I am concerned that the occurrence of earthquake hazards would result in the destruction and damage of my property (car, personal belongings, etc.) | 0.811 | 20.222 | ||||
| I am worried that earthquake hazards at a certain tourist site will cause extra costs that weren’t planned for | 0.765 | 26.971 | ||||
| Socio-psychological risk | I worried that a trip to Türkiye would not be compatible with my self-image** | 0.829 | * | 0.719 | 0.598 | 0.809 |
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would change the way my friends think of me | 0.828 | 30.907 | ||||
| I worried before my trip that I would not receive personal satisfaction from the trip to Türkiye | 0.709 | 29.001 | ||||
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would change the way my family thinks of me | 0.765 | 30.445 | ||||
| I worried that my trip to Türkiye would not match my status in life (social class)** | 0.879 | 29.902 | ||||
| People who are important to me would disapprove of my visiting Türkiye | 0.865 | 30.101 | ||||
| Some of my family members would disapprove of my visiting Türkiye | 0.807 | 24.324 | ||||
| Travel intention | I am concerned that I won’t have enough money to recoup material losses resulting from earthquake hazards | 0.756 | * | 0.774 | 0.669 | 0.728 |
| I am concerned that the occurrence of earthquake hazards would result in the destruction and damage of my property (car, personal belongings, etc.) | 0.835 | 18.267 | ||||
| I am worried that earthquake hazards at a certain tourist site will cause extra costs that weren’t planned for | 0.872 | 17.871 |
Notes:* Items fixed to 1 in CFA; ** item removed from CFA; β-Std. regression weights; α – Cronbach′s alpha; CR – composite reliability; AVE = average variance expected.
The reliability of the scale was assessed using average variance extracted (AVE) indices, composite reliability (CR), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α). The assessment of convergent validity for each dimension was conducted by computing the AVE score. Convergent validity is considered to be achieved when all item-to-factor loadings are statistically significant, and the AVE score for each dimension exceeds 0.50 (following the approach of [105]). Table 4 shows that all dimensions had an AVE value of more than 0.50 and a CR value of more than 0.70. This suggests that there is strong convergent validity. The Cronbach’s coefficients for each factor are above 0.70, with a range of 0.719–0.889, indicating a high level of reliability for the questionnaire scales. The model was estimated with 389 degrees of freedom, and the statistical significance level was set at p < 0.000. The details of this model can be found in Table 4.
4.4 Study 2 – The findings of the path model analysis
The path model analysis was conducted using R and RStudio software to evaluate the hypotheses. The following fit indices were employed: Sattora–Bentler χ² (S-B χ²), which is expected to lack statistical significance, and the ratio χ 2/df, which is expected to be <3 [106]. Additionally, the fit indices RMSEA, SRMR, CFI, and TLI were utilized (Table 5).
Model fit indicators of the proposed model
| Model | S–B χ 2 | df | χ 2/df | RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | TLI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 698.160 | 179 | 3.9 | 0.097 | 0.109 | 0.875 | 0.862 |
| 2 | 227.541 | 82 | 2.8 | 0.059 | 0.079 | 0.956 | 0.951 |
Note: S-B χ 2 values are significant at the p < 0.001 level.
Since adequate fit indicators were not achieved after generating the initial model, necessary revisions should be made. The Wald test recommended the exclusion of the following variables from the analysis: education and physical risks and education and financial risks, resulting in the removal of the education variable from the model. Following that, all relationships with very low saturations (<0.1) were removed from the model, including gender and socio-psychological risks and gender and financial risks. As a result, gender was omitted from the model because it does not adequately explain the dependent variables. This resulted in good model fit indicators (model 2) and rejects hypotheses H1a,b,c and H3a,b,c.
Further analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between category-independent factors and dependent variables. The model suggests that prior experience with earthquakes has a positive impact on perceived travel risk. Furthermore, a t-test was performed to provide a more comprehensive explanation of this discovery. The findings from the t-test demonstrate that individuals who have previous experience tend to have a stronger perception of physical (t = 2.832; p < 0.01), financial (t = 3.934; p < 0.01), and socio-psychological risks (t = 3.852; p < 0.01). These results provide support for hypotheses H4a, H4b, and H4c.
The ANOVA test yielded results that indicate a statistically significant distinction (F = 6.008; p < 0.01) among respondents when categorized by age. The results of the LSD post hoc test indicate that individuals in the age group 61+ have a lower perception of physical risk compared to those in the age group of 31–40 (MD = −0.885; p < 0.01), 41–50 (MD = −0.902; p < 0.01), and 51–60 (MD = −0.792; p < 0.01). Additionally, respondents who are 61+ perceive less financial risk compared to individuals who are 41–50 years old (MD = −0.791; p < 0.01). The results of the model indicate that there was no statistically significant relationship between the age of the respondents and the perceived risks associated with socio-psychological risks. The findings of the study provided support for hypotheses H2a and H2b, but hypothesis H2c was found to be unsupported.
To examine the relationship between disaster anxiety and perceived travel risks, a standard linear regression analysis was conducted. The results indicate that disaster anxiety has a significant positive effect on physical (β = 0.378, p < 0.000), financial (β = 0.218, p < 0.000), and socio-psychological (β = 0.189, p < 0.000) risks, thus confirming hypotheses H5a, H5b, and H5c.
In addition, standard linear regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of perceived travel risks on travel intention. The findings revealed that physical (β = −0.378, p < 0.000), financial (β = −0.231, p < 0.000), and socio-psychological risks (β = −0.192, p < 0.000) have a negative effect on travel intention, that confirmed hypotheses H6a, H6b, and H6c. The acquired findings are shown in Figure 3.
The results of the path model.
5 Discussion and concluding remarks
The perceived risks linked to natural hazards exert a notable influence on travel intentions, particularly following a significant disaster [107], with certain types of natural disasters (i.e., earthquakes) having a particularly pronounced effect [108]. The objective of this research endeavor was to determine the perspectives of Serbian respondents on the risks associated with earthquakes in tourist areas of Türkiye. Therefore, this research examines the variations in the responses of participants concerning their socio-demographic characteristics, along with the relationship between previous experience and anxiety regarding disasters. The evaluated outcome pertains to the perception of three distinct categories of risk that impact tourists while traveling in destinations with a high risk of natural disasters: physical, financial, and socio-psychological risks [76–78,100–102].
Following previous research, the respondents’ age had a considerable influence on the perceived travel risks. Studies investigating the correlation between age and perceptions of travel risk have produced inconsistent findings. The findings of this study indicate that older respondents perceive less physical and financial travel risk. However, the impact of age on the perception of socio-psychological risks was not confirmed. For instance, Simpson and Siguaw [79], who obtained similar results, concluded in their study that the youngest age group was the most concerned about financial risks. Similar to the aforementioned research, Boksberger et al. [109] observed variations in the perceived dimensions of travel risk based on age and concluded that respondents aged 55 and older perceive a lower level of risk than younger age groups, except for social concerns. Sarman et al. [110] underscored the significance of risk perception, demonstrating that it can impact young travelers’ acceptance of dangers that could endanger their lives. Elderly adults frequently possess a greater accumulation of life experiences, which may include extensive travel to other areas. Adopting this wider viewpoint can result in a more accurate evaluation of risks and a sophisticated comprehension of the probability and consequences of natural disasters. In addition, older persons may have acquired robust coping mechanisms and resilience via a lifetime of experiences. This could empower individuals to effectively cope with stress and anxiety, especially in potentially demanding travel circumstances. Contrary to the mentioned results, Osland et al. [111] discovered that age is an important determinant, with older tourists having a lower tolerance for safety risks. Correia et al. [112] observed that younger tourists are more prone to seek out new experiences and are less risk-averse. Younger individuals might exhibit a greater propensity for risk-taking, whereas elderly individuals might develop a greater aversion to risk, which could impact their level of anxiety when contemplating travel to regions with elevated risk factors. The aforementioned studies indicate that age is a substantial determinant in influencing how travelers perceive the risks associated with natural hazards in various destinations.
As expected, people with prior experience have a stronger awareness of physical, financial, and socio-psychological risks. Existing research suggests that individuals who have had previous encounters with earthquakes are more cognizant of the physical, financial, and socio-psychological hazards that may be present in tourist destinations [113–116]. Almost certainly, those who have experienced a direct impact of a natural disaster have had to deal with the immediate and frequently life-altering consequences. The enduring memory and emotional connection that this personal impact creates result in increased awareness. Previous earthquake experiences offer individuals significant insights into decision-making and actions that resulted in favorable or negative effects. Learning from past failures helps them identify and negotiate the physical, financial, and socio-psychological issues that come with seismic events.
Research consistently shows that disaster anxiety has a major impact on perceived travel risks. Reisinger and Mavondo [82,117] discovered that terrorism and sociocultural risk are important predictors of travel anxiety, with the later study emphasizing the impact of cultural orientation. Park and Reisinger [108] emphasized the impact of natural disaster anxiety on travel risk perception, particularly in international travel. The perception of travel risk creates a sense of anxiety and worry of unknown repercussions [117]. Natural disasters are one of the primary travel risks experienced by visitors, as regularly reported in previous research studies [118]. The occurrence of sudden and unexpected natural disasters, such as earthquakes, increases people’s perception of travel danger. Individuals have anxiety regarding travel because of concerns about mortality and/or potential financial loss. Consequently, they frequently opt to refrain from visiting areas that are affected to mitigate the risk associated with travel [108].
This study confirmed that the perceived travel risk and potential impact of geophysical natural hazards influence travel intentions. Individuals who perceive a high possibility of severe repercussions, such as serious harm to health and property or loss and degradation of personal and social status, may be more inclined to avoid or reconsider traveling to locations with known natural hazards. In a similar vein, Kaushik and Chakrabarti [107] revealed several risk characteristics that influence tourists’ desire to return, particularly following a natural disaster. Tavitiyaman and Qu [119] found that perceived risk moderated the association between overall satisfaction and behavioral intention, with low perceived risk resulting in a more favorable destination image and intention.
Managing destinations devastated by earthquakes entails dealing with not just the physical aftermath but also the psychological impact on travelers and stakeholders. Destination managers should prioritize fostering a sense of safety and security, mitigating disaster anxiety, establishing clear and transparent communication channels for conveying accurate and timely information, and regularly updating visitors on safety measures, recovery progress, and potential hazards. Clarity in communication can reduce fear and foster confidence among travelers. In addition to the above stated, they should conduct regular safety audits of tourism infrastructure, lodgings, and public spaces to detect and mitigate any dangers. This proactive strategy reduces dangers and guarantees that the destination is safe for tourists. Embracing sustainable tourism practices may help the destination’s long-term sustainability. A dedication to sustainability can improve tourists’ sense of safety and contribute to disaster resilience.
Past experience with natural disasters has been found to be one of the important factors that strongly influence risk perception of such catastrophic events [120], mostly positively [121–123]. According to Ivkov et al. [61], hotel managers who have previous experience with a natural disaster (or even if they had such experience before they became hotel managers) have a better perception of potential threats and therefore are better prepared for these unwilling events. Similarly, business organizations with previous experience with natural disasters that have struggled with its negative effects are more likely to focus on this topic. Such business activities include communication protocols, emergency plan development, relocation of all available resources, etc. [121,124,125].
A range of studies have emphasized the importance of effective safety measures and transparent communication in the tourism industry. Becken and Hughey [68] emphasize the need to integrate tourism into disaster management structures, as demonstrated in the Northland region of New Zealand. Bird and Gísladóttir [126] stress the necessity of accessible and consistent risk communication initiatives, especially in natural hazard-prone areas such as Iceland. Furthermore, the work of AlBattat and Som [127] underscores the significance of emergency preparedness in the hotel industry, focusing on crisis management and recovery. Phillip and Hodgkinson [128] emphasize the need for a systematic approach to managing health and safety hazards in tourist resorts, highlighting the responsibilities of various stakeholders. These studies emphasize the crucial role of proactive safety measures and transparent communication channels in the tourism industry.
6 Limitations and suggestions for future research
Although the present study represents pioneering research aimed at analyzing the impact of perceived travel risks on travel intentions among Serbian tourists in the event of geophysical hazard occurrence, it is important to highlight several limitations of this investigation. First, it is important to note that the results supplied cannot be regarded as generic because the data were acquired using a convenient method. Subsequent investigations should utilize a more stratified sample, comprising the strata that constitute the ultimate sample uniformly. The study was conducted in the context of Serbian respondents and destinations in Türkiye, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings to other destinations. Furthermore, we solely focus on the impact of socio-demographic factors (such as gender, age, and education), prior experience, and disaster anxiety. Several characteristics, including marital status, family size, diverse cultural origins, and personality traits, might be regarded as important potential predictors. Future studies could focus on exploring the relationship between the population that has experienced an earthquake and the severity of the event. Additionally, further investigation into the relationships between the location of occurrence and its direct consequences could be undertaken.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Grant No. 451-03-66/2024-03/200125, 451-03-65/2024-03/200125, and 451-03-66/2024-03/200172), the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research of Vojvodina (Grant No. 142-451-3466/2023-03) and the RUDN University (Grant No. 060509-0-000).
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Author contributions: IB, MI, MDP, and TL designed the experiments, and IB carried them out. TG, MMR, SMM, MV, and JPR helped with the interpretation of the results. IB, AV, DP, and TL helped with the visualization of the results. IB, MI, MDP, JPR, DP, and TL prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors.
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Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Articles in the same Issue
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Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Theoretical magnetotelluric response of stratiform earth consisting of alternative homogeneous and transitional layers
- The research of common drought indexes for the application to the drought monitoring in the region of Jin Sha river
- Evolutionary game analysis of government, businesses, and consumers in high-standard farmland low-carbon construction
- On the use of low-frequency passive seismic as a direct hydrocarbon indicator: A case study at Banyubang oil field, Indonesia
- Water transportation planning in connection with extreme weather conditions; case study – Port of Novi Sad, Serbia
- Zircon U–Pb ages of the Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata in the Junggar Basin, NW China
- Monitoring of mangrove forests vegetation based on optical versus microwave data: A case study western coast of Saudi Arabia
- Microfacies analysis of marine shale: A case study of the shales of the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in the western Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, China
- Multisource remote sensing image fusion processing in plateau seismic region feature information extraction and application analysis – An example of the Menyuan Ms6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022
- Identification of magnetic mineralogy and paleo-flow direction of the Miocene-quaternary volcanic products in the north of Lake Van, Eastern Turkey
- Impact of fully rotating steel casing bored pile on adjacent tunnels
- Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas
- Petrogenesis of Jurassic granitic rocks in South China Block: Implications for events related to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate
- Differences in urban daytime and night block vitality based on mobile phone signaling data: A case study of Kunming’s urban district
- Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan
- Integrated geophysical approach for detection and size-geometry characterization of a multiscale karst system in carbonate units, semiarid Brazil
- Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value and analysis of driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta Region
- Deep fault sliding rates for Ka-Ping block of Xinjiang based on repeating earthquakes
- Improved deep learning segmentation of outdoor point clouds with different sampling strategies and using intensities
- Platform margin belt structure and sedimentation characteristics of Changxing Formation reefs on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough, eastern Sichuan Basin, China
- Enhancing attapulgite and cement-modified loess for effective landfill lining: A study on seepage prevention and Cu/Pb ion adsorption
- Flood risk assessment, a case study in an arid environment of Southeast Morocco
- Lower limits of physical properties and classification evaluation criteria of the tight reservoir in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area of the Kuqa depression
- Evaluation of Viaducts’ contribution to road network accessibility in the Yunnan–Guizhou area based on the node deletion method
- Permian tectonic switch of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from magmatism in the southern Alxa region, NW China
- Element geochemical differences in lower Cambrian black shales with hydrothermal sedimentation in the Yangtze block, South China
- Three-dimensional finite-memory quasi-Newton inversion of the magnetotelluric based on unstructured grids
- Obliquity-paced summer monsoon from the Shilou red clay section on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
- Classification and logging identification of reservoir space near the upper Ordovician pinch-out line in Tahe Oilfield
- Ultra-deep channel sand body target recognition method based on improved deep learning under UAV cluster
- New formula to determine flyrock distance on sedimentary rocks with low strength
- Assessing the ecological security of tourism in Northeast China
- Effective reservoir identification and sweet spot prediction in Chang 8 Member tight oil reservoirs in Huanjiang area, Ordos Basin
- Detecting heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to sports facilities for adolescents at fine scale: A case study in Changsha, China
- Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil nutrients by soft rock and sand remodeling
- Vibration prediction with a method based on the absorption property of blast-induced seismic waves: A case study
- A new look at the geodynamic development of the Ediacaran–early Cambrian forearc basalts of the Tannuola-Khamsara Island Arc (Central Asia, Russia): Conclusions from geological, geochemical, and Nd-isotope data
- Spatio-temporal analysis of the driving factors of urban land use expansion in China: A study of the Yangtze River Delta region
- Selection of Euler deconvolution solutions using the enhanced horizontal gradient and stable vertical differentiation
- Phase change of the Ordovician hydrocarbon in the Tarim Basin: A case study from the Halahatang–Shunbei area
- Using interpretative structure model and analytical network process for optimum site selection of airport locations in Delta Egypt
- Geochemistry of magnetite from Fe-skarn deposits along the central Loei Fold Belt, Thailand
- Functional typology of settlements in the Srem region, Serbia
- Hunger Games Search for the elucidation of gravity anomalies with application to geothermal energy investigations and volcanic activity studies
- Addressing incomplete tile phenomena in image tiling: Introducing the grid six-intersection model
- Evaluation and control model for resilience of water resource building system based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and its application
- MIF and AHP methods for delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi District, India
- New database for the estimation of dynamic coefficient of friction of snow
- Measuring urban growth dynamics: A study in Hue city, Vietnam
- Comparative models of support-vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and decision tree predication approaches for landslide susceptibility analysis
- Experimental study on the influence of clay content on the shear strength of silty soil and mechanism analysis
- Geosite assessment as a contribution to the sustainable development of Babušnica, Serbia
- Using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for road transportation services management based on remote sensing and GIS technology
- Accumulation mechanism of multi-type unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Northern China: Taking Hari Sag of the Yin’e Basin as an example
- TOC prediction of source rocks based on the convolutional neural network and logging curves – A case study of Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag
- A method for fast detection of wind farms from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis
- Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification in Southwest China based on GIS and geodetector
- Physicochemical and mineralogical composition studies of clays from Share and Tshonga areas, Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implications for Geophagia
- Geochemical sedimentary records of eutrophication and environmental change in Chaohu Lake, East China
- Research progress of freeze–thaw rock using bibliometric analysis
- Mixed irrigation affects the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community
- Examining the swelling potential of cohesive soils with high plasticity according to their index properties using GIS
- Geological genesis and identification of high-porosity and low-permeability sandstones in the Cretaceous Bashkirchik Formation, northern Tarim Basin
- Usability of PPGIS tools exemplified by geodiscussion – a tool for public participation in shaping public space
- Efficient development technology of Upper Paleozoic Lower Shihezi tight sandstone gas reservoir in northeastern Ordos Basin
- Assessment of soil resources of agricultural landscapes in Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on agrochemical indexes
- Evaluating the impact of DEM interpolation algorithms on relief index for soil resource management
- Petrogenetic relationship between plutonic and subvolcanic rocks in the Jurassic Shuikoushan complex, South China
- A novel workflow for shale lithology identification – A case study in the Gulong Depression, Songliao Basin, China
- Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Fei-3 Member of Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic, Puguang area
- Impact of high-speed railway network on county-level accessibility and economic linkage in Jiangxi Province, China: A spatio-temporal data analysis
- Estimation model of wild fractional vegetation cover based on RGB vegetation index and its application
- Lithofacies, petrography, and geochemistry of the Lamphun oceanic plate stratigraphy: As a record of the subduction history of Paleo-Tethys in Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone of Thailand
- Structural features and tectonic activity of the Weihe Fault, central China
- Application of the wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform in stratigraphic sequence division of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Southwest Sichuan Basin
- Structural detachment influences the shale gas preservation in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Northern Guizhou Province
- Distribution law of Chang 7 Member tight oil in the western Ordos Basin based on geological, logging and numerical simulation techniques
- Evaluation of alteration in the geothermal province west of Cappadocia, Türkiye: Mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, and remote sensing data
- Numerical modeling of site response at large strains with simplified nonlinear models: Application to Lotung seismic array
- Quantitative characterization of granite failure intensity under dynamic disturbance from energy standpoint
- Characteristics of debris flow dynamics and prediction of the hazardous area in Bangou Village, Yanqing District, Beijing, China
- Rockfall mapping and susceptibility evaluation based on UAV high-resolution imagery and support vector machine method
- Statistical comparison analysis of different real-time kinematic methods for the development of photogrammetric products: CORS-RTK, CORS-RTK + PPK, RTK-DRTK2, and RTK + DRTK2 + GCP
- Hydrogeological mapping of fracture networks using earth observation data to improve rainfall–runoff modeling in arid mountains, Saudi Arabia
- Petrography and geochemistry of pegmatite and leucogranite of Ntega-Marangara area, Burundi, in relation to rare metal mineralisation
- Prediction of formation fracture pressure based on reinforcement learning and XGBoost
- Hazard zonation for potential earthquake-induced landslide in the eastern East Kunlun fault zone
- Monitoring water infiltration in multiple layers of sandstone coal mining model with cracks using ERT
- Study of the patterns of ice lake variation and the factors influencing these changes in the western Nyingchi area
- Productive conservation at the landslide prone area under the threat of rapid land cover changes
- Sedimentary processes and patterns in deposits corresponding to freshwater lake-facies of hyperpycnal flow – An experimental study based on flume depositional simulations
- Study on time-dependent injectability evaluation of mudstone considering the self-healing effect
- Detection of objects with diverse geometric shapes in GPR images using deep-learning methods
- Behavior of trace metals in sedimentary cores from marine and lacustrine environments in Algeria
- Spatiotemporal variation pattern and spatial coupling relationship between NDVI and LST in Mu Us Sandy Land
- Formation mechanism and oil-bearing properties of gravity flow sand body of Chang 63 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing area, Ordos Basin
- Diagenesis of marine-continental transitional shale from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, China
- Vertical high-velocity structures and seismic activity in western Shandong Rise, China: Case study inspired by double-difference seismic tomography
- Spatial coupling relationship between metamorphic core complex and gold deposits: Constraints from geophysical electromagnetics
- Disparities in the geospatial allocation of public facilities from the perspective of living circles
- Research on spatial correlation structure of war heritage based on field theory. A case study of Jinzhai County, China
- Formation mechanisms of Qiaoba-Zhongdu Danxia landforms in southwestern Sichuan Province, China
- Magnetic data interpretation: Implication for structure and hydrocarbon potentiality at Delta Wadi Diit, Southeastern Egypt
- Deeply buried clastic rock diagenesis evolution mechanism of Dongdaohaizi sag in the center of Junggar fault basin, Northwest China
- Application of LS-RAPID to simulate the motion of two contrasting landslides triggered by earthquakes
- The new insight of tectonic setting in Sunda–Banda transition zone using tomography seismic. Case study: 7.1 M deep earthquake 29 August 2023
- The critical role of c and φ in ensuring stability: A study on rockfill dams
- Evidence of late quaternary activity of the Weining-Shuicheng Fault in Guizhou, China
- Extreme hydroclimatic events and response of vegetation in the eastern QTP since 10 ka
- Spatial–temporal effect of sea–land gradient on landscape pattern and ecological risk in the coastal zone: A case study of Dalian City
- Study on the influence mechanism of land use on carbon storage under multiple scenarios: A case study of Wenzhou
- A new method for identifying reservoir fluid properties based on well logging data: A case study from PL block of Bohai Bay Basin, North China
- Comparison between thermal models across the Middle Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Eastern Llanos basins in Colombia
- Mineralogical and elemental analysis of Kazakh coals from three mines: Preliminary insights from mode of occurrence to environmental impacts
- Chlorite-induced porosity evolution in multi-source tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Shaximiao Formation in western Sichuan Basin
- Predicting stability factors for rotational failures in earth slopes and embankments using artificial intelligence techniques
- Origin of Late Cretaceous A-type granitoids in South China: Response to the rollback and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate
- Modification of dolomitization on reservoir spaces in reef–shoal complex: A case study of Permian Changxing Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
- Geological characteristics of the Daduhe gold belt, western Sichuan, China: Implications for exploration
- Rock physics model for deep coal-bed methane reservoir based on equivalent medium theory: A case study of Carboniferous-Permian in Eastern Ordos Basin
- Enhancing the total-field magnetic anomaly using the normalized source strength
- Shear wave velocity profiling of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, utilizing the multi-channel analysis of surface waves method
- Effect of coal facies on pore structure heterogeneity of coal measures: Quantitative characterization and comparative study
- Inversion method of organic matter content of different types of soils in black soil area based on hyperspectral indices
- Detection of seepage zones in artificial levees: A case study at the Körös River, Hungary
- Tight sandstone fluid detection technology based on multi-wave seismic data
- Characteristics and control techniques of soft rock tunnel lining cracks in high geo-stress environments: Case study of Wushaoling tunnel group
- Influence of pore structure characteristics on the Permian Shan-1 reservoir in Longdong, Southwest Ordos Basin, China
- Study on sedimentary model of Shanxi Formation – Lower Shihezi Formation in Da 17 well area of Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin
- Multi-scenario territorial spatial simulation and dynamic changes: A case study of Jilin Province in China from 1985 to 2030
- Review Articles
- Major ascidian species with negative impacts on bivalve aquaculture: Current knowledge and future research aims
- Prediction and assessment of meteorological drought in southwest China using long short-term memory model
- Communication
- Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Random forest and artificial neural network-based tsunami forests classification using data fusion of Sentinel-2 and Airbus Vision-1 satellites: A case study of Garhi Chandan, Pakistan”
- Special Issue: Natural Resources and Environmental Risks: Towards a Sustainable Future - Part I
- Spatial-temporal and trend analysis of traffic accidents in AP Vojvodina (North Serbia)
- Exploring environmental awareness, knowledge, and safety: A comparative study among students in Montenegro and North Macedonia
- Determinants influencing tourists’ willingness to visit Türkiye – Impact of earthquake hazards on Serbian visitors’ preferences
- Application of remote sensing in monitoring land degradation: A case study of Stanari municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Optimizing agricultural land use: A GIS-based assessment of suitability in the Sana River Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Assessing risk-prone areas in the Kratovska Reka catchment (North Macedonia) by integrating advanced geospatial analytics and flash flood potential index
- Analysis of the intensity of erosive processes and state of vegetation cover in the zone of influence of the Kolubara Mining Basin
- GIS-based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility using BWM-LSI: A case study – city of Smederevo (Serbia)
- Geospatial modeling of wildfire susceptibility on a national scale in Montenegro: A comparative evaluation of F-AHP and FR methodologies
- Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro
- Urban geoheritage and degradation risk assessment of the Sokograd fortress (Sokobanja, Eastern Serbia)
- Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia
- Understanding seismic hazard resilience in Montenegro: A qualitative analysis of community preparedness and response capabilities
- Forest soil CO2 emission in Quercus robur level II monitoring site
- Characterization of glomalin proteins in soil: A potential indicator of erosion intensity
- Power of Terroir: Case study of Grašac at the Fruška Gora wine region (North Serbia)
- Special Issue: Geospatial and Environmental Dynamics - Part I
- Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
