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Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations

  • Ewa Jajor , Joanna Zamojska EMAIL logo , Daria Dworzańska , Joanna Horoszkiewicz-Janka , Jakub Danielewicz , Paweł Węgorek , Marek Korbas , Wiesław Ciecierski , Jan Bocianowski and Radosław Wilk
Published/Copyright: November 5, 2021
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

The study presents the results of research on the influence of a mineral growth stimulant containing titanium (Ti) in the form available to plants, applied to reduce the effects of biotic stresses caused by agrophages, namely fungal pathogens and selected insect pests. The study was conducted in 2014 and 2015 on winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the Ti-containing stimulant on the degree of damage caused by major pests occurring in the crops (cabbage seed weevil, cereal leaf beetle, and European corn borer), the degree of infestation with fungal diseases (gray mold, Alternaria disease, eyespot, foot rot, sooty mold, glume blotch, Fusarium head blight, Fusarium stalk rot, maize smut, and brown spot), and yield parameters. The study showed that the stimulant containing Ti successfully reduced the occurrence of pest damage to winter rapeseed and winter wheat plants and the occurrence of diseases in winter rapeseed, winter wheat, and maize crops. Thus, the application of the Ti stimulant resulted in an increased yield of the crops being tested. The main factor explaining this phenomenon is unknown, and it is probably the result of several factors. The study contains the discussion on this phenomenon.

Keywords: plant nutrition; plant disease; pest management systems; maize; oilseed rape; wheat

1 Introduction

In addition to fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, today’s agriculture uses a number of agents classified as plant growth stimulants or biostimulants. Their role involves the regulation and acceleration of life processes, improvement of plant resistance to stress factors, and stimulation of root and leaf development. Due to their mode of action, these substances are safe for the natural environment and thus partially substitute chemical plant-protection agents. The most common groups of substances stimulating plant growth and life processes include phytohormones (e.g., auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins), bioregulators (e.g., phenols and salicylic acid), biostimulants (also called growth stimulants; phytostimulants), antagonists (fungi and bacteria), and substances, which have an indirect effect on plants through the soil environment and its improvement (soil improvers). Titanium (Ti) belongs to the biostimulant group [1].

Ti is a chemical element of the metal group. It is relatively common in soil, in the form of titanium oxide (TiO2; 0.5–1.5%; on an average of 0.61%). The largest amounts of Ti can be found in volcanic ash [2]. The availability of Ti to plants is strictly connected with the type of soil. It increases along with a decrease in the soil pH and increases in the proportion of organic matter. In Poland, the content of Ti in the soil is less than 1%. The smallest amounts of this element can be found in peaty soils (about 0.05%), whereas the largest amounts are in loamy soils and rendsina soils (about 0.8%) [3]. In spite of the common occurrence of Ti in soil, its ions are not easily accessible to plants. The influence of Ti on plants has been studied for many years. As early as the 1930s, research on Ti content in crops revealed a dependence between this element and silicon (Si). The higher the Si content in plants, the easier it is for them to take up Ti. Similar to Si, Ti exhibits many properties stimulating plants [3,4,5]. So far, a few mechanisms of stimulating plants have been investigated. However, other aspects have not been investigated, and there are still studies being done to determine the mechanisms of action of Ti ions in plants.

Ti ions intensify the activity of iron ions in plants. This dependence is closely correlated with chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis intensity, and the activity of enzymes responsible for the elimination of free radicals, such as peroxidase, catalase, nitrogenase, and nitrate reductase [5]. These effects are particularly important in stressful situations as the plant is much less influenced by the consequences of stress caused by low temperatures, a deficit of light and water, or low activity of the root system. Another important advantage of Ti ions is the fact that they stimulate the uptake of nutrients provided to plants from the soil solution. In consequence, the osmotic pressure in the aerial part of the plant increases. As the plant tries to equalise the pressure, it stimulates the root system to take up more water and nutrients [4]. One of the major advantages of Ti ions is the fact that they increase pollen vitality and positively influence the processes of pollination and fertilization [6]. This advantage is becoming increasingly important in view of the fact that the number of pollinating insects is decreasing dramatically due to chemicals used in agriculture. It has been observed that the application of Ti to plants limits the occurrence of some fungal and bacterial diseases and reduces the level of damage caused by pests [7]. Stimulants containing Ti are known to have direct, positive effects on plants as they increase their size (biomass) and boost plants’ natural resistance to biotic stresses such as insect pests and fungal diseases. They improve the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the yield and thus increase the yield [7,8,9]. Their mechanism of action consists in accelerating the uptake of nutrients, increasing the activity of iron ions, and increasing the pollen tube receptivity and pollen vitality [10,11,12]. The aim of this study was to test the possibility of reducing the amount of insect damage and the level of fungal infestation in the aforementioned crops with the use of a mineral growth stimulant containing Ti in the form available to plants. The article presents the results of 2 year experiments on the influence of the liquid biostimulant “Tytanit,” which contains 8.5 g of Ti ions per liter, on winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize.

2 Materials and methods

Tytanit is a liquid biostimulant developed by Intermag Sp. z o. o. (manufactured in Olkusz, Poland). It contains a Ti–ascorbate compound – aqueous complexes of a bioactive form of Ti(iv) for foliar application. Ascorbic acid is among the biorelevant ligands that render Ti(iv) stable in an aqueous solution [13]. The product contains 0.8% (m/m) Ti (8.5 g Ti/L).

The experiments were conducted in winter oilseed rape Brassica napus L. (Artoga variety – manufactured by LG Seeds), winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. (Figura variety – manufactured by Danco Hodowla Roślin Sp. z o. o.), and maize Zea mays L. (Wilga variety – manufactured by HR Smolice Sp. z o. o.) plantations in 2014 and 2015 in Winna Góra, Wielkopolska region (Field Experimental Station of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Poznań), Poland, GPS coordinates (N 52°12′28.8″; E 17°26′16.5″). The station registers all the weather, soil, and other necessary parameters concerning the crops. The aim of the study was to carry out experiments with Si (Zamojska et al. 2018) and Ti in the same conditions. Tytanit containing 8.5 g Ti/L was applied in two different experimental versions (Table 1). The experiments were conducted according to the EPPO PP 1/219 (1), EPPO PP 1/078 (3), EPPO PP 1/017 (3), EPPO PP 1/236 (1), EPPO PP 1/028 (3), EPPO PP 1/013 (3), EPPO PP 1/271 (2), and EPPO PP 1/285 (1) guidelines. The area used for each version of the experiment was 66.4 m2 (four replicates, 16.6 m2 each). The method of complete randomized block design was applied.

Table 1

Versions of the experiment

Name of fertilizer Fertilizer dose (kg L/ha)
Control —
Tytanit 0.2
Tytanit 0.4

The soil had the following characteristics: soil type: argillaceous sand, soil quality class: IIIa, organic matter: 1.14%, and soil pH: 4.9. Oilseed rape was sown on 26 August 2013 and 25 August 2014 (sowing rate: 3.75 kg/ha) and harvested on 28 July 2014 and 30 July 2015. Winter wheat was sown on 27 September 2013 and 23 September 2014 (sowing rate: 190 kg/ha) and harvested on 20 August 2014 and 17 August 2015. Maize was sown on 28 April 2014 and 6 May 2015 (sowing density: 80,000 seeds/ha) and harvested on 29 October 2014 and 30 October 2015.

During the field experiments, the average temperature and the total rainfall (mm) were as follows: March 2014: 6.5°C and 47.0 mm, April 2014: 11.0°C and 40.0 mm, May 2014: 14.1°C and 113.2 mm, June 2014: 18.2°C and 40.0 mm, July 2014: 24.0°C and 64.3 mm, March 2015: 4.9°C and 50.1 mm, April 2015: 8.7°C and 20.1 mm, May 2015: 17.9°C and 31.9 mm, June 2015: 18.1°C and 54.8 mm, and July 2015: 21.6°C and 99.5 mm.

The trials were carried out with standard fertilization:

  1. Oilseed rape: Polifoska 450 kg/ha (N-18, P2O5-54, K2O-144, MgO-9, SO3-40.5), ammonium nitrate N 34% (235 kg/ha) – twice.

  2. Winter wheat: Amofoska 400 kg/ha (N-16, P2O5-64, K2O-72, S-40, CaO-20), ammonium nitrate 34% 235 kg/ha (N-80), and ammonium nitrate 34% 176 kg/ha (N-60).

  3. Maize: Amofoska 450 kg/ha (N-18, P2O5-72, K2O-81, S-45), Superfosfat 250 kg/ha (P2O5-20, S-19), and urea 46% 200 kg/ha (N-96).

The crops were fully protected with pesticides.

The following fungicides containing active ingredients from the group of triazoles, strobilurins, and ketoamines were applied in the experiments:

  • Horizon 250 EW (tebuconazole 250 g/L at a dose of 1 L/ha) in winter oilseed rape plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 21),

  • Soligor 425 EC (tebuconazole 148 g/L; spiroxamine 224 g/L; and prothioconazole 53 g/L) at a dose of 1 L/ha in winter wheat plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 31),

  • Retengo Plus 183 SE (pyraclostrobin 133 g/L; epoxiconazole 50 g/L) at a dose of 1 L/ha in maize plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 39).

    The following insecticides containing active ingredients from the group of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids were applied in the experiments:

  • Karate Zeon 050 CS (lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L) at a dose of 0.12 L/ha in winter oilseed rape plantations (treatments in phases BBCH 16, BBCH 46),

  • Avaunt 150 EC (indoxacarb 150 g/L) at a dose of 0.17 L/ha in winter oilseed rape plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 53),

  • Proteus 110 OD (thiacloprid 100 g/L + deltamethrin 10 g/L) at a dose of 0.6 L/ha in winter oilseed rape plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 64),

  • Minuet 100 EW (zeta-cypermethrin 100 g/L) at a dose of 0.1 L/ha in winter wheat plantations (treatment in phase BBCH 73), and

There were no insecticidal treatments in maize plantations.

The plants were treated with a field backpack sprayer, with a 50 cm boom (sprayer volume 6.0 L, nozzle ID: 4 TeeJet XR11002VSnozzles), at a wind speed of less than 2 km/h. The first treatment was conducted at early stages of the plants’ phenological development, when the leaf tissues and meristem were most sensitive to herbivore infestation and fungal diseases. The plants were treated three times: first in phase BBCH 22 (winter wheat), BBCH 12 (maize), and BBCH 21 (winter oilseed rape); second in phase BBCH 40 (winter wheat), BBCH 18 (maize), and BBCH 50 (winter oilseed rape); and third in phase BBCH 73 (winter wheat), BBCH 39 (maize), and BBCH 73 (winter oilseed rape).

In each version of the experiment, damage caused by major insect pests was assessed: damage to oilseed rape siliques caused by cabbage seed weevils, damage to wheat leaves caused by cereal leaf beetles, and damage to maize plants caused by European corn borers. Moreover, the percentage of infestation with fungal diseases and the yield of the crops were assessed.

The experiments were carried out using the methods described in Zamojska et al. [14].

2.1 Assessment methods

Plants, leaves, and siliques were always selected randomly within each plot.

The siliques were collected from the highest oilseed rape sprouts, considering the fact that the highest sprouts are the ones most heavily attacked by cabbage seed weevils. One rape silique, regardless of its size, was randomly selected from each plant.

Hundred plants of winter wheat were randomly collected from each plot. One stem was then collected from each plant.

2.1.1 Assessment of insect damage

The assessments were carried out using the methods described in Zamojska et al. [14]. This involved the following:

  1. Winter oilseed rape: cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk.),

  2. Winter wheat: cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.), and

  3. Maize: European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner).

2.1.2 Assessment of fungal infestation

The assessments were carried out using the methods described in Zamojska et al. [14]. This involved the following:

  1. Winter oilseed rape: gray mold (causal agent: Botrytis cinerea Pers) and Alternaria disease (causal agent: Alternaria spp.).

  2. Winter wheat: pathogens causing stem base diseases: eyespot (causal agent: Oculimacula spp.) and foot rot (causal agent: Fusarium spp.), ear diseases: Fusarium head blight (causal agent: Fusarium spp.) and glume blotch (causal agent: Parastagonospora nodorum E. Müll), and sooty mold (causal agent: Alternaria spp.).

  3. Maize: maize smut (causal agent Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda); on leaves: brown spots (causal agent Aureobasidium zeae (Narita & Y. Hiratsuka) Dingley, formerly: Kabatiella zeae Narita & Y. Hiratsuka); on cobs: fungi of the Fusarium genus.

2.2 Statistical analysis

The results were analyzed statistically with ARM Revision 2018 software. The assumption of the homogenity of variance attests that the data have been derived from normal distributions with an equal variance. The normality of the distributions for the studied traits was tested using Shapiro–Wilk’s normality test. The Levene test is used to test the hypothesis that the variances across groups are equal. The two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to determine the effects of years and fertilizers as well as years–fertilizers interaction on the variability of examined traits, for each trait independently. The mean values and standard deviations of traits were calculated. The Fisher’s least significant differences (LSDs) were calculated for individual traits, and on this basis homogeneous groups were determined.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

ANOVA results indicated that the main effects of year and year × fertilizer interaction were significant for all the traits of study (P < 0.001). The results of the experiments on winter oilseed rape (Table 2) showed that the growth stimulant containing Ti in the form available to plants reduced the number of winter oilseed rape siliques damaged by cabbage seed weevils (F 2;18 = 211,900; P < 0.001). As a consequence of the smaller number of oilseed rape siliques damaged by pests, the plants fertilized with Ti were less infested with fungal diseases: gray mold (F 2;18 = 692,500; P < 0.001) and Alternaria disease (F 2;18 = 582,000; P < 0.001). The experiments showed that due to lesser damage and better health of the plants treated with Ti, the yield increased by 0.16–0.68 tonnes/ha (F 2;18 = 1,001.44; P < 0.001).

Table 2

The results of experiments on winter oilseed rape. Mean values ± standard deviations

Year of experiment Parameters Control Tytanit Tytanit
0.2 kg L/ha 0.4 kg L/ha
2014 Percentage of siliques damaged by cabbage seed weevils 7.75a ± 0.02 2.80b ± 0.03 1.50c ± 0.02
Mean percentage of siliques infested with fungi Gray mold 22.18a ± 0.02 9.70c ± 0.02 10.11b ± 0.04
Alternaria disease 15.52a ± 0.02 10.10b ± 0.02 7.53c ± 0.01
Yield (tonnes/ha) 3.96c ± 0.02 4.58b ± 0.03 4.64a ± 0.02
2015 Percentage of siliques damaged by cabbage seed weevils 11.71a ± 0.02 2.86c ± 0.03 8.72b ± 0.02
Mean percentage of siliques infested with fungi Gray mold 24.39a ± 0.02 11.85b ± 0.02 9.41c ± 0.04
Alternaria disease 17.80a ± 0.02 9.33b ± 0.03 7.58c ± 0.01
Yield (tonnes/ha) 3.40c ± 0.04 3.81a ± 0.02 3.56b ± 0.03

The same superscript letters in each row denote a lack of significant differences.

Similar observations apply to the experiments on winter wheat (Table 3). The flag (F 2;18 = 666,500; P < 0.001) and subflag leaves (F 2;18 = 334,800; P < 0.001) of the plants fertilized with Ti were less damaged by cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus L.), especially in 2014. The infestation of the plants with fungal diseases was also significantly reduced for eyespot (F 2;18 = 2,024,000; P < 0.001), foot rot (F 2;18 = 474,800; P < 0.001), sooty mold (F 2;18 = 1,217,000; P < 0.001), glume blotch (F 2;18 = 55409.8; P < 0.001), and Fusarium head blight (F 2;18 = 2037.4; P < 0.001)]. The yield of the plants fertilized with Ti was 0.22–0.97 tonnes/ha greater than the yield of the control plants (F 2;18 = 1,873; P < 0.001).

Table 3

The results of experiments on winter wheat. Mean values ± standard deviations

Year of experiment Parameters Control Tytanit Tytanit
0.2 kg L/ha 0.4 kg L/ha
2014 Percentage of leaves damaged by cereal leaf beetle Flag leaf 70.00a ± 0.03 23.00b ± 0.04 18.00c ± 0.13
Subflag leaf 58.00a ± 0.15 28.00b ± 0.12 10.00c ± 0.03
Percentage of plants infested with fungi Eyespot 48.00a ± 0.08 7.00b ± 0.05 4.00c ± 0.03
Foot rot 12.00a ± 0.03 3.00b ± 0.03 0.00c ± 0.00
Sooty mold 20.00a ± 0.05 1.00b ± 0.02 1.00b ± 0.02
Glume blotch 10.00a ± 0.04 1.00b ± 0.05 1.00b ± 0.04
Fusarium head blight 10.00a ± 0.11 4.00b ± 0.80 0.00c ± 0.00
Yield (tonnes/ha) 6.33c ± 0.03 6.90b ± 0.02 7.30a ± 0.03
2015 Percentage of leaves damaged by cereal leaf beetles Flag leaf 28.25a ± 0.02 26.75b ± 0.04 14.75c ± 0.02
Subflag leaf 33.75a ± 0.03 13.25b ± 0.03 5.00c ± 0.12
Percentage of plants infested with fungi Eyespot 40.0a ± 0.04 8.00b ± 0.03 5.00c ± 0.01
Foot rot 11.00a ± 0.03 0.00c ± 0.00 5.00b ± 0.03
Sooty mold 15.00a ± 0.03 0.00b ± 0.00 0.00b ± 0.00
Glume blotch 5.00a ± 0.07 1.00b ± ±0.03 1.00b ± 0.04
Fusarium head blight 10.00a ± 0.08 0.00b ± 0.00 0.00b ± 0.00
Yield (tonnes/ha) 8.13c ± 0.02 8.35b ± 0.02 8.49a ± 0.02

The same superscript letters in each row denote a lack of significant differences.

The experiments on maize (Table 4) showed that the treatment with the product containing Ti reduced the number of plants infested with fungal diseases: Fusarium stalk rot (F 2;18 = 5,994; P < 0.001), maize smut (F 2;18 = 4,022; P < 0.001), and brown spot (F 2;18 = 447.76; P < 0.001), and increased the yield (F 2;18 = 857.77; P < 0.001) by 0.61–1.26 tonnes/ha. The results obtained in the case of the European corn borer varied greatly over the years of the research (F 1;18 = 53,237; P < 0.001). Regarding this fact, it cannot be clearly concluded that fertilization influences the scale of damage caused by European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner). This requires further research.

Table 4

The results of experiments on maize. Mean values ± standard deviations

Year of experiment Parameters Control Tytanit Tytanit
0.2 kg L/ha 0.4 kg L/ha
2014 Percentage of plants damaged by European corn borers 21.00a ± 0.61 18.00b ± 0.02 12.00c ± 0.05
Percentage of plants infested with fungi Fusarium stalk rot 5.00a ± 0.11 2.00b ± 0.10 0.00c ± 0.00
Maize smut 5.00a ± 0.22 2.00b ± 0.08 1.00c ± 0.03
Brown spot 2.00a ± 0.13 1.00b ± 0.09 0.00c ± 0.00
Yield (tonnes/ha) 6.29c ± 0.04 6.90b ± 0.09 7.04a ± 0.02
2015 Percentage of plants damaged by European corn borers 37.14c ± 0.06 38.56b ± 0.03 46.06a ± 0.05
Percentage of plants infested with fungi Fusarium stalk rot 4.00a ± 0.14 0.80b ± 0.03 0.00c ± 0.00
Maize smut 5.00a ± 0.14 0.00b ± 0.00 0.00b ± 0.00
Brown spot 0.00a ± 0.00 0.00a ± 0.00 0.00a ± 0.00
Yield (tonnes/ha) 8.57c ± 0.04 9.83a ± 0.04 9.31b ± 0.04

The same superscript letters in each row denote a lack of significant differences.

In all cases, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in the occurrence of pests and pathogens between the control version and the versions with Ti. Both in 2014 and 2015, the yields of winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize obtained from the Ti versions were always significantly higher than the yield from the control samples. A higher dose of Ti was more effective for the majority of parameters.

4 Discussion and conclusions

The experiments proved the positive effect of the preparation containing Ti ions, which limited the effects of biotic stresses. The preparation reduced damage caused by pests and the infestation of plants with fungal diseases. The fertilizer reduced damage to winter rapeseed and winter wheat plants caused by their major pests. All the plants were less infested with fungal diseases and their yield increased.

The direct factor explaining this phenomenon is unknown because the available scientific publications do not provide an answer to it. It seems that the plants in which stress was reduced with Ti compounds were more resistant to fungal diseases and harmful insects. The fact that Ti has many positive effects on plants might be an indirect cause of this phenomenon. For a long time, Ti has been known to increase the yield of crops. Its beneficial effect has been described in scientific reports [3,4,5]. However, researchers have not explained this effect in detail. One of the major properties of the Tytanit preparation is the fact that it increases the uptake of nutrients by the root system, especially iron and potassium [7]. Plants may have proteins that (either specifically or nonspecifically) bind with Ti. Plants treated with Ti might be strengthened because the preparation stimulates physiological processes in them. In consequence, plants are in a better condition. They are less susceptible to diseases and less attractive to pests. This relationship between the extent of damage caused by pests and the degree of infestation with fungal diseases has been described in scientific articles [13,14,15].

It is also known that any environmental stress (biotic or abiotic) has an influence on metabolic changes in plants. Ti may participate in plants’ defensive processes, which may cause changes in tissues and inhibit the growth and development of pests’ eggs and larvae [16]. There have been studies providing evidence that the quality of plant tissues has an influence on the survival of insects and that there are interactions between the larval growth rate and population size and the plant tissue structure [17]. Some herbivorous insects have chemoreceptors to sense the tissue quality before they attack. They can identify the thickness of plant tissues and sense the emission of substances such as ethylene. It is likely that Ti also influences volatile and visual features (which may be important for the selection of the host).

There have been numerous scientific reports describing the positive effects of Ti applied to plants’ roots or leaves; for example, the increase in the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis intensity in rape plants, a heavier 1,000 kernel weight of wheat, higher sugar content in sugar beets, the reduced effect of Curvularia leaf spot, and the lower incidence of bacterial leaf blight in maize [18]. Bacilieri et al. [5] observed that TiO2 nanoparticles increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in maize at the four-leaf stage. Lu et al. [19] proved that TiO2 increased the absorption of water and nutrients by soy plants, which strengthened their antioxidative capacity and accelerated their development. Other examples of the positive effect of Ti are increased biomass production in bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) [20], increased plant height and a greater number of leaves in snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.) [21], increased plant growth and quality in zonal geraniums (Pelargonium hortorum L.) [21], increased seed yield, 1,000 kernel weight, and seed germination in Timothy grass (Phleum pretense L.) [22], and increased yield, better fruit quality, higher vitamin content, and higher macronutrient uptake in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) [7]. Other authors proved that the foliar application of Ti significantly affected the activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidise), the content of malondialdehyde, and protein in maize plants [23]. According to Kovacik et al. [24], the Tytanit fertilizer positively influenced the formation of the aerial and underground phytomass of winter oilseed rape. Ercoli et al. [25] also observed that the application of Ti resulted in a higher yield of maize seeds. There have also been reports on the beneficial effect of Ti, which reduced the incidence of diseases and increased the yield of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) [6].

This research proves that the inclusion of treatments with preparations containing Ti ions into the technology of production of the plant species being studied increased the effectiveness of integrated crop protection programs. In view of the increasing problem of pests’ resistance to crop protection products, the essential rule of the prevention strategy assumes a reduction in the selection pressure of insecticides and fungicides. The results of the experiment show that it is possible to achieve this goal by limiting the occurrence of pests and diseases by means of stimulants containing absorbable Ti. The research findings should be used in strategies for preventing pests’ and pathogens’ resistance and as the basis for creating integrated crop protection programs. The research will be continued in other field crops.

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Author contributions: J.E. – conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing – original draft and writing – review & editing; Z.J. – conceptualization, writing – original draft, formal analysis; D.D. – methodology, writing – original draft; J.H.-J. – data curation, visualization; D.J. – data curation, visualization; W.P. – conceptualization, methodology, data curation, K.M. – conceptualization, methodology, data curation, C.W. – validation; B.J. – data curation; and W.R. – data curation.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2021-05-25
Revised: 2021-06-29
Accepted: 2021-07-12
Published Online: 2021-11-05

© 2021 Ewa Jajor et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
  13. Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form
  14. Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases
  15. Computational studies by molecular docking of some antiviral drugs with COVID-19 receptors are an approach to medication for COVID-19
  16. Synthesis of amides and esters containing furan rings under microwave-assisted conditions
  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
  18. Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents
  19. Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity
  20. A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity
  21. Assessing encapsulation of curcumin in cocoliposome: In vitro study
  22. Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity
  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
  24. Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy
  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
  26. Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry
  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
  28. Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
  31. A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
  32. On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O
  33. Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
  34. Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol
  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
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  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
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  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
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  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
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  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
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  69. Review Articles
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  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
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  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
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  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
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  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
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  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
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  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
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  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
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  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
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  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
  123. Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
  124. Molecular and docking studies of tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone compound from Artemisia absinthium against carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
  125. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2020)
  126. Preparation of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil loaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
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  129. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  130. Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
  131. Yield, volume, quality, and reduction of biotic stress influenced by titanium application in oilseed rape, winter wheat, and maize cultivations
  132. Influence of potato variety on polyphenol profile composition and glycoalcaloid contents of potato juice
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0074
Keywords for this article
plant nutrition; plant disease; pest management systems; maize; oilseed rape; wheat
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities
  3. Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil
  4. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects
  5. Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms
  6. Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites
  7. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches
  8. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis
  9. Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation
  10. Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins
  11. Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system
  12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation
  13. Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form
  14. Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases
  15. Computational studies by molecular docking of some antiviral drugs with COVID-19 receptors are an approach to medication for COVID-19
  16. Synthesis of amides and esters containing furan rings under microwave-assisted conditions
  17. Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation
  18. Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents
  19. Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity
  20. A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity
  21. Assessing encapsulation of curcumin in cocoliposome: In vitro study
  22. Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity
  23. Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia
  24. Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy
  25. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors
  26. Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry
  27. The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
  28. Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
  29. Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide
  30. Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities
  31. A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
  32. On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O
  33. Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
  34. Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol
  35. A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species
  36. Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system
  37. Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development
  38. Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties
  39. Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples
  40. Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid
  41. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives
  42. Utilization and simulation of innovative new binuclear Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) diimine Schiff base complexes in sterilization and coronavirus resistance (Covid-19)
  43. Phosphorylation of Pit-1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 126 is associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in prolactinomas
  44. Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 as a hemodialysis candidate membrane
  45. Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
  46. Highly sensitive determination of α-lipoic acid in pharmaceuticals on a boron-doped diamond electrode
  47. Synthesis, chemo-informatics, and anticancer evaluation of fluorophenyl-isoxazole derivatives
  48. In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties
  49. Topological indices of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  50. Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester
  51. Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe3+ and treatment of Hepatitis B
  52. Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer
  53. Discoloration of methylene blue at neutral pH by heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions using crystalline and amorphous iron oxides
  54. Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity
  55. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
  56. Potency and selectivity indices of Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace chloroform extract against non-clinical and clinical human pathogens
  57. Simple modifications of nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acids toward new weapons against plant diseases
  58. Synthesis, optical and structural characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles derived from Zn(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  59. Presence of short and cyclic peptides in Acacia and Ziziphus honeys may potentiate their medicinal values
  60. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  61. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study on prolonged anticonvulsant activity of terpene derivatives in pentylenetetrazole test
  62. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells
  63. Cannabis sativa L. chemical compositions as potential plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidinesynthase enzyme inhibitors: An in silico study for drug development
  64. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature
  65. Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques
  66. Study on the speciation of arsenic in the genuine medicinal material honeysuckle
  67. Two Cu(ii)-based coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment activity on periodontitis
  68. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst
  69. Review Articles
  70. Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology
  71. Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs
  72. An overview of persistent organic pollutants along the coastal environment of Kuwait
  73. Mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced protection in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
  74. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
  75. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
  76. Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors
  77. Color and composition of beauty products formulated with lemongrass essential oil: Cosmetics formulation with lemongrass essential oil
  78. The structural chemistry of zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) dithiocarbamate complexes
  79. Bioprospecting for antituberculosis natural products – A review
  80. Recent progress in direct urea fuel cell
  81. Rapid Communications
  82. A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants
  83. Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation
  84. Erratum
  85. Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”
  86. Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”
  87. Corrigendum
  88. Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”
  89. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  90. Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared using Pometia pinnata leaf extract
  91. Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  92. Selection of oil extraction process from Chlorella species of microalgae by using multi-criteria decision analysis technique for biodiesel production
  93. Special Issue on the 14th Joint Conference of Chemistry (14JCC)
  94. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of isatin-pyrrole derivatives against HepG2 cell line
  95. CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)
  96. Effect of synthesis and activation methods on the character of CoMo/ultrastable Y-zeolite catalysts
  97. Special Issue on Electrochemical Amplified Sensors
  98. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride
  99. Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
  100. An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach
  101. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid
  102. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
  103. Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds
  104. Effect of alkali bases on the synthesis of ZnO quantum dots
  105. Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
  106. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  107. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application
  108. Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite
  109. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  110. Assessment of the mercury contamination of landfilled and recovered foundry waste – a case study
  111. Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends
  112. Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser
  113. Use of glycerol waste in lactic acid bacteria metabolism for the production of lactic acid: State of the art in Poland
  114. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  115. Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene
  116. Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si2C3-III[n,m]
  117. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  118. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
  119. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  120. Acute and repeated dose 60-day oral toxicity assessment of chemically characterized Berberis hispanica Boiss. and Reut in Wistar rats
  121. Phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-protein denaturation activities of Curcuma longa L. rhizome and leaves
  122. Antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus obliqua leaf methanolic extract against Plasmodium vivax: An in vitro study
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