Startseite Medizin Antibiotic prescribing patterns in general dental practice- a scoping review
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Antibiotic prescribing patterns in general dental practice- a scoping review

  • Safa A. Azim Osman ORCID logo , Mohammed Seedahmed ORCID logo , Susu Zughaier ORCID logo und Kamran Ali ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 19. Dezember 2025
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Open Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Medicine Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Introduction

Antibiotic prescribing in general dental practice is common and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance. A scoping review was undertaken to map the existing literature on patterns of antibiotics prescriptions in general dental practice to gain a more focused understanding of prescribing behaviors of general dental practitioners (GDPs).

Content

This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews. The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework. Eligibility criteria included original research studies which reported the antibiotic prescribing behaviors of GDPs and published between January 1990–February 2025. Scopus and PubMed were searched, followed by screening of the articles based on the eligibility criteria. A total of 2,076 records were retrieved following searches on PubMed and Scopus. Title and abstract screening were carried out for 215 articles, and 34 articles were considered for full text screening and finally 17 studies were included in the review. Antibiotics were prescribed for a wide range of conditions including cellulitis, abscesses, periapical infection, and periodontal conditions. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid were prescribed most commonly.

Summary

The results highlight a disconnect between professional guidelines and prescribing practices of dentists. Dentists appear to prescribe antibiotics for clinical situations which may be managed better with operative interventions.

Outlook

The review underscores the need to improve antibiotic stewardship in general dental practice settings to curb inappropriate antibiotic use and address the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords: antibiotics; antimicrobials; antibiotic resistance; dentists; general dental practice

Highlights

The review underscores the need to improve antibiotic stewardship in general dental practice settings to curb inappropriate antibiotic use and address the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance.

Introduction

Antibiotics have been used for nearly a century since the discovery of Penicillin in 1928 and have played a crucial role in medicine, saving millions of lives. However, excessive use of antibiotics has led to a growing risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The World Health Organization (WHO) considers AMR to be a major public health threat. AMR was linked to 4.59 million deaths, making it one of the top 10 public health threats to humans [1], 2]. The “The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book” provides evidence-based guidance for healthcare professionals on choosing the right antibiotic, dose, route, and duration of treatment for common infections [3]. It emphasizes that dental caries and periodontal disease represent the two most common forms of dental disease, and the focus should be on prevention of these diseases by maintaining oral hygiene and reducing dietary and environmental risk factors. The WHO does not recommend the use of antibiotics to treat toothache and prophylactics antibiotics are not routinely required for most dental procedures.

The growing prevalence of AMR is a multifactorial challenge which may be related to factors such as misuse of antimicrobials in agriculture and healthcare settings, poor infection prevention and control practices, inadequate sanitation, and limited development of new antibiotics [4]. The overuse of antibiotics is a key contributor to AMR, and in dentistry this problem is often compounded limited access to regular dental care, time constraints in clinical dental settings which drives practitioners to prescribe antibiotics as a temporary substitute for operative treatment. Moreover, patient demand and expectations for quick relief and fear of litigation amongst dentists can drive defensive prescribing [5]. Together, these factors encourage unnecessary or prolonged antibiotic use, amplifying the risk of resistance. Addressing AMR therefore requires a coordinated, multi-sectoral approach beyond curbing antibiotic overuse alone.

Antimicrobials continue to be prescribed in clinical dental practice for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes [6]. Where available, dentists are expected to follow national and local professional guidelines on the use of antimicrobials in dentistry [7], 8]. However, clinical guidelines on the appropriate use of antimicrobials in dentistry may not be used consistently by dentists especially in developing countries with limited surveillance of antibiotic use. Given that most dental infections are of bacterial origin, dentists primarily prescribe antibiotics in clinical practice. Published literature shows that dentists tend to overprescribe antibiotics underscoring the need for restricting antibiotic use to clinical situations where they are absolutely necessary [9], [10], [11]. A study on prescriptions by dentists in England showed that dental prescriptions accounted for 10.8 % of all oral antibiotic prescribing, 18.4 % of amoxicillin and 57.0 % of metronidazole prescribing in primary care settings [12]. Data from the United States of America (USA) shows that antibiotics prescribed by dentists ranged from 24.65 million prescriptions in 2018 to 25.17 million in 2022 representing 9.8% and 12.1 % of all outpatients antibiotic prescriptions respectively [13]. However, reliable longitudinal data on antimicrobial prescriptions by dentists globally is not available to quantify the contribution of dental antimicrobial prescriptions to AMR.

Although several reviews have been published on the use of antibiotics in dentistry, most studies report data from general and specialist dentists in primary and secondary care settings together. Given that GDPs in primary care are the first point of care for dental services worldwide, there is merit in exploring the antibiotic prescribing practices of general dentists in primary care. Unlike specialists, GDPs manage a broad and diverse case mix, often under time constraints and without specialist support. Understanding their prescribing behaviors is crucial to addressing inappropriate antibiotic use at the front lines of dental care. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to map the existing literature on patterns of antibiotics prescriptions in general dental practice to gain a more focused understanding of prescribing behaviors of general dental practitioners (GDPs).

Rationale

Antibiotic prescriptions in general dental practice represent approximately 10 % of antibiotic prescriptions in healthcare and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance. A scoping review was undertaken to explore the existing literature on the patterns of antibiotic prescriptions by GDPs.

Research objectives

The aim of this scoping review was to explore the published literature on prescribing antibiotics by GDPs, and if they conform to contemporary professional guidelines.

  1. Document common indications for antibiotic prescriptions.

  2. Identify the types, dose, frequency and duration of antibiotics prescriptions.

Review framework

The scoping review will be based on the PCC (Participation./population, Concept and Context) framework as elaborated below:

Participant/Population:

General dental practitioners

Concept:

Dental practitioners commonly prescribe antibiotics to manage oral and dental infections. However, inappropriate prescribing and injudicious use of antibiotics may contribute to growing antibiotic resistance. Despite the progress made in updating professional guidelines and promoting antibiotic stewardship, inappropriate antibiotic prescribing by dentists remains a challenge.

Context:

General dental practice settings across both public and private sectors, without restriction by country or healthcare system.

Methods

Study protocol and registration

This scoping review adopted the updated methodological guidance proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and reported by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR) [14]. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S7NFK).

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria:

  1. Original research studies which reported the antibiotic prescribing behaviors of GDPs.

  2. Studies published from 1st January 1990 to 28 Feb 2025 and accessible electronically.

  3. Studies published in English.

Exclusion criteria.

  1. Laboratory studies, reviews, editorials, and commentaries were excluded.

Outcome measure

Reasons (clinical indications) for antibiotic prescriptions.

Choice of antibiotic prescriptions including dose, frequency and duration.

Search strategy and information sources

A systematic search strategy was used with appropriate syntax for individual databases exploring different studies published in the last 35 years i.e., 1st January 1990–28 Feb 2025 to identify pattern of antibiotic prescription among general dental practitioners. A combination of key words, MeSH terms (PubMed) and search field (Scopus) were used by integrating Boolean operators to create meaningful search strings. Key search terms included dentist, antibiotic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, prescription, pattern, clinical practice, general practice, and dentist workspace. Searches were limited to studies published in English and the searches were re-run prior to final analysis. Comprehensive literature search of electronic bibliographic databases was conducted by research team members on PubMed and Scopus with support from an experienced librarian.

Data extraction (selection and coding)

The search results retrieved from the databases were transferred to EndNote (EndNote 20, Inc., Philadelphia, USA). Duplicate studies were removed using the software and confirmed by manual checks. The final list was then be exported to Microsoft Excel, where the screening will be completed based on eligibility criteria. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of identified studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any disagreements were resolved through discussions between the two reviewers, and any residual differences were addressed by consultation with a third reviewer.

Data items and synthesis

Standardized data extraction forms were utilized to capture key information from each included study. Bibliometric information on included studies was collated including the authors, journal or preprint server, publication year, volume and page numbers, and digital object identifier (doi). The included studies were coded and data extraction from these studies included the following:

  1. Study ID

  2. Author(s) and Year

  3. Population

  4. Study design

  5. Sample size

  6. Geographical Location

  7. Clinical indications for antibiotic prescription

  8. Antibiotic choice, dose, frequency, and duration

  9. Key Findings

Critical appraisal and synthesis of results

The initial screening of titles and abstracts identified articles for full text review which will also be evaluated independently by two reviewers. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussions between the two reviewers, and a third reviewer would be engaged to resolve any persistent differences through collaborative discussions to achieve consensus. Articles considered eligible after full text review will be the final set of studies to be included in the systematic review. The study selection process is depicted by a PRISMA flow diagram. A log of excluded studies along with the justification for exclusion will be maintained.

Ethics approval

Ethical approval was not applicable to this study as it is a scoping review and no new data was generated.

Results

Selection of sources of evidence

A total of 2,076 records were retrieved following searches on two databases PubMed and Scopus. After removal of duplicates, 2,049 distinct articles underwent initial screening to identify appropriate studies. Title and abstract screening were carried out for 215 articles, and 34 articles were considered for full text screening. Based on eligibility criteria, 17 out 34 studies were identified for inclusion in the final review as depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: PRISMA flow chart for scoping review [14].
Figure 1:

PRISMA flow chart for scoping review [14].

Characteristics of included studies

The main characteristics of 17 studies included in this scoping review are summarized in Table 1. All studies used a cross-sectional study design and were carried out from 2000 to 2024. The included studies were conducted in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Norway Albania, Croatia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Türkiye, Albania, Nigeria, Australia and Canada.

Table 1:

Characteristics of included Studies.

Author(s) and year Study design Population Sample size, n Country
Al-Haroni et al. [15] Cross-sectional GDPs 150 Yemen
Al-Sebaei et al. [16] Cross-sectional GDPs 150 Saudi Arabia
Azodo et al. [17] Cross-sectional GDPs 146 Nigeria
Baskaradoss et al. [18] Cross-sectional GDPs 282 Saudi Arabia
Baudet et al. [19] Cross-sectional GDPs 455 France
Demirbas et al. [20] Cross-sectional GDPs 283 Norway
Epstein et al. [21] Cross-sectional GDPs

Specialists		 505 Canada
Jaunay et al. [22] Cross-sectional GDPs 68 Australia
Kabalak et al. [23] Cross-sectional GDPs 807 Türkiye
Loume et al. [24] Cross-sectional GDPs 331 Switzerland
Mainjot et al. [25] Cross-sectional GDPs 268 Belgium
Manciocchi et al. [26] Cross-sectional GDPs 360 Italy and Albania
Marah et al. [27] Cross-sectional GDPs 481 Iraq
Ozmenet al. [28] Cross-sectional GDPs

Specialists		 343

141		 Türkiye
Perić et al. [29] Cross-sectional GDPs 110 Croatia
Salako et al. [30] Cross-sectional GDPs 168 Kuwait
Vessal et al. [31] Cross-sectional GDPs 438 Iran

  1. *GDPs, general dental practitioners.

The combined sample size of all included studies was 5,486 across 17 studies. The sample size of individual studies varied from 68 [22] to 807 participants [23], with an average of 306 participants. The included studies focused on GDPs except two studies [21], 28]. which also included specialist dentists. However, these studies were included as the proportion of GDPs in both studies was over 50 % of the total sample size.

Critical appraisal within sources of evidence

The clinical indications, choice of antibiotics, along with dosage and duration are summarized in Table 2. The commonest indication for antibiotic administration were cellulitis [18], 19], 22], 24], 27], 31]; dental infections associated with systemic features [21], 23], 24], 30]; periapical and periodontal abscesses. [18], [19], [20, 23], 25], 26]. Other periodontal conditions managed with antibiotics were pericoronitis [17], [18], [19, 26] necrotizing periodontal disease [22], [23], [24, 26], 31], gingivitis [15] and periodontitis [23]. Antibiotics were also reported to be administered for pulpitis [26], chronic apical infections [15] acute apical infections [27], 28], 31] and dry socket [17].

Table 2:

Antibiotic prescriptions: Indications, type, dose, frequency and duration.

Author Indication(s) for antibiotic prescription Antibiotic of choice Antibiotic dose Antibiotic duration
Al-Haroni et al. [15]

  1. Chronic apical infections (72 %)

  2. Marginal gingivitis (54 %)

 Penicillin (72 %) Not reported Not reported
Al-Sebaei et al. [16]

  1. Routine surgical extraction (70 %),

 Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (64.6 %) Not reported Not reported
Azodo et al. [17]

  1. Acute pericoronitis (49.3 %)

  2. Dry socket (41.1 %)

  3. ANUG (4.1 %)

 Amoxicillin and metronidazole (35.6 %)

Amoxicillin (27.4 %)		 Not reported Not reported
Baskaradoss et al. [18]

  1. Cellulitis (85.5 %)

  2. Pericoronitis (66 %)

  3. Re-implantation of tooth (57.1 %)

  4. Periapical abscess before drainage (48.6 %)

 Amoxicillin Not reported Not reported
Baudet et al. [19]

  1. Abscess (82.5 %)

  2. Cervicofacial cellulitis (74.2 %)

  3. Pericoronitis (58.6 %,)

 Amoxicillin 1-g 12-hourly 6–7 days
Demirbas et al. [20]

  1. Abscesses

  2. Endodontics

  3. Oral surgery

 Amoxicillin Not reported 7 days
Epstein et al. [21]

  1. Pre-operative for extraction of impacted tooth with acute infection (50.8 %)

  2. Dental infection with fever (94.9 %)

 Amoxicillin (64.0 %) 1–1.2 g/day (72.2 %) Average 6.92 days
Jaunay et al. [22]

  1. Cellulitis (98 %)

  2. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (80 %)

  3. Extraction third molar with current pericoronitis (75 %)

 Amoxicillin (90 %)

Metronidazole (84 %)		 Not reported Not reported
Kabalak et al. [23]

  1. Periodontal diseases/conditions associated with systemic signs and symptoms (83.9 %),

  2. Periodontal abscess (58.3 %)

  3. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (52.4 %)

 Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (57.6 %) Not reported Not reported
Loume et al. [24]

  1. Abscess with systemic symptoms (89 %)

  2. Cellulitis (81.5 %),

 Amoxicillin 375 mg 8 hourly 7 days
Mainjot et al. [25]

  1. Periapical abscess (51.9 %)

  2. Periodontal abscess (14.2 %)

  3. Pulpitis (4.4 %)

 Amoxicillin/amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (75.1 %). Not reported Average 4.8 days
Manciocchi et al. [26]

  1. Acute apical abscess (Italian 96.7 % of Italian and 84.4 % of Albanian dentists)

  2. Chronic apical abscess (33.5 % of Italian and 66.5 % of Albanian dentists)

  3. Pericoronitis (Italian:84 %, Albanian: 65 %)

  4. Necrotising periodontal disease (Italian: 90.6 %, Albanian: 72.2 %)

 Italian penicillin (96.6 %)

Albanian penicillin (82.8 %)		 Not reported 6 days
Marah et al. [27]

  1. Acute periapical infection (79.2 %)

  2. Cellulitis (76.7 %)

  3. Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis (72.6 %)

 Amoxicillin (43.7 %) 250 mg

2,000 mg		 1–8 days
Ozmen et al. [28]

  1. Acute apical periodontitis (50.1 %)

 Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (65.2 %) Not reported 7 days
Perić et al. [29]

  1. Periapical abscess (41.7 %)

  2. Periodontal abscess (46.7 %),

 Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (57.6 %) 1.912 mg/day 7 days
Salako et al. [30]

  1. Gross or diffuse swelling (92 %)

  2. Elevated temperature evidence of systemic spread (89.3 %)

  3. Surgical extraction (89.3 %)

 Amoxicillin Not reported Not reported
Vessal et al. [31]

  1. Acute periapical infection (77.2 %), cellulitis (75.3 %)

  2. Acute ulcerative gingivitis (63.0 %)

 Amoxicillin 250–500 mg dose 8 hourly (70.6 %) 6–10 days.

Other indications for antibiotics included prophylactic administration before routine surgical extractions [16], 30], extraction of impacted teeth with acute infection [21], 22], intentional reimplantation of teeth [18], oro-antral communication, or sinus infection [24] and prophylaxis for infective endocarditis [27]. Three studies did not provide details of specific types of dental infections for which antibiotics were prescribed [10], 32], 33].

Results of individual sources of evidence

Amoxicillin was reported as the first choice antibiotic by nine studies [18], [19], [20], [21], [22, 24], 27], 30], 31] while a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was reported as the antibiotic of choice by four studies. [16], 23], 28], 29]. One study reported amoxicillin or amoxicillin with clavulanic acid as the antibiotics of choice [25] while a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole was the first choice in another study [17]. Two studies reported penicillin as the antibiotic of choice but did not mention a specific type of penicillin [15], 26].

Most studies reported the use of adult dosages for antibiotics administered orally for 5–7 days except for one study in which 2 g of amoxicillin were administered for prophylaxis against endocarditis [27]. The duration of antibiotic therapy exceeded seven days in two studies [27], 31].

Synthesis of results

The results of the study show marked variations in antibiotics prescription patterns some of which conflicted with professional guidelines. The indications for antibiotic prescriptions in general dental practice settings included a wide range of localized (abscess, periapical infection, periodontal infection) and spreading infection (cellulitis). Antibiotics were also prescribed postoperatively following a range of operative procedures such as tooth extraction and reimplantation of teeth and complications such as oro-antral communications. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics although the duration and frequency of antibiotic therapy varied amongst different studies. The inconsistencies in antibiotics prescribing behaviors identified in the current scoping review not only highlight gaps in adherence to guidelines but also pose a significant risk of contributing to antimicrobial resistance, underscoring the urgent need for greater stewardship in dental practice.

Discussion

Antibiotics have traditionally played a significant role in managing dento-alveolar infections. However, the rising threat of antibiotic resistance poses a serious global health challenge, underscoring the need for evidence-based and prudent prescribing [1], 34], 35]. Like all medications, antibiotics carry the risk of adverse reactions and contribute to healthcare costs. Therefore, their use should be reserved for cases where they are absolutely necessary, with careful consideration of the patient’s medical history, current medications, and potential drug interactions [2], [36], [37], [38].

Summary of evidence

The results of this scoping review indicate significant deviations from professional guidelines on antibiotic administration in clinical dentistry. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for pulpitis or well-localized peri-radicular infections, and these conditions are best managed with interventions such as endodontics or tooth extraction based on clinical assessment and restorability of a tooth [7], 8], 39], 40]. Similarly, dental abscesses of peri-radicular and periodontal origin should be managed by achieving drainage using appropriate means such as endodontic access, extraction or soft tissue incision as dictated by the clinical condition [7], 39]. It is recognized that antibiotics may be indicated in oral and dental infections associated with diffuse soft tissue swelling accompanied by fever (≥38 °C), malaise, and lymphadenopathy. However, clinical assessment must be carried out objectively rather than relying merely on patients’ history and symptoms.

Current evidence does not support routine use of antibiotics for tooth extractions in healthy patients. However, antibiotic prescriptions may be considered for patients with an increased risk of post-extraction infection due to immunosuppression or for extractions carried out during phases of acute infection [9]. Similarly, antibiotics are not indicated for alveolar osteitis (dry socket) as it is a localized healing defect which can be best managed with local irrigation and placement of analgesic dressing in the extraction socket [9].

A number of factors may be responsible for overprescription of antibiotics by dentists. These include diagnostic uncertainties, lack of appointment time for operative dental treatment, patient demand for antibiotics, limited understanding of risks of antibiotic resistance and ingrained habits of routine antibiotic prescribing. Moreover patient related factors such as reluctance or inability to undergo operative dental treatment, demand for antibiotics and lack of knowledge regarding risks of antibiotics are also recognized. As research into AMR continues to grow, dentists practice should evaluate their antibiotic prescribing practices to ensure compliance with professional guidelines [11], 13], 41].

Amoxicillin was the most common first choice antibiotic in 52.94 % (n=9) of studies included in this review, a finding which corroborates with previous studies [11], 13]. Based on the available evidence, phenoxy methyl penicillin (penicillin V) and amoxicillin are generally considered the first choice antibiotics to manage oral and dental infections [13], 39]. A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid as the antibiotic of choice was reported in 23.52 % (n=4) studies. However, most clinical guidelines recommend that a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is considered a second line choice due to higher risks of side effects compared to amoxicillin alone [39].

Review of recent literature suggest that although there is some reduction in inappropriate antibiotic prescribing by dentists in some Western countries. A 5.3 % reduction in the use of antibiotics from 2018 to 2022 in primary and secondary care settings in England was reported in the English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilization and resistance (ESPAUR) report 2022–23 [36]. However, more commitment to reducing antibiotic resistance is required by the dental profession. Dentists may benefit from regular continuing professional development (CPD) activities, and clinical audits on antibiotic prescriptions in dental practice. Moreover, dentists also need to educate the public by developing patient information leaflets, posters, and other forms of educational materials which may be shared with the patients, their caregivers, and the public at large. Disseminating risks of antibiotic resistance to both colleagues and patients can help to raise awareness of the importance of using antibiotics responsibly and encourage more judicious use of these drugs [42].

Psychological factors play a significant role in driving patient demand for antibiotics in dentistry [43]. Many patients associate dental pain with infection and assume that antibiotics provide the quickest and most effective relief, overlooking the need for operative treatment. Fear of pain and anxiety about dental procedures often reinforce reluctance to undergo definitive interventions, leading to a preference for what is perceived as an easier ‘quick fix.’ [44] Misconceptions may also exist regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics in managing dental pain. Addressing these factors requires multifaceted strategies, including patient education and public awareness campaigns to dispel myths, the provision of clear and accessible information such as practice-based leaflets, and personalized advice from dentists to help patients understand when antibiotics are appropriate and when operative care is the necessary course of action [45].

Limitations

Some limitations need to be considered when interpreting the findings of the current review. First, the inclusion of only 17 published studies significantly limits the breadth of evidence and restricts understanding of global prescribing patterns, especially in underrepresented regions. The studies originate from various countries with differing healthcare systems, prescribing guidelines, and dental practices, which introduce considerable heterogeneity and undermines meaningful cross-country comparisons. Furthermore, all studies relied on self-reported data collected through questionnaires, a methodology that is inherently prone to recall bias, response bias, and social desirability bias. As a result, the accuracy of the reported prescribing behaviors is uncertain.

The inclusion of studies without longitudinal data restricts the capacity to evaluate temporal trends in antibiotic prescriptions, thereby limiting the depth of insights that can be drawn. Furthermore, the application of narrowly defined eligibility criteria may have introduced selection bias and may have potentially constrained the representativeness of the evidence base, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings.

Critically, most studies failed to provide sufficient clinical context or details regarding the assessment of patients, making it difficult to determine whether the antibiotic prescriptions were clinically justified. This absence of diagnostic information precludes any meaningful evaluation of the appropriateness or rationality of antibiotic use. Additionally, the lack of longitudinal data limits the ability to assess trends in prescribing over time, which is essential for evaluating the clinical guidelines on antibiotic stewardship.

This review was based solely on publications indexed on Scopus and PubMed only and grey literature was not searched. The authors acknowledge that this approach may not capture all relevant publications in the field. However, the search was restricted to two databases due to rigorous indexing standards and use of high-quality sources. Moreover, articles in languages other than English were excluded which could introduce language bias, limit comprehensiveness, and skew findings toward English-speaking or high-income contexts. It may result in missing culturally relevant or region-specific data. However, this restriction was considered appropriate due to limited resources, and the dominance of English in publishing. Overall, these limitations highlight the need for more robust, context-rich, and clinically grounded research to inform evidence-based practices in antibiotic stewardship in general dentistry.

Recommendations

The findings of this review identify practical implications for dentists, and healthcare policy makers. For dentists, the findings highlight the need to strengthen adherence to evidence-based prescribing guidelines, prioritize operative interventions over pharmacological ‘quick fixes,’ and engage in patient education to address misconceptions about antibiotics. Regular clinical audits to monitor antibiotic prescription patterns in general dental practice settings is recommended to identify inappropriate prescriptions. For policymakers, the results underscore the importance of implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship programs in dental settings, developing targeted professional training, and supporting public health campaigns to reduce unnecessary antibiotic demand. Collectively, these measures can help curb inappropriate prescribing and mitigate the growing threat of AMR. Future research should focus on identifying effective educational interventions that can close the gap between professional guidelines and prescribing behaviors of dentists how awareness regarding risks of antibiotic resistance can be raised. It is also essential to explore how geographic, cultural and other local factors influence antibiotic prescribing practices in dentistry across different countries. Additionally, investigating the role of dental schools in shaping students’ understanding and attitudes toward antibiotic use will provide valuable insights for development of dental curricula with the aim to achieve a long-term behavioral change in future generations of dentists.

Conclusions

The results of this scoping review highlight a disconnect between professional guidelines and prescribing practices of dentists. Notwithstanding the limitations of the current review, dentists appear to prescribe antibiotics for clinical situations which may be managed better with operative interventions alone. This review also highlights the real world challenges in general dental practice settings which drive inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. These findings underscore the need for continuing professional development education on antibiotic stewardship and regular clinical audits to mitigate the risks of growing antibiotic resistance globally.

Corresponding author: Kamran Ali, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Al Tarfa, 2713, Doha, Qatar, E-mail:
Registration for research protocol: This research protocol for this scoping review was registered on Open Science Framework (OSF) and is available at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S7NFK

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Author contribution: Conceptualization: KA conceptualized the study. Methodology: KA, SZ, SO. The literature search, screening and data extraction conducted by SO and MS; Original draft preparation SO and KA. Reviewing and Editing: All authors reviewed and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1352).

Received: 2025-07-22
Accepted: 2025-11-21
Published Online: 2025-12-19

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  206. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  207. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  208. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  209. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  210. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  211. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  212. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  213. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  214. Combined VAT and retroperitoneoscopy for pleural empyema due to nephro-pleuric fistula in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
  215. 10.1515/med-2025-1362
  216. Rapid Communication
  217. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  218. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  219. Letter to the Editor
  220. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  221. Expression of Concern
  222. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  223. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  224. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  225. Corrigendum
  226. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  227. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  228. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  229. Retraction
  230. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  231. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  232. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  233. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  234. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  235. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  236. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  237. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  238. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  239. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  240. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  241. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  242. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  243. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  244. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  245. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  246. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  247. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  248. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  249. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  250. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  251. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  252. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  253. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  254. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  255. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1352
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
antibiotics; antimicrobials; antibiotic resistance; dentists; general dental practice
Creative Commons
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis
  156. Influence of sevoflurane combined with propofol anesthesia on the anesthesia effect and adverse reactions in children with acute appendicitis
  157. Identification of hub genes related to acute kidney injury caused by sevoflurane anesthesia and endoplasmic reticulum stress
  158. 10.1515/med-2025-1313
  159. 10.1515/med-2025-1316
  160. Health education pathway for individuals with temporary enterostomies using patient journey mapping
  161. 10.1515/med-2025-1321
  162. 10.1515/med-2025-1324
  163. 10.1515/med-2025-1325
  164. 10.1515/med-2025-1327
  165. 10.1515/med-2025-1331
  166. Effect of timing of cholecystectomy on weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese individuals with cholelithiasis: a retrospective cohort study
  167. 10.1515/med-2025-1337
  168. 10.1515/med-2025-1347
  169. 10.1515/med-2025-1360
  170. Multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study of European ancestry
  171. Rapid pathogen identification in peritoneal dialysis effluent by MALDI-TOF MS following blood culture enrichment
  172. Comparison of open and percutaneous A1 pulley release in pediatric trigger thumb: a retrospective cohort study
  173. Review Articles
  174. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  175. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  176. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  177. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  178. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  179. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  180. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  181. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  182. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  183. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  184. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  185. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  186. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  187. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  188. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  189. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  190. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  191. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  192. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  193. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  194. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  195. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  196. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  197. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  198. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  199. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  200. 10.1515/med-2025-1251
  201. 10.1515/med-2025-1330
  202. 10.1515/med-2025-1332
  203. Antibiotic prescribing patterns in general dental practice- a scoping review
  204. Clinical and medico-legal reflections on non-invasive prenatal testing
  205. Case Reports
  206. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  207. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  208. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  209. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  210. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  211. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  212. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  213. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  214. Combined VAT and retroperitoneoscopy for pleural empyema due to nephro-pleuric fistula in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
  215. 10.1515/med-2025-1362
  216. Rapid Communication
  217. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  218. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  219. Letter to the Editor
  220. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  221. Expression of Concern
  222. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  223. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  224. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  225. Corrigendum
  226. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  227. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  228. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  229. Retraction
  230. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  231. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  232. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  233. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  234. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  235. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  236. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  237. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  238. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  239. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  240. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  241. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  242. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  243. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  244. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  245. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  246. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  247. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  248. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  249. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  250. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  251. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  252. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  253. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  254. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  255. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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