Home A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
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A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor

  • Yasuyuki Fujii EMAIL logo , Yuki Yamato , Minoru Shibata , Kazunari Takano , Sota Tsuchibuchi , Shu Taira , Vittorio Calabrese and Naomi Osakabe
Published/Copyright: October 8, 2025
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Background

Flavanols (FLs), a group of polyphenols abundant in cocoa and red wine, have been associated with improved cognitive function, particularly hippocampus-dependent memory in older adults. However, their poor bioavailability has limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying their effects on the brain. This study aimed to investigate the cognitive and molecular responses following acute FLs administration in mice.

Methods

Male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered FLs (25 mg/kg) or distilled water (DW) and subjected to a novel object recognition test. In one experiment, FLs were administered before training, in another, after training. Exploratory behavior and the discrimination index (DI) were analyzed. Hippocampal tissues were collected at 15 min to 4 h post-administration to assess levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 by western blotting.

Results

Mice treated with FLs before training exhibited significantly longer exploration of the novel object and higher DI, whereas no enhancement was observed when FLs were administered after training. CREB phosphorylation increased at 30 min post-administration, and BDNF levels were elevated at 2 and 4 h.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that FLs enhance short-term memory via hippocampal CREB activation and BDNF upregulation. Despite low systemic absorption, the rapid effects observed may involve sensory signaling pathways, potentially triggered by the astringent properties of FLs. This study provides mechanistic insight into the cognitive benefits of dietary FLs.

Keywords: flavanol; novel object test; short-term memory; CREB; BDNF

1 Introduction

Flavanols (FLs) are a group of polyphenols comprising (−)-epicatechin and its oligomeric procyanidins, procyanidin B2(dimer), procyanidin C1(trimer), and cinnamtannin A2(tetramer Figure 1a). A strong astringent taste characterizes them and is present in high concentrations in cocoa, red wine, and berries [1]. Previous systematic reviews showed that FLs may play a role in maintaining or improving cognitive function [2,3]. Furthermore, a large-scale intervention study reported that 1 year of FL intake restored hippocampal-dependent memory in elderly participants with a low habitual dietary quality [4]. Furthermore, several intervention studies have reported significant changes in brain function soon after ingestion of FLs-rich food [5], e.g., increasing mental tracking capacity [6,7], mood [8], attention [9], restored working memory performance [10 11,12], and enhancement of the peripheral circulation [13,14]. However, the poor absorption of FLs from the digestive tract and their limited distribution in the blood or brain [1,15] remain unclear in their precise mechanism of action. A preceding study demonstrated that repeated intragastric administration of cinnamtannin A2, the most bioactive epicatechin derivative in FL, enhanced spatial memory and promoted neurogenesis in mice hippocampal dentate gyrus [16]. Despite growing evidence from long-term or short-term human intervention studies showing cognitive benefits of FLs, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This is primarily due to the poor absorption of FLs and their restricted distribution to the brain. Therefore, the present study aimed to use a mouse model to directly assess the short-term responses in the hippocampus of memory-related molecules after acute FL administration, thereby providing insights into how and when dietary FLs may enhance cognitive function.

Figure 1 Overview of the flavan-3-ols fraction used. (a) The structural formula of flavan 3-ols top row (from left to right): (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, bottom row: procyanidin C1, cinnamtannin A2 and (b) composition of flavan-3-ols fraction.
Figure 1

Overview of the flavan-3-ols fraction used. (a) The structural formula of flavan 3-ols top row (from left to right): (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, bottom row: procyanidin C1, cinnamtannin A2 and (b) composition of flavan-3-ols fraction.

In the present study, a novel object test (NOT) was employed to investigate the impact of a single oral administration of FLs on memory in mice. The present study also examined the effect of the timing of FL administration on brain function. Additionally, the time course of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production in the hippocampus, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylation of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (TrkB) following FL administration was observed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The composition of FLs derived from cocoa used in the experiment is shown in Figure 1b.

In addition, xanthine derivatives (caffeine, theobromine; Sigma-Aldrich, Japan) were below the detection limit. Catechins, procyanidins, and xanthine derivatives were measured according to the method of Natsume et al. [17]. To ensure complete dispersion of the dosing solution, the preparation process included 1 min of sonication followed by 10 s of vortexing, repeated twice.

2.2 Animals

Ten weeks old male C57BL/6J mice were obtained from CLEA Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Male mice were used to minimize variability caused by hormonal cycles, which are known to affect cognitive function. During 2 weeks acclimation period, the animals were carefully handled to reduce anxiety behaviors. Mice were housed at room temperature (24–26°C) under a 12 h light/dark cycle (light cycle: 7:00–19:00, dark cycle: 19:00–7:00) with free access to water and food. The solid diet (MF) for laboratory animals was obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). The study was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Animal Experimentation Committee of Shibaura Institute of Technology (approval number: AEA 23006). In addition, all animals were humanely raised according to the guidelines of this period according to ARRIVE guidelines.

2.3 Novel object recognition test

The novel object recognition test was performed according to the method of Leger et al. [18]. After 2 weeks of acclimation, mice were divided into two groups, one treated with distilled water (DW) and the other with FL 25 mg/kg (n = 8 each). Our previous studies have shown that a single oral dose of 10–50 mg/kg of FL stimulates the brain and induces a stress response, so we selected a moderate dose of 25 mg/kg in this study. In the first experiment, mice given DW or FL by gavage administration were placed in the center of a transparent acrylic arena (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to adapt for 1 h, as shown in Figure 2a. Two identical objects were placed in opposite quadrants of the arena, and the mice were allowed to explore them freely for 10 min. After 1 h, one of the objects was replaced with a new object with a different shape and material, and the mice were allowed to explore the arena for 10 min to perform the novel object recognition test. In the second experiment, as shown in Figure 3a, mice were allowed to freely explore two identical objects for 10 min, after which they were gavage administered DW or FLs, and 1 h later one of the objects was replaced with a novel object with a different shape and material and allowed to explore for 10 min. The decision to explore or not to explore was analyzed from the data using Premier Pro (Adobe Inc., California, USA) as described above [19]. To assess working memory, the discrimination index (DI) was calculated as the time spent exploring the novel object divided by the total exploration time, as previously described in Leger et al. [18] as follows: [(time spent exploring the novel object) − (time spent exploring the familiar object)]/[(time spent exploring the novel object) + (time spent exploring the familiar object)].

Figure 2 Results of the novel object recognition test (NOT) following the administration of the test reagents before training phase. (a) Study design of NOT, (b) total exploration time in NOT, (c) DI data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for total exploration time, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. For DI, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was conducted. ****p < 0.0001 vs familiar; **p < 0.01 vs DW.
Figure 2

Results of the novel object recognition test (NOT) following the administration of the test reagents before training phase. (a) Study design of NOT, (b) total exploration time in NOT, (c) DI data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for total exploration time, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. For DI, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was conducted. ****p < 0.0001 vs familiar; **p < 0.01 vs DW.

Figure 3 Results of the novel object recognition test (NOT) following the administration of the test reagents after the training phase. (a) Study design of NOT, (b) total exploration time in NOT, (c) DI data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for total exploration time, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. For DI, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was conducted.
Figure 3

Results of the novel object recognition test (NOT) following the administration of the test reagents after the training phase. (a) Study design of NOT, (b) total exploration time in NOT, (c) DI data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for total exploration time, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. For DI, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was conducted.

2.4 Western blotting

To detect phosphorylation of ERK or CREB immediately after FLs administration, the hippocampi were excised 15 or 30 min after intragastric administration of DW or 25 mg/kg FLs to mice (n = 8 each), and stored at −80°C. To observe BDNF production and TrKB phosphorylation, hippocampus was excised from similarly treated mice 1, 2, and 4 h later and stored frozen. Tissues were homogenized in a microtube with lysis buffer (CelLyticTM MT Cell Lysis Reagent; Sigma-Aldrich, Japan) containing a protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich, Japan) and 0.2% w/v SDS. Protein concentration was measured using the Bradford method. Protein (20 µg) was separated by SDS-PAGE using a 10–20% Bis-Tris gel and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Life Technologies, CA, USA).

To quantify total protein, Ponceau S staining was performed. The membrane was immersed in Ponceau S staining solution (P7170-1L, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and gently shaken for 5 min. Next, the membrane was immersed in 1% acetic acid solution and gently shaken until a reduction in background and clear protein staining were observed. The processing time was approximately 2 min, but adjustments were made based on visual confirmation of staining. Images were captured using a scanner (EPSON GT-F740, Seiko Epson Corporation, Suwa, Nagano, Japan). Subsequently, the membrane was fully immersed in 0.1 M NaOH solution and gently shaken for destaining. The processing time was approximately 30–40 s. Finally, the membrane was washed by gently shaking it in Milli-Q water for 2 min.

For 1 h, the membrane was blocked with a membrane-blocking reagent (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). After blocking, the membrane was incubated with a rabbit polyclonal primary anti-β-actin (1:1,000; sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, USA), anti-ERK (MK1; sc-135900, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-phosphoERK (12D4; sc-81492, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-CREB (48H2, 1:1,000; #9197, Cell Signaling, MA, USA), anti-phospho CREB (Ser133, 1:1,000; #9198, Cell Signaling), anti-BDNF (EPR1292, 1:1,000, ab108319; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-TrkB (80E3; #4603, Cell Signaling), and anti-phospho TrkA (Tyr490)/TrkB (Tyr516) (1:1,000; #4619, Cell Signaling). After the primary antibody reaction, the membrane was incubated with appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:10,000, anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab sheep; NA931, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) or anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab donkey (NA934; GE Healthcare) for 1 h. Chemiluminescence was used to detect immunoreactivity using the ECL Select Western Blotting Reagent (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Fluorescence band images were analyzed using Just TLC (SWEDAY, Larkgatan, Sweden) analysis software.

The ratio of Ucp-1 to α-tubulin for each animal was calculated.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The sample size was determined from the results of a preliminary experiment using a power test with a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 0.9. All quantitative assessments were carried out in a blind manner. No data were excluded from the analysis. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10.2.3 (San Diego, CA, USA). The normal distribution of the sample was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test as a post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. For DI, statistical analysis conducted by Mann–Whitney test. The significance levels were defined at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

  1. Ethical approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Animal Experimentation Committee of Shibaura Institute of Technology (approval number: AEA 23006).

3 Results

3.1 Results of novel object recognition test

Figure 2b shows the total exploration time for two objects when mice were administered SW or FL before the training period. There was no difference in the exploration time of the mice to the existing object or the new object in the DW group. In the FL group, the exploration time to the new object was significantly longer than that to the existing object. The DI value shown in Figure 2c was significantly higher in the FL group than in the DW group.

Figure 3b shows the total exploration time for two objects when mice were administered SW or FL after the training period. There was no difference in the exploration time of mice in both the DW and FL groups for the existing or novel objects. The DI values shown in Figure 3c also showed no difference between the DW and FL groups.

3.2 Change of BDNF and phosphorylated ERK, CREB, and TrkB after gavage administration of FL

The phosphorylated ERK or CREB levels 15 or 30 min after intragastric administration of DW or 25 mg/kg FL to mice are shown in Figure 4a or b. No difference was observed between the experimental groups in the ratio of phosphorylated ERK and ERK at any observation time. At 30 min after administration, the ratio of phosphorylated CREB and CREB was significantly increased in the FL group compared to the DW group. The levels of BDNF expression or phosphorylated TrkB 1, 2, or 4 h after intragastric administration of DW or 25 mg/kg FL in mice are shown in Figure 4c or d. At 2 and 4 h after administration, the expression of BDNF was significantly increased in the FL group compared with the DW group. No differences were observed in the ratios of phosphorylated TrkB and TrkB between the experimental groups at any observation time.

Figure 4 Quantitative results of memory-related protein expression following a single oral administration of flavan-3-ols. (a) Representative blot of protein expressions of ERK (42, 44 kDa), CREB (43 kDa), BDNF (13 kDa), and TrkB (90, 140 kDa) in the hippocampus. (b) Total protein profile using Ponceau staining. (b)–(d) Quantitative analysis of the optical density ratio of p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, BDNF/total protein, and p-TrkB/TrkB. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for the ratio of memory-related protein expression, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs DW.
Figure 4

Quantitative results of memory-related protein expression following a single oral administration of flavan-3-ols. (a) Representative blot of protein expressions of ERK (42, 44 kDa), CREB (43 kDa), BDNF (13 kDa), and TrkB (90, 140 kDa) in the hippocampus. (b) Total protein profile using Ponceau staining. (b)–(d) Quantitative analysis of the optical density ratio of p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB, BDNF/total protein, and p-TrkB/TrkB. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two-way ANOVA was performed for the ratio of memory-related protein expression, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs DW.

4 Discussion

As memory deterioration occurs with advancing age, resulting in mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the preservation of memory becomes a pivotal aspect in developing effective human ageing strategies [20]. A primary focus of research in this field has been on the development and implementation of prevention strategies, given the dearth of effective treatment options [21]. For instance, physical activity has been demonstrated to enhance cerebral blood flow, stimulate the production of neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, augment brain volume, and preserve cognitive function [22,23]. Consequently, at present, physical exercise is recommended as a preventative measure for older adults with mild cognitive impairment [24].

In the context of the development of preventative methodologies for memory impairment, a significant number of techniques employed for the study of memory, including single-electrode cortical recordings and depth recordings, present considerable challenges in terms of their application to healthy subjects [25,26]. Therefore, it is imperative to utilize model systems employing experimental animals. To date, many experimental methods have been developed to evaluate the spatial memory of rodents, such as the Y-maze test, Morris water maze test, open field habituation test, and gait function test, and to evaluate reference/working memory, such as the 8-arm radial maze test, radial arm water maze, and novel object recognition test [27]. The novel object test used in this study is a method for assessing reference/working memory that does not require external motivation, reward, or punishment, but relies solely on the innate exploration of rodents [18].

Moreover, it has been documented that the ingestion of FLs, the focus of the present study, exerts a substantial influence on cognitive function. In a large-scale intake study conducted in recent years, when 500 mg of FLs was taken per day for an average of 3.6 years, an increase in list learning and recall episodic memory, called the Modified Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, was confirmed in subjects with a low quality of life [4]. In addition to chronic administration, a comprehensive review has demonstrated that a single oral dose of FL, in addition to chronic administration, can enhance cognitive function, including attention, mood, and memory, with these effects becoming apparent within a time frame of 30 min to an hour following ingestion [3].

The present study utilized experimental animals and employed a specific FL administration protocol, namely FL administration prior to training, followed by the performance of the NOT test 2 h later. This experimental design resulted in a significant increase in exploration time for a novel object. Conversely, no such effect was observed when the NOT test was conducted after training, i.e., 1 h after FL administration. These findings pointed out that the timing of FL administration may have a significant effect on changes in brain function. Therefore, an investigation was conducted into the time course of memory-related proteins in the hippocampus. The results of this investigation revealed that CREB was significantly phosphorylated 30 min after FL administration, and that BDNF expression was significantly increased 2–4 h after administration (Figure 4).

Memory is defined as the ability to store, retain, and retrieve information, and the creation and use of memory consist of three steps: encoding, which registers and consolidates received information; storage; and retrieval [28]. In this memory process, CREB phosphorylation following hippocampal G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation plays a crucial role. D1-type dopamine and β-adrenergic receptors are known to be important GPCRs in the hippocampus and are known to regulate memory and synaptic plasticity through CREB-dependent signaling [29]. These receptors are known to be activated by dopamine and noradrenaline, which are secreted from the locus coeruleus or ventral tegmental area in response to new stimuli [30]. The present study observed CREB phosphorylation 30 min after the administration of FL, hypothesizing that this was due to the activation of the GPCRs involved. Phosphorylated CREB has been shown to bind to specific sequences in the BDNF promoter, thereby regulating its transcription [30], thus positioning CREB as a pivotal regulator of neurotrophin responses. On the other hand, FL is hardly absorbed and a part of it is decomposed by intestinal bacteria to produce characteristic metabolites such as phenyl-γ-valerolactones (gVLM) [1]. Many researchers therefore believe that the various beneficial effects of flavonols may be mediated by these metabolites [31]. The two peaks of gVLM plasma concentrations (C max) of 260 and 88 nmol/L gVLM were observed at 1.8 and 5.3 h (T max) after FL ingestion [31]. On the other hand, because changes in brain function were observed 30 min to 1 h after a single dose of FL [3], it is believed that changes in the central nervous system occur well before the peak of gVLM blood concentration. Furthermore, our results confirmed strong phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus 30 min after administration. The present findings on the time course of a series of memory involvement proteins support those of a prior intervention study that examined the effects of a single dose of FL on brain function enhancement [3]. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that factors other than metabolites produced in the gut contribute to the alterations in brain function in FL.

ProBDNF and mBDNF have been demonstrated to induce synaptic long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) through their interaction with p75(NTR) and TrkB receptors, respectively, thereby promoting memory retention and synaptic plasticity [32]. The administration of FL was suggested that the activation of memory-related GPCRs, which subsequently leads to the phosphorylation of CREB and the production of BDNF, thus amplifying LTP and LTD, consequently, facilitating memory enhancement. In addition, our previous work demonstrated that repeated intake of cinnamtannin A2, a tetrameric form of (−)-epicatechin contained in FL, promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and enhances cognitive function [15]. These findings suggest that the enhancement of BDNF synthesis observed in the present study maybe attributable to the action of cinnamtannin A2. This mechanism is likely to contribute similarly to the cognitive improvements seen in human intervention trials.

This study found that the activation of brain function after FL ingestion observed in the intervention study was due to the production of BDNF through the activation of memory-related GPCRs (Figure 5). On the other hand, the mechanism by which FL, which is poorly absorbed, phosphorylates CREB in the short period of 30 min after ingestion remains unclear. We hypothesized that this effect is due to the astringency of FL, but the details are unknown. It is imperative to elucidate the true chemical and biological characteristics of the astringency of FL in future studies. Additionally, it is crucial to explore how these short-term effects on brain function influence the enhancement of hippocampus-dependent cognitive function in humans through prolonged FL ingestion.

Figure 5 Hypothetical mechanism by which flavan-3-ols enhance hippocampus-dependent memory. We propose that astringency-induced activation of hippocampal GPCRs triggers CREB phosphorylation (pCREB) and increases the expression of BDNF and proBDNF. These neurotrophic factors then act on p75(NTR) and TrkB receptors, facilitating LTP and LTD, ultimately contributing to improved memory performance.
Figure 5

Hypothetical mechanism by which flavan-3-ols enhance hippocampus-dependent memory. We propose that astringency-induced activation of hippocampal GPCRs triggers CREB phosphorylation (pCREB) and increases the expression of BDNF and proBDNF. These neurotrophic factors then act on p75(NTR) and TrkB receptors, facilitating LTP and LTD, ultimately contributing to improved memory performance.

tel: +81-48-720-6031, fax: +81-48-720-6011

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant numbers: 22KJ2742 and 23K13912).

  2. Author contributions: Y.F. and N.O. designed all the studies, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript; Y.Y., M.S., K.T., and S.T. conducted and analyzed the behavioral and anatomical experiments; S.T. and V.C. reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Vittorio Calabrese serves as Editor-in-Chief and Naomi Osakabe serves as Editor for Open Medicine Journal. However, they were not involved in the peer-review process for this manuscript. The review process was handled independently to ensure objectivity and fairness.

  4. Data availability statement: All data are available within this article.

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Received: 2025-03-13
Revised: 2025-07-30
Accepted: 2025-08-08
Published Online: 2025-10-08

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
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  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
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  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
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  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
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  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
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  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
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  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis
  156. Review Articles
  157. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  158. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  159. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  160. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  161. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  162. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  163. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  164. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  165. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  166. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  167. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  168. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  169. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  170. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  171. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  172. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  173. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  174. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  175. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  176. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  177. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  178. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  179. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  180. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  181. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  182. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  183. Case Reports
  184. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  185. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  186. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
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  190. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  191. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  192. Rapid Communication
  193. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  194. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  195. Letter to the Editor
  196. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  197. Expression of Concern
  198. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  199. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  200. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  201. Corrigendum
  202. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  203. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  204. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  205. Retraction
  206. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  207. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  208. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
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  212. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
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  214. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  215. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  216. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  217. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  218. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  219. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  220. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  221. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  222. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  223. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  224. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  225. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  226. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  227. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  228. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  229. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  230. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  231. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1270
Keywords for this article
flavanol; novel object test; short-term memory; CREB; BDNF
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis
  156. Review Articles
  157. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  158. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  159. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  160. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  161. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  162. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  163. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  164. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  165. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  166. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  167. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  168. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  169. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  170. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  171. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  172. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  173. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  174. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  175. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  176. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  177. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  178. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  179. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  180. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  181. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  182. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  183. Case Reports
  184. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  185. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  186. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  187. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  188. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  189. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  190. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  191. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  192. Rapid Communication
  193. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  194. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  195. Letter to the Editor
  196. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  197. Expression of Concern
  198. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  199. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  200. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  201. Corrigendum
  202. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  203. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  204. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  205. Retraction
  206. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  207. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  208. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  209. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  210. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  211. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  212. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  213. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  214. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  215. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  216. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  217. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  218. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  219. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  220. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  221. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  222. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  223. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  224. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  225. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  226. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  227. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  228. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  229. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  230. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  231. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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