Home Medicine The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
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The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?

  • Dalila Tripi , Susanna Marinelli , Federica Spadazzi , Francesca Romana Guarnaccia , Simona Zaami EMAIL logo and Paola Frati
Published/Copyright: June 10, 2025
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Introduction

Italy’s oncological oblivion law codifies the right for cancer survivors to choose not to disclose their medical history under certain conditions, after 10 years from the end of treatment, or 5 years if diagnosed under the age of 21, in order to prevent discrimination in social, work, and professional opportunities.

Materials and methods

This article compares Italy’s law with other European countries’, aiming to analyze its implementation 1-year post-enactment and its medicolegal implications. Official sources and research from platforms like Google Scholar and PubMed were used.

Results

Oncological oblivion was first mentioned in the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation and further emphasized in the European Parliament’s 2020 resolution. Italy’s Law No. 193, enacted on December 7, 2023, aligns with constitutional principles to ensure freedom and equality for cancer survivors.

Discussion

Balancing privacy rights with collective security is crucial, especially in high-risk professions or insurance, where data concealment could raise ethical and legal issues.

Conclusions

In conclusion, while the initiatives implemented thus far are cutting-edge, there is an increasing necessity for more effective protection of the rights to privacy, self-determination, and psychological support to stave off patient discrimination. This is essential to ensure true equality among insured individuals.

Keywords: cancer survivors; cancer oblivion; right to privacy; self-determination; ethical/legal implications

1 Introduction

1.1 What is oncological oblivion

Oncological oblivion is a legal concept referring to the right of a person cured of cancer to avoid disclosing their medical history, in the absence of signs of recurrence, especially in the context of insurance, banking, or employment contracts, after a certain number of years post-recovery. As is well-known, to access insurance policies, loans, adoptions, and sometimes even in the workplace, applicants are required to provide numerous documents and complete various declarations, including health status questionnaires or anamnesis forms. These documents are intended to inform the insurance company, bank, or financial intermediary about the applicant’s past and present health condition, the existence of any diseases, including congenital ones, surgeries undergone, the presence of malformations, and any past traumas or injuries. In this way, the applicant is “obliged” to declare the presence of serious illnesses, whether current or past, which not only compromises their privacy but also their chances of receiving equal treatment compared to others of the same age and gender who have never had such diseases [1,2].

1.2 Cancer patients and survivors: The numbers in Italy

In 2024, Italy is expected to have 390,100 new cancer diagnoses: 214,500 in men and 175,600 in women. These numbers are stable compared to the previous 2 years (391,700 in 2022 and 395,900 in 2023). However, mortality is decreasing, thanks to advances in treatments and early diagnosis. In fact, by 2024, approximately 3.7 million people are living after a cancer diagnosis. Regarding childhood cancers or those diagnosed during development, these account for about 2% of the oncological cases observed annually, and in 80% of these cases, patients who had cancer during childhood or adolescence achieve complete remission [3].

Over the last 30 years, as noted in the opinion of the Ethical Committee of the Veronesi Foundation and based on data published in the National Oncology Plan 2023–2027, the development of new diagnostic and treatment pathways has allowed for a constant increase in the population of cancer survivors. It is now estimated that, 5 years after a cancer diagnosis, three out of five individuals are still alive, with even more encouraging data for pediatric patients. In Europe, there are 20 million people still alive after a cancer diagnosis, with 35% of them being part of the so-called “long-term survivors” or “Survivors” group. It is also essential to promote targeted interventions aimed at reducing stigma and encouraging cancer patients to seek support, with the goal of improving their psychosocial adjustment and quality of life. Moreover, integrating mental health services into oncology care and tackling the prejudices associated with psychological support represent crucial steps in enhancing patient outcomes and ensuring comprehensive care [4–9].

2 Materials and methods

The aim of this study was to analyze the text of the Italian law on the oncological oblivion, enacted in 2023 and currently being implemented through the adoption of implementing decrees in 2024. The goal was to identify the innovations introduced by the law, highlighting both its positive aspects and the existing critical issues.

The authors first focused on the legislation within the Italian context, grounded in the Constitution, and then compared it to the European framework. This includes recommendations and national legislations that align with the principles set out in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights [10,11], the EU’s research and innovation program for 2021–2027 (Horizon Europe) [12], and the European mission against cancer within Horizon Europe [13]. These efforts were made in collaboration with other member states to ensure equal rights for all citizens, both sick and healthy.

The analysis was conducted through consultations of the Italian and European Official Gazette, as the official source of current regulations, and by using search engines (Google Scholar; PubMed) with keyword combinations such as “cancer survivors” – “oncological oblivion” – “privacy”; “self-determination” – “ethical/legal implications.”

  1. Informed consent: Not applicable for studies not involving humans.

3 Results

3.1 Italian law – LAW no. 193 of December 7, 2023

As early as 2019, the Italian legal system made progress regarding advance treatment directives and shared care plans, marking a fundamental and essential beginning for every citizen’s right to self-determination, already guaranteed by the Italian Constitution. In 2023, Europe, and subsequently Italy, further expanded the concept of protection for cancer patients by codifying the right to oncological oblivion [14–19].

The Italian law of December 7, 2023, n.193, assuming that cancer is an objectively curable disease, aims to prevent any form of discrimination against former cancer patients by removing obstacles that prevent them from enjoying a range of rights on equal terms, as set out in Article 3, paragraph 2 of the Italian Constitution [20]. As already mentioned, data show that while the number of cancer diagnoses is increasing, survival expectations after a cancer diagnosis are also rising. In 2024, Italy formally introduced the right to oblivion with a law allowing former cancer patients to withhold their health status in banking, financial, investment, and insurance contracts after 10 years from the end of treatment (or 5 years if diagnosed under the age of 21). The law, published in the Official Gazette on December 18, 2023, came into effect on January 2, 2024, aiming to prevent discrimination and protect the rights of those who have been affected by cancer, ensuring equality of treatment. The unified text consists of five articles addressing the subject, objectives, and definitions (Article 1), access to banking, financial, investment, and insurance services (Article 2), amendments to Law No. 184 of May 4, 1983, on adoption (Article 3), access to bankruptcy procedures, employment, and professional training (Article 4), and final and transitional provisions (Article 5).

In more detail, Article 2 defines a 10-year period after the end of active treatment, in the absence of relapses, during which there is no obligation to disclose a general oncological condition (5 years if the condition was diagnosed before the age of 21). Article 2 of the approved text stipulates that for the conclusion or renewal of contracts relating to financial, banking, investment, and insurance services, the request for information about the applicant’s health status concerning previous oncological conditions, whose active treatment has concluded without relapse for more than 10 years, cannot be made. This period is halved if the condition occurred before the applicant turned 21. If health status information has been previously provided, it cannot be used for risk assessment or creditworthiness purposes once the term specified in Article 2 has passed. Therefore, the data must be erased upon submission of a certification by the contractor, confirming the necessary requirements for the application of the law. Violation of these provisions will result in the nullity of individual non-compliant clauses and those connected to them but will not invalidate the entire contract, which remains valid and effective for the rest. The nullity applies only in favor of the consumer and can be raised ex officio at any stage of the proceedings.

In the area of adoption (Article 3), the same temporal criteria for the right to oncological oblivion must be applied in relation to the health assessments of applicants, as provided by Law 184/1983.

Regarding access to bankruptcy procedures, employment, and professional training (Article 4), it specifies that if psycho-physical or health status assessments are required within these procedures, it is prohibited to request information about the health status of the applicants concerning oncological conditions they previously had, whose active treatment ended without relapse for more than 10 years from the request date (reduced to 5 years if the condition occurred before the applicant turned 21).

Finally, Article 5 of the law assigns the task of overseeing the application of the right to oncological oblivion to the Data Protection Authority (commonly known as the Privacy Guarantor). The Authority can receive complaints, reports, and grievances from citizens and is endowed with inspection and sanctioning powers. In any case, the violation of the right to oncological oblivion can be challenged before the competent judicial authority (usually the ordinary civil judge, but it could also be the labor judge or the administrative judge for actions taken by a Public Administration) to eliminate prejudice and also provide compensation for damages caused by illegal conduct [21,1].

3.2 Legislative decrees issued by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Justice in 2024

In order to clearly outline the implementation and application of the law, three legislative decrees were issued in 2024:

  • The decree of March 22, 2024 [22], issued by the Ministry of Health, introduced specific tables for individual oncological conditions. These tables establish shortened periods for the onset of the right to oblivion compared to the previously mentioned timeframes, depending on the clinical peculiarities and the likelihood of recovery for each specific pathology (Table 1).

  • The decree of July 5, 2024 [23] introduced important legal provisions regarding the submission of requests and the issuance of certificates confirming the “oncological oblivion” status. The application can be submitted to a public or private accredited facility, a specialist doctor employed by the National Health Service (SSN) responsible for the oncological condition for which oblivion is being requested, a general practitioner, or a pediatrician. The certificate, if the requirements set by the applicable regulations and the implementing decree are met, must be issued within 30 days of the application submission, at no cost to the applicant. Regarding personal data management, the oncological oblivion request must be kept for 10 years from the submission date, while the certificate must be retained for 10 years from its receipt. After this period, the holder must proceed with the deletion of the documentation.

  • The decree of August 9, 2024 [24], issued by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Ministry of Justice, introduced provisions regarding adoption: individuals applying for adoption who are oncological patients, and for whom the terms set by Law 1983, No. 184 [25] (Article 22, paragraph 4) have passed, must provide the health authority conducting the investigation required by the court with the “oncological oblivion” certificate, as outlined in the aforementioned decree. If the deadlines set by Article 22 of Law 1983 are reached after the completion of the investigations by the health authority, the oncological oblivion certificate must be filed with the court where the adoption application was submitted.

Table 1

Pathology-specific tables

Patient age Type of neoplasm Time of oncological oblivion
Any age Colorectal neoplasm stage I 1 year from the end of treatment
Age over 21 years Colorectal neoplasm stages II and III 7 years from the end of treatments
Age >21 years old Melanoma 6 years from the end of treatments
Any age Breast cancer stages I and II 1 year from the end of treatments
Age >21 years old Cervical neoplasms 6 years from the end of treatments
Age >21 years old Neoplasms of the body of the uterus 5 years from the end of treatments
Any age Testicular neoplasms 1 year from the end of treatments
Women aged <55 years old Thyroid neoplasms (excluding anaplastic tumors) 1 year from the end of treatments
Men aged <45 years Thyroid neoplasms (excluding anaplastic tumors) 1 year from the end of treatments
Age <45 years old Hodgkin’s Lymphomas 5 years from the end of treatments
Any age Acute leukemias (lymphoblastic and myeloid) 5 years from the end of treatments

3.3 Legislation in Europe: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland, Portugal, Romania

The European Union, through recommendations and harmonized national legislations, aims to establish guidelines that respect the dignity of cured individuals, promoting policies that enhance their autonomy and privacy. This approach is in line with the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights [10,11], the EU research and innovation program 2021–2027 (Horizon Europe) [20], and the European Mission Against Cancer under Horizon Europe [21]. The European Parliament Resolution 2020/2267 highlights that “oncological patients should not suffer a ‘double punishment’ in their daily life,” calling for the adoption of a directive against discrimination and the fair and just implementation of financial services directives, such as those related to credit contracts, without discrimination against oncological patients and cancer survivors [26].

France was the first to introduce specific legislation on the oncological oblivion with a 2016 protocol integrated into the Code des Assurances. This law was part of the 5-year cancer plan (2014–2019), developed based on a report by the distinguished French hematologist Professor Jean-Paul Vernant, with the main goal of reducing inequalities and lost opportunities due to cancer. The law stipulated that former cancer patients would not be required to disclose their previous cancer history to insurers or lending agencies after 10 years from the end of their treatment, provided there were no recurrences (or 5 years for those who had cancer before reaching adulthood) [27,28].

Following the French model, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal introduced similar regulations to protect former cancer patients. Specifically, in 2022, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands enacted legislation to eliminate discrimination in insurance and banking contracts, preventing these companies from requesting information about an individual’s cancer history after a certain period of time post-recovery (10 years from the end of treatment without recurrences or 5 years in cases of cancer diagnosed before adulthood). Spain and Portugal have passed recent laws that include the oncological oblivion as part of broader patient rights protection policies. In 2023, Spain approved regulations guaranteeing the protection of health data and preventing discrimination in financial and employment sectors, while Portugal provides similar guarantees with a focus on insurance and mortgages. Romania is one of the last countries to adopt this legislation, ensuring protections for former cancer patients comparable to those in other European countries [29–31].

4 Discussion

The oncological oblivion law, 1 year after its implementation, raises a series of ethical and medical-legal reflections that are particularly relevant in the context of increasing attention to patient rights, related to privacy and the management of health information, with obvious repercussions on the psyche of individuals who suffer from a significant psychological biological damage of medical-legal relevance.

4.1 Right to privacy and protection of personal data

The core of oncological oblivion lies in the right to privacy, which is a fundamental principle both ethically and legally. The concept of oncological oblivion is particularly relevant in the context of forensic medicine, as it mainly concerns the management of patients’ rights, privacy, and protection from discrimination related to their oncological medical history. The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 [32] – Article 17 – establishes that data must be deleted when deemed no longer necessary for the original purposes and in the absence of other legitimate reasons to retain it. However, the right to erasure is not absolute. There are exceptions, such as when deleting the data would compromise freedom of expression or if the data must be retained to comply with a legal obligation or for reasons of public interest.

From a medico-legal perspective, failure to protect privacy can generate liability for healthcare institutions or individuals who process data in a non-compliant manner. Furthermore, the absence of an effective oncological right to oblivion can be considered a violation of the patient’s fundamental rights, exposing institutions to legal challenges and compensation claims for moral or material damages.

4.2 Self-determination and individual freedom

The principle of self-determination is closely linked to the right to choose which parts of one’s medical history to share with others [33,34]. The right to oncological oblivion allows the patient to avoid being forced to disclose information that may be irrelevant and, at the same time, harmful in the present, especially if the disease has been treated and no longer poses a risk to the patient. In the healthcare field, this principle is particularly important because it implies that each patient should have the freedom to decide which health-related information to share with others.

From a medico-legal perspective, the failure to protect the right to oblivion can constitute a case of indirect liability for those who manage sensitive information, especially if it is used in a discriminatory or improper manner. The lack of a clear regulatory framework or adequate measures to protect the patient could exacerbate the harm, affecting not only their privacy but also their perception of moral and social integrity. Ultimately, protecting the right to oncological oblivion becomes essential to prevent harm from a lack of self-determination, ensuring that the patient has full control over their personal information and guaranteeing that they can live without the burden of a condition that has been overcome, in line with the principles of dignity and equality upheld at the European and international levels.

4.3 Potential risks of discrimination

A critical point concerns the discrimination an oncological patient might face if forced to disclose their past condition. For example, insurance companies might apply higher premiums to those who have had cancer, even if cured, due to biases related to perceived risk. This – like the gender discrimination still present in various workplace and insurance contexts [35] – could violate the principle of equality and social justice, as it would create inequalities between those who have had a serious illness and those who never have, even though the former may be considered fully healed. Oncological oblivion, on the one hand, protects the patient from such discrimination, but on the other, it can be seen as a limitation to transparency in professional or insurance contexts. Insurance companies or employers may view the failure to disclose health information as a risk to their business or the safety of colleagues, raising questions about how the right to privacy might conflict with other needs for transparency. The concept of discrimination related to oncological disease is complex and intersects with various social, economic, and psychological issues. The law on oncological oblivion serves as a tool to protect cured patients from potential discrimination, allowing them not to disclose their oncological history unless strictly necessary. However, despite the protective intentions of this law, there are potential risks of discrimination that could arise, especially when health information is concealed or not disclosed transparently.

4.4 Psychological implications

Another important aspect concerns the psychological consequences for the patient. The right to oncological oblivion and psychological harm are deeply interconnected, as the failure to protect the former can lead to significant psychological suffering for patients cured of cancer. Living with cancer or the fear of recurrence can be a traumatic experience, and the possibility of not being socially identified as an “oncological patient” can significantly improve quality of life and psychological well-being. For a former oncological patient, constant exposure to their clinical past can serve as a continuous reminder of the period of illness, with psychological effects including:

  1. “Anxiety and stress”: Many cancer survivors experience persistent negative moods, such as cancer-related fears, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, or depression [36]. The obligation to disclose one’s oncological history in areas such as work or insurance can generate insecurity and fear of being discriminated against.

  2. “Stigmatization and social isolation”: Being treated differently due to a past cancer diagnosis can induce feelings of exclusion and shame.

  3. “Loss of personal control”: The inability to choose if and when to share personal information can make the patient feel powerless, exacerbating psychological distress.

  4. “Reactivation of trauma”: Repeated exposure to the clinical past can reopen emotional wounds, preventing the patient from fully embracing their state of recovery. Fear of cancer recurrence is a significantly distressing problem that affects cancer survivors and places the individual at risk for depression, impaired daily functioning, and subsequent reduced quality of life [37,38].

In light of all of such elements characterizing the mental and psychological distress which a large share of cancer patients come to experience, it is essential to frame and put in place new tailored sets of measures which must unfold within the context of mental health-related cancer stigma reduction [39,40]. Such interventions, along with related organic processes and assessment blueprints, need to focus on the causes and effects of the mental health issues and stigma for cancer patients. These factors may greatly vary according to personal traits, types of cancer, social and economic settings, pre-existing or co-existing mental conditions, and vulnerabilities, among other key factors [41,42]. Women who survived gynecological tumors, for instance, may become severely distressed by the prospect or possibility of losing their reproductive capabilities [43], or out of fear of discrimination when trying to access medically assisted reproduction [44,45]. All interventions aimed at providing diagnostic and therapeutic support to meet such challenges need to be cogently assembled by relying on grounded theory studies, in synergy with evidence-based practice more broadly [46]. In that regard, given the set of complexities at hand when providing care to cancer survivors and the wide array of distinctive traits thereof, tools such as the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework [47], i.e., a framework based on theory, research, and practice, in order to provide well-balanced, innovative and alternative avenues for the conceptualization and response to health-related stigmas (not limited to cancer), deserve to be considered. As for psychological distress or damage from a medico-legal perspective, such notions can be identified as a consequence of a violation of the right to privacy or the failure to apply the right to oncological oblivion. The patient may seek compensation if they can demonstrate that the unauthorized disclosure of their information caused a negative impact on their mental health or compromised their ability to achieve a better outcome than what was achieved. In this sense, psychological damage, as with many other stressful situations [48–50], exacerbated by the traumatic experience related to the neoplastic disease [51,52], is not just an individual matter, but also a major potentially life-changing responsibility for institutions that handle data inadequately.

5 Conclusions

The right to oncological oblivion represents a crucial step toward the protection of the rights of individuals cured of cancer, promoting an inclusive and non-discriminatory society. Its implementation in various European countries demonstrates a growing sensitivity to the need to protect the dignity, privacy, and self-determination of those who have overcome a serious illness. However, significant challenges remain, both ethically and legally, related to transparency, fairness, and the balance between individual rights and collective needs, such as security or the collection of epidemiological data.

The protection of patient privacy must be balanced with the obligation of transparency toward institutions and third parties involved, without infringing on the rights of others. Additionally, the lack of knowledge of previous medical information could affect medical, insurance, or employment suitability assessments, raising potential conflicts between the principles of personal autonomy and public safety. The ethical and psychological implications emphasize the importance of an integrated approach that considers not only regulatory needs but also the social and emotional impact of recovery.

To achieve full inclusion and effective protection, it is essential to continue working on shared policies that combine ethical sensitivity, social responsibility, and a global vision of human rights. In the medico-legal field, there is a need to balance the right to privacy with the protection of collective and individual safety, considering that, in specific contexts such as high-risk professions or insurance procedures, the concealment of data could create ethical or legal issues. This process requires interdisciplinary collaboration among legislators, healthcare professionals, ethics, and legal experts, to ensure that the right to oncological oblivion not only protects, but becomes a true tool of emancipation for those who have faced and overcome cancer, strengthening the values of equity and justice in all areas of life.

# These authors have contributed equally.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, D.T., S.M., and F.R.G.; methodology, S.M., F.S., S.Z., and P.F.; formal analysis, D.T. and P.F.; investigation, D.T., F.S., and F.R.G.; data curation, D.T., S.M., and F.R.G.; original draft preparation, D.T., F.S., and F.R.G.; writing – review and editing, S.M., F.S., F.R.G., and S.Z.; visualization, D.T. S.M., F.S., and F.R.G.; supervision, S.Z. and P.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Corresponding author Prof. Simona Zaami is a co-Guest Editor of this special issue, but such a status has not influenced the peer-review process in any way.

  4. Data availability statement: All data are available upon request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2025-01-24
Revised: 2025-05-11
Accepted: 2025-05-16
Published Online: 2025-06-10

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
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  200. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
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  204. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  205. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  206. Retraction
  207. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  208. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  209. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
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  225. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
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  227. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  228. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
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https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1222
Keywords for this article
cancer survivors; cancer oblivion; right to privacy; self-determination; ethical/legal implications
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis
  156. Influence of sevoflurane combined with propofol anesthesia on the anesthesia effect and adverse reactions in children with acute appendicitis
  157. Review Articles
  158. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  159. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  160. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  161. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  162. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  163. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  164. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  165. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  166. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  167. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  168. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  169. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  170. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  171. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  172. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  173. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  174. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  175. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  176. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  177. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  178. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  179. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  180. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  181. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  182. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  183. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  184. Case Reports
  185. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  186. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  187. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  188. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  189. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  190. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  191. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  192. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  193. Rapid Communication
  194. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  195. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  196. Letter to the Editor
  197. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  198. Expression of Concern
  199. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  200. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  201. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  202. Corrigendum
  203. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  204. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  205. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  206. Retraction
  207. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  208. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  209. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  210. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  211. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  212. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  213. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  214. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  215. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  216. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  217. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  218. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  219. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  220. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  221. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  222. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  223. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  224. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  225. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  226. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  227. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  228. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  229. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  230. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  231. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  232. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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