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Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective

  • BinHan Liu and Chunyu Tan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 6, 2025
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Background

Behçet’s disease, first described by Hippocrates and later recognized in modern medicine after Hulusi Behçet’s description in 1937, is a complex vasculitis often referred to as the “Silk Road” disease. It is more prevalent in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions, primarily affecting males aged 25–35.

Case presentation

This study first describes the clinical presentation, timeline, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic interventions of one patient. Subsequently, the challenges in diagnosing the disease and selecting treatment strategies are discussed in detail. Finally, the clinical outcomes and treatment effects during the follow-up period are reported.

Conclusion

This case underscores the necessity of comprehensive diagnosis and integrated treatment for diseases with complex multisystem symptoms. Multidisciplinary collaboration plays a crucial role in the management of such conditions.

Keywords: Behçet’s disease; multisystem symptoms; pulmonary artery embolism; thrombosis; vasculitis; clinical improvement

1 Introduction

Behçet’s disease (BD), a multifaceted vasculitis, has been recorded since Hippocrates in ancient Greece [1,2,3]. However, it was not until 1937 that Turkish physician Hulusi Behçet clearly defined its contours in modern medicine [4]. Known as the “Silk Road” disease, the name of BD reflects its geographic distribution along the ancient trade route from the Middle East to the Mediterranean [5,6,7]. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome are diverse, including recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, and ocular symptoms [8,9,10]. The complexity of the disease is underscored by its effects on different blood vessels, leading to arterial or venous complications, particularly venous thrombosis, which has been a significant focus in clinical research [11,12,13].

Previous studies have focused on its etiology, proposing a hypothesis of combined genetic predisposition and environmental triggers [14]. Some of these hypotheses suggest that autoimmune reactions might occur in genetically susceptible individuals when exposed to specific environmental factors, possibly infectious agents [15,16]. However, the exact pathogenesis of BD remains elusive, adding to the complexity of its diagnosis and treatment [17,18,19].

The disease may involve multiple systems, such as the central nervous system, vascular system, skin, and eyes; close cooperation among various specialties is essential to ensure that patients receive comprehensive and effective treatment [20,21]. This interdisciplinary approach enhances diagnostic accuracy and allows for the development of tailored treatment plans that best suit the patient’s needs [22].

This study aims to conduct a detailed case analysis of a patient with complex multisystem symptoms of BD, exploring the challenges and opportunities in diagnosing, treating, and managing the disease. Through the presentation of this case, we focus on the complexity of disease management and the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration in instances where extensive venous thrombosis involves multiple organs. This research aims to deepen the understanding of BD by examining an atypical case, facilitating improved diagnosis and management, and ultimately leading to more effective treatment options for patients.

2 Case presentation

A 30-year-old male presented with symptoms including cough, occasional chest tightness, fatigue, fever, and shortness of breath, prompting attention from the hospital. Physical examination revealed multiple symptoms such as icteric sclera, mild jaundice, twisted veins visible on the abdominal wall, an enlarged palpable liver, and mild pitting edema in both lower limbs. Subsequent preliminary examination results indicated elevated transaminase levels (alanine transaminase 52 IU/L and aspartate transaminase 62 IU/L), suggesting potential liver failure. Laboratory findings further supported the diagnosis of liver dysfunction, including increased total bilirubin (34.4 μmol/L) and direct bilirubin (21.4 μmol/L), along with decreased albumin levels (27.4 g/L). Additionally, coagulation function tests revealed abnormal prothrombin time (16.6 s) and international normalized ratio (1.57), indicating significant liver impairment. However, further investigations revealed a more complex situation. Additional evaluations showed thrombosis in multiple areas of his body.

Specifically, chest and abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging indicated a significant filling defect in the lower lobe of the lung, consistent with pulmonary embolism, and filling defects caused by emboli were also observed in the right atrium, pulmonary artery left and middle hepatic veins, distal right hepatic vein, left common femoral vein, superficial femoral vein, and inferior vena cava (Figure 1). Despite attempts at interventional treatment, the procedure could not proceed due to bilateral femoral vein collapse, making thrombus removal surgery difficult. Therefore, the patient underwent a series of surgical procedures, including patent foramen ovale closure, right atrial thrombectomy, pericardial window drainage, thoracotomy, and sternotomy with internal fixation. Intraoperatively, a large thrombus (space-occupying lesion) was identified in the right atrium and successfully excised. Histopathological analysis revealed a mixed thrombus with necrosis and extensive neutrophil infiltration. For the thrombi in the pulmonary artery and hepatic veins, due to the high surgical risks, surgical thrombectomy was not performed. Instead, conservative treatment primarily involving low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation was adopted. Postoperatively, thrombus-related markers gradually improved; however, the patient developed recurrent fever, cough with sputum production, and the formation of pleural and abdominal effusions.

Figure 1 CTA imaging showing vascular filling defects. Note: (a) right pulmonary artery embolism, (b) left pulmonary artery thrombosis, (c) intracardiac thrombosis, (d) inferior vena cava thrombosis, and (e) thrombosis in the left, middle, and right hepatic veins.
Figure 1

CTA imaging showing vascular filling defects. Note: (a) right pulmonary artery embolism, (b) left pulmonary artery thrombosis, (c) intracardiac thrombosis, (d) inferior vena cava thrombosis, and (e) thrombosis in the left, middle, and right hepatic veins.

Wound healing was slow, and acne-like rashes appeared on his back. The surgical incision also showed mild oozing, and mild pitting edema was observed in both lower limbs. Meanwhile, sputum culture results revealed a multidrug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. Additionally, immunological screening showed some abnormal results, including positive reactions for phosphatidylserine, annexin A5, and endothelial cell antibodies, although routine phospholipid antibody results were normal. Further diagnostic workup included serological tests, such as antinuclear antibody (ANA), extractable nuclear antigen, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, and other autoimmune markers, all of which were negative; however, elevated levels of anti-protein C antibody, anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody, anti-annexin A5 antibody, and anti-endothelial cell antibody were detected. Interestingly, JAK2 V617F mutation testing and lupus anticoagulant tests were also negative. Thromboelastography results indicated generally normal coagulation function with minor abnormalities.

The diagnostic challenge initially lay in the suspicion of liver failure, which later required determining the underlying cause of multisystem thrombosis. After multidisciplinary discussions, multiple thrombi in the cardiac and hepatic vessels and femoral vein collapse suggested the possibility of vasculitis-associated occlusive vascular lesions. Additionally, the appearance of a rash on the patient’s back and positive laboratory findings for antiphospholipid and anti-endothelial cell antibodies, combined with imaging results, collectively pointed to a diagnosis of atypical Behcet’s Disease. Notably, the patient developed a postoperative multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection, considered a postoperative complication. During the hospital stay, the patient received piperacillin–tazobactam and tigecycline for the treatment of A. baumannii pneumonia, low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation to address thrombosis, and human serum albumin to manage hypoalbuminemia and related complications. Methylprednisolone was administered as an anti-inflammatory therapy, with the dosage gradually increased from 20 to 80 mg/day. Eventually, after prolonged treatment, including steroids, antibiotics, anticoagulants, plasma, and albumin infusions, the patient showed a significant clinical improvement. Follow-up imaging revealed enhanced collateral circulation in the thoracic and abdominal walls, normalization of liver function, and only mildly elevated bilirubin levels. The patient was discharged 5 months later and received a comprehensive maintenance therapy regimen, including oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban (20 mg once daily), the immunomodulatory drug hydroxychloroquine (200 mg twice daily), and biweekly infusions of 10 g human albumin to correct hypoalbuminemia. Regular laboratory tests for liver function, inflammatory markers, and imaging studies were conducted to monitor thrombi and collateral circulation. During 12 months of follow-up, the patient demonstrated a significant improvement in symptoms, with no adverse events reported.

This case highlights the need to comprehensively consider various possibilities and employ integrated treatment approaches in complex multisystem thrombosis cases. Atypical BD emerged as a potential diagnosis. This case also underscores the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in managing complex cases.

  1. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (No. 2023(1822)).

  2. Ethical statement: This study was conducted strictly according to the ethical guidelines set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee, ensuring the ethical appropriateness and legality of the research design. All participants provided informed consent in writing after receiving a comprehensive explanation of the study’s objectives, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time. The highest protection was afforded to participants’ personal information and privacy, with all necessary measures taken to ensure data confidentiality and anonymity. The welfare of participants was prioritized throughout the study, with a system in place for the prompt reporting and management of any adverse events. The research team upheld principles of fairness and integrity at the highest standard, acknowledging participants’ contributions and the ethical review committee, which guaranteed the authenticity and reliability of the research findings while respecting the rights and welfare of all participants.

3 Discussion

BD is an autoimmune vasculitis that affects multiple organ systems, including the mucosa, blood vessels, skin, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and joints [23]. Vascular Behçet’s disease (VBD) is a manifestation of BD, with common symptoms including superficial venous thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis, affecting approximately 15–40% of patients with BD [24,25]. This study aims to explore atypical thrombosis and its treatment in BD through a complex case of VBD, particularly focusing on management strategies when multiple critical organs are involved. Cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-17, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are pivotal in BD pathophysiology, promoting a chronic inflammatory state leading to endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic events [26,27]. These findings are crucial for understanding BD’s pathological mechanisms and guiding therapeutic strategies.

In terms of diagnosis, diagnosing atypical BD is challenging because its symptoms do not fully meet the standard diagnostic criteria for BD and are often insidious. Typical symptoms of BD, such as oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation, and skin lesions, may not be present or may not fully align with diagnostic criteria; other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, hematochezia, abdominal masses, diarrhea, and weight loss; arthritis, vasculitis, and neurological involvement. Clinically, diagnosis requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and imaging results to avoid misdiagnosis [28]. The case underscores the importance of integrating clinical manifestations, imaging studies, and immunological markers to establish a definitive diagnosis.

The patient presented with extensive venous thrombosis, including pulmonary embolism, inferior vena cava thrombosis, and intracardiac thrombus, which raised suspicion of vasculitis – a hallmark feature of vascular-type BD. However, these manifestations are not exclusive to BD and may also be observed in conditions such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), systemic vasculitis, or infective endocarditis. Imaging studies revealed filling defects, collateral circulation formation, and the absence of atherosclerotic plaques in vessel walls, supporting a diagnosis of vasculitis while excluding embolic or atherosclerotic diseases. Negative results for lupus anticoagulant and ANA further ruled out APS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The absence of valvular vegetations and negative blood cultures also excluded infective endocarditis.

Immunological testing showed positivity for anti-phosphatidylserine and anti-Annexin V antibodies, indicating immune dysregulation and a pro-thrombotic state consistent with BD-related vasculitis. Literature reports that anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies are significantly elevated in patients with BD, which may have a potential role in diagnosing atypical BD [29]. Furthermore, anti-Annexin V antibodies, associated with reduced anticoagulant activity, could help assess disease activity in atypical BD [30]. While these markers lack specificity, they are critical in excluding other thrombotic disorders such as APS.

Given the high risk of vascular involvement, invasive procedures such as biopsies were avoided in this case. The diagnosis was entirely based on multidisciplinary imaging, immunological, and laboratory findings assessments. This case highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in managing atypical BD and underscores the need for further research to establish standardized diagnostic methods, particularly for patients primarily with vascular involvement.

Our case report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and managing complex and atypical BD cases. Especially in dealing with rare and severe thrombotic events, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome and intracardiac thrombosis, the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team is essential for achieving optimal clinical outcomes [31,32,33].

Our case analysis highlights the significant clinical improvement observed in patients following comprehensive treatment strategies, consistent with results reported in previous literature [34,35,36]. Notably, a 1-year follow-up in our study showed good recovery, further validating the effectiveness of a combined treatment approach that included anticoagulation, anti-inflammatory therapy with methylprednisolone, and supportive care.

This study provides significant clinical insights into treating BD, particularly in managing complex thrombotic events in VBD. Through a detailed analysis of a rare and complex VBD case, this study highlights the effectiveness of combined treatment strategies, including anticoagulation therapy and anti-inflammatory treatment with methylprednisolone, in achieving notable clinical improvement and preventing thrombus growth and recurrence. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring treatment strategies to the individual needs of patients with BD and underscore the critical role of multidisciplinary team collaboration in optimizing clinical outcomes and improving the quality of life for patients with complex thrombotic complications (Figure 2).

Figure 2 A graphical overview of widespread venous thrombosis and vascular BD.
Figure 2

A graphical overview of widespread venous thrombosis and vascular BD.

Despite the valuable insights this study provides on BD treatment, there are certain limitations. First, this study is based on one case report, which may limit the generalizability of the results to all patients with BD. Additionally, due to a lack of long-term follow-up data, these treatment strategies’ long-term efficacy and potential side effects remain unclear. While this study emphasizes the advantages of immunosuppressive therapy, it does not fully compare the relative effectiveness and safety of all available treatment options, potentially limiting a comprehensive understanding of the optimal treatment strategies for BD. Finally, although the successful case of multidisciplinary collaboration in this study provides an effective management model, replicating this approach in different healthcare settings may be challenging, particularly in resource-limited environments.

Future research should focus on expanding sample sizes and conducting long-term follow-ups to more accurately evaluate BD treatment strategies, particularly the long-term effects and safety of immunosuppressive therapy and biological agents in preventing thrombus recurrence. Further randomized controlled trials comparing different treatment methods’ relative efficacy and safety are crucial for optimizing BD treatment guidelines. Additionally, in-depth research into the pathophysiology of BD, particularly the immunological basis of thrombosis, may reveal new therapeutic targets, guiding the development of novel treatment approaches. Exploring strategies for implementing multidisciplinary collaboration in different healthcare settings is also an important direction for future research, contributing to more effective management of complex diseases like BD. Finally, studies on patient education and self-management strategies should also be included in future work to improve patient treatment adherence and quality of life.

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  1. Funding information: This study was supported International by Cooperation Program of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2023YFH0081) and Sichuan Medical Association. Sichuan Provincial Youth Innovative Research Project (Q21017).

  2. Author contributions: BinHan Liu wrote the initial draft and conducted the data collection. Chunyu Tan provided critical revisions and both reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data supporting this study’s findings are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2024-05-12
Revised: 2025-04-16
Accepted: 2025-04-16
Published Online: 2025-08-06

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Review Articles
  128. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  129. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  130. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  131. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  132. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  133. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  134. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  135. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  136. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  137. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  138. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  139. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  140. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  141. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  142. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  143. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  144. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  145. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  146. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  147. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  148. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  149. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  150. Case Reports
  151. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  152. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  153. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  154. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  155. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  156. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  157. Rapid Communication
  158. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  159. Letter to the Editor
  160. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  161. Expression of Concern
  162. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  163. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  164. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  165. Corrigendum
  166. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  167. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  168. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  169. Retraction
  170. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  171. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  172. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  173. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  174. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  175. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  176. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  177. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  178. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  179. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  180. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  181. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  182. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  183. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  184. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  185. Special Issue Diabetes
  186. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  187. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  188. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  189. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  190. Special Issue Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine
  191. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1199
Keywords for this article
Behçet’s disease; multisystem symptoms; pulmonary artery embolism; thrombosis; vasculitis; clinical improvement
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Review Articles
  128. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  129. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  130. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  131. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  132. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  133. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  134. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  135. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  136. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  137. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  138. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  139. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  140. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  141. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  142. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  143. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  144. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  145. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  146. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  147. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  148. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  149. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  150. Case Reports
  151. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  152. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  153. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  154. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  155. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  156. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  157. Rapid Communication
  158. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  159. Letter to the Editor
  160. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  161. Expression of Concern
  162. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  163. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  164. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  165. Corrigendum
  166. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  167. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  168. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  169. Retraction
  170. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  171. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  172. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  173. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  174. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  175. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  176. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  177. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  178. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  179. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  180. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  181. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  182. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  183. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  184. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  185. Special Issue Diabetes
  186. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  187. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  188. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  189. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  190. Special Issue Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine
  191. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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