Home Medicine Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
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Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients

  • Rattikorn Muangnang , Mullika Singhasuriya and Amâncio António de Sousa Carvalho EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 27, 2025
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Background and aim

Alcohol consumption is a major public health issue, linked to a wide range of physical, psychological, familial, and social harms, as well as increased rates of violence, accidents, and mortality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a motivational interviewing program in reducing alcohol consumption patterns among Thai patients.

Methods

This quasi-experimental study included a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG), each consisting of 30 patients. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS, utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Results

The majority of patients in the CG were aged 45–60 years, whereas the majority in the EG were aged 25–44 years. The intervention involved 4 sessions over 8 weeks motivational interviewing program (MIP). The mean AUDIT scores in the CG were 24.10 before the intervention and 22.90 after, while in the EG, scores decreased from 22.63 to 19.33. The interaction between the factors (CG and EG) before the intervention did not have a significant effect (Multivariate Analysis of Variance, MANOVA: p = 0.255), but was significant after the intervention (MANOVA: p = 0.009).

Conclusion

MIP had a significant effect on reducing alcohol consumption among patients of the EG.

Keywords: alcohol drinking; alcoholism; motivation; patients; outpatient clinics

1 Introduction

The consumption of alcoholic beverages presents a significant public health concern due to the extensive physical, psychological, familial, and social harm it inflicts on individuals, their families, and society at large. The severity of this issue is reflected in its extensive and lasting repercussions [1].

Global per capita alcohol consumption (APC) declined slightly from 5.7 L in 2010 to 5.5 L in 2019, reflecting a 4.5% reduction. In 2019, the highest APC was recorded in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region (9.2 L), followed by the Americas (7.5 L). That year, 17% of individuals aged 15 and older and 38% of current drinkers engaged in binge drinking – consuming at least 60 g of pure alcohol on one or more occasions in the past month – while continuous heavy drinking remained prevalent among men (6.7%). Total APC trends vary across WHO regions, with a significant decline in Europe and a notable increase in South-East Asia since 2000 [2], where Thailand is located.

According to the National Health Examination Survey, the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Thailand declined from 72.6% in 2003/2004 to 55.9% in 2014 among males and from 35.1 to 23.0% among females. However, in 2019/2020, a slight increase was observed, with prevalence rates rising to 59.0% among males and 31.0% among females [3].

Alcohol remains the most widely consumed psychoactive substance with considerable public health implications. The widespread acceptance of alcohol use, combined with social norms that encourage drinking behavior, often leads to the minimization of the adverse effects of alcohol on the population’s health. These detrimental consequences are frequently overshadowed by arguments emphasizing the purported benefits of alcohol consumption for well-being and economic development. The presence of conflicting narratives regarding the harms and benefits of alcohol production and consumption may hinder timely health-seeking behaviors and undermine initiatives aimed at mitigating the associated health and social burdens [2].

Alcohol consumption ranks among the top ten risk factors contributing to disease and disability worldwide [4]. The WHO’s global strategy reflects a broad international consensus, recognizing the reduction in harmful alcohol use and its associated health and social burdens as a critical public health priority. Within this strategic framework, the concept of harmful alcohol use is comprehensive, encompassing drinking behaviors that lead to adverse health and social consequences for the individual, those in their immediate environment, and society at large. Additionally, it includes patterns of alcohol consumption that are linked to an increased risk of negative health outcomes [5].

In 2019, alcohol consumption was responsible for approximately 2.6 million deaths globally, accounting for 4.7% of all fatalities that year. The burden of alcohol-attributable disease is disproportionately higher among males, with 2 million alcohol-related deaths and 6.9% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to alcohol use. In contrast, among females, alcohol consumption contributed to 0.6 million deaths and accounted for 2.0% of all DALYs in the same period.

The WHO African and European regions exhibit the highest rates of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100,000 individuals. Although global alcohol consumption and its associated harms have declined to some extent since 2010, the health and social burden resulting from alcohol use remains significantly high. Younger populations are disproportionately affected, with individuals aged 20–39 years accounting for the highest proportion of alcohol-attributable deaths, representing 13% of all such fatalities in 2019 [2].

Globally, an estimated 400 million individuals, or 7% of the world’s population aged 15 years and older, are affected by alcohol use disorders, while approximately 209 million people (3.7% of the global adult population) experience alcohol dependence. The prevalence of alcohol use disorders varies considerably across different WHO regions. Since 2010, a declining trend in the global prevalence of alcohol use disorders has been observed, primarily driven by reductions in the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific. Conversely, an increasing trend has been reported in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia regions.

The age-standardized burden of mortality (death rates) and morbidity (DALY rates) associated with alcohol consumption per liter consumed is highest in low-income countries, followed by lower-middle-income countries, and lowest in high-income countries [2].

Harmful alcohol consumption accounts for 5.3% of all global deaths and 5.0% of all DALYs. The social burden associated with harmful substance use is considerable, often linked to adverse health outcomes, educational impairment, and an increased propensity for crime and unemployment. This burden disproportionately affects underdeveloped countries, where inadequate infrastructure limits the capacity to address the consequences of substance use effectively. According to the World Mental Health Survey, between 76 and 85% of individuals with severe mental illnesses (including substance use disorders, anxiety, or mood) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) did not receive treatment for their conditions over a 12 month period [6].

Alcohol consumption is a significant contributor to chronic disease and injury and ranks among the top five risk factors for mortality and disability worldwide. Its adverse effects are responsible for approximately 3.3 million deaths and 139 million DALYs lost annually on a global scale. Additionally, alcohol use is closely linked to high-risk behaviors, including criminal activity, aggressive driving, interpersonal violence, and self-inflicted injury, all of which pose substantial harm not only to individuals but also to society at large. Compared to high-income countries, LMICs report higher prevalence rates of hazardous drinking patterns, such as binge drinking and episodic heavy drinking, as well as an earlier initiation of alcohol consumption [7].

In 2021, the economic cost of alcohol consumption in Thailand was estimated at 165,450.5 million baht, representing 1.02% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product and amounting to 2,500 baht per capita. Indirect costs constituted the majority of this financial burden (96.32%), with an estimated value of 159,358.8 million baht, whereas direct costs were assessed at 6,091.7 million baht. Among indirect costs, premature mortality emerged as the most significant component, accounting for 95.45% of the total economic impact, with an estimated cost of 157,918.7 million baht (134,424.7 million baht for males and 23,493.9 million baht for females). In 2021, alcohol-attributable premature deaths were estimated at 22,804 cases (19,678 males and 3,127 females), resulting in 666,393 years of life lost. Direct costs, which amounted to 6,091.7 million baht (3.7% of the total cost), were primarily driven by healthcare expenditures estimated at 4,370.1 million baht (2.7% of the total cost). Additionally, the justice system incurred costs of 1,704.3 million baht (1.03% of the total cost), while property damage-related expenses were estimated at 17.2 million baht (0.01% of the total cost) [3].

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a widely recognized brief treatment strategy and recovery technique initially developed to support individuals experiencing alcohol use disorders. It is a direct, client-centered approach aimed at enhancing intrinsic motivation for behavioral change by addressing and resolving ambivalence. MI employs a conversational style designed to facilitate behavioral modifications that promote improved health outcomes. Grounded in the principles of motivational psychology, this therapeutic method fosters internally driven, rapid changes. Treatment within the MI framework is characterized by a non-authoritarian, empathetic approach that encourages individuals to take personal responsibility for their own transformation. It incorporates objective and personalized assessment results to evaluate the severity of problematic behaviors, provides explicit guidance on recommended courses of action, and offers a structured set of options for change. Additionally, MI utilizes motivational strategies to activate clients’ internal resources, thereby strengthening their commitment to sustained behavioral improvement [5,8,9].

According to other authors [10], MI operates through the interaction of four fundamental processes: engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. These processes are conceptualized as overlapping, sequential, and recursive. Engaging refers to the establishment of a supportive and collaborative relationship between the practitioner and the client, fostering a conducive environment for meaningful interaction. Focusing entails directing the discussion toward a specific agenda, ensuring that the conversation aligns with the individual’s concerns and goals. The third process, evoking, involves eliciting the client’s intrinsic motivation for change, encouraging them to articulate their own reasons and arguments for behavioral transformation. Finally, planning encompasses the development of a concrete commitment to change, coupled with the formulation of a structured action plan to facilitate the implementation of desired behavioral adjustments.

MI is widely employed in the treatment of substance use and abuse. Its widespread adoption may be attributed to the brevity and perceived cost-effectiveness of MI strategies. As a highly targeted approach, MI facilitates behavioral change and guides individuals through the stages of transformation [11]. It is designed to support individuals at varying levels of readiness for change, including those who may initially exhibit resistance to modification [12].

Several studies on this topic have been conducted in Thailand. However, as highlighted by the WHO, while policy interventions serve as essential and cost-effective measures to mitigate alcohol-related harm, the implementation of contextually appropriate and effective patient-level interventions is equally necessary for the development of comprehensive harm reduction strategies [7]. This study was designed to address this need by contributing to the development of comprehensive strategies for reducing alcohol-related harm.

It is within this context that the present study was developed, with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of a MI program (MIP) in reducing alcohol consumption patterns among Thai patients.

2 Methods

This quasi-experimental, longitudinal study utilized a quantitative approach. The research took place at a hospital in Northeastern Thailand, where participants received care in the psychiatric outpatient clinic [13].

The inclusion criteria comprised (i) male patients aged 18–60 years and (ii) individuals receiving care at the outpatient psychiatric clinic. Exclusion criteria included (i) inability to read, write, or communicate effectively in Thai; (ii) alcohol withdrawal symptoms that could interfere with treatment, determined by an Alcohol Withdrawal Scale score below 5; (iii) psychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, or significant difficulty in regulating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; and (iv) severe comorbid conditions preventing study participation, including alcohol-related physical illnesses requiring hospitalization.

The study population consisted of patients diagnosed with Alcohol Dependence (ICD-10 code: F10.2) by psychiatrists, based on the criteria established by the WHO. This diagnosis corresponds to Alcohol Use Disorder according to the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) [14]. In 2023, approximately 491 patients met these diagnostic criteria.

The sample was selected using a non-random approach. A convenience sampling method was used to assign 30 patients to the Experimental Group (EG), who participated in a MIP. Another 30 patients were placed in the Control Group (CG), receiving standard care based on hospital protocols. For ethical considerations, the MIP program was extended to the CG after the study concluded.

The data collection instrument comprised three components: (i) sociodemographic information, including age, marital status, educational level, and occupational status; (ii) the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale, designed to assess alcohol consumption patterns; and (iii) the SOCRATES-8A Scale, which measured motivation to quit drinking. In this study, only the AUDIT Scale was utilized.

The AUDIT is a 10-item screening tool developed by WHO to evaluate alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems. It was adapted by the Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, and translated into Thai by Silpakit and Kittirattanapaiboon [15]. The AUDIT consists of ten questions covering three key domains: hazardous alcohol use (three questions), consisting of frequency of drinking, typical quantity, and frequency of heavy drinking; harmful alcohol use (four questions), encompassing guilt after drinking, blackouts, alcohol-related injuries, and others concerned about drinking; and alcohol dependence (three questions), which includes features such as impaired control over drinking, increased salience of drinking, and morning drink. Risk Level 1 (Low-risk consumption): 0–7 points; Risk Level 2 (Risky consumption): 8–15 points; Risk Level 3 (Harmful consumption): 16–19 points; and Risk Level 4 (Probable alcohol dependence): 20 points or higher. The tool demonstrated strong reliability, evidenced by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.86.

Data were collected by the researchers through questionnaire administration during patients’ psychiatric outpatient consultations in a suitable setting. The data collection period spanned from December 2023 to March 2024. Patients were informed of the study’s objectives and invited to participate voluntarily. They were also assured that they could withdraw at any time without facing any negative consequences. Informed consent was obtained before participation.

The MIP was supported for the reduction in alcohol consumption among individuals with alcohol dependence. This program consisted of four sessions over 8 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 15–30 min and including four activities, as described below.

Activity 1 (Week 1): Assessment, motivation-building, and personalized feedback. Patients underwent an evaluation of their drinking behaviors and their motivation to quit alcohol consumption. They received individualized feedback based on their assessment results, including an analysis of the severity of their alcohol-related issues.

Activity 2 (Weeks 2–3): Strengthening commitment to change. Patients explored their confidence in quitting alcohol, declared their commitment, and discussed the pros and cons of drinking vs abstaining. Misconceptions were addressed, and additional information was provided. The session concluded with a collaborative summary of the change plan.

Activity 3 (Weeks 4–7): Setting goals and taking steps for self-change. Patients reviewed their goals and change plan, addressed obstacles, and explored key motivational factors. The researcher reinforced their commitment, boosted confidence in quitting alcohol, and provided hope and encouragement throughout the process.

Activity 4 (Week 8): Setting goals and sustaining self-change (follow through). Patients reviewed their goals and change plan, revisited motivational factors, and reinforced their commitment to quitting alcohol. The researcher provided guidance on behavior management, boosted confidence, and encouraged long-term adherence to the change. At the conclusion of the final session, the questionnaire was re-administered for the second round of data collection.

One of the researchers, with experience in implementing MI programs, accompanied the patients in the four activities of this MI program, ensuring that the MIP was adequately implemented in the EG.

The database was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25.0). Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics. For descriptive analysis, absolute and relative frequencies, mode calculations for all variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for scalar variables were examined. Regarding inferential analysis, the formulated hypothesis was tested using the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to compare the two moments of AUDIT scale application (before and after the MIP) across both study groups. The effectiveness of the MIP in reducing alcohol consumption was further assessed using mixed repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Statistically significant differences were considered at a probability level of p < 0.05 [16].

Ethical approval: The ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Vancouver were upheld, including privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, and conflict of interest. A favorable opinion was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital (UDH REC No.108/2566) on December 4, 2023.

3 Results

The largest group of patients in the CG (n = 30) was in the age range of 45–60 years (56.7%), while in the EG (n = 30), the largest group was in the 25–44 age range (53.3%). The largest age group of 45–60 years represented 51.7% of the total sample (n = 60). Regarding marital status, the majority of patients had a partner, with 76.7% in the CG, 86.7% in the EG, and 81.7% in the total sample, showing a significant proportion in the EG. In terms of educational level, most patients had completed primary education, with 60.0% in the CG, 70.0% in the EG, and 65.0% in the total sample. Finally, concerning occupational status, the majority of patients were employed, with 53.3% in the CG, 50.0% in the EG, and 51.7% in the total sample, with a slightly higher percentage in the CG (Table 1).

Table 1

Sociodemographic characterization of the sample by group type

Variables CG EG Total
Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%)
Age group
25–44 years old 13 43.3 16 53.3 29 48.3
45–60 years old 17 56.7 14 46.7 31 51.7
Marital status
Without a partner 7 23.3 4 13.3 11 18.3
With a partner 23 76.7 26 86.7 49 81.7
Educational level
Primary school 18 60.0 21 70.0 39 65.0
Secondary school 7 23.3 5 16.7 12 20.0
Bachelor degree or higher 5 16.7 4 13.3 9 15.0
Occupation
Unemployed 14 46.7 15 50.0 29 48.3
Employed 16 53.3 15 50.0 31 51.7

Legend: Af – Absolute frequency; CG – Control group; EG – Experimental group; Rf – Relative frequency.

To assess whether the distribution of sociodemographic variables differed significantly between the two groups under analysis (CG and EG), a chi-square test was conducted to evaluate the association between group type and, successively, age group, marital status, educational level, and occupation. The results indicate that no statistically significant differences were observed between group type and age group (χ², p = 0.606), marital status (χ², p = 0.506), educational level (χ², p = 0.461), or occupation (χ², p = 1.000).

The majority of patients in both the CG and the EG, as well as the overall sample, initiated alcohol consumption between the ages of 16 and 20, accounting for 63.3% of participants. The mean age at which patients in the EG began consuming alcohol was 19.27 ± 2.59 years. Regarding alcohol consumption frequency, the majority of patients in the CG and the total sample reported consuming alcohol more than four times per week, with proportions of 73.3 and 51.7%, respectively. In contrast, the majority of patients in the EG reported consuming alcohol two to three times per week (53.3%), indicating a lower frequency compared to the other groups. In terms of daily alcohol consumption, most patients in the CG consumed five or more standard drinks (83.4%), as did the total sample (63.3%). Conversely, in the EG, the majority of patients consumed three to four standard drinks per day (56.7%). Regarding beverage preferences, white spirits were the most commonly consumed alcoholic beverages across all groups, reported by 83.3% of patients in the CG, 66.7% in the EG, and 75.0% in the total sample, with a higher prevalence in the CG (Table 2).

Table 2

Characterization of alcohol consumption behavior by group type and total sample

Variables CG EG Total
Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%)
Age of beginning drinking
Lower than 15 years old 4 13.3 8 26.7 12 20.0
16–20 years old 19 63.3 19 63.3 38 63.3
21 years old and over 7 23.4 3 10.0 10 16.7
Alcohol consumption frequency
2–4 times a month 0 0.0 5 16.7 5 8.3
2–3 times a week 8 26.7 16 53.3 24 40.0
4 or more times a week 22 73.3 9 30.0 31 51.7
Daily consumption quantity
1–2 standard drinks 1 3.3 0 0.0 1 1.7
3–4 standard drinks 4 13.3 17 56.7 21 35.0
5 or more standard drinks 25 83.4 13 43.3 38 63.3
Type of alcoholic beverage
White spirits 25 83.3 20 66.7 45 75.0
Colored liquor and others 5 16.7 10 33.3 15 25.0

Legend: Af – Absolute frequency; CG – Control group; EG – Experimental group; Rf – Relative frequency.

Regarding the AUDIT scale score categories, in the CG prior to the program, the majority of patients were classified under the probable dependence category (83.4%), with no patients falling into the free consumption category (0.0%). Following the program, the majority remained in the probable dependence category (53.3%), though the proportion in this category declined significantly. Notably, no patients were classified within the free consumption category post-intervention (0.0%).

Conversely, in the experimental group (EG), prior to the program, the majority of patients were classified under the probable dependence category (56.7%), with no individuals falling within the free consumption category (0.0%). Following the intervention, the majority of patients transitioned to the harmful consumption category (83.4%), indicating a significant shift from probable dependence to harmful consumption. Notably, no patients remained in the free consumption category post-program (0.0%) (Table 3).

Table 3

Distribution of AUDIT categories by group and total sample (%)

Variables CG EG Total
Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%) Af Rf (%)
Pre-program
Free consumption 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Risky consumption 1 3.3 0 0.0 1 16.7
Harmful consumption 4 13.3 13 43.3 17 28.3
Probable dependence 25 83.4 17 56.7 42 70.0
Post-program
Free consumption 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Risky consumption 2 6.7 1 3.3 3 5.0
Harmful consumption 12 40.0 25 83.4 37 61.7
Probable dependence 16 53.3 4 13.3 20 33.3

Legend: Af – Absolute frequency; CG – Control group; EG – Experimental group; Rf – Relative frequency.

An analysis of the mean AUDIT score revealed a decline in both the CG and the EG from the pre-program to the post-program phase. However, this reduction was more pronounced in the EG, with a decrease of 3.30 points compared to 1.20 points in the CG (Table 4).

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of the CG and EG before and after program implementation

AUDIT scores CG EG
Af Mean value ± SD Af Mean value ± SD
Pre-program 30 24.10 ± 5.061 30 22.63 ± 4.817
Post-program 30 22.90 ± 6.036 30 19.33 ± 3.942

Legend: Af – Absolute frequency; CG – Control group; EG – Experimental group; SD – Standard deviation.

The MANOVA test assessing the mean AUDIT score before and after the implementation of the MIP, with group type (CG and EG) as a fixed factor, revealed a statistically significant effect of group type on the composite AUDIT score across both time points (Pillai’s Trace = 0.183; F(2,57) = 6.399; p = 0.003; Power = 0.887). This finding aligns with the results obtained from the repeated measures ANOVA test (Table 5).

Table 5

Results of the MANOVA multivariate tests

Effect Value F df Error Sig. OP
Intercept Pillai’s trace 0.959 659.812 2.000 57.000 0.000 1.000
Group Pillai’s trace 0.183 6.399 2.000 57.000 0.003 0.887

Legend: F – Snedecor’s F Distribution; OP – Observed power; Sig. – Significance level.

The test of effects between subjects revealed that the group type factor did not have a statistically significant effect on the AUDIT score before the implementation of the MIP (p = 0.255), but had a very significant effect after the implementation of the MIP (MANOVA: p = 0.009), with the mean value of the EG being the one that decreased the most, that is, the risk consumption decreased in the patients in this group. In CG also, it decreased after the implementation of the MIP, but this decrease was less pronounced. This sharper decrease may have been due to the implementation of the MIP.

4 Discussion

In the present study, prior to the implementation of the MIP, the majority of patients in both the CG and EG were categorized as having probable dependence, with the proportion in the CG exceeding that in the EG by 30 percentage points. Following the MIP, the percentage of patients classified under probable dependence declined in both groups; however, the reduction was more pronounced in the EG, where it decreased by 43 percentage points, compared to a 30-point reduction in the CG.

These findings are not consistent with those reported in a study conducted in Paris, France [17], which involved a sample of 85 individuals diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder. In that study, participants were divided into two groups: one receiving MI (n = 37) and the other receiving standard treatment (n = 48). Prior to the intervention, the percentage of patients classified in the probable dependence category was lower in the CG (60.1%) compared to the EG (83.3%), indicating a difference of approximately 23 percentage points. In contrast, the present study observed a higher percentage of probable dependence in the CG than in the EG, thereby reversing the pattern observed in the Paris study. This discrepancy suggests that the two studies involved patient samples with differing baseline characteristics and patterns of alcohol consumption. Specifically, in the comparison study [17], patients in the CG exhibited lower levels of alcohol dependence at the outset.

A study conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [18], involving a sample of 30 alcoholic patients, employed a quasi-experimental single-group design to assess changes before and after the intervention program. Findings from that study indicated that the probable dependence category was entirely eliminated following the implementation of the MIP. In contrast, in the present study, the proportion of patients in this category decreased significantly, reaching 13%. While both studies demonstrated a reduction in probable dependence, the decline observed in the comparative study appears to have been more pronounced.

In the study conducted in Paris, France [17], the pre-program AUDIT score was 21.27 ± 9.11 points for the CG and 26.08 ± 6.36 points for the EG. These values were lower than those observed in the present study for the CG and significantly lower for the EG. Consequently, in the Paris study, the proportion of patients in the EG exhibiting a dependent consumption pattern exceeded that in the CG, whereas in the present study, this pattern was reversed. Notably, post-program AUDIT scores were not reported in the Paris study.

The results of the multivariate analyses (MANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA) conducted in the present study indicate a more substantial and statistically significant reduction in AUDIT scores within the EG, suggesting that the MIP was effective in reducing risky alcohol consumption patterns. Similar findings were reported in studies conducted in Thailand [19,20], where the authors concluded that both counseling programs and motivational enhancement programs contributed to a reduction in risky alcohol consumption. Studies conducted in other countries [17,18] likewise demonstrated that interventions such as brief intervention and the MIP led to a significant decrease in alcohol consumption.

Additionally, a study carried out in Córdoba, Spain [21], involving 268 patients with risky alcohol consumption, found that the MIP was more effective in promoting faster and more sustained behavioral changes compared to conventional health advice, leading to a greater reduction in alcohol consumption within the EG. Furthermore, the previously cited meta-analysis [7] highlighted that brief intervention and MI techniques were the most frequently evaluated approaches and consistently demonstrated positive effects on alcohol-related outcomes. Another meta-analysis examining various interventions for individuals with substance use disorders reviewed a study that compared MI with no intervention or non-MI-based controls over a 3 month follow-up period in samples of adult drinkers. The findings indicated reductions in alcohol use and significant mean effects on abstinence in favor of MI [22].

Based on the results of the multivariate analyses, it can be concluded that the MIP seems to have been effective in reducing alcohol consumption patterns among patients in the sample and served as a successful intervention in achieving the study objective.

The primary limitation of this study pertains to the use of a convenience sample rather than a randomized selection, which may have affected the generalizability of the findings to the broader population of alcohol-dependent individuals receiving treatment in an outpatient clinic.

This study may have significant implications for the professional practice of the healthcare team, particularly the nursing staff at the outpatient clinic, within the context of this research. The demonstrated effectiveness of the MIP has motivated its adoption in the treatment of these patients. Given that MI is a non-pharmacological intervention that is easy to implement and free of adverse effects, its integration into clinical practice could yield tangible benefits for patients at this clinic. Notably, the healthcare team has already implemented the MIP within the CG, thereby extending the positive effects of this intervention to a group that had not received it during the study.

Acknowledgments

This study had the financial support of CIEC (Research Center on Child Studies), by the Strategic Project UID/CED/00317/2013, through the National Funds through the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) and co-financed by European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI) with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562.

  1. Funding information: The research center s funding was used to cover the expenses related to data processing.

  2. Author contributions: Study conception and design: R.M., M.S., and A.A.S.C.; data collection: M.S.; data analysis and interpretation: R.M. and A.A.S.C.; drafting of the article: R.M., M.S., and A.A.S.C.; and critical revision of the article: R.M., M.S., and A.A.S.C.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest. One of the authors (A.A.S.C.) is an editor with Open Medicine, but this did not affect the peer review process, and the authors were not aware of who the peer reviewers were.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2025-05-26
Revised: 2025-07-30
Accepted: 2025-09-17
Published Online: 2025-10-27

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
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  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
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  234. Corrigendum
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  237. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  238. Retraction
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  240. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
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  257. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
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  259. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  260. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
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https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1307
Keywords for this article
alcohol drinking; alcoholism; motivation; patients; outpatient clinics
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis
  156. Influence of sevoflurane combined with propofol anesthesia on the anesthesia effect and adverse reactions in children with acute appendicitis
  157. Identification of hub genes related to acute kidney injury caused by sevoflurane anesthesia and endoplasmic reticulum stress
  158. Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  159. The value of diagnostic experience in O-RADS MRI score for ovarian-adnexal lesions
  160. Health education pathway for individuals with temporary enterostomies using patient journey mapping
  161. Serum TLR8 as a potential diagnostic biomarker of coronary heart disease
  162. Intraoperative temperature management and its effect on surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing lichtenstein unilateral inguinal hernia repair
  163. Immunohistochemical profiling and neuroepithelial heterogeneity in immature ovarian teratomas: a retrospective digital pathology-based study
  164. Associated risk factors and prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among females visiting tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study from Nepal
  165. Comparative evaluation of various disc elution methods for the detection of colistin-resistant gram-negative bacteria
  166. Effect of timing of cholecystectomy on weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese individuals with cholelithiasis: a retrospective cohort study
  167. Causal association between ceramide levels and central precocious puberty: a mendelian randomization study
  168. Novel predictive model for colorectal liver metastases recurrence: a radiomics and clinical data approach
  169. Relationship between resident physicians’ perceived professional value and exposure to violence
  170. Multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study of European ancestry
  171. Rapid pathogen identification in peritoneal dialysis effluent by MALDI-TOF MS following blood culture enrichment
  172. Comparison of open and percutaneous A1 pulley release in pediatric trigger thumb: a retrospective cohort study
  173. Impact of combined diaphragm-lung ultrasound assessment on postoperative respiratory function in patients under general anesthesia recovery
  174. Development and internal validation of a nomogram for predicting short-term prognosis in ICU patients with acute pyelonephritis
  175. The association between hypoxic burden and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
  176. Promotion of asthenozoospermia by C9orf72 through suppression of spermatogonia activity via fructose metabolism and mitophagy
  177. Review Articles
  178. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  179. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  180. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  181. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  182. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  183. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  184. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  185. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  186. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  187. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  188. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  189. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  190. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  191. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  192. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  193. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  194. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  195. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  196. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  197. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  198. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  199. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  200. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  201. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  202. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  203. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  204. Research progress on autophagy and its roles in sepsis induced organ injury
  205. Neuronutrition in autism spectrum disorders
  206. Pumilio 2 in neural development, function, and specific neurological disorders
  207. Antibiotic prescribing patterns in general dental practice- a scoping review
  208. Clinical and medico-legal reflections on non-invasive prenatal testing
  209. Smartphone use and back pain: a narrative review of postural pathologies
  210. Targeting endothelial oxidative stress in hypertension
  211. Exploring links between acne and metabolic syndrome: a narrative review
  212. Case Reports
  213. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  214. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  215. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  216. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  217. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  218. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  219. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  220. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  221. Combined VAT and retroperitoneoscopy for pleural empyema due to nephro-pleuric fistula in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
  222. A rare case of Opalski syndrome with a suspected multiple sclerosis etiology
  223. Newly diagnosed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia demonstrating localized bone marrow infiltration exclusively in the lower extremities
  224. Rapid Communication
  225. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  226. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  227. Repeat influenza incidence across two consecutive influenza seasons
  228. Letter to the Editor
  229. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  230. Expression of Concern
  231. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  232. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  233. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  234. Corrigendum
  235. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  236. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  237. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  238. Retraction
  239. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  240. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  241. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  242. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  243. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  244. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  245. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  246. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  247. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  248. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  249. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  250. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  251. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  252. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  253. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  254. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  255. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  256. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  257. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  258. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  259. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  260. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  261. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  262. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  263. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  264. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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