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Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

  • Hong Yu , Min Wan , Hong Li and Xing Liu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 24, 2025
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation and is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

Objectives

This study explores the effects of pachymaran on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in a murine model.

Methods

Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into five groups: normal diet (ND), NAFLD, and high-, medium-, and low-dose pachymaran (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg, respectively). All groups except the ND were fed a HFD to induce NAFLD. The pachymaran groups received daily intragastric pachymaran for eight weeks. Post-treatment, liver weight were recorded, serum indices assessed, and hepatic pathology evaluated via histological and Oil Red O staining. Adenylate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gene expression was analyzed through western blotting.

Results

The body weight and liver gain (87.8 and 23.0%) in the high-dose pachymaran group were significantly less than those (154.2 and 82.0%) in the NAFLD group (P < 0.05). Fat content and serum indices improvements correlated with increased pachymaran doses. Histological analyses indicated significant alleviation of hepatocyte hypertrophy and ballooning steatosis in treated groups. Oil Red O staining confirmed a substantial decrease in hepatic lipid droplets, and western blot results indicated a significant increase in AMPK phosphorylation following treatment (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Pachymaran effectively mitigated fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with diet-induced NAFLD, likely through modulation of the AMPK pathway.

Keywords: pachymaran; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; adenylate-activated protein kinase; liver; fat

1 Introduction

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological condition defined by excessive lipid accumulation in liver cells not caused by alcohol, drugs, viral infections, autoimmunity, or other specific hepatotoxic factors [1]. Initially marked by simple steatosis, NAFLD can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation and, in 10–20% of cases, liver fibrosis, forming high-risk steatohepatitis [2,3]. NASH may further evolve into cirrhosis and eventually liver cancer. Globally, NAFLD affects approximately 25% of the population, with the highest prevalence rates in South America and the Middle East, each exceeding 30% [4]. Remarkably, the prevalence in China is increasing at twice the rate of developed countries, predicted to be the fastest growing by 2030 [5]. This underscores the urgent need for effective NAFLD interventions.

Current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD focus on reducing body fat and targeting lipid metabolism [6,7]. However, the few available drugs have uncertain safety and efficacy profiles. Standard treatments involve weight loss alongside lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory liver-protecting medications that address metabolic disturbances [8]. Prolonged use of these pharmaceuticals can lead to significant side effects, highlighting the necessity for safer, functional molecules that can ameliorate NAFLD.

Poria cocos, an edible medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, contains pachymaran, known for its antitumor, antiaging, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihemorrhagic fever effects [9,10]. Pachymaran is synthesized from natural sources through processes including ethanol alkalization, initial chloroacetic acid etherification, and secondary base etherification [11]. Pachymaran can reduce the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase contents in mice caused by carbon tetrachloride and improve the regeneration ability of liver resection in rats. In addition, Pachymaran can increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and reduce the contents of peroxides ROS and MDA [1]. Previous studies suggest that pachymaran offers protective benefits against liver oxidative damage and therapeutic potential for liver inflammation and cell apoptosis [12], yet its role in NAFLD requires further exploration.

Research indicates the involvement of the adenylate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in NAFLD [13]. Activation of AMPK enhances the activity of downstream transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and the α subunit of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α), increasing oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids and promoting liver energy metabolism [14]. In this study, we used a C57BL/6 mouse model divided into normal diet (ND), NAFLD, and various pachymaran-treated groups to investigate the effects of pachymaran on NAFLD and its potential molecular mechanisms. We assessed liver metabolism and pathological alterations in NAFLD mice treated with pachymaran, exploring its effects through histological staining, Oil Red O staining, and western blot analysis of AMPK gene expression.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Establishment of animal model

A murine model of NAFLD was established using 7-week-old male Specific Pathogen Free KM mice (16–18 g). All mice were housed in standard cages with a light/dark cycle of 12 h at a temperature of 18–25°C and a relative humidity of 65–70%. Mice were randomly allocated to control (ND, n = 6) and high-fat diet (HFD, n = 24) groups according to a random number table, with no initial significant difference in body weight. HFD feed: 60% fat, 20% carbohydrates, 20% protein. Mice in the HFD group were fed for 13 weeks to induce the establishment of NAFLD. The mice in the ND group were fed with ND for 13 weeks. After the model was established, whether the NAFLD model was successfully established was evaluated through the observation of pathological changes, body and liver weights, body fat percentage, and serological indices. All procedures were performed in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the NIH, approved by the ethical committee of Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approval No. 2023-009).

2.2 Pachymaran treatment

Pachymaran extract (containing pachymaran ≥90%) was obtained from Sichuan Vicchi Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The HFD group was subdivided into four groups: an untreated NAFLD group and low- (50 mg/kg), medium- (100 mg/kg), and high-dose (200 mg/kg) pachymaran groups. Pachymaran was administered intragastrically daily for 8 weeks. Control mice received an equivalent volume of saline. At the endpoint, mice were euthanized in a CO2 chamber, followed by cervical dislocation. Tissue samples were collected for subsequent analyses.

2.3 Body fat and organ ratio assessment

Post-treatment, mice were weighed and put into the body fat meter (E1452120, Rheinstetten, Germany) according to different groups. The fat content, lean meat content, and fluid content in mice were detected. Then, the mice were euthanized. The white adipose tissue from various sites and the liver were weighed, and the obesity index was calculated as the ratio of total white adipose tissue to body mass × 100.

2.3.1 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

Part of the liver tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with alcohol, made transparent with xylene, embedded in paraffin, and stone wax sections were prepared. The slices were stained with hematoxylin for approximately 30 min, stained with eosin staining solution for 1 min, rinsed, dehydrated, sealed with transparent and neutral gum, and morphologically observed.

2.3.2 Masson staining

Remove the frozen paraffin pieces and leave them at room temperature for 20 min to rewarm. The sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome and observed under a microscope (IX-51, Olympus).

2.3.3 Oil Red O staining

The frozen slices of liver tissue were prepared, and the slices were incubated with 100% isopropyl alcohol for 5 min, then with 0.5% Oil Red O solution for 20 min, cleaned with 85% isopropyl alcohol solution for 3 min, washed, stained with hematoxylin for 1 min, washed, sealed with tablet, and observed for fat staining.

2.4 Serological analysis

Blood samples were collected for serum separation and stored at –80°C. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were measured using kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China.

2.5 Western blot analysis

Proteins from liver tissues were extracted and separated using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) was used to quantify protein concentrations in the supernatants. Equal amounts (20 µL) of protein were loaded onto the gels, and the separated proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked in tris buffered saline containing 5% Tween 20 and 5% skim milk at room temperature for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4°C with a primary antibody (p-AMPK [Cat#2535S, 1:1,000; CST, Danvers, MA, USA], AMPK [Cat#2532S, 1:1,000; CST], and CaMKKβ [Cat#DF4793, 1:1,000; Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA]). β-actin (ab8245) (mouse, 1:1,000; Abcam, Cambridge, England) was used as an internal control. Primary antibodies were detected using a secondary anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG antibody coupled with HRP (1:5,000, ab6728, Abcam, Cambridge, England). Target proteins were visualized using an EZ-ECL chemiluminescence detection kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).

2.6 Immunohistochemistry

The liver tissue of the mice in each group was sliced, and protein expression was observed using immunohistochemistry. Liver tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. The samples were then sectioned into slices with a thickness of 6 μm, which were then attached to slides, washed, and incubated with 3% H2O2 in methanol for 10 min to block endogenous peroxidase activity. The sections were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated overnight at 4°C with a primary antibody (p-AMPK [Cat#2535S, 1:100; CST, Danvers, MA, USA], AMPK [Cat#2532S, 1:100; CST], and CaMKKβ [Cat#DF4793, 1:100; Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA]). Subsequently, the sections were washed three times in PBS for 5 min and incubated with biotinylated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit (1:1,000; ab6728, Abcam, Cambridge, England) at room temperature for 20 min. The sections were washed with PBS, and avidin–horseradish peroxidase complex was added (SABC Kit; Bost, Wuhan, China). 3,3-Diaminobenzidine was used as a chromogen. The positive cells were visualized under a light microscope.

2.7 Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA, USA). Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical differences between the groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance, followed by the post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test. Trends with dose variation were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Statistical significance was set at a P < 0.05.

3 Results

3.1 Effects of pachymaran on body and liver weights in mice

Beginning from the second week, the average body weight of the NAFLD group was significantly higher than that of the ND group (P < 0.05). In contrast, pachymaran-treated mice displayed significantly reduced body weight compared to the NAFLD group, with more notable reductions observed at higher dosages (Figure 1a). Similarly, while liver weight in the NAFLD group showed a significant increase by the eighth week, those in the pachymaran-treated groups decreased in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1b). Compared with the sham group, mice in the NAFLD group had increased subcutaneous and abdominal fat. Pachymaran treatment effectively reduced fat accumulation, progressively returning to the size in healthy controls as the dosage increased (Figure 1c). Furthermore, both the area and diameter of adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue and epididymal white adipose tissue were significantly larger in the NAFLD group compared to controls. However, these measures significantly decreased in the pachymaran-treated groups, correlating inversely with the increasing drug concentrations (Figure 1d).

Figure 1 Pachymaran inhibited weight gain and liver fat accumulation in NAFLD mice. (a) Growth curves of mice during treatment. (b) Liver weight in the eighth week. (c) Morphological pictures of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), liver, and mice, and the relative fat mass at week 8. (d) iWAT and eWAT sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin visualized under a 400× light microscope, and the average area and diameter of adipocytes in iWAT and eWAT. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (magnification, 200×).
Figure 1

Pachymaran inhibited weight gain and liver fat accumulation in NAFLD mice. (a) Growth curves of mice during treatment. (b) Liver weight in the eighth week. (c) Morphological pictures of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), liver, and mice, and the relative fat mass at week 8. (d) iWAT and eWAT sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin visualized under a 400× light microscope, and the average area and diameter of adipocytes in iWAT and eWAT. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (magnification, 200×).

3.2 Effect of pachymaran on body fat and serological indicators in mice

Body composition analysis in vivo revealed that mice with NAFLD exhibited increased fat tissue content. These adverse effects were progressively mitigated as the dosage of pachymaran increased (Figure 2a). Compared to the ND group, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly elevated in the NAFLD group. However, with increasing doses of pachymaran, these levels gradually decreased. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, which were lower in the NAFLD group, increased with higher pachymaran dosages (Figure 2b).

Figure 2 Pachymaran decreased body fat percentage and serological indices of mice NAFLD. (a) The relative ratio of systemic fat, lean, and liquid mass at week 8. (b) Changes in serum TG, TC, LDL, and HDL at week 8. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 2

Pachymaran decreased body fat percentage and serological indices of mice NAFLD. (a) The relative ratio of systemic fat, lean, and liquid mass at week 8. (b) Changes in serum TG, TC, LDL, and HDL at week 8. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

3.3 Effect of pachymaran on hepatocyte steatosis

Histological analyses were conducted on liver tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome to assess cellular structure and fibrosis. In the NAFLD group, hepatocytes exhibited edema and balloon degeneration, with instances of single or scattered necrosis and perihepatocytic infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Minor fibrotic changes were noted within the hepatic lobules, though no bridging fibrosis was observed in lobular or perisinusoidal spaces. Treatment with pachymaran ameliorated these pathological changes, with more pronounced improvements at higher doses (Figure 3a).

Figure 3 Pachymaran prevented liver injury in mice with NAFLD. (a) Morphological images of liver tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome. (b) Morphological images of liver tissue stained with Oil Red O (100×). (c) Percentage of hepatic bullous steatosis, vesicular steatosis, hypertrophic area of hepatocytes, and number of inflammatory cell aggregates in the liver tissue. (d) Hepatic bullous steatosis, vesicular steatosis, hypertrophic area of hepatocytes, and inflammatory cell aggregate scores and total NAFLD score. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (magnification, 200×).
Figure 3

Pachymaran prevented liver injury in mice with NAFLD. (a) Morphological images of liver tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome. (b) Morphological images of liver tissue stained with Oil Red O (100×). (c) Percentage of hepatic bullous steatosis, vesicular steatosis, hypertrophic area of hepatocytes, and number of inflammatory cell aggregates in the liver tissue. (d) Hepatic bullous steatosis, vesicular steatosis, hypertrophic area of hepatocytes, and inflammatory cell aggregate scores and total NAFLD score. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (magnification, 200×).

Oil Red O staining was utilized to visualize fat accumulation within liver tissues. The NAFLD group displayed large lipid droplets and significant steatosis, whereas pachymaran treatment effectively reduced fat accumulation, with greater efficacy at higher concentrations (Figure 3b).

The severity of NAFLD was further quantified using an established scoring system [15], evaluating macrovesicular steatosis, microvesicular steatosis, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and inflammatory cell aggregation. The NAFLD group exhibited significant steatotic changes and increased aggregation of hypertrophic hepatocytes and inflammatory cells. Conversely, pachymaran treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction in these parameters (Figure 3c). Accordingly, NAFLD scores increased in the untreated group but decreased in the pachymaran-treated groups (Figure 3d).

3.4 Effect of pachymaran on the AMPK signaling pathway in mouse liver

Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a significant reduction in the levels of CaMKK2 and phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) in the livers of mice from the NAFLD group. In contrast, mice treated with pachymaran displayed increased expression of both CaMKK2 and p-AMPK. Notably, this enhancement in expression was dose-dependent, with the highest concentrations of pachymaran producing the most pronounced effects (Figure 4a and b).

Figure 4 The p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2 levels in mice with NAFLD. (a) Western blot reflected the expression of p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2. (b) Immunohistochemistry staining reflected the expression of p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2. n = 6, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 4

The p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2 levels in mice with NAFLD. (a) Western blot reflected the expression of p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2. (b) Immunohistochemistry staining reflected the expression of p-AMPK, AMPK, and CaMKK2. n = 6, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

4 Discussion

NAFLD is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by lipid deposition and a nonspecific inflammatory response in the liver, with complex etiology and pathogenesis. Traditional treatments for NAFLD primarily involve lifestyle and dietary changes, which can be challenging to maintain in a fast-paced society. Consequently, pharmacological interventions are increasingly viewed as essential. Pachymaran, known for its atherosclerosis mitigation properties in HFD induced models by reducing inflammatory factors and lipid levels [10], is yet to be thoroughly studied for its effects on NAFLD.

Obesity, a key risk factor for NAFLD, is effectively modeled by HFD in mice to mimic the pathophysiological impact of metabolic factors. In our study, a mouse model of NAFLD induced by HFD was established to explore the therapeutic effects and possible mechanism of action of pachymaran on NAFLD. In the present study, mice were fed HFD to induce NAFLD, and pachymaran prevented this weight gain. Lipid metabolism disorders are important in the pathogenesis of NAFLD [16]. TC is also closely associated with the development and occurrence of NAFLD. Free TC is a toxic lipid molecule that directly increases the production of reactive oxygen species by destroying mitochondria, promoting inflammation, promoting the inflammatory pyroptosis of hepatocytes, damaging the endoplasmic reticulum, and triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress, which ultimately leads to hepatocyte apoptosis [17]. The deposition of LDL particles in the liver can activate Kupffer cells and hepatic astrocytes in the liver, induce the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and promote the expression of fibrosis factors, thus resulting in liver tissue injury, inflammation, and fibrosis [18]. Additionally, TG is usually processed in the liver; however, when the body ingests excess TG that exceeds the processing capacity of the liver, it is deposited in the liver [19]. Long-term and excessive TG deposition causes hepatocyte steatosis, leading to pathophysiological changes such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and hepatocyte apoptosis, which gradually progress to hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and even liver cancer in the presence of other factors [20]. Therefore, lowering TG levels is an important strategy for NAFLD treatment. In the present study, pachymaran reduced the serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C (Figures 1 and 2). In addition, we found that pachymaran reduced body fat percentage. Our findings demonstrate that pachymaran significantly reduced serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C, suggesting its potential in reducing hepatocyte lipid deposition and subsequent cellular damage.

Histologically, NAFLD is predominantly characterized by hepatic steatosis, where nutrient intake exceeds the secretory capacity of the liver [21]. Pachymaran treatment not only reduced liver weight but also improved liver morphology, as evidenced by decreased hepatocyte size and bulla steatosis with dose-dependent neat cell arrangement and diminished lipid droplets observed via Oil Red O staining (Figures 1b and 3). These results underscore pachymaran’s efficacy in reducing lipid deposition and preventing hepatocyte steatosis.

At the molecular level, the AMPK signaling pathway plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation [22]. Activation of the AMPK pathway inhibits lipogenesis in mice with NAFLD [23]. To further explore the mechanism of action of pachymaran in improving lipid metabolism disorders in the liver, we assessed the expression and phosphorylation of proteins involved in the AMPK pathway in the liver. Our study revealed that pachymaran enhanced AMPK phosphorylation in the liver after treatment, which may explain the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and reduction in fat content, thus alleviating NAFLD. In addition, Ca2+-mediated activation of CaMKKβ is a common mechanism by which metabolism-related hormones induce AMPK activation [24]. A previous study showed that CaMKKβ was involved in the activation of AMPK when vascular endothelial growth factor B inhibited adipogenesis in mice with NAFLD [25]. In the present study, the expression of CaMKKβ in mouse liver tissues was also changed after treatment with pachymaran, which may be one of the mechanisms through which pachymaran exerts its therapeutic effects through AMPK. However, further experiments are needed to confirm these molecular interactions and their relevance to NAFLD treatment.

Limitations of this study include the need to determine the optimal therapeutic concentration of pachymaran and to validate these findings in cellular models, as well as to comprehensively establish whether pachymaran’s therapeutic effects are primarily mediated through the AMPK pathway.

In conclusion, pachymaran exhibits promising potential in inhibiting fat accumulation and alleviating cellular damage in NAFLD. In terms of mechanism, pachymaran may exert therapeutic effects through the AMPK pathway, resulting in changes in the expression of key proteins in the AMPK pathway. These insights may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in managing NAFLD.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project of Hubei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 2023 to 2024 (ZY2023F052) and Wuhan Municipal Health Commission’s Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Projects for the Fiscal Years 2024-2025 (WZ24A08).

  2. Author contributions: HY and XL designed the research study. MW and HL performed the research. XL analyzed the data. All authors contributed to editorial changes in the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-11-17
Revised: 2025-06-07
Accepted: 2025-06-14
Published Online: 2025-07-24

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
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  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
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  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
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  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
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  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
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  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
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  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
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  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
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  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
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  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Review Articles
  156. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  157. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  158. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  159. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  160. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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  165. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  166. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  167. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
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  176. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
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  179. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  180. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  181. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  182. Case Reports
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  189. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  190. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  191. Rapid Communication
  192. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  193. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  194. Letter to the Editor
  195. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  196. Expression of Concern
  197. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  198. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  199. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  200. Corrigendum
  201. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  202. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  203. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  204. Retraction
  205. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  206. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  207. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  208. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  209. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  210. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  211. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  212. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  213. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  214. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  215. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  216. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  217. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  218. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  219. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  220. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  221. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  222. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  223. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  224. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  225. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  226. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  227. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  228. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  229. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  230. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1241
Keywords for this article
pachymaran; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; adenylate-activated protein kinase; liver; fat
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Review Articles
  156. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  157. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  158. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  159. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  160. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  161. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  162. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  163. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  164. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  165. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  166. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  167. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  168. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  169. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  170. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  171. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  172. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  173. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  174. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  175. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  176. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  177. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  178. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  179. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  180. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  181. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  182. Case Reports
  183. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  184. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  185. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  186. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  187. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  188. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  189. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  190. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  191. Rapid Communication
  192. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  193. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  194. Letter to the Editor
  195. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  196. Expression of Concern
  197. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  198. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  199. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  200. Corrigendum
  201. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  202. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  203. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  204. Retraction
  205. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  206. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  207. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  208. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  209. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  210. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  211. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  212. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  213. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  214. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  215. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  216. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  217. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  218. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  219. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  220. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  221. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  222. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  223. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  224. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  225. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  226. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  227. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  228. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  229. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  230. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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