Startseite A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
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A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction

  • Qisheng Liu , Shaobing Dai , Xinyue Li , Yaqian Chen , Ni Wang , Jianping Wu , Yang Zhou , Bing Yan , Yaohua Guo und Yurong Liu EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 19. September 2025
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Open Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Medicine Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Purpose

This article summarizes the brain research progress and main research techniques of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with cognitive dysfunction in recent years, aiming to provide new ideas for the mechanism research and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature search using the Google Academic database and the PubMed database and then preparing the manuscript.

Results

Cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM is linked to multiple structural alterations in the brain. These alterations encompass cerebral atrophy, vascular damage, increased white matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, a reduction in gray matter volume in the cerebellar cortex, modifications to the structure of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, and frontal cortex damage. Moreover, it may result in neuronal apoptosis and injury, a decline in the generation and maturation of neurons, disrupted or weakened neuronal autophagy, among other consequences. Investigators are employing sophisticated methods such as diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion kurtosis imaging, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood flow examinations, and voxel-based morphometry to investigate these affected brain areas.

Discussion

The pathogenesis of T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction is not fully understood. This article reviews recent advances in the study of T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction and highlights key research methodologies, offering new insights into the mechanisms and potential treatments for cognitive impairment in diabetes. This review provides a new direction for the study of the mechanism and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.

Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus; cognitive dysfunction; research status; brain structure; neural circuits; imaging

1 Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disease characterized by disorders of glucose metabolism. With the rise of an aging population and changes in lifestyle, the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes has been increasing annually, with a notable trend toward younger onset. Data from a national study carried out from 2018 to 2019 indicate that the general occurrence of diabetes in adults over the age of 18 stood at 12.4%. The frequency was found to be 11.5% among females and 13.3% among males [1]. The International Diabetes Federation calculates that globally, there are approximately 415 million individuals living with diabetes, of which 90% suffer from type 2 diabetes [2]. By 2045, it is projected that the global diabetic population will reach 783 million [3]. Complications of diabetes not only damage large blood vessels and microvessels in the heart, brain, kidney, and nervous system but also cognitive impairment (Figure 1). This review discusses recent advances in research on cognitive impairment associated with diabetes. Figure 2 shows the general structure of the content of this article.

Figure 1 Elements influencing cognitive impairment in T2DM include persistent hyperglycemia, extended duration of the disease, the existence of vascular risk elements such as hypertension and obesity, as well as complications from both microvascular and macrovascular diseases. These factors are linked to a higher likelihood of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Figure 1

Elements influencing cognitive impairment in T2DM include persistent hyperglycemia, extended duration of the disease, the existence of vascular risk elements such as hypertension and obesity, as well as complications from both microvascular and macrovascular diseases. These factors are linked to a higher likelihood of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Figure 2 This article explores the various structural and functional changes in the brain associated with type 2 diabetes, outlines the mechanisms of diabetic cognitive impairment through an in-depth study of advanced imaging techniques and recent findings, and highlights potential areas for further research. Figure support was provided by Figdraw.
Figure 2

This article explores the various structural and functional changes in the brain associated with type 2 diabetes, outlines the mechanisms of diabetic cognitive impairment through an in-depth study of advanced imaging techniques and recent findings, and highlights potential areas for further research. Figure support was provided by Figdraw.

Given the significant impact of diabetic complications on cognitive function, we will next delve into the current research status of diabetes-related cognitive impairment both domestically and internationally.

2 Research status domestically and internationally

Studies have shown that approximately 60–70% of diabetic patients experience mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction [4]. Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is primarily linked to brain tissue damage, often manifested as memory and learning difficulties. Epidemiological studies indicate that individuals with T2DM are 60% more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared non-T2DM individuals [5]. Recent research suggests that cognitive impairment in T2DM is associated with insulin resistance and amyloid-beta deposition [6,7] (Figure 3). The brain changes observed in these patients include cerebral small vessel lesions, white matter lesions, altered cerebral perfusion, changes in brain volume, connectivity, and metabolism.

Figure 3 This schematic illustration shows the interaction of different components in brain insulin resistance across the extracellular space, the cell membrane, and the intracellular compartment. Reproduced with permission from ref. [6]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.
Figure 3

This schematic illustration shows the interaction of different components in brain insulin resistance across the extracellular space, the cell membrane, and the intracellular compartment. Reproduced with permission from ref. [6]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

In the past few years, researchers from around the globe have directed their attention to how alterations in neural circuits influence motor control in individuals with diabetes. Ferris et al. have observed that diabetes causes harm to the sensorimotor areas of the central nervous system, subsequently impairing key motor control pathways that involve the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. They emphasize that when studying movement disorders in diabetic patients, it is crucial to consider complications in the central nervous system rather than focusing solely on the peripheral nervous system [8]. However, due to the unclear pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in diabetes, there is currently no effective treatment for this condition [9].

In summary, current research has already revealed the close connection between T2DM and cognitive impairment, and emphasized the necessity of further exploring its neurobiological basis. Next, we will delve into the specific structural changes in the brains of T2DM patients to uncover their potential links to cognitive impairment.

3 Brain structural changes associated with cognitive impairment in T2DM patients

3.1 Brain atrophy and gray matter changes in T2DM

Brain imaging studies of T2DM patients reveal several structural changes, including brain atrophy, cerebrovascular disease, and alterations in brain microstructure, with brain atrophy being the most significantly associated with T2DM [10]. Two MRI studies conducted over time have revealed an accelerated pace of general brain atrophy, especially in those with reduced cognitive abilities, without a notable rise in white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). Type 2 diabetes is linked to reduced gray matter volumes, whereas white matter volumes seem to remain largely unchanged. Furthermore, the volume of ischemic lesions across the brain increases in individuals with T2DM. These indicators are related to cognitive impairments due to diabetes but do not completely account for them [11].

Hirabayashi et al. [12] indicate that T2DM is primarily linked to volume reduction in several regions: the temporal lobe cortex (including fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex), frontal lobe cortex (central anterior gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, anterior frontal gyrus, and lateral orbitofrontal lobe), parietal lobe cortex (central posterior gyrus, central parietal lobule, and anterior cingulate lobe), occipital lobe cortex (parietal lobe), cingulate cortex (posterior cingulate gyrus and cingulate gyrus), insula, and subcortical gray matter nuclei (putamen, thalamus). These findings are consistent with previous studies, which also reported that gray matter atrophy is distributed across the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, precuneus, cingulate gyrus, insula, caudate, and putamen regions (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Schematic representation of the brain regions.
Figure 4

Schematic representation of the brain regions.

3.2 WMHs in T2DM

WMHs are high-intensity areas on MRI scans associated with an increased risk of stroke, cognitive decline, and depression. Identifying the risk factors for WMHs is crucial. Beyond age and hypertension, WMH is significant in both prediabetes and diabetes [13] (Figure 5). T2DM patients often exhibit an abnormal increase in WMHs, which correlates with a higher cardiovascular risk, larger WMH volumes (indicative of white matter dysfunction), slower processing speeds, and attention deficits [14].

Figure 5 Illustration of manual segmentation for WMHs (total WMH volume: 1,835 mm3). (a) Axial T2-weighted FLAIR image from a study subject in his fifth decade. (b) Segmented WMH volume is highlighted in red. The segmentation was performed using ITK-SNAP version 3.6.0. WMH refers to white matter hyperintensity. Reproduced with permission from ref. [13]. Copyright 2021, BMJ Journals.
Figure 5

Illustration of manual segmentation for WMHs (total WMH volume: 1,835 mm3). (a) Axial T2-weighted FLAIR image from a study subject in his fifth decade. (b) Segmented WMH volume is highlighted in red. The segmentation was performed using ITK-SNAP version 3.6.0. WMH refers to white matter hyperintensity. Reproduced with permission from ref. [13]. Copyright 2021, BMJ Journals.

3.3 Cerebral infarction and microbleeds in T2DM patients

Studies conducted by Manschot et al. [15] and Imamine et al. [16] indicate that stroke in individuals with T2DM is correlated with mild cognitive deficits, specifically affecting processing speed, attention, and executive functions. Several longitudinal investigations have also demonstrated a connection between T2DM and the occurrence of stroke [17,18]. Thacker et al. [19] and associates discovered that high levels of insulin resistance and increased fasting plasma glucose are major risk factors for stroke in people without diabetes. Microbleeds, a type of cerebral small vessel disease, are commonly thought to be linked to cognitive decline, particularly in AD. Nevertheless, research on the association between microbleeds and T2DM is sparse. Studies generally agree that the incidence of microbleeds in T2DM patients does not significantly differ from that in healthy individuals [20].

3.4 Frontal cortex damage in T2DM

The frontal lobe is a key component of the cognitive control network [21]. Cognitive control, which is primarily the responsibility of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is supported by a network of interconnected PFC regions across the brain [22]. Research indicates that cognitive deficits in T2DM are linked to structural harm in the brain, especially in areas crucial for cognitive regulation, like the frontal cortex [21]. Zhang et al. reported that T2DM patients with cognitive impairments had lower density in the medial frontal cortex when compared to healthy individuals, implying a connection to cognitive deterioration [23]. Chen et al. found that under conditions of high working memory (WM) demand, a larger number of frontal lobe regions displayed diminished activation, marking the first study to pinpoint specific brain mechanisms associated with WM dysfunction due to diabetes [24]. Additionally, some studies propose that the right frontal cortex could act as a potential imaging biomarker for the early detection of cognitive impairment in T2DM patients [25].

3.5 Neural function and signal transmission abnormalities

3.5.1 Neuronal cell apoptosis and injury

Abnormal neuronal activity and disrupted brain network connectivity form the neural basis of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients [26]. Neuronal apoptosis and injury of neurons are associated with several pathological processes.

3.5.1.1 Neuroinflammatory response

Prolonged exposure to high glucose levels leads to abnormal lipid metabolism, triggering an inflammatory response and disrupting homeostasis. Studies have shown that the dysfunction of cerebellar-brain default mode network (DMN) and executive control network (ECN) circuits in T2DM patients may contribute to cognitive and emotional abnormalities. High glucose levels can damage the intrinsic patterns of cerebellar-brain ECN circuits [27]. Additionally, chronic hyperglycemia increases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing sustained activation of microglia, which ultimately leads to neuronal damage, apoptosis, and cognitive decline [28].

3.5.1.2 Oxidative stress (OS) response

Injury to the blood–brain barrier (BBB) caused by hyperglycemia induces OS in neurons, leading to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neuronal mitochondria, which triggers apoptosis [29]. Excessive ROS production leads to OS, abnormal activation of brain immune cells (microglia and astrocytes), and the release of many inflammatory factors, which damage hippocampal neurons, and contribute to cognitive dysfunction [30]. Research suggests that stilbene glycosides may improve cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice by inhibiting diabetes-induced OS [31]. Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the anterior part of the striatum bed nucleus is projected to the arcuate nucleus to mediate the stress response [32].

3.5.1.3 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress

ER stress can regulate autophagy, induce neuronal apoptosis, and promote cognitive impairment. In T2DM, hippocampal injury combined with increased ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response, leading to increased neuronal apoptosis and cognitive decline [33].

3.5.2 Reduced neurogenesis and decreased neuronal differentiation

The number of new neurons and their ability to differentiate are closely related to their capacity for synaptic integration, which is crucial for proper neural circuit formation. Studies on diabetic mice have found that within 2–3 weeks after neurogenesis, approximately 50% of the new neurons die as they compete for synaptic integration [34].

3.5.3 Autophagy function of neurons is decreased or damaged

Neuronal autophagy is a common pathophysiological mechanism in both T2DM and AD, playing a key role in cognitive dysfunction associated with diabetes [35]. Cognitive decline in T2DM is associated with autophagy dysfunction caused by abnormal autophagosome formation and neuronal degeneration. During the early stages of diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD), the body upregulates autophagy to alleviate diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis and inhibit cognitive decline. However, the use of autophagy inhibitors such as 3-methyladenine can aggravate neuronal apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia, further worsening DACD [36].

3.5.4 Dysfunctional neural signal transmission

3.5.4.1 Abnormal synaptic transmission

Synaptic signaling is crucial for proper neural conduction. In T2DM, hyperphosphorylated Tau protein accumulates in neurons, forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark of AD. These NFTs interfere with normal neuronal function, leading to impaired synaptic transmission, and disrupted neural conduction.

3.5.4.2 Neurotransmitter abnormalities

Studies have shown a significant reduction in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in T2DM mice, which contributes to cognitive decline. Additionally, in the hippocampus of diabetic rat models, the expression of NMDA receptors decreases, hindering long-term potentiation (LTP) and leading to deficits in memory and learning [37].

3.5.5 Changes of neurons in the hippocampus

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is the physiological foundation of cognitive function. The postsynaptic glutamate-NMDA receptor complex regulates the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons and plays a key role in the development of LTP and long-term depression [38]. Transmission electron microscopy studies on T1DM rats have revealed synaptic abnormalities, including reduced synapse numbers, shorter active regions, wider synaptic gaps, and fewer, smaller, and less-defined synaptic vesicles [39]. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to neurotoxic effects, such as the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, which damage synaptic mitochondria, increase OS, and impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity [40].

In addition to changes in brain structure, advanced imaging techniques can also reveal brain structural alterations, monitor cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolic abnormalities, capture neural functional and connectivity abnormalities, evaluate the BBB and neuroinflammation, and conduct longitudinal tracking and mechanism verification, thus providing key tools for revealing the neural mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM.

4 Technology for detecting T2DM patients

T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction is associated with a range of structural alterations in the brain, including atrophy, WMHs, and frontal cortex damage, among others. To further our understanding of these changes and their implications for cognitive function, advanced imaging technologies play a crucial role. These technologies not only help visualize the structural abnormalities but also provide insights into the functional and metabolic aspects of the brain. In this section, we will outline the key techniques currently employed in detecting cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients and discuss their application value.

4.1 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

DTI leverages the movement of water molecules within tissues to assess the integrity of cerebral white matter and analyze white matter fiber bundles. A key diffusion parameter in DTI is mean diffusivity (MD); higher MD values indicate greater damage to white matter fiber bundles [41]. Studies have shown that T2DM patients exhibit significantly higher MD values in both cerebral hemispheres, indicating white matter damage [42]. A meta-analysis identified abnormalities in ten white matter regions, including the corpus callosum, the fibrillar genera of the corpus callosum, the bilateral anterior radial coronary arteries, the bilateral supra-radial coronary arteries, the bilateral cingulate bands, and the bilateral supra-occipital fascicles [43]. DTI provides a valuable tool for the early detection of microstructural brain lesions in T2DM.

4.2 Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)

DKI is an advanced form of DTI that measures the deviation of water molecule diffusion from a Gaussian distribution. DKI offers a more precise analysis of tissue microstructures of tissues, including both white and grey matter, compared to traditional DTI [44]. In T2DM patients, DKI studies have detected microstructural abnormalities in cerebral white matter even before cognitive decline becomes apparent [45].

4.3 Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI)

rs-fMRI tracks brain function by assessing blood oxygen level-dependent signals during a state of rest in the patient [46]. This method has gained extensive use in investigating the neuropathological substrates contributing to cognitive decline in T2DM.

Investigations using rs-fMRI have zeroed in on the DMN, which comprises critical brain structures such as the medial PFC, posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, sub-parietal lobule, lateral temporal cortex, and hippocampus. Studies have observed that T2DM patients experiencing mild cognitive impairment exhibit a reduction in functional connectivity within various DMN areas, including the right superior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left angular gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, and the hippocampus, when compared to those without the condition [47,48]. These observations imply that disturbances in DMN connectivity are correlated with cognitive deficits in T2DM, shedding light on the neuropathological mechanisms at work.

4.4 CBF studies

CBF quantifies tissue blood perfusion and reflects changes in cerebral hemodynamic, which are regulated by the neurovascular unit to maintain normal neuronal function. Altered CBF can cause neuronal damage and apoptosis [49]. Research indicates that T2DM patients experience inadequate perfusion in brain regions [50] such as the occipital lobe, DMN-related domains, and cerebellum, which may contribute to cognitive dysfunction [51].

4.5 Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies

VBM, introduced in 1995, is a technique for measuring structural brain changes, initially used in schizophrenia research [52]. Over time, VBM has been refined and is now commonly used to analyze gray matter in various brain disorders due to objectivity and high reproducibility.

Extensive research has demonstrated that individuals with T2DM exhibit a decrease in gray matter volume, notably in the medial temporal lobe, medial frontal lobe, and anterior cingulate gyrus, alongside a reduction in white matter in the frontotemporal regions [53] (Figure 6 and Table 1). The atrophy observed in the hippocampal area of T2DM patients is directly proportional to the extent of whole-brain atrophy and may be associated with cognitive decline [54]. Studies using VBM have revealed that a decrease in gray matter density within the brain could be an early sign of impending cognitive impairment in those with T2DM [55].

Figure 6 Map depicting the probability of gray matter atrophy due to T2DM. The highlighted voxels represent the brain regions where gray matter atrophy is most probable as a result of T2DM, ranging from a false discovery rate of P < 0.001 (depicted in orange) to P < 0.0001 (depicted in yellow). A comprehensive list of these areas can be found in Table S1. (a) Inferior area, (b) temporal area, (c) medial area, and (d) superior area. Reproduced with permission from ref. [53]. Copyright 2013, Diabetes Care.
Figure 6

Map depicting the probability of gray matter atrophy due to T2DM. The highlighted voxels represent the brain regions where gray matter atrophy is most probable as a result of T2DM, ranging from a false discovery rate of P < 0.001 (depicted in orange) to P < 0.0001 (depicted in yellow). A comprehensive list of these areas can be found in Table S1. (a) Inferior area, (b) temporal area, (c) medial area, and (d) superior area. Reproduced with permission from ref. [53]. Copyright 2013, Diabetes Care.

Table 1

Associations between T2DM and MRI measures. Reproduced with permission from ref. [53]. Copyright 2013, Diabetes Care. Supplementary information for Table 1 can be found in the Supplementary Material

MRI measures T2DM (n = 350) No T2DM (n = 363) Association of T2DM with MRI measures1 P value for regression
Gray matter volume (mL) 579.9 (66.9) 583.4 (63.1) −13.1 (−18.7 to −7.6) <0.001
Right hippocampal volume (mL) 2.32 (0.47) 2.77 (0.50) −0.47 (−0.54 to −0.40) <0.001
Left hippocampal volume (mL) 2.22 (0.44) 2.61 (0.48) −0.41 (−0.48 to −0.34) <0.001
Total hippocampal volume (mL) 4.54 (0.86) 5.38 (0.91) −0.88 (−1.01 to −0.75) <0.001
White matter volume (mL) 454.8 (62.1) 456.1 (55.5) −6.14 (−11.9 to −0.42) 0.05
White matter lesion volume (mL) 6.04 (6.99) 7.10 (8.0) 0.59 (−0.54 to 1.71) 0.32
Infarct yes/no (%)a,b 75 (21) 58 (16) 0.62 (0.21 to 1.04) 0.001
Microbleed yes/no (%)b 14 (4) 22 (6) −0.25 (−0.97 to 0.46) 0.41

Data are mean (SD) and β (95% CI). 1Adjusted for age, sex, and total intracranial volume. aNot adjusted for total intracranial volume. bNot adjusted for stroke history.

5 Conclusions

The incidence of DM with cognitive dysfunction is on the rise, often progressing to dementia, which causes significant suffering for patients and their families. This highlights the urgent need for more in-depth research to identify ways to prevent or delay the onset of cognitive dysfunction in DM patients. While brain atrophy has been closely linked to cognitive dysfunction in T2DM, the precise mechanisms remain unclear.

The pathogenesis of T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction is not yet fully understood, and neuroimaging studies exploring changes in brain neural circuits in T2DM cognitive dysfunction are still in their early stages. Some studies have produced conflicting results, indicating the need for further investigation. However, these findings lay the foundation for more extensive and comprehensive future research on T2DM with cognitive dysfunction. Further studies into the specific mechanisms of brain microstructure damage caused by T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction could lead to earlier interventions and improved quality of life of these patients.

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Program No. 82301383) and the Hubei University of Science and Technology Doctoral Start-up Fund Project (Grant No. BK202514).

  2. Author contributions: Qisheng Liu, Shaobing Dai, Xinyue Li, Yaqian Chen, Ni Wang, and Jianping Wu are responsible for writing the manuscript; Yurong Liu is responsible for guiding the content of the article; YangZhou, BingYan, and Yaohua Guo are responsible for collecting literature; Qisheng Liu and Yurong Liu are responsible for editing the manuscript before final submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.

  4. Data availability statement: All data were included in the study and Table S1. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

  5. Supplementary material: For additional explanations regarding Table 1, please refer Table S1.

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Received: 2025-03-12
Revised: 2025-06-12
Accepted: 2025-07-01
Published Online: 2025-09-19

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1253
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
type 2 diabetes mellitus; cognitive dysfunction; research status; brain structure; neural circuits; imaging
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Review Articles
  156. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  157. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  158. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  159. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  160. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  161. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  162. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  163. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  164. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  165. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  166. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  167. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  168. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  169. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  170. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  171. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  172. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  173. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  174. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  175. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  176. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  177. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  178. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  179. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  180. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  181. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  182. Case Reports
  183. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  184. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  185. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  186. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  187. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  188. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  189. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  190. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  191. Rapid Communication
  192. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  193. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  194. Letter to the Editor
  195. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  196. Expression of Concern
  197. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  198. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  199. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  200. Corrigendum
  201. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  202. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  203. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  204. Retraction
  205. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  206. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  207. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  208. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  209. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  210. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  211. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  212. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  213. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  214. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  215. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  216. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  217. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  218. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  219. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  220. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  221. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  222. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  223. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  224. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  225. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  226. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  227. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  228. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  229. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  230. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 25.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2025-1253/html?lang=de
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