Home Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
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Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report

  • Xiang Ji , Meng Wang , Aihong Zhao , Jian Ding EMAIL logo and Yunjie Zhang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 16, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Mucinous carcinoma is a rare clinical disease. Although well described in the literature, a mucinous carcinoma diagnosis is often difficult due to its atypical clinical presentation. We report a female patient with a right inguinal mass and ileocecal myxo carcinoma who was misdiagnosed as having a right incarcerated inguinal hernia invading the peritoneum incarcerated inguinal hernia and ileocecal myxo carcinoma. Intraoperative exploration of the mucous material occupying the patient’s right lower abdominal cavity and exclusion of right inguinal incarcerated hernia revealed the misdiagnosis. The first clinical manifestations of ileocecal mucinous carcinoma are often not readily apparent and may be misdiagnosed as an incarcerated inguinal hernia. When a color ultrasonography suggests an incarcerated inguinal hernia, an abdominal CT should be considered, and an enhanced CT should be performed as needed to observe the abdominal cavity. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma should also be distinguished from other diseases with similar clinical manifestations. The patient had received conservative treatment for acute appendicitis, and it is recommended to conduct a B-ultrasound, CT, and other reviews after surgery. Clinicians should be aware of missed surgical opportunities following appendicitis caused by mucinous adenoma.

Keywords: mucinous carcinoma; diagnostic errors; case report; incarcerated hernia; ileocecal junction

1 Introduction

Highly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma are more common than mucinous adenocarcinoma in the ileocecal region [1]. Mucinous adenocarcinoma refers to a tumor with at least 50% extracellular mucus, preferentially located in the sigmoid colon of the rectum [2]. Mucinous colorectal malignant adenomas are found in 10–20% of colorectal cancer patients [3,4] and are more common in women and younger patients; mucinous colorectal malignant adenomas are also more common in the proximal colon and are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage [5,6,7]. We report a female patient who experienced a misdiagnosis of a right inguinal mass caused by ileocecal mucinous carcinoma invading the peritoneum as a right inguinal incarcerated hernia. During the operation, mucinous substances occupied the patient’s right lower abdominal cavity, and hard masses could be reached in the blind part of the right lower abdominal gyrus; these masses invaded the omentum, right posterior peritoneum, right lateral peritoneum, right lower abdominal wall, and pelvic cavity, and these were fixed and immobilized. Multiple mucoid substances were found, which were nonresectable, so tumor reduction was performed. The patient recovered after surgery.

2 Case presentation

2.1 Patient history

The patient is a 75-year-old female. Due to the location of the tumor in the “right groin area” and the persistence of the tumor beyond 10 days, the patient was hospitalized. The patient was found to have a small, painless right groin area retractable mass without obvious inducement 1 year ago, which was prominent when standing, walking, and when abdominal pressure increased. No relevant treatment was given at that time. Ten days before admission, the tumor became prominent and could not be retracted, accompanied by abdominal pain and distension. Levofloxacin was taken orally for 2 days (500 mg/day) to prevent infection, but abdominal pain and distension were not significantly relieved. When the patient was admitted to the emergency department of the hospital, the results of an abdominal routine scan suggested an incarcerated hernia. After admission, the tumor in the right groin area was investigated and could not be retracted, accompanied by abdominal pain and distension, fever of up to 38.5°C, difficult stool, no fart and excrement within 3 days, and nearly 2.5 kg weight loss over the 6 month period before admission.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

2.2 Physical and laboratory exams

The physical examination results revealed a fever of 38.5°C, heart rate of 109 times/min, respiration of 21 times/min, and blood pressure of 105/58 mmHg. A bulging mass of about 20 × 15 cm in size was observed in the patient’s right groin area, with red skin color, a clear border, and tough quality. The right groin mass was tender and could not be retracted, the bowel sound was weakened, and no abnormalities were observed in the left groin area. Laboratory examination showed the concentrations of White blood cells at 13.18 × 109/L, neutrophils absolute value at 12.17 × 109/L, Red blood cells at 2.3 × 1012/L, hemoglobin at 74 g/L, and hypersensitive C-reactive protein at >200 mg/L.

2.3 Surgical intervention and prognosis

A right inguinal incarcerated hernia restoration and exploratory laparotomy were prepared after the contraindication was excluded. During the operation, an oblique incision about 6 cm long was made in the right groin area, and the skin and subcutaneous tissue were cut. Edema and thin subcutaneous tissue showed subcutaneous purulent exudation; no hernia sac structure was seen, the structure of the inguinal canal was disturbed, and the abdominal wall of the lower right abdomen showed a huge pus cavity. After the incision, about 300 mL of grayish white pus was extracted. The pus cavity was about 15 × 12 cm in size and was cleaned up. A 2 × 3 cm abdominal wall defect at the base of the pus cavity was investigated and connected with the abdominal cavity down to the pelvic cavity. Mucinous tumor invasion of the right lower abdomen was considered. After the medical team explained the situation to the patient’s family, the patient underwent exploratory abdominal resection, reduction of mucinous tumor in the ileocecal junction, and incision debridement and drainage for infection of the right lower abdominal wall. About 100 mL of ascites was detected in the abdomen through the rectus abdominis exploration incision, and hard masses could be reached in the blind part of the right lower abdomen that invaded the omentum, right posterior peritoneum, right lateral peritoneum, right lower abdomen abdominal wall, and pelvic cavity; these masses were fixed and immobilized. Multiple mucoid substances were found and could not be resected. After mucous cleaning, tumor reduction surgery was performed. No intestinal content overflow was found, and the excision was sent to routine pathology. Pathological findings showed that the morphology was consistent with mucinous carcinoma secondary to low-grade mucinous tumor, and primary teratoma of the small intestine, appendix, and ovary were excluded. The patient was discharged successfully after surgery (Figure 1).

Figure 1 (a–c) Hernia contents; (d) inguinal ultrasound; (e) clinical manifestation; and (f) pathological picture.
Figure 1

(a–c) Hernia contents; (d) inguinal ultrasound; (e) clinical manifestation; and (f) pathological picture.

3 Discussion and conclusion

An incarcerated inguinal hernia is a common and frequently occurring disease in clinical surgery. Its main manifestations include abdominal pain, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc. In severe cases, the hernia block will suddenly harden and enlarge [8]. The annual prevalence rate of adult inguinal incarcerated hernia is estimated at 0.3–2.9%. Due to the narrow hernia ring and the failure of hernia contents to return to the abdominal cavity, blood flow disturbance will occur. If not handled in a timely manner or if handled improperly, it will progress to a strangulated hernia, which may cause intestinal obstruction, necrosis, rupture, peritonitis, and toxic shock and may even be life-threatening in severe cases [9]. An incarcerated inguinal hernia generally occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. Once the disease occurs in patients, if it is not treated in time, it may cause intestinal obstruction, and intestinal perforation symptoms may occur in severe cases, eventually evolving into a strangulated hernia, which seriously affects the safety and quality of life of patients [10]. An incarcerated hernia is characterized by sudden enlargement of the hernia mass along with significant pain, failure to retract the hernia mass by lying flat or pushing by hand, and significant tenderness. The symptoms of mechanical intestinal obstruction, such as abdominal distension and stopping of fart and defecation, occurred. 10 days before admission, the patient had a prominent tumor that could not be retracted, accompanied by abdominal pain, distension, fever reaching 38.5°C, constipation, no exhaust and defecation in 3 days, and other symptoms. The tumor was protruding in the right groin, about 20 × 15 cm in size, red in color, clear in boundary, tough in quality, and tender; the mass was unretractable and there was weakened bowel sound. The Leucocyte rate was 13.18 × 109/L, CT and color ultrasound and other related auxiliary examinations are helpful for the diagnosis of inguinal incarcerated hernia. Therefore, an incarcerated hernia could not be ruled out.

Clinical manifestations are not limited to increased stool frequency, cases of severe and long-term constipation have been described for tumors of the ileocecal region. Histological types are divided into papillary adenocarcinoma, tubular adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, etc. The most common are highly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ileocecal region is rare [1]. Mucinous adenocarcinoma has a high malignancy, high recurrence rate, and high metastasis rate, and it is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis based on the preoperative colonoscopy pathology [11]. Adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a rare malignant invasive adenoid tumor, accounting for 0.08% of all surgically removed appendicitis cases and 0.2–0.5% of all gastrointestinal tumors [12,13,14,15,16]. Intraoperative exploration of palpable hard masses in the blind part of the right lower abdominal gyrus, fixed and immovable, combined with a previous history of appendicitis and pathological reports suggest that the primary site of the disease in this patient is the appendix, and it is considered to be mucous cancer secondary to a low-grade mucous tumor of the appendix. Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) was caused from the perforation rupture, resulting from penetration of the abdominal wall. Prolonged appendicitis symptoms may indicate the presence of a malignant adenoma of the appendix [16]. When penetrating the wall of the appendix, mucinous tumors may attach the appendix to a neighboring organ (e.g., the psoas major muscle) and less commonly arise through the skin of the fistula. It may be diagnosed as a muscle abscess. Rupture of mucocele can lead to PMP [17,18].

Combined with the clinical characteristics of incarcerated hernia, the patient had prominent and unretractable masses 10 days before admission, accompanied by abdominal pain and distension, and no exhaust and defecation for 3 days. The patient had previously retractable masses and had a reversible history. The patient described symptoms of unretractable masses 10 days ago, so incarceration and secondary infection were considered. A bulging mass was found in the patient’s right groin area, about 20 × 15 cm in size, with red skin color, clear border, and tough quality. The right groin mass was tender and could not be retracted, and the intestinal bowel sound was weakened. No abnormalities were found in the left groin area. Combined with B ultrasonography and CT-assisted examination, the results were consistent with an incarcerated hernia. Combined with the relevant auxiliary examination and the patient’s symptoms, the patient was presumed to have the characteristics of an incarcerated hernia. Thus, our preliminary diagnosis was an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Combined with the patient’s history, characteristics, symptoms, and signs, the patient was considered to have a right inguinal incarcerated hernia. Due to the atypical signs and symptoms of ileocecal carcinoma, the patient did not complain of pus and bloody stools or increased stool frequency, so they were misdiagnosed with a right inguinal hernia.

Nagata et al. [19] reported a case of a large appendiceal mucocele characterized by abdominal mass. Handler et al. [20] reported a unique case of malignant mucinous adenoma of the appendix in a 57-year-old man, who initially presented with a mass in the right thigh followed by a tumor extending from the right lower abdomen to the femoral duct. There are similarities between this case and the one we have reported. Spiridakis et al. [21] reported a rare case of anal fistula and recurrent perianal abscess in a 79-year-old Greek Caucasian male patient, which was subsequently found to have developed synchronous recto-sigmoid and perianal mucous adenocarcinoma at biopsy. Histological examination revealed two sites of mucinous adenocarcinoma, representing two tumors. The patient underwent a combined laparoscopic perineal and extramural levator abdominectomy in which both lesions were removed. There was no recurrence after 4 years of follow-up. El Alaoui et al. [22] reported a case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the scrotum secondary to the fistula of the scrotum. Stewart et al. [23] reported on a patient with metastatic malignant adenoma of the pancreas, which presented as cystic masses in the supraclavicular and axillary areas. Wang et al. [24] reported a case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ileocecal region with hip abscess as the first manifestation.

Mucocele ileocecal carcinoma is a rare clinical disease. In clinical cases, routine clinical manifestations include changes in bowel frequency, duration of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Special clinical manifestations include surface mass, incarcerated hernia, anal fistula, and hip abscess. Ultrasound, CT, and other examinations should be taken into account in the diagnosis, and a biopsy should be performed if necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Pay attention to patients’ previous abdominal history and be aware of missed surgery opportunities due to myxadenoma-related diseases such as appendicitis.

# The contributions of the authors are equal.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the surgeons and nurses who played a role in taking care of this patient at the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of traditional Chinese Medicine.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by Shandong Natural Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: ZR2021QH046; ZR2021MH297. The Science and Technology project of traditional Chinese medicine in Shandong province, Grant/Award Number: 2021Z043.

  2. Author contributions: Xiang Ji prepared the initial draft of the manuscript and revised the manuscript. Meng Wang and Jian Ding critically reviewed and revised the manuscript and provided input on the surgery aspects of the manuscript. Aihong Zhao and Yunjie Zhang critically reviewed and revised the manuscript . All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-06-04
Revised: 2024-08-27
Accepted: 2024-10-16
Published Online: 2024-12-16

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
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  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
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  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
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  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
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  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
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  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
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  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-1002
Keywords for this article
mucinous carcinoma; diagnostic errors; case report; incarcerated hernia; ileocecal junction
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
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  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
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  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
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  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
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  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
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  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
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  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
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  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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