Home First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
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First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province

  • Wei Pan , Bingqian Zhuo , Sumei Wang , Jieping Long , Wei Xu , Mengyuan Chen , Xin Hong and Yumei Ge EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 18, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia spp., mainly affecting immunocompromised hosts. Nocardia infection is not common; especially Nocardia wallacei infection is even rarer. The patient, female, 61 years old, farmer, has been working in the field for a long time and has normal immune function. Her main clinical manifestation was persistent back pain. Chest-enhanced computed tomography showed pulmonary inflammation. Rare pathogen Nocardia wallacei was detected in alveolar lavage fluid using matrix-assisted laser destructive ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. She received treatment with linezolid and was discharged after her condition improved.

Keywords: nocardiosis; Nocardia wallacei; linezolid; immunocompetent; MALDI-TOF MS

1 Introduction

In recent years, with the increase of HIV infection, solid organ transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autoimmune disease patients treated with corticosteroids, hematological malignancies, and lung structural and functional damage, Nocardiosis has begun to appear frequently in the public health [1]. Nocardiosis is a rare bacterial infection caused by Nocardia that usually affects individuals with low immunity and has a high incidence rate and mortality [2,3]. Nocardiosis mainly manifests as fever, cough, sputum, chest pain, and other symptoms, which has no characteristic clinical manifestations compared with other infections and make it challenging to diagnose in clinical practice [4]. Nocardia is a group of aerobic actinomycetes, mostly saprophytic and mainly distributed in soil. It is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that primarily invades the body through the respiratory tract or wounds, causing purulent infections. In severe cases, it can spread to multiple organs through the bloodstream [2,4,5]. Currently, over 90 species of Nocardia have been described, of which approximately 30 can cause human diseases [4,6]. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica and Nocardia farcinica are considered the main pathogenic species worldwide, while in China, Nocardia asteroides is commonly found [7]. Nocardia wallacei was initially characterized in 2008 through molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the 65-kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp65) gene, and the secA1 gene, substantiated by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques. [8]. To date, a total of nine documented clinical cases of infections caused by Nocardia wallacei have been globally reported [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. It has become one of the emerging species of human pathogenic Nocardia and has brought therapeutic challenges, which have attracted researchers’ attention due to its high levels of antibiotic resistance, especially to the aminoglycosides. There are fewer types of antibiotics available for the treatment of Nocardia wallacei compared to other Nocardia spp. of antibiotic therapy [17]. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone or in combination is still the first line and preferred empirical medication for the treatment of all types of nocardiosis, including Nocardia wallacei infections, due to the high sensitivity of the Nocardia genus to sulfonamide [2,18]. We report the first patient with Nocardia wallacei infection who was allergic to sulfamethoxazole and improved after treatment with linezolid in Zhejiang.

2 Case presentation

2.1 Clinical features

A 61-year-old female farmer was admitted due to persistent back pain. Abnormal elevation of neutrophils (79.2%) and C-reactive protein (46.5 mg/L) were indicated by blood routine examination (Table 1). Computed tomography (CT) scan showed pulmonary inflammation with bronchiectasis (Figure 1).

Table 1

Clinical and laboratory indicators of the patient

Laboratory/clinical indicators Measurements Normal interval
White blood cells 9.2 × 109/L 3.5–9.5 × 109/L
Lymphocytes 14.10% 20–50%
Monocytes 6.00% 3–10%
Neutrophils 79.20% 40–75%
Eosinophils 0.4 × 109/L 0.4–8.0 × 109/L
Basophils 0.3 × 109/L 0.0–1.0 × 109/L
Red blood cells 3.79 × 1012/L 3.8–5.1 × 1012/L
Hemoglobin 120 g/L 115–150 g/L
Platelets 204 × 109/L 125–350 × 109/L
C-reactive protein 46.5 mg/L 0.0–8.0 mg/L
Blood pressure 132/72 mmHg
Respiratory rate 20 Breaths/min
Heart rate 91 Beats/min
Temperature 37.0°C 　
Figure 1 CT image of the patient’s lungs.
Figure 1

CT image of the patient’s lungs.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has complied with all the relevant national regulations, and institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Haiyan People’s Hospital. (Ethics Committee Approval of Biomedical Research Involving Humans, Approval No.: 202310).

3 Etiological examination

Microscopic characteristics of the patient’s alveolar lavage fluid were determined by Gram staining. A large number of Gram-positive filamentous bacteria were observed to be arranged radially, with varying shades of staining resembling beads under oil microscopy, indicating that it may be of the genus Nocardia (Figure 2a). Acid-fast staining was weakly positive under an oil microscope (Figure 2b). White colonies of varying sizes, dry or waxy colonies, with wrinkles and particles on the surface were observed after 3 days of aerobic incubation on a blood agar plate (containing blood components that provide ample nutrients and growth factors, suitable for the growth of most aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria) of alveolar lavage fluid (Figure 2c). The Nocardia wallacei colony was picked out with sterile toothpicks or inoculation rings, and the bacteria were evenly smeared on the target plate dedicated to Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to form a thin layer to avoid overlapping. Formic acid was added dropwise, and the plate was dried. Matrix liquid was then added dropwise. After the target plate was dried, it was detected on the machine. In the mass spectrometer, the sample was separated by effective ionization to form a clear fingerprint of bacteria specificity. MALDI-TOF MS was used for colony identification and it indicated Nocardia wallacei with a 99.9% confidence (Figure 2d).

Figure 2 Etiological examination: (a) Gram-positive bacteria were observed by Gram staining under an oil mirror (×1,000 magnification); (b) acid-fast staining under oil mirror (×1,000 magnification); (c) wrinkled, dry, and white colonies of different sizes were observed by culture on the blood agar plate; (d) MALDI-TOF MS confirmed it was Nocardia wallacei.
Figure 2

Etiological examination: (a) Gram-positive bacteria were observed by Gram staining under an oil mirror (×1,000 magnification); (b) acid-fast staining under oil mirror (×1,000 magnification); (c) wrinkled, dry, and white colonies of different sizes were observed by culture on the blood agar plate; (d) MALDI-TOF MS confirmed it was Nocardia wallacei.

4 Treatment and prognosis

Due to the patient’s complaint about previous allergies to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, we used an intravenous infusion of 0.6 g of linezolid every 12 h for anti-infection treatment of Nocardia wallacei. After 18 days, the patient’s inflammatory indicators returned to normal and the condition improved significantly. The intravenous injection of linezolid was stopped and the patient was discharged. She was recommended to continue taking oral linezolid for treatment and regularly return to the respiratory clinic for follow-up. The patient’s current prognosis is excellent according to our latest follow-up (6 months since the first treatment of linezolid).

5 Discussion

The clinical manifestations and imaging features of nocardiosis are nonspecific, so it may be misdiagnosed as other infections including lung abscess, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and pulmonary aspergillosis [19]. Pulmonary infection is the most common manifestation of nocardiosis [20]. The lung CT of our case showed inflammation, and the lung infection was likely acquired by inhaling Nocardia from dust or soil. The patient is a farmer who has been working in the field for a long time, so she may have the potential risk of infection by pathogens in the soil. Although Nocardia has been reported in medical literature, Nocardia wallacei infection in humans is rare and easily misdiagnosed. A total of nine cases of Nocardia wallacei infection were reported in the world, including four cases of immunocompetent patients and five cases of immunocompromised patients (one case of diabetes mellitus, two cases of HIV infection, one case of lymphoma, and one case of oral carcinoma; Table 2). Nocardia is identified as a bacterium that is aerobic, gram-positive, partially acid-fast, resistant to lysozyme, and positive for catalase [8]. It displays a unique cellular morphology with beaded, branching characteristics. Diagnosis and identification of Nocardia are crucial due to the requirement for specific antibiotics in treatment, with antibiotic susceptibility varying among strains. Initially, careful examination of pus, sputum, or other exudates and secretions for pigment granules is conducted. Smears or crush preparations of these samples undergo Gram staining and acid-fast staining. The presence of Gram-positive, branching filaments that are partially acid-fast may suggest Nocardia, albeit requiring differentiation from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this case, upon bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid smear microscopy, numerous Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria arranged radially were observed, appearing like beads under oil immersion microscopy with variations in staining intensity, indicative of possible Nocardia species. A weakly positive result on modified acid-fast staining further supported this preliminary identification. Culturing of the BAL fluid yielded colonies of varied sizes, with a wrinkled, dry, and white appearance. In recent years, the number of microbial species that MALDI-TOF MS can routinely identify has increased, and now, it can reliably identify closely related species, including Nocardia [21]. MALDI-TOF MS has become the reference method for routine identification of bacterial isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories worldwide [22]. MALDI-TOF MS analysis identified the isolate as Nocardia wallacei, thereby consolidating the diagnosis of a Nocardia infection. A German pathologist discovered in 1932 that berberine had an inhibitory effect on Streptococcus, marking the earliest discovery of the antimicrobial effect of sulfonamide drugs [15]. Sulfonamide drugs have been in clinical use for nearly 50 years, exhibiting advantages such as a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, stability, low cost, high production yield, and convenient usage [23]. The combination of trimethorprim-sulfamethoxazole remains one of the preferred antibiotic treatments for Nocardia infections [24,25]. In this case, the patient exhibited an allergic reaction to sulfonamide drugs, rendering them unsuitable for treatment. Consequently, we opted for linezolid to improve the patient’s condition. Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent, belonging to the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics. It finds clinical utility in treating infections caused by Gram-positive aerobic bacteria including Nocardia wallacei [14]. Masahiro Toyokawa et al. found in their study of 146 strains of Nocardia receiving AST that linezolid was the most active drug among all species and did not exhibit in vitro resistance. In the absence of species identification, linezolid is a preferential empirical treatment option [16]. This is the first case report of Nocardia wallacei infection in Zhejiang, China, and it confirmed that it can cause pulmonary infection in immunocompetent patients.

Table 2

Reported cases of N. wallacei in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients

Year Country Age Gender ① Infection types Associated risk factors/underlying disease Symptoms and radiological findings Targeted therapy Outcome Reference
② Sample sources
③ Identification method
2023 China 61 Female Lungs Immunocompetent Persistent back pain, CT: pulmonary inflammation with bronchiectasis Linezolid, 0.6 g, 12 h Rehabilitation Present case
BALF
MALDI-TOF MS
2023 India 75 Male Lungs Type 2 diabetes mellitus and epilepsy Acute febrile, lower respiratory tract infection, bilateral pneumonia, severe hypoxia, fever and shortness of breath cough and weakness. X-ray: bilateral nodular opacities and infiltrates, along with areas of consolidation. CT: multiple heterogeneously enhancing lesions of bilateral lung fields with consolidation of the right lower lobe. None Died Ranjan et al. [9]
Sputum
16s rRNA sequencing
2023 China 59 Female Lungs and subcutaneous Immunocompetent Paroxysmal cough, mucus sputum, pain in the chest and back, lump on back has grown larger. CT: a right upper lung nodule, destruction of the right lung, the bone destruction of the right ribs Imipenem 1.0 g ivgtt, Clarithromycin 0.5 g po, Doxycycline 0.1 g po, 12 h to suppress Mycobacterium abscessus TMP-SMX 0.96 g po, 6 h to suppress N. wallacei. Rehabilitation Qin et al. [10]
Skin pus
mNGS
2022 Italy 80 Male Brain and lungs Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Progressive ideomotor impairment, disorientation, and memory deficiency. CT scan and brain MRI showed necrotic lesions with associated oedema in the left frontal and parietal lobe. CT: multiple bilateral nodules and consolidations, along with bilateral pleural effusion. TMP/SMX and linezolid (600 mg, 12 h). Rehabilitation Palomba et al. [11]
Brain specimen
Not mentioned
2020 American 46 Male Lungs and brain Immunocompetent Worsening visual acuity, diplopia, left arm numbness, left facial droop and left hemiparesis. CT: abdomen and pelvis showed a 5 × 5 cm thick walled left upper lobe lung cavitary lesion and a cystic adrenal mass with necrotic supraclavicular and mediastinal lymphadenopathy TMP/SMX and aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Tobramycin) Not mentioned Sithamraju et al. [12]
Purulent fluid
16s rRNA sequencing
2018 Mexico 18 Female Skin and soft tissue Immunocompetent Increased volume and draining nod-ules of the left leg, tinea versicolor, extensive seborrheic dermatitis, and disseminated molluscum contagiosum, fever and low back pain. MRI: a collection in the left psoas Linezolid 600 mg, 3 months Rehabilitation Welsh et al. [13]
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
2016 Mexico 43 Female Lungs HIV Presenting a breathing failure. Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned González-Nava et al. [14]
Sputum
16s rRNA sequencing
2013 France 62 Female Lung and brain Immunocompetent Headache, breathing failure and right pleuritic CT: disseminated pulmonary nodulesa. MRI: brain abscess Linezolid 600 mg/12 h; ciprofloxacin, 500 mg/8 h, 2weeks; TMP-SMX and linezolid/12 h, 4weeks Rehabilitation Cassir et al. [15]
BALF
16s rRNA sequencing
2013 Arabia 54 Male Lung HIV Chronic pulmonary illness, CT: multiple nodular lesions Not mentioned Rehabilitation Hamid et al. [16]
BALF
16s rRNA sequencing
2008 American 57 Male Pleura and brain Oral carcinoma, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia With a 3-week history of chills, fever, cough, and left pleuritic pain. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin and so on Died Conville et al. [8]
Pleural fluid and sputum
16s rRNA sequencing

6 Conclusion

We report the first case of pulmonary infection caused by Nocardia wallacei in a patient with normal immune function in Zhejiang province. This Nocardia wallacei isolate was successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS, which provided a new option for the identification of Nocardia. After treatment with linezolid, inflammation indicators of the patient returned to normal and improved. Including this case, only 10 cases of Nocardia wallacei infection have been reported so far, thus more cases are needed for the investigation of spatiotemporal distribution and drug sensitivity of Nocardia wallacei isolates as well as clinical manifestation, morbidity and mortality of the patients.

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

We thank all members of the microbiology laboratory of Haiyan People’s Hospital for their help in the collection of clinical data.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Wei Pan: writing – original draft; Bingqian Zhuo: conceptualization, writing – original draft; Sumei Wang: data curation; Jieping Long: data curation; Wei Xu: formal analysis; Xin Hong: formal analysis; Mengyuan Chen: data curation; Yumei Ge: writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-03-14
Revised: 2024-05-09
Accepted: 2024-05-18
Published Online: 2024-06-18

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
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  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
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  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
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  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
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  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0891
Keywords for this article
nocardiosis; Nocardia wallacei; linezolid; immunocompetent; MALDI-TOF MS
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
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  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
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  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
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  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
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  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
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  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
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  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
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  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
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  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
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  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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