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Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control

  • Monika Grzanka , Andrzej Joniec , Janusz Rogulski , Łukasz Sobiech EMAIL logo , Robert Idziak and Barbara Loryś
Published/Copyright: April 26, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Delayed sowing of winter cereals or unfavorable weather conditions in autumn may make it impossible to carry out herbicide treatment in autumn. In such cases, weed control should be started in the spring. During this time, the plantation should be protected as effectively as possible because the weeds are at an advanced stage of growth. Therefore, they are less sensitive to applied herbicides. In the treatment, it is worth using a mixture of different mechanisms of action. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a band of tribenuron-methyl, and MCPA applied as soluble granules in spring control of dicotyledonous in winter cereals. The biological efficacy of herbicides was estimated in the 25 field experiments on winter cereals in Poland. Postemergence, a spring application of tribenuron-methyl + MCPA, effectively controls the majority of weed species present in spring: Anthemis arvensis, Brassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Centaurea cyanus, Lamium purpureum, Matricaria chamomilla, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Stellaria media and Thlaspi arvense. Satisfactory control was confirmed for Veronica persica, Viola arvensis, and Galium aparine. Tribenuron-methyl with MCPA is recommended for application to winter cereals in spring. To prevent the development of resistance in weeds, it is advantageous to combine two active substances.

Keywords: MCPA; tribenuron-methyl; winter cereals; weed control; spring application

1 Introduction

Crop yields depend on many elements, including the genetic potential of productivity, habitat conditions, and agrotechnical factors [1]. However, yields can be significantly reduced by the occurrence of weeds, pests, and diseases [2]. When assessing the level of weed infestation in arable fields, it is also worth determining species diversity [3]. Individual species of plants side effects do not act independently of each other and form certain communities [4]. The species composition of weeds in an area is affected by many factors, including the type of climate, soil structure, pH, and topography [5]. Chemical plant protection is of great importance in maintaining the proper yield of crops. It is one of the elements of modern agriculture and a prerequisite for maintaining food security [6]. Herbicides show high specificity to the place they act. This became the key to their classification [7].

One of the main groups of crop protection products is herbicides with actions similar to natural auxins. Auxins are the best-studied group of phytohormones, playing a leading role in regulating a number of plant growth and development processes. Natural auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid are involved in cell division, vascular tissue and floral meristem differentiation, leaf initiation, production of root buds, phyllotaxy, and tropism reactions, among others. For the proper functioning of the plant organism, hormones should remain in balance – any changes in the content of one phytohormone affect the functioning of the next [8]. The use of synthetic auxins causes plant reactions that are characteristic of a concentration of natural phytohormones that are too high in their organisms [9]. Herbicides based on synthetic auxins are used to control dicotyledonous weeds in cereal crops, golf courses, and lawns, as well as in horticulture, forestry, aquatic environments, and non-agricultural areas. Symptoms of the action of these herbicides are tissue thickening, curling of stems, inhibition of growth, chlorosis, and necrosis of plants [10,11]. Examples of substances belonging to this group are MCPA and dicamba [12]. MCPA (CAS number 94-74-6) is classified as a phenoxyalkane herbicide. It is a derivative of acetic acid, linked at position 2 to a 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy group [13,14,15]. In its chemically pure state, it is a colorless crystalline substance with no odor. In contrast, the technical product is white in color and has a characteristic odor associated with the admixture of phenols. Due to its high hydrophobicity, that is, its low affinity for water molecules, MCPA is practically insoluble in water. Its solubility in water is 825 mg L−1 at 20°C [16,17].

Tribenuron-methyl (CAS number 101200-48-0), with the common name 2[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl(methyl)carbamoylsulfamoyl]methyl benzoate, belongs to the group of triazinosulfonylurea herbicides. Herbicides in this group are characterized by a broad spectrum of action, so they are widely used in the control of dicotyledonous broadleaf weeds in cereal crops [18,19]. In terms of chemical structure, tribenuron-methyl is a methyl ester of tribenuron [20]. This compound is well soluble in water (2,040 mg L−1 at pH 7, at 20°C), while it is poorly soluble in organic solvents. The technical product is in the form of a powder of light beige color with a slightly pungent odor. According to the HRAC classification, tribenuron-methyl is classified as a class 2 (HRAC)/B (Legacy HRAC) inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS, EC 4.1.3.18). ALS, also referred to as acetohydroxyacid synthase, is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. ALS catalyzes the condensation reaction of two pyruvate molecules to 2-acetolactate, which is an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of valine and leucine [21,22,23]. Three to four weeks after the application of these substances, chlorosis, tissue necrosis, and plant death occur [24]. Literature data indicate that the widespread use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides leads to the emergence of resistant weed biotypes [25,26]. The application of herbicides with different modes of action is one of the basic methods of preventing weed resistance [27].

Pesticide formulations do not consist of active ingredients alone. In addition to the active substances, the products available in the market contain a combination of a number of auxiliary ingredients and fillers to give a specific formulation. Each type of formulation has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, wettable powders tend to dust during handling, which poses a serious risk to the user. In order to improve the quality and safety of pesticides, more improved types of formulations continue to be introduced into the chemical industry. Modern pesticide formulations mainly include suspension concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, microcapsules, and soluble granules (SG) [28]. SG have gained an advantage over the other forms, mainly because they can be formulated for the most known active ingredients [29]. In this form, the active ingredient is trapped in granules that are completely soluble in water. Granules can be produced by a number of methods, with a distinction between dry and wet granulation [30]. Extrusion granulation, fluidized-bed granulation, or high-speed granulation technologies are most commonly used to produce SG [31,32,33].

Weed control should be carried out when it poses the greatest threat to the crop to protect the high yield potential of modern crop varieties [34]. In practice, regardless of the crop species, the treatment is carried out in the first weeks after sowing, as this is when the plants are most exposed to strong competition from weeds [35]. However, climatic changes very often result in abnormal weather patterns in the autumn following the sowing of winter cereals that favor weed growth and make it difficult, if not impossible, to control them at this time. The solution is to control weeds in the spring, which in turn is made more difficult because of the strongly developed weeds [36]. In the working hypothesis, it was assumed that the spring application of a mixture of herbicides with different mechanisms of action with the addition of an adjuvant would make it possible to effectively control dicotyledonous weeds from the winter wheat.

In this study, we performed a series of 25 field experiments in Poland with the aim of examining the potential of herbicide combination as SG containing 15 g kg−1 tribenuron-methyl and 550 g kg−1 MCPA. This herbicidal product is intended to be used in spring for the control of dicotyledonous weeds that have already emerged in autumn in winter cereals.

2 Methods

The production of MCPA + tribenuron-methyl 565 SG uses dry granulation technology by extrusion or high-speed mixing. The first stage of the production process is the preparation of the mixture of ingredients and their homogenization in a pre-mixer. In order to achieve the desired grain size (100% particles less than 10 µm), the raw materials are ground on a jet mill. The milled mixture is then mixed with a hopper, which can be water or water with surfactants. The use of a twin-screw extruder allows water to be dosed concurrently with the powder and the ingredients to be mixed very thoroughly, which is an advantage for SG. The resulting product mass is then extruded through the openings of the head located at the outlet of the machine. In the case of granulation with a high-speed mixer, granules are formed by agglomerating bulk materials while simultaneously dosing powder and water. The granules produced by one of the two techniques are successively directed to a fluidized bed dryer until the required moisture content is achieved. The final step is to sieve the resulting material to separate the sub-grains and super-grains.

Field experiments were conducted in Poland in 2016 and 2017. A total of 25 efficacy trials were carried out on a range of several cultivars for winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye, and winter triticale. Trial locations of the experimental fields are presented in Figure 1 and Table 1.

Figure 1 Locations of the experimental fields in Poland.
Figure 1

Locations of the experimental fields in Poland.

Table 1

Experimental site description and application details

Trial no. Crop species; variety Application date; crop stage (BBCH) Soil texture (pH) Water volume at application (L ha−1)
1 Winter wheat; Bamberka 24/04/17; 23 Sandy loam, 5.8 250
2 Winter wheat; Muszelka 24/04/17; 31 Sandy loam, 6.5 300
3 Winter barley; Joy 21/04/17; 31 Silty loam, 6.5 300
4 Winter rye; Dankowskie Zlote 20/04/17; 15 Loamy sand, 6.0 300
5 Winter rye; Dankowskie Diament 20/04/17; 25 Loamy fine sand, 6.7 300
6 Winter barley; Souleyka 11/04/17; 14 Clayey sand, 6.7 250
7 Winter wheat; Ozon 05/04/17; 13 Sandy clay loam, 6.1 200
8 Winter rye; Brasetto 21/04/17; 24 Sandy loam, 5.8 300
9 Winter wheat; Fidelius 10/04/17; 24 Loamy fine sand, 6.5 200
10 Winter triticale; Borwo 03/04/17; 14 Sandy loam, 7.1 200
11 Winter triticale; Twingo 03/04/17; 21 Sandy loam, 6.3 200
12 Winter wheat; Tonacja 11/05/17; 39 Sandy loam, 6.2 300
13 Winter barley; Bartosz 17/04/17; 28 Sandy loam, 5.4 250
14 Winter rye; Palazzo 05/05/17; 23 Sandy loam, 5.8 300
15 Winter rye; Horyzo 19/04/17; 30 Sandy loam, 6.3 250
16 Winter triticale; Gringo 20/04/17; 23 Sandy loam, 5.0 300
17 Winter triticale; Pisarro 03/05/17; 29 Loamy sand, 6.4 250
18 Winter triticale; Arktis 20/05/17; 37 Sand, 5.3 300
19 Winter barley Titus 20/04/17; 27 Sandy loam, 6.8 300
20 Winter barley; Sandra 11/04/17; 24 Sandy loam, 6.4 200
21 Winter wheat; Sailor 25/04/17; 25 Sandy clay, 6.8 300
22 Winter wheat; Jantarka 29/04/16; 31 Loamy fine sand, 7.3 250
23 Winter wheat; Bogatka 10/05/16; 32 Silty clay, 5.8 250
24 Winter rye; Daran 25/04/16; 32 Loamy fine sand, 3.1 250
25 Winter rye; Dankowskie Zlote 30/04/16; 32 Silty clay, 6.2 250

Field experiments were implemented in fields sowed with commercial cereal cultivars, where crops are produced commercially and with a known history of infection of the weeds. In all experiments, the infestation was natural. Sites were selected to represent the range of agricultural and environmental conditions (including climatic conditions) likely to be encountered in practice in the area of potential use. Weed species growth stages during herbicide application and the weed composition of the experimental fields are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Weed species growth stages during herbicide application

Trial no. Weed species
ANTAR BRSNN CAPBP MATIN VIOAR CENCY LAMPU STEME THLAR VERPE GALAP MATCH
BBCH
1 12 12 11 12 11 — — — — — — —
2 51 — 47 — — 40 51 55 42 — — —
3 14 14 — — 16 — — — 12 — — —
4 14 14 — — 13 17 — — — — — —
5 13 — — — 13 13 — 12 — 13 — —
6 — 15 — — 14 — 15 16 — — 15 —
7 — 13 14 14 — 13 — 12 — 13 — —
8 — 16 — 14 16 14 — — — 16 — —
9 — — 14 — — — — — — — — —
10 — — 16 — — 14 — — — — — 16
11 — — 19 — — 19 — — — — — —
12 — — — — 18 19 — 15 — — 16 15
13 — — — 35 — 35 51 47 47 –– —
14 — — — — 17 18 — 14 — — 15 14
15 — — — — 34 32 — — — 26 27 —
16 — — — 12 19 — — — — — 13
17 — — — 15 — 16 — — 31 32 — —
18 — — — — 61 55 — — — — — 30
19 — — — — — — — 12 16 — 14 —
20 — — — — — — 15 — 16 — 14 —
21 — — — — 13 — 15 12 — 13 — —
22 — — — — 51 — — — — — — —
23 — — — — 65 — — — — 65 — —
24 — — — — 61 36 — — — — — —
25 — — — — 61 — — — — — — —

VIOAR – Viola arvensis; CENCY – Centaurea cyanus; LAMPU – Lamium purpureum; STEME – Stellaria media; THLAR – Thlaspi arvense; VERPE – Veronica persica; GALAP – Galium aparine; ANTAR – Anthemis arvensis; BRSNN – Brassica napus; CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris; MATIN – Tripleurospermum inodorum; MATCH – Matricaria chamomilla.

All trials were carried out in accordance with the principles of good experimental practices (GEPs). This experimental design is consistent with the provisions of the PP 1/181(5) standard (conduct and reporting of efficacy evaluation trials, including GEP) [37]. “The trial should form part of a trial series carried out in different regions with distinct environmental conditions and preferably in different years or growing seasons” and the requirements of the PP 1/93(3) standard (Weeds in cereals) [38].

MT-565 SG was applied by broadcast foliar spraying at 1.0 kg ha−1 (M + T, MCPA 550 g a.i. L−1 + tribenuron-methyl 15 g a.i. L−1), and 0.8 kg ha−1 with dedicated adjuvant SarBio 90 EC (SB) at 50 mL per 100 L of water, compared to MCPA-based reference products Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at the dose 2,5 L ha−1 (750 g a.i. ha−1 of MCPA and 100 g a.i. ha−1 of dicamba), Premier D 750 SL at the dose 1.25 L ha−1 (825 g a.i. ha−1 of MCPA and 112.5 g a.i. ha−1 of dicamba) and Chwastox 300 SL at the dose 3.0 L ha−1 (900 g a.i. ha−1 of MCPA), already registered to control weeds in winter cereals. Herbicides were sprayed using backpack plot sprayers with flat fan nozzles, calibrated to deliver water volumes ranging from 200 to 300 L ha−1 aqueous solution, and the plot size of trials varied between 12 and 21 m−2. The experiments were designed as a complete randomized block with four replications, and the untreated control was included in the experimental design. Herbicide application times were in spring. Crop stages at application are presented in Table 1.

Before application and during efficacy assessments, the weed population in untreated control plots was recorded in absolute terms by recording the density (number of plants m−²) of each weed. The percentage efficacy of the tested products was visually assessed in each treated plot by comparison to the untreated control plot. The results were expressed simply as a percentage according to an inverted scale to express the percentage of weed control (0% = no weed control, 100% = full weed control). The assessments to evaluate the efficacy effect of the test products on weeds were carried out 14 and 28 days after treatment (DAT).

Analyses of the plant communities were carried out before the herbicide application on permanent research plots, which were homogeneous plant patches of cereals. The total number of species in all plots was determined, and the weed species in the studied areas were marked. The species composition of weed communities and the number of plants of each species from the untreated control plots were used to assess the biodiversity. Simpson (D) = 1 − ∑p i ; Shannon–Wiener (H′) = − ∑ i = 1 k ( p i ln p i ) ; Margalef’s (D Mg) = (S − 1)/ln N [39,40]; and Berger–Parker (d) = n max/N [41], where k is the number of categories, p i is the share of each species in the sample, S is the number of species, N is the total number of individuals in the sample, and N max is the number of individuals of the most abundant species. Frequency (F) and relative frequency (RF) were calculated using the formulas: F(%) = (number of sampling units in which species occurred/total number of sampling units) × 100 and RF = (number of target species occurred/number of all species occurred) × 100. Using Sorenson’s index of similarity, a comparison of dominance among weed communities between trials was made, according to the formula [42] S = (2 J/A + B) × 100, where S is an index of association between treatments A and B, J is the number of species common in both treatments A and B, A is the number of species present in treatment A, and B is the number of species present in treatment B.

Statistica 13 software (StatSoft Poland) was used to calculate statistical analysis, and Tukey’s honest significant difference test was used to separate treatment means (P = 0.05). Percent rating of weed control was arc-sine transformed prior to analysis to correct for unequal variance. Data in tables are reported as non-transformed. Data were pooled only by treatment because the random effects of treatment, year, and their interactions were not significant.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

In the field experiments, 12 species of broadleaved weeds were recorded: Anthemis arvensis L. (ANTAR), Brassica napus L. (BRSNN), Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik (CAPBP), Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) (MATIN), Viola arvensis Murr. (VIOAR), Centaurea cyanus L. (CENCY), Lamium purpureum L. (LAMPU), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (STEME), Thlaspi arvense L. (THLAR), Veronica persica Poir. (VERPE), Galium aparine L. (GALAP), and Matricaria chamomilla L. (MATCH) (Table 2).

RF determines the results of competition, and for ANTAR, it ranged from 15.9 to 30.5%, BRSNN 17.3–35.3%, CAPBP 16.6–100%, CENCY 13.5–55.6%, GALAP 15.2–43.5%, LAMPU 15.3–26.9%, MATCH 11.6–28.6%, MATIN 12.7–20.5%, STEME 2.4–35.1%, THLAR 17.6–36.6%, VERPE 17.8–35.2%, and VIOAR 17.3–100.0% (Table 3). The values of the Margalef indicator (D Mg) indicated that weed communities varied between 0.68 and 0.38. Also, the Shannon diversity index (H′) varied widely from 0.0 to 0.778 (Table 3). The share of individual species in the community described by the Simpson index (D) ranged from 0.0 to 0.89. The dominance of the most abundant species is measured using the Berger–Parker index (d), which varied from 0.166 to 1.0, but values mostly ranged from 0.166 to 0.455 (20 field studies) than 0.556–1.0 (5 studies) (Table 3).

Table 3

Weed species occurring in experimental fields

Trial no. Weed species – EPPP codes, RF % D Mg H′ D d
1 ANTAR, 19.2; BRSNN, 22.4; CAPBP, 16.9; MATIN, 19.2; VIOAR, 22.4 2.67 0.697 0.82 0.224
2 ANTAR, 15.9; CAPBP, 16.6; CENCY, 16.6; LAMPU, 16.6; STEME16.6; THLAR 17.6 3.38 0.778 0.89 0.166
3 ANTAR, 17.7; BRSNN, 35.3; THLAR, 18.7; VIOAR, 28.3 2.07 0.584 0.76 0.353
4 ANTAR, 30.5; BRSNN, 22.9; CENCY, 26.2; VIOAR, 20.4 1.88 0.597 0.76 0.305
5 ANTAR, 19.3; CENCY, 21.4; STEME, 20.0; VERPE, 20.0; VIOAR, 19.3 2.37 0.699 0.82 0.214
6 BRSNN, 17.3; GALAP, 20.2; LAMPU,15.3; STEME, 29.8; VIOAR, 17.3 2.60 0.686 0.81 0.298
7 BRSNN, 17.8; CAPBP, 19.8; CENCY, 14.0; MATIN, 12.7; STEME, 17.8; VERPE, 17.8 3.14 0.773 0.85 0.198
8 BRSNN, 18.6; CENCY, 13.5; MATIN, 12.8; VERPE, 35.2; VIOAR, 19.9 2.51 0.667 0.79 0.352
9 CAPBP, 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
10 CAPBP, 43.5; CENCY, 30.4; MATCH, 26.1 1.47 0.467 0.68 0.435
11 CAPBP, 44.4; CENCY 55.6 0.80 0.298 0.52 0.556
12 CENCY, 25.3; GALAP, 15.2; MATCH, 11.6; STEME, 2.4; VIOAR, 45.5 1.67 0.579 0.69 0.455
13 CENCY, 19.3; LAMPU, 21.2; MATIN, 20.5; THLAR, 18.5; VERPE, 20.5 2.83 0.698 0.83 0.224
14 CENCY, 22.3; GALAP, 18.2; MATCH, 17.1; STEME, 17.9; VIOAR, 24.4 1.83 0.695 0.80 0.244
15 CENCY, 21.7; GALAP, 21.7; VERPE, 21.7; VIOAR, 34.8 2.20 0.592 0.77 0.348
16 CENCY, 40.0; MATCH, 26.7; VIOAR, 33.3 1.35 0.471 0.68 0.400
17 CENCY, 37.4; MATIN, 20.5; THLAR, 21.1; VERPE, 21.1 1.93 0.586 0.75 0.374
18 CENCY, 33.3; MATCH, 28.6; VIOAR, 38.1 1.51 0.474 0.70 0.381
19 GALAP, 28.4; STEME, 35.1; THLAR, 36.6 1.32 0.475 0.68 0.366
20 GALAP, 43.5; LAMPU, 20.9; THLAR, 35.6 1.43 0.459 0.67 0.435
21 LAMPU, 26.9; STEME, 28.5; VERPE, 16.8; VIOAR, 27.7 1.68 0.593 0.75 0.285
22 VIOAR, 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
23 VIOAR, 77.8; VERPE, 22.2 0.70 0.230 0.36 0.444
24 VIOAR, 62.1; CENCY, 37.9 0.68 0.288 0.49 0.629
25 VIOAR, 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

RF – relative frequency; D Mg – Margalef diversity index; H′ – Shannon index; D – Simpson’s index of diversity; d – Berger-Parker dominance index.

VIOAR – Viola arvensis; CENCY – Centaurea cyanus; LAMPU – Lamium purpureum; STEME – Stellaria media; THLAR – Thlaspi arvense; VERPE – Veronica persica; GALAP – Galium aparine; ANTAR – Anthemis arvensis; BRSNN – Brassica napus; CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris; MATIN – Tripleurospermum inodorum; MATCH – Matricaria chamomilla.

Weed species occurring during field studies were grouped into four frequency classes: B = 61–80.9; C = 41–60.9; D = 21–40.9; and E = ≤20% (Figure 2). Only one species, VIOAR, was recorded in frequency class B (the most frequent species recorded in the study), one in C, six in D, and four in E class. In our study, higher values were foremost obtained in higher frequency classes.

Figure 2 Frequency class distribution of weed species (frequency classes: A = ≥80, B = 61–80.9; C = 41–60.9; D = 21–40.9; E = ≤20%), and average weed density (no. m2) in the years 2016–2017. VIOAR – Viola arvensis; CENCY – Centaurea cyanus; LAMPU – Lamium purpureum; STEME – Stellaria media; THLAR – Thlaspi arvense; VERPE – Veronica persica; GALAP – Galium aparine; ANTAR – Anthemis arvensis; BRSNN – Brassica napus; CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris; MATIN – Tripleurospermum inodorum; and MATCH – Matricaria chamomilla.
Figure 2

Frequency class distribution of weed species (frequency classes: A = ≥80, B = 61–80.9; C = 41–60.9; D = 21–40.9; E = ≤20%), and average weed density (no. m2) in the years 2016–2017. VIOAR – Viola arvensis; CENCY – Centaurea cyanus; LAMPU – Lamium purpureum; STEME – Stellaria media; THLAR – Thlaspi arvense; VERPE – Veronica persica; GALAP – Galium aparine; ANTAR – Anthemis arvensis; BRSNN – Brassica napus; CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris; MATIN – Tripleurospermum inodorum; and MATCH – Matricaria chamomilla.

The Sorenson’s index similarity (S) varied from 66.3 to 100% and indicates the close similarity in weed species between 1 with 3, 4, 22, and 25; 3 with 1, 4, 22 and 25; 4 with 1, 3, 5, 12, 22, and 24; 5 with 4, 12, 15, 21, and 22; 6 with 21 and 22; 7 with 8; 8 with 7, 15, 17, 22, and 23; 10 with 11; 11 with 10; 12 with 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 23; 14 with 12, 15, 16, and 18; 15 with 5, 8, 12, and 14; 16 with 12, 14, 18, 22, 24, and 25; 17 with 8; 18 with 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, and 25; 19 with 20; 21 with 5, 6, and 22; 22 with 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 21, 23, and 25; 23 with 8, 22, 24, and 25; and 25 with 1, 3, 16, 18, 22, 23, and 24 (Table 4).

Table 4

Sorenson’s index of similarity (S) in weed species among trial sites

Trial no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 — 34.4 72.1 69.4 39.8 37.9 54.0 54.3 31.0 28.2 27.0 42.9 19.8 24.1 25.6 27.7 19.9 28.7 0.0 0.0 25.9 83.7 48.0 41.5 66.8
2 34.4 — 34.9 26.7 56.3 39.6 50.9 14.9 31.2 50.8 58.2 28.3 54.6 39.1 18.8 28.3 47.3 23.5 53.7 44.4 48.1 0.0 0.0 27.1 0.0
3 72.1 34.9 — 76.9 41.3 47.7 25.1 49.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.7 18.6 25.0 31.2 30.9 20.1 32.5 28.3 26.7 27.9 81.6 52.4 45.4 71.1
4 69.4 26.7 76.9 — 67.6 39.2 40.5 60.8 0.0 27.8 35.4 67.5 23.5 46.7 50.2 58.2 31.5 55.2 0.0 0.0 24.9 85.2 43.7 69.3 61.5
5 39.8 56.3 41.3 67.6 — 18.5 39.7 64.2 0.0 24.3 30.6 71.2 40.8 63.7 66.3 53.1 48.5 49.9 26.0 0.0 66.9 76.3 60.8 62.7 56.5
6 37.9 39.6 47.7 39.2 18.5 — 41.0 36.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.7 17.9 61.8 45.1 24.8 0.0 25.2 56.5 17.7 75.7 81.3 43.8 37.7 61.6
7 54.0 50.9 25.1 40.5 39.7 41.0 — 71.2 31.1 48.6 54.6 28.3 50.8 38.5 36.1 25.3 60.9 20.7 25.7 0.0 41.6 0.0 9.0 24.2 0.0
8 54.3 14.9 49.0 60.8 64.2 36.7 71.2 — 0.0 19.8 26.7 65.6 61.0 44.0 72.2 50.7 69.8 46.7 0.0 0.0 48.7 80.0 71.9 61.7 61.3
9 31.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.1 0.0 — 55.8 59.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 28.2 50.8 0.0 27.8 24.3 0.0 48.6 19.8 55.8 — 85.4 38.6 24.5 41.7 26.1 62.3 34.6 59.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 27.0 58.2 0.0 35.4 30.6 0.0 54.6 26.7 59.0 85.4 — 27.4 34.2 25.8 36.6 45.8 43.5 43.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.7 0.0
12 42.9 28.3 43.7 67.5 71.2 63.7 28.3 65.6 0.0 38.6 27.4 — 24.7 100 85.3 84.3 26.8 83.4 23.0 17.8 49.6 63.2 48.7 73.9 53.5
13 19.8 54.6 18.6 23.5 40.8 17.9 50.8 61.0 0.0 24.5 34.2 24.7 — 9.9 7.6 6.2 19.9 4.5 6.0 9.1 12.3 0.0 6.2 5.8 0.0
14 24.1 39.1 25.0 46.7 63.7 61.8 38.5 44.0 0.0 41.7 25.8 100 9.9 — 66.7 69.8 25.2 68.2 40.9 21.8 46.3 57.2 32.4 55.2 40.6
15 25.6 18.8 31.2 50.2 66.3 45.1 36.1 72.2 0.0 26.1 36.6 85.3 7.6 66.7 — 19.0 16.2 16.0 7.7 8.9 18.7 46.3 22.1 23.0 25.5
16 27.7 28.3 30.9 58.2 53.1 24.8 25.3 50.7 0.0 62.3 45.8 84.3 6.2 69.8 19.0 — 38.6 100 0.0 0.0 29.6 86.5 54.4 86.4 72.2
17 19.9 47.3 20.1 31.5 48.5 0.0 60.9 69.8 0.0 34.6 43.5 26.8 19.9 25.2 16.2 38.6 — 35.9 28.5 27.1 18.4 0.0 21.6 37.6 0.0
18 28.7 23.5 32.5 55.2 49.9 25.2 20.7 46.7 0.0 59.1 43.6 83.4 4.5 68.2 16.0 100 35.9 — 0.0 0.0 30.4 90.6 60.4 88.0 79.4
19 0.0 53.7 28.3 0.0 26.0 56.5 25.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.0 6.0 40.9 7.7 0.0 28.5 0.0 — 71.1 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20 0.0 44.4 26.7 0.0 0.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.8 9.1 21.8 8.9 0.0 27.1 0.0 71.1 — 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21 25.9 48.1 27.9 24.9 66.9 75.7 41.6 48.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 12.3 46.3 18.7 29.6 18.4 30.4 30.8 25.2 — 75.3 61.5 38.8 57.1
22 83.7 0.0 81.6 85.2 76.3 81.3 0.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.2 0.0 57.2 46.3 86.5 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0 75.3 — 95.9 24.5 100
23 48.0 0.0 52.4 43.7 60.8 43.8 9.0 71.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.7 6.2 32.4 22.1 54.4 21.6 60.4 0.0 0.0 61.5 95.9 — 69.6 91.3
24 41.5 27.1 45.4 69.3 62.7 37.7 24.2 61.7 0.0 0.0 44.7 73.9 5.8 55.2 23.0 86.4 37.6 88.0 0.0 0.0 38.8 24.5 69.6 — 87.0
25 66.8 0.0 71.1 61.5 56.5 61.6 0.0 61.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.5 0.0 40.6 25.5 72.2 0.0 79.4 0.0 0.0 57.1 100 91.3 87.0 —

MT-565 SG at both rates controlled VIOAR in the range of 35.2–39.6% at the first assessment 14 DAT and in the range of 58.4–67.3% at the final assessment 28 DAT. A slightly worse control of VIOAR was observed in both assessments after the use of reference products based on MCPA, and at the final assessment, 28 DAT moderate control was observed at 62.3%. A similar relationship can be noticed in the control of Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH) and CENCY. Slightly better control of MATCH and CENCY after 14 DAT was observed after using MT-565 SG at a dose of 1.0 kg ha−1 than after reference products and good control of both weeds were continued, giving at the final assessment 28 DAT results between 85.6 and 89.9% in the case of MT-565 SG (1.0 kg ha−1) and 82.0–86.4% in the case of reference products. Stellaria media was moderately controlled at the first assessment by all products (48.4–55.3%), giving at the final assessment very good control by MT-565 SG at a dose of 1.0 kg ha−1 (92.7%) and reference products based on MCPA (92.6%). GALAP was well controlled by a higher dose of MT-565 SG (67 vs 77.9%) at the final assessment 28 DAT. A comparable good control of GALAP (28 DAT) was recorded for MCPA-based products at 81.4%. Less numerously occurring broadleaved weed species were moderately controlled (ANTAR, BRSNN, CAPBP, LAMPU, MATIN, THLAR) by MT-565 SG at a dose of 1.0 kg ha−1 at the first assessment 14 DAT by 44.5–57.7% and slightly better after use of reference products (36.6–51.8%). Only control of VERPE was more difficult by MT-565 SG at 14 DAT and was less effective in comparison to the reference product (37.8 vs 41.1%). A lower dose of MT-565 SG controlled less dense weeds in the range of 32.5–52.3% at 14 DAT. Also, during the final assessment at 28 DAT, a similar relationship can be observed; a lower dose of MT-565 SG eliminates less effectively weeds up to 10.0% in the case of Thlaspi arvense (THLAR) and comparison to a higher dose of MT-565 SG and reference products. The higher dose of MT-565 SG provided an overall good control (79.3–94.1%) against less dense weeds, and biological efficacy was better than the reference products in the case of control VERPE (79.3 vs 77.1%), THLAR (90.8 vs 86.8%), LAMPU (94.3 vs 90.6%), and CAPBP (84.6 vs 79.8%) (Table 5).

Table 5

Influence of herbicides MT-565 SG and reference products on broadleaved weed control in winter cereals – Poland 2016–2017

Percent of weed control (number of sites)
No. Herbicide Dose per ha ANTAR (5) BRSNN (6) CAPBP (6) CENCY (15) GALAP (6) LAMPU (5) MATCH (5) MATIN (8) STEME (8) THLAR (6) VERPE (8) VIOAR (16)
Control (average no. per sqm.) – 7.5 7.7 7.1 13.6 16.3 7.5 15.0 5.7 11.8 7.3 8.1 27.3
First assessment 14 DAT
1 MT-565 SG + ad. 0.8 kg + 50 mL per 100 L 45.5 45.2 52.3 46.3 40.4 43.8 73.1 40.5 49.8 40.6 32.5 35.2
2 MT-565 SG + ad. 1.0 kg + 50 mL per 100 L 49.8 47.5 57.7 52.3 44.8 46.0 76.6 44.5 55.3 52.5 37.8 39.6
3 Ref. products 2.5 L/1.25 L/3.0 L 51.8 49.2 47.1 49.5 45.8 42.8 70.0 36.6 48.4 49.2 41.1 34.1
HSD 0.05 3.4 ns 4.7 ns 5.1 ns 4.0 7.4 6.5 4.7 2.8 3.9
2nd assessment 28 DAT
1 MT-565 SG + ad. 0.8 kg + 50 mL per 100 L 82.5 86.7 76.7 79.8 67.0 87.8 84.3 80.8 89.4 80.8 72.4 58.4
2 MT-565 SG + ad. 1.0 kg + 50 mL per 100 L 88.9 92.2 84.6 85.6 77.9 94.3 89.9 87.5 92.7 90.8 79.3 67.3
3 Ref. products 2.5 L/1.25 L/3.0 L 91.7 93.0 79.8 82.0 81.4 90.6 86.4 88.8 92.6 86.8 77.1 62.3
HSD 0.05 3.0 2.2 5.2 4.1 4.3 2.8 4.1 2.9 2.8 1.8 2.8 5.1

DAT – days after treatments; ad. – adjuvant; ns – nonsignificant; ANTAR – Anthemis arvensis; BRSNN – Brassica napus; CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris; CENCY – Centaurea cyanus; GALAP – Galium aparine; LAMPU – Lamium purpureum; MATCH – Matricaria chamomilla; MATIN – Tripleurospermum inodorum; STEME – Stellaria media; THLAR – Thlaspi arvense; VERPE – Veronica persica; VIOAR – Viola arvensis.

4 Discussion

Postemergence herbicide efficacy is determined by many factors, not only by active ingredients or formulation. Factors like timing of application, rainfast period, temperature, relative humidity, and water quality (turbidity, hard water, pH) are critical for the best results from post-emergent herbicides [43]. The weed species pool is usually higher in the organic than in the conventional treatment [44], and their composition is still one of the most important factors affecting the final result of weed control [45]. In our study, the Margalef indicator (D Mg) values measuring the evenness indicated that weed communities varied from poor to great biodiversity. Also, the Shannon diversity index (H′) varied widely, indicating great diversity of weed communities between regions in Poland. The share of individual species in the community described by the Simpson index (D) expresses the probability of meeting two individuals belonging to the same species, ranging widely from communities consisting of only one species to values close to the greatest diversity. It should be concluded that the results obtained indicate mostly a rather greater diversity of the weed community in cereals. The dominance of the most abundant species measured by the Berger–Parker index (d) varies from 0 (the highest diversity) to 1 (monoculture), indicating the high diversity of weed communities in cereals in Poland. Weed species occurring during field studies were grouped into frequency classes, which give an approximate indication of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of species [46], and high values in lower frequency and low values in higher frequency classes state a high degree of florists heterogeneity [47]. In our study, higher values were foremost obtained in higher frequency classes, which indicates that rather a medium degree of florist heterogeneity existed in study fields.

Weed community composition usually varies between sites, and Sorenson’s index similarity indicates the species similarity in weed communities between trial sites. Our results mostly confirm high similarity in weed species between sites, but in some cases, lower similarity, indicating there was some variability in weed species community or moderate similarity; in others (index below 40%), showing that there was some variability in weed species, even complete when index was 0.

Weeds can contribute to a significant reduction in the yield of winter cereals [48]. At the same time, they can hinder their harvest [49]. It is therefore important to control them properly. Our results indicate that the use of both the MCPA + tribenuron-methyl mixture and reference products may significantly limit their development. Other authors also indicate that the substances used contribute to the appropriate control of weeds in the cultivation of winter cereals [50,51,52]. The test herbicide contains a mixture of MCPA + tribenuron-methyl. These substances exhibit different mechanisms of action. The use of such mixtures is important for the prevention of weed resistance [27]. In addition, the use of herbicide mixtures allows the control of a wide spectrum of weed species [53]. The tested mixture also showed high effectiveness in the case of autumn application [54]. Khalil et al. [55] showed that the use of herbicide mixtures in wheat cultivation gives better results than the application of single plant protection products. Bobrovsky et al. [56] showed that the use of herbicide mixtures allows for a significant reduction of the negative impact of weeds on the level of wheat yield. However, tank mixtures of different herbicides may contribute to antagonisms that lead to impaired herbicide uptake and translocation and [57], consequently, their effectiveness. Therefore, a good solution is to use tested factory mixtures.

5 Conclusions

Chemical weed control is the most common and effective weed control method. The first element in achieving the appropriate efficacy of the herbicide treatment is matching the appropriate plant protection product to the weeds present. The use of mixtures of active substances allows for the control of a wide spectrum of weed species, which was confirmed in the described experiment. In addition, it is an important issue in the context of preventing weed resistance to herbicides. The test herbicide contains a mixture of MCPA + tribenuron-methyl, which showed high effectiveness in all locations. It has contributed to significant control of many weed species. The obtained results indicate that this herbicide can be successfully used during spring application in cereal cultivation.

  1. Funding information: This work was conducted as part of the “Developing and testing, on a demonstrable scale, internationally innovative agro-chemical preparations of a unique composition and formulation” project, co-financed under the Operational Programme Smart Growth 2014–2020, Measure 1.1.2R and D works related to the creation of a pilot/demonstration installation.

  2. Author contributions: A.J., J.R., and B.L.: conceptualization; A.J. and B.L.: data curation; R.I., A.J., B.L., and Ł.S.: formal analysis; A.J. and B.L.: funding acquisition; A.J. and B.L.: investigation; A.J., J.R., and B.L.: methodology; A.J. and B.L.: project administration; A.J. and B.L.: resources; R.I. software; Ł.S., A.J., and B.L.: supervision; A.J. and R.I.: visualization; Ł.S., A.J., B.L., M.G., and R.I.: writing – original draft preparation; Ł.S., A.J., B.L., M.G., and R.I.: writing – review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-23
Revised: 2024-03-12
Accepted: 2024-03-25
Published Online: 2024-04-26

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
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  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
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https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0868
Keywords for this article
MCPA; tribenuron-methyl; winter cereals; weed control; spring application
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
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  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
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  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
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  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
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  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
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  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
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  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
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  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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