Home Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
Article Open Access

Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages

  • Zeguo Zeng , Qingxiang Zeng EMAIL logo , Xinmin Lu , Miao Zheng , Yuan Fang , Jing Guo , Fang Luo , Xiaorong Zeng , Zhihuan Cai , Bin Liu , Lifang Deng , Fei Zeng and Xianguo Zou EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 25, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Environmental pollution and overfishing of wild spiny loach have led to the increased demand for breeding the fish. However, the nutritional value between the wild and cultivated spiny loaches was unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional components among the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at different growth stages by analyzing and comparing the proximate compositions, fatty acids, amino acids and volatile compounds. Results showed that the cultivated ones had significantly higher energy and fat contents than the wild. Particularly, the cultivated second-age spiny loach contained the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (4.83 ± 0.01%) and EPA + DHA (0.85 ± 0.02%). Besides, the total essential amino acid content of cultivated second-age spiny loach was 2201.28, exceeding that recommended in the FAO/WTO scoring pattern (2,190). And it had the highest flavor amino acid (6.24 ± 0.04 g/100 g), essential amino acid index value (71.82) and higher contents of volatile compounds. Overall, the cultivated spiny loach, especially that at the second growth stage, displayed the highest nutritional value. The findings of this study would help farmers to harvest the suitable breeding stage of spiny loaches from the perspective of nutritional value, which is beneficial to the sustainable fish farming.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: spiny loach; proximate compositions; fatty acids; amino acids; nutritional value; farming

1 Introduction

The spiny loach (Mastacembelus armatus), having the characteristics of a row of separate spines on the back, is mainly distributed in the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and the wild feeds on aquatic insects and small fish [1]. Spiny loach is considered an integral part of a healthy diet as it is abundant in nutritional components, such as amino acids, fatty acids and volatile compounds [2]. Amino acids are precursors of many flavors that can indirectly affect the taste, particularly for flavor and odor compounds [3], and play key roles in intestinal metabolism, cell signaling, gene expression, immune and anti-oxidative responses [4]. Fat of loach was reported to contain rich long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Indian spiny loach was detected to have 16.59% LC n-3 PUFA and 15.5% EPA + DHA expressed in total area [5]. The LC n-3 PUFA was very useful for reducing obesity, including suppression of appetite, enhancement of fat oxidation and energy expenditure and reduction of fat deposition [6]. EPA and DHA can help improve blood circulation and promote brain development, thus has the benefit to improve cardiovascular health and reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk [7]. Dietary foods rich in LC n-3 PUFA such as fish and vegetable oils were reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, reduce insulin resistance and protect against metabolic syndrome [8,9]. Volatile compounds, such as (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, linalol and a-terpineol, exerted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-obesity activities [10].

Growing world population and increased awareness of the healthy benefits of aquatic products have consistently increased global demand of spiny loach [11]. In recent years, due to overfishing and environmental pollution as well as the slow growing speed, the number of wild spiny loaches has declined sharply, and thus cannot satisfy market demand. Some scholars have investigated the current situation of wild spiny loach resource in Taojiang river (Hunan province, China), showing that the output in traditional fishing sites is declining year by year, and the annual production of the spiny loaches in 2018 was only 10% of the historical maximum. Similar situations also occurred worldwide. Therefore, the aquaculture industry of spiny loach is a suitable and sustainable choice to increase the global supply of loach [12,13].

With the rapid upgrading of consumption, fish quality is an important concern for consumers [14]. Relevant studies have shown that farmed aquatic foods have an advantage over captured fishery products because they are produced and harvested under controlled conditions, which allow consumption-related risks to be minimized. At present, most of the spiny loaches in the market are cultivated, but there are few studies regarding comparing the nutritional value of cultivated and wild spiny loaches. So the question of who is healthier, either wild or cultivated loaches, needs to be illustrated.

Although scholars have carried out some studies on the nutritional components in the muscle of loach and the fatty acid compositions of males’ and females’ loach in the reproductive season [15,16], there is still no research on the nutritional components of the cultivated loach at different growth stages, especially fatty acid compositions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the nutrient detection and analysis of the spiny loach between the wild and cultivated. In this study, the nutritional components of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three different ages, including protein, fat, fatty acids, amino acids and volatile compounds were detected and compared. Results will help farmers choose cultivated spiny loach of suitable stage to improve its quality and thus satisfy consumers’ nutritional need.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sampling and sample preparation

The wild specimens of spiny loaches were collected from Taojiang River (Hunan, China) using fishing cage in August 2020 (Figure 1). The wild spiny loaches live in ecological breeding condition with water depths of 2 m and water temperatures of 10–30ºC. After identification by professionals, 20 wild spiny loaches at the second age were used for the experiment. The farmed spiny loaches were from the first offspring of wild parents and were cultivated in Ganzhou Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Research Institute, feeding with the formula fodder (crude protein ≥ 43%, crude fat ≥ 15%, carbohydrate ≤ 4%, crude ash ≤ 18%, lysine ≥ 2.1%, total phosphorus ≥ 1.0%, calcium 2.0–5.0%), under the conditions of imitation ecological breeding. The cultivated specimens of 20 spiny loaches at the first, second and third age were collected in August 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Figure 1 The sampling sites of wild spiny loaches in Taojiang River.
Figure 1

The sampling sites of wild spiny loaches in Taojiang River.

After cleaning, dissecting and skinning, muscles from the back of the head to the front of the caudal stalk in the wild or the cultivated specimens were quickly taken, and were homogenized in a mixer for 1 min at 1,500 rpm prior to analysis, with size appropriate for individual analytical tests (10–100 g). All the subsamples of the homogenate were stored in sterile polypropylene containers in a deep freezer at −80°C until analysis was performed.

  1. Ethical approval: The use of wild fish was officially approved by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jiangxi Province (Nongbanchangyu 2021-2). The research related to animals’ use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.

2.2 Determination of proximate compositions

The chemical compositions (moisture, crude fat and crude protein) of all the samples were determined according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) official procedures [17]. For the detection of moisture (AOAC 950.46), samples were dried in oven at 103°C for 8 h. Crude fat (AOAC 948.15) was determined by gravimetric method after the Soxhlet extraction, in which the samples were digested with acid hydrolysis and the fats were then extracted with petroleum ether using a Soxtec 2050 automated device (Foss, Shanghai, China). Crude protein (N × 6.25) (%) was detected by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC 981.10) using a Digestion Unit 8-Basic and an NKD6260 automated distillation and titration device (Foss, Shanghai, China).

The energy values were calculated using the mean values of protein and lipids in the spiny loach with the reference to the method reported by Usydus et al. [18]. The calculations were made with the following energy equivalents.

  1. protein: 17 kJ/g

  2. lipids: 37 kJ/g.

2.3 Determination of fatty acids by GC-FID

Fatty acid contents were detected according to our previously published methods [19]. Approximately 25  ±  0.1 mg of lipid sample were inserted into a tube, and added with 500 µL of methyl tricosanoate (1 mg/mL) and 4 mL of a 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution in methanol. Then the tube was closed and placed in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature (25°C) for 5 min. After that, 5 mL of esterifying reagent was added, and the tube was once again closed and placed in the bath for 6 min. Then, the tube was definitely removed from the bath and 4 mL of a saturated sodium chloride solution was added, and the entire system was closed and vigorously stirred for 30 s. Approximately 2 mL of n-hexane was added and then the tube was closed again and stirred for 30 s. After 24 h of rest under −18°C, the organic phase of tube was collected for chromatographic analysis. The chromatographic separation was performed using a molten quartz capillary column (100 m × 0.25 mm × 0.2 μm, CP-Sil 88, Chrompack; Agilent, USA); the carrier gas was H2, and the combustion gas was N2, H2 and air. The temperature procedure was 45°C for 4 min, increased up to 175°C at a rate of 13°C/min and maintained for 27 min, then further increased to 215°C at a rate of 4°C/min and held for 35 min, and the total running time was 86 min. The hydrogen flow rate was 30.0 mL/min, the air flow rate was 300 mL/min, and the nitrogen flow rate was 30.0 mL/min. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in fish samples were identified by comparing their retention times with those from the standard FAME mixture, and quantified using tridecanoic acid methyl ester as internal standard. For the content of fatty acids in samples, the data were expressed in g/100 g of fresh weight.

2.4 Determination of volatile compounds by GC-MS

The volatile compounds of spiny loach were detected via headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) according to the method of Rao et al. [20] with minor modification. One gram of fresh spiny coach was homogenized and transferred to a 20 mL sealed extraction bottle. Volatiles were extracted using a 50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS coated fiber (Zhenzheng Analytical Instrument Co., Qingdao, China) at room temperature for 30 min. The fiber was then inserted into the sample injector of a GC-MS instrument (Trace1300-ISQLT, Thermo Fisher, USA) and desorbed for 5 min at 250°C. The working conditions of GC-MS were as follows: Thermo Trance TG-5MS GC column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm); temperature procedure: 40°C for 2 min, increased to 130°C at a rate of 5°C/min and maintained for 1 min, then further increased to 280°C at a rate of 15°C/min and maintained for 2 min. Mass spectra were detected at the m/z range of 35–500 with an electronic impact energy of 70 eV and a quadrupole temperature of 250°C. The volatile compounds of spiny loach were identified by comparing with that in the NIST MS 2.2 library at a criterion of at least 75% similarity. The concentrations of volatile compounds in samples were calculated as the percentage of individual peak areas relative to the total peak area.

2.5 Determination of amino acids by HPLC [21]

Spiny loaches were homogenized and dried at 105°C, ground into powder and passed through 40 mesh sieve. One gram of spiny loaches were added with 6 mol/L HCl, and then hydrolyzed at 110°C for 24 h. The hydrolysates were concentrated and dried by evaporation. Then the dried samples were dissolved in 0.02 M HCl (6 mL) and passed through a 0.22 μm filter membrane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to remove impurities. An aliquot of 20 μL of filtrate was added to the automatic Model L-8900 Amino Acid Auto-Analyzer (L-8900; Hitachi, Japan) with analytical C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm; Agilent Technologies), and each amino acid was identified with the reference to amino acid standards and quantified by an internal standard phenyl isothiocyanate. For the content of amino acids in samples, the data were expressed in g/100 g of fresh weight. Total amino acids (TAAs) were calculated as the sum of each amino acid.

2.6 Calculation of amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI)

AAS and CS were calculated according to the equations of FAO/WHO [22], also reported by Oztekin et al. [21].

AAS = AA FBP / AA FW ,

where AAFBP is the concentration level of amino acid per test protein (mg/g, FBP: fish body protein) and calculated as follows:

AA FBP = ( essential amino acid/crude protein ) × 6.25 × 1,000,

and AAFW shows the level of amino acid per protein with the reference to composition of FAO/WHO standard (mg/g) as given in Table 4.

Chemical Score, CS =  (AA FBP ) / (AA EGG ) ,

where AAEGG represents the concentration of amino acid per protein referred to the composition (mg/g) of whole egg protein (mg/g) as listed in Table 4.

The EAAI was calculated according to Oztekin et al. [21]:

EAAI = [ ( 100 × EAA 1 / EAA 1 EG ) × ( 100 × EAA 2 / EAA 2 EG ) × . . . × ( 100 × EAA n / EAA n EG ) ] n ,

where “n” is the number of amino acids (considering pairs such as methionine + tyrosine).

EAA1, EAA2, … EAA n are the levels of EAAs per test protein. EAA1EG, EAA2EG, …, EAA nEG are the levels of EAAs per test protein of the egg reference concentration.

2.7 Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses in this study (proximate composition, fatty acid compositions, amino acid compositions and volatile compounds) were conducted in triplicate to minimize deviation, and data were presented as mean ± SD. The values for above analyses among the fish species were subjected to homogeneity and normality tests. When the assumptions were met, one-way ANOVA and Turkey HSD test with the help of the SPSS 17.0 software were used to determine the statistical significance. A value of p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Proximate composition

The basic nutrients of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches in three cultivation stages are shown in Table 1. Protein contents of spiny loaches in four groups were 19.77, 20.17, 20.04 and 20.44 g/100 g, respectively, showing no significant differences.

Table 1

Proximate composition of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages

Proximate components Wild spiny loaches Cultivated spiny loaches (1st year) Cultivated spiny loaches (2nd year) Cultivated spiny loaches (3rd year)
Protein (g/100 g) 19.77a ± 1.29 20.17a ± 2.29 20.44a ± 2.31 20.04a ± 2.46
Fat (g/100 g) 3.00d ± 0.10 8.23c ± 0.06 10.07b ± 0.38 10.80a ± 0.10
Carbohydrate (g/100 g) 4.73a ± 0.15 2.63b ± 0.21 1.73c ± 0.21 0.79d ± 0.14
Moisture (g/100 g) 71.13a ± 0.02 67.20b ± 0.14 65.42c ± 0.23 62.11d ± 0.38
Energy (kJ/100 g) 514.00d ± 2.00 680.33c ± 3.06 708.00b ± 2.00 718.67a ± 2.52

Note: The different letters (a, b, c and d) in the same line indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

The fat content of wild spiny loaches was 3.00 g/100 g, significantly lower than those of cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages (8.23, 10.07 and 10.80 g/100 g), suggesting that cultivated spiny loaches are medium fatty fish with fat content greater than 5% by weight [23]. Similarly, the energy in the wild loaches was also the lowest (514 kJ/100 g) compared with the cultivated ones (680.33–718.67 kJ/100 g).

Water content of the wild spiny loaches was the highest, and with the growth of age, the water content of the cultivated loaches gradually decreases, floating at the range of 71.13–64.11 g/100 g. The wild spiny loach group had the highest carbohydrate content of 4.73 g/100 g, while the carbohydrate content of cultivated spiny loaches decreased with the increased age at 2.63, 1.73 and 0.79 g/100 g, respectively. This might have resulted from their fodder, as the wild spiny loaches feeding on aquatic insects and small fish, the cultivated ones feeding on formula fodder with carbohydrate below 4%.

3.2 Fatty acid compositions

Fatty acid content is an important indicator to evaluate the nutritional value of fish. It is well established that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a strong risk factor for CVD [24]. When the intake of unsaturated fatty acids is insufficient, it will cause CVD and cerebrovascular disease and tumors, and the loss of omega-3 fatty acids (especially EPA and DHA) will cause the lack of nutrients in the brain, thus affecting thinking and memory [25]. The fatty acid contents of four groups are shown in Table 2; the SFA, MUFA and PUFA were 1.06–3.60, 0.97–4.83 and 0.26–1.42 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The SFA of cultivated spiny loaches was significantly higher than that of the wild (1.06 ± 0.00 g/100 g fresh weight), and spiny loaches at the first- and second-age groups were found to have the highest SFA contents (3.60 ± 0.03 and 3.45 ± 0.01 g/100 g fresh weight). MUFA accounted for the highest content among all fatty acids, and the data were similar to that reported from fish of sea bass and sea bream [26]. The MUFA of cultivated spiny loaches was significantly higher than that of the wild (0.97 ± 0.01 g/100 g fresh weight), and the highest MUFA content was found in the second-age group (4.83 ± 0.01 g/100 g fresh weight). PUFA in four groups showed similar trend with MUFA, and the highest PUFA content was still found in the second-age group. PUFA/SFA ratio is an important value to access the lipids, and the value above 0.4–0.5 is required if a diet is to combat various lifestyle diseases. The recommended PUFA/SFA ratio was only met by the cultivated spiny loaches at the second/third age, having the highest PUFA/SFA ratio (0.41 or 0.43). Numerous studies reported that dietary foods rich in MUFA and PUFA exhibited protective role against cardiovascular events, non-alcoholic fatty liver, inflammation and oxidative stress [27,28]. Palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (OA, C18:1), palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and DHA were found in high levels. The content of C18:1 (OA) in the wild spiny loach was 0.58 ± 0.02 g/100 g fresh weight, significantly lower than the cultivated ones, 2.95 ± 0.01, 3.49 ± 0.03 and 2.56 ± 0.02 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. This might be due to the higher fat content (≥15%) in the artificial feed. It has been reported that the amount of C18 fatty acids (such as OA, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) in farmed fish increased after using vegetable oil in feed [29]. This class of fatty acids is considered to have high nutritional value because they protect against CVD and contribute to the enrichment of aromatic components [30,31,32]. The current study indicated that the n-3:n-6 ratios in the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at the second/third age were much higher than that in the cultivated at the first age. In addition to the food they consumed, this ratio depends largely on their breeding stage. Fatty acids with good n-3:n-6 ratio (1.30–1.73) can potentially reduce the risk of CVD, neural disorders and cystic fibrosis [33]. Supporting our results, Manoharan et al. [5] found that fish Lepidocephalus thermalis had higher n-3:n-6 ratio of 1.19–1.97. Özogul et al. [34] reported 1.7 for European seabass caught off from the coast of Turkey.

Table 2

Fatty acid contents between the wild and cultivated spiny loaches (g/100 g fresh weight)

Fatty acids Wild spiny loaches Cultivated spiny loaches (1st year) Cultivated spiny loaches (2nd year) Cultivated spiny loaches (3rd year)
C12: 0* 0.01 ± 0.00 — — —
C14: 0* 0.09d ± 0.00 0.33a ± 0.00 0.31b ± 0.00 0.22c ± 0.00
C15: 0* 0.02a ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00
C16: 0* 0.71d ± 0.00 2.86a ± 0.03 2.63b ± 0.01 1.98c ± 0.03
C17: 0* 0.03 ± 0.00 — — —
C18: 0* 0.16d ± 0.00 0.39b ± 0.00 0.49a ± 0.01 0.35c ± 0.01
C21: 0* 0.01 ± 0.00 — — —
C24: 0* 0.03a ± 0.00 — 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00
C14: 1 n-5# 0.02a ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00
C16: 1 n-7# 0.32c ± 0.01 1.10a ± 0.02 1.13a ± 0.02 0.87b ± 0.03
C17: 1 n-7# 0.02a ± 0.00 — 0.01b ± 0.00 —
C18: 1 n-9 (OA)# 0.58d ± 0.02 2.95b ± 0.01 3.49a ± 0.03 2.56c ± 0.02
C20: 1 n-9# 0.02d ± 0.00 0.15c ± 0.00 0.18a ± 0.00 0.16b ± 0.00
C24: 1 n-9 # — 0.02a ± 0.00 0.02a ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00
C18: 2 n-6 (LA)& 0.07d ± 0.00 0.45b ± 0.01 0.51a ± 0.00 0.38c ± 0.01
C20: 2 n-6& 0.01b ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00 0.02a ± 0.00 0.02a ± 0.00
C18: 3 n-3 (ALA)& 0.05a ± 0.00 — — 0.04b ± 0.00
C20: 3 n-3& 0.01c ± 0.00 0.02b ± 0.00 0.03a ± 0.00 0.03a ± 0.00
C20: 3 n-6& 0.02a ± 0.00 — 0.01c ± 0.00 0.01b ± 0.00
C20: 4 n-3 (AA)& 0.04 ± 0.00 — — —
C20: 5 n-3 (EPA)& 0.02d ± 0.00 0.11b ± 0.00 0.13a ± 0.00 0.07c ± 0.00
C22: 6 n-3 (DHA)& 0.04d ± 0.00 0.47c ± 0.01 0.72a ± 0.02 0.57b ± 0.01
SFA 1.06c ± 0.00 3.60a ± 0.03 3.45a ± 0.01 2.57b ± 0.03
MUFA 0.97c ± 0.01 4.23ab ± 0.03 4.83a ± 0.01 3.61b ± 0.05
PUFA 0.26c ± 0.00 1.06b ± 0.00 1.42a ± 0.02 1.11b ± 0.02
TUFA 1.22c ± 0.00 5.29ab ± 0.03 6.25a ± 0.02 4.72b ± 0.03
PUFA/SFA 0.25b ± 0.00 0.29b ± 0.00 0.41a ± 0.01 0.43a ± 0.01
EPA + DHA 0.06d ± 0.00 0.58c ± 0.01 0.85a ± 0.02 0.64b ± 0.01
∑n-3 0.16d ± 0.00 0.60c ± 0.01 0.88a ± 0.02 0.71b ± 0.02
∑n-6 0.10c ± 0.00 0.46b ± 0.01 0.54a ± 0.01 0.41b ± 0.01
n-3/n-6 1.59b ± 0.01 1.30c ± 0.02 1.64ab ± 0.03 1.73a ± 0.03
DHA/EPA 2.0d ± 0.01 4.27c ± 0.02 5.54b ± 0.03 8.14a ± 0.03

Note: C12: 0, lauric acid; C14: 0, myristic acid; C15: 0, pentadecanoic acid; C16: 0, palmitic acid; C17: 0, heptadecanoic acid; C18: 0, stearic acid; C21: 0, heneicosanoic acid; C24: 0, lignoceric acid; C14: 1 n-5, myristoleic acid; C16: 1 n-7, palmitoleic acid; C17: 1 n-7, heptadecanoic acid; C18: 1 n-9, oleic acid; C20: 1 n-9, eicosenoic acid; C24: 1 n-9, nervonic acid; C18: 2 n-6, linoleic acid; C20: 2 n-6, eicosadienoic acid; C18: 3 n-3, α-linolenic acid; C20: 3 n-3, 11, 14, 17-eicosatrienoic acid; C20: 3 n-6, 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acids; C20: 4 n-3, arachidonic acid; C20: 5 n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; C22: 6 n-3, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TUFA, total unsaturated fat acids.

The different letters (a, b, c, and d) in the same line indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

*For saturated fatty acids.

#For monounsaturated fatty acids.

&For polyunsaturated fatty acids.

—represents not detected.

A growing number of studies have shown that DHA plays an important role in normal retina and brain development [25]. Although LA can be converted into EPA in the human body, the rate of this reaction in the human body is very slow and the amount of conversion is very small, far from meeting the human body’s needs [35]. Therefore, it must be directly supplemented from food. Fish is a good food source for DHA and EPA. The American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that people who are diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD) should intake approximately 1 g of DHA and EPA every day. People without CVD should intake approximately 500 mg of these acids each day for prophylactic purposes. Higher doses of DHA and EPA were reported to decrease high triglyceride levels in the blood [36]. The AHA suggests that a daily intake of approximately 2–4 g of these acids can lower triglycerides. Whelen [37] reported that high ratio of DHA/EPA has an advantageous impact on consumer health and that DHA is more efficient than is EPA in reducing the risk of CHD. The contents of EPA and DHA in the cultivated spiny loaches were significantly higher than that of the wild (0.06 ± 0.00 g/100 g fresh weight), and the second age of cultivation demonstrated the highest content (0.85 ± 0.02 g/100 g fresh weight). Higher ratio of DHA/EPA was measured in the cultivated spiny loaches, especially in the second/third stage (5.54 or 8.14). Above results suggested that cultivated spiny loaches, especially at the second age was the good source of EPA and DHA.

3.3 Amino acid compositions

As shown in Table 3, a total of 16 amino acids were detected in the wild and cultivated spiny loach, including seven EAA and nine non-EAA. The result was similar to those reported from fish of Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis (wild, Neijiang section of Sichuan, China) [38] and Triplophysa dalaica (wild, Zijiang of Hunan, China) [39]. The type and content of amino acids can reflect the quality of food protein, and the content of total EAA (TEAA) is the most important index to evaluate the nutritional value [40]. In the present study, the TAA and TEAA contents of the second-age and the wild spiny loaches are not significantly different, and both were significantly higher than the first and third age, showing that the cultivated second-year-old spiny loaches had the best nutritional value. The results suggested that spiny loaches at different breeding stages demonstrated great difference in amino acids, which might be due to that the demand for protein in feed is different in different cultivation stages, and the current feed was more conducive to the growth and development of spiny loach at the second age. Previously, the amino acid content of cultured fish was lower than that of the wild one [41,42], in recent years, with the improved breeding technology, good water and feed quality, the nutritional value of cultivated spiny loaches at suitable stage has been improved.

Table 3

Amino acid compositions between the wild and cultivated spiny loaches (g/100 g fresh weight)

Amino acids Wild spiny loaches Cultivated spiny loaches (1st year) Cultivated spiny loaches (2nd year) Cultivated spiny loaches (3rd year)
Lys* 1.44a ± 0.03 1.38b ± 0.01 1.48a ± 0.04 0.79c ± 0.01
Thr* 0.73a ± 0.01 0.69b ± 0.01 0.74a ± 0.01 0.39c ± 0.01
Val* 0.74b ± 0.02 0.72b ± 0.01 0.78a ± 0.01 0.43c ± 0.01
Met* 0.38a ± 0.03 0.32b ± 0.00 0.40a ± 0.01 0.18c ± 0.03
Ile* 0.73ab ± 0.02 0.71b ± 0.01 0.74a ± 0.02 0.39c ± 0.01
Leu* 1.24a ± 0.02 1.19b ± 0.01 1.26a ± 0.02 0.65c ± 0.01
Phe* 0.63b ± 0.01 0.63b ± 0.00 0.65a ± 0.02 0.35c ± 0.01
Glu&# 2.92a ± 0.03 2.60c ± 0.01 2.78b ± 0.06 1.41d ± 0.03
Asp&# 1.63a ± 0.07 1.64a ± 0.02 1.66a ± 0.02 0.85b ± 0.00
Ala&# 1.08a ± 0.01 1.03b ± 0.01 1.04b ± 0.02 0.54c ± 0.01
Gly&# 0.87a ± 0.06 0.82a ± 0.01 0.76b ± 0.02 0.40c ± 0.01
Tyr& 0.40b ± 0.01 0.37c ± 0.01 0.42a ± 0.00 0.22d ± 0.01
Ser& 0.67a ± 0.00 0.63b ± 0.01 0.67a ± 0.01 0.35c ± 0.01
Pro& 0.55a ± 0.02 0.51b ± 0.00 0.44c ± 0.01 0.25d ± 0.02
His& 0.46b ± 0.00 0.51a ± 0.01 0.50a ± 0.01 0.28c ± 0.01
Arg& 0.95a ± 0.01 0.85c ± 0.01 0.91b ± 0.00 0.45d ± 0.01
TAA 15.42a ± 0.14 14.58b ± 0.09 15.23a ± 0.15 7.93c ± 0.00
TEAA 5.90a ± 0.12 5.63b ± 0.03 6.05a ± 0.10 3.18c ± 0.01
TNEAA 9.52a ± 0.02 8.95c ± 0.05 9.18b ± 0.05 4.75d ± 0.01
TFAA 6.50a ± 0.04 6.09c ± 0.04 6.24b ± 0.04 3.20d ± 0.01
TEAA/TAA 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.41
TEAA/TNEAA 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.67
TFAA/TAA 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40

Note: TAA, total amino acids; TEAA, total essential amino acids; TNEAA, total nonessential amino acids; TFAA, total flavor amino acids.

The different letters (a, b, c and d) in the same line indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

*Eessential amino acids.

&Non-essential amino acids.

#Delicious amino acids.

Flavor amino acids include Glu, Asp, Ala and Gly, which determine the flavor taste of the food protein. Glu and Asp are umami amino acids, while Gly and Ala are sweet amino acids. As shown in Table 3, the ratios of them to TAA in the wild spiny loaches were 0.42, 0.42, 0.41 and 0.40, respectively, and the contents of Glu and Asp were significantly higher than Gly and Ala. This is the reason that the loach tastes delicious. The contents of umami amino acids in the wild and second-age spiny loaches were higher, 6.50 ± 0.04 and 6.24 ± 0.04 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively, and the lowest in the third age group was 3.20 ± 0.01 g/100 g fresh weight. It is worth mentioning that the contents of TEAA and flavor amino acids of the second-age spiny loaches were significantly higher than that of the other two stages. As the fodder in different cultivated stages of spiny loach was the same, the highest content detected in the second-age spiny loaches might be due to the higher absorption and conversion efficiency of protein.

3.4 Protein and nutritional quality evaluation

According to the FAO/WHO amino acid pattern, the TEAA/TAA value is about 0.4, and the TEAA/TNEAA value should exceed 0.6. In this study, the TEAA/TAA values of wild and three cultivated-age spiny loaches were 0.39, 0.39, 0.40 and 0.41, respectively, and the TEAA/TNEAA values were 0.62, 0.63, 0.66 and 0.67. These results suggested that the wild and all three cultivated spiny loaches met the FAO/WHO amino acid pattern standard and belong to the high-quality protein source food, especially for the cultivated spiny loaches in the second and third age. As shown in Table 4, the TEAA content only in the second-age group (2201.28) was higher than that at FAO/WHO amino acid pattern (2190), and the third-age group was the lowest (1132.13). According to AAS and CS scores, Lys content in the first (454.67) and second-age spiny loaches (503.54) far exceeded the requirement of FAO/WHO amino acid pattern (340) and whole egg amino acid pattern (441). Besides, Thr (251.77) and Ile (251.77) only in the second-age group were higher than the FAO/WHO amino acid pattern (250). The first limiting amino acid was Met, both in the wild and cultivated spiny loaches. Notably, the EAAI value in the cultivated second-age group was also the highest among the four groups. Higher EAAI indicates more reasonable amino acid composition, better protein quality and higher utilization [43]. All these results suggested that the protein quality of the second-age loach was better than that of the other three groups. The mixtures of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids have the liver protection effect, and the F value (molar ratios of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids) of normal people is 3. 0–3. 5, when the liver is damaged, it is reduced to 1. 0–1. 5. In this study, the F values of the cultivated loaches at three age stages were 2.62, 2.60 and 2.58, which were higher than those of the wild spiny loach (1.43). To sum up, the amino acid content and ratios of the second-age stage were more responsive for human needs to prevent against diseases.

Table 4

Evaluation of amino acid value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches

F/W standard (mg/g) WEP standard (mg/g) Wild spiny loaches (mg/g) Cultivated spiny loaches (1st year) (mg/g) Cultivated spiny loaches (2nd year) (mg/g) Cultivated spiny loaches (3rd year) (mg/g)
AAC AAS CS AAC AAS CS AAC AAS CS AAC AAS CS
Thr 250 292 240.51 0.96 0.82 221.49 0.89 0.76 251.77 1.01 0.86 129.86 0.52 0.44
Val 310 410 243.81 0.79 0.59 231.12 0.75 0.56 265.38 0.86 0.65 143.18 0.46 0.35
Leu 440 534 408.54 0.93 0.77 382.00 0.87 0.72 428.69 0.97 0.80 216.44 0.49 0.41
Ile 250 331 240.51 0.96 0.73 227.91 0.91 0.69 251.77 1.01 0.76 129.86 0.52 0.39
Lys 340 441 474.43 1.40 1.08 454.67 1.34 1.03 503.54 1.48 1.14 263.05 0.77 0.60
Met 220 386 125.20 0.57 0.32 102.72 0.47 0.27 136.09 0.62 0.35 59.94 0.27 0.16
Phe＋Tyr 380 565 339.35 0.89 0.60 321.01 0.84 0.57 364.04 0.96 0.64 189.80 0.50 0.34
Total 2,190 2,959 2072.35 1940.93 2201.28 1132.13
EAAI 67.55 62.18 71.82 36.30
F 1.43 2.62 2.60 2.58

Note: AAC, amino acids content; F/W standard, FAO/WHO standard; WEP standard, whole egg protein standard; EAAI, essential amino acid index; AAS, amino acid score; CS, chemical score.

3.5 Volatile compounds

There are also numerous studies showing that volatile compounds play a significant role in the quality of fish products and are key factors in consumers’ acceptance [44,45]. Therefore, the volatile component analysis of spiny loaches is of great significance for nutritional value assessment and safety management.

As presented in Table 5, 11 volatile compounds were detected in the wild spiny loach, while 13 were detected in the farmed spiny loaches. The detected volatile flavor compounds were mainly alkanes, the others were alcohols, esters and aldehydes. Alanane compounds had fragrant and sweet flavors. The higher content in alkanes was N-decane, which was 13.93 ± 0.92% in the wild spiny loaches, and was found to be the highest in the second-age cultivated spiny loaches (22.39 ± 0.93%). N-butyl cyclopentane, dimethylbenzene, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, 1-methylcyclohexanol and propyl caproate were detected only in the cultivated spiny loach, while 1,4-dibutylbenzene and butyrate were present only in the wild. This might be due to the difference in forage between cultivated and wild ones. Most of the saturated C6–C12 aldehyde compounds have the fragrance of grass and fat, with a low threshold and a strong correlation with fish flavor [46,47]. As can be seen from the results presented in Table 5, octanal (C8H18O) was detected in all four groups of fish, and was the most abundant in the second-age group (7.11 ± 0.27%).

Table 5

Composition of volatile compounds (% of area) between wild and cultivated spiny loaches

Volatile compounds Wild spiny loaches Cultivated spiny loaches (1st year) Cultivated spiny loaches (2nd year) Cultivated spiny loaches (3rd year)
N-Butyl cyclopentane — 9.93%b ± 0.74% 2.62%c ± 0.23% 14.64%a ± 0.48%
N-Decane 13.93%d ± 0.92% 20.7%b ± 1.72% 22.39%a ± 0.93% 19.02%c ± 0.46%
Dimethylbenzene — 2.58%a ± 0.39% 2.06%b ± 0.10% 1.93%b ± 0.12%
Laurane 6.13%a ± 0.15% 2.61%b ± 0.20% 6.15%a ± 0.49% 2.94%b ± 0.03%
1,2,4,5-Tetratoluene 3.41%a ± 0.11% 2.30%c ± 0.04% 2.66%b ± 0.04% 2.09%d ± 0.05%
Naphthalene 13.65%a ± 0.15% 8.16%c ± 0.08% 9.64%b ± 0.07% 9.37%b ± 0.34%
1-Methylnaphthalene 34.41%a ± 1.68% 17.37%b ± 1.67% 18.28%b ± 0.16% 17.74%b ± 0.58%
Dibutyl hydroxytoluene — 21.09%a ± 1.50% 17.30%b ± 0.22% 17.66%b ± 0.72%
1,4-Dibutylbenzene 3.37% ± 0.04% — — —
1-Methylcyclohexanol — 2.75%b ± 0.57% 3.21%a ± 0.21% 2.09%c ± 0.16%
1-Nonene-4-ol 6.69%a ± 0.10% 3.43%b ± 0.07% 3.07%c ± 0.01% 3.68%b ± 0.06%
Menthol 6.00%a ± 0.27% 2.35%bc ± 0.17% 2.65%b ± 0.05% 2.14%c ± 0.15%
2-Methylbutanol 2.54% ± 0.30% — — —
Propyl caproate — 2.65%b ± 0.39% 2.86%ab ± 0.13% 3.18%a ± 0.24%
Butyrate 5.42% ± 0.41% — — —
Octanal 4.45%b ± 0.46% 4.08%bc ± 0.42% 7.11%a ± 0.27% 3.52%c ± 0.10%

Note: The different letters (a, b, c and d) in the same line indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

—represents not detected.

4 Conclusions

In general, this study provides a detailed analysis and comparison of the nutritional composition between wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three different cultivation stages, including proximate components, fatty acids, amino acids and volatile flavor compounds. The cultivated spiny loaches had higher energy and fat contents, especially for the second-age one. The total contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and EPA + DHA in the second-age spiny loaches were the highest, as well as the essential and flavor (Glu, Asp, Ala and Gly) amino acids, and EAAI value. Similarly, the types and contents of volatile substances in the second-age spiny loaches were relatively high. Therefore, the nutritional value of cultivated spiny loaches at the second breeding age is higher than that of the wild one. This study would provide a theoretical basis for consumers to choose right-age cultivated loaches, and appropriate cultivation period for farmers to improve the quality of cultivated loaches from the perspective of nutritional value.

tel: +86-079-6651089
tel: +86-572-88813778

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi (20171ACF60012), Science and Technology Program of Ganzhou (No: [2019] 27), Flexible Talent Introduction Project of Ganzhou, in 2021 and Horizontal Project (KYY-HX-20221035).

  2. Author contributions: Zeguo Zeng: methodology, writing-original draft; Qingxiang Zeng: conceptualization, writing, review and editing; Xinmin Lu: investigation, methodology; Miao Zheng: investigation, data curation; Yuan Fang: investigation, sampling; Jing Guo: investigation; Fang Luo: validation; Xiaorong Zeng: visualization; Zhihuan Cai: investigation; Bin Liu: methodology; Lifang Deng: Data curation; Fei Zeng: visualization; Xianguo Zou: conceptualization, writing, review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Gupta S, Banerjee S. Food, feeding habit and reproductive biology of tire-track spiny eel (Mastacembelus armatus): a review. J Aquac Res Dev. 2016;7:429. 10.4172/2155-9546.1000429.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Oehlenschläger J. Seafood: nutritional benefits and risk aspects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2012;82:168–76. 10.1024/0300-9831/a000108.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Cai L, Tong F, Tang T, Ao Z, Wei Z, Yang F, et al. Comparative evaluation of nutritional value and flavor quality of muscle in triploid and diploid common carp: Application of genetic improvement in fish quality. Aquaculture. 2021;541:736780. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736780.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Rose Adam J. Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in health and disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2623. 10.3390/nu11112623.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Manoharan S, Kuppu R, Uthandakalaipandian R. Comparative assessment of nutritional composition in raw and cooked Indian freshwater fish Lepidocephalus thermalis (V.). Proc Zool Soc. 2019;72:154–9. 10.1007/s12595-017-0249-4.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Behrouz V, Yari Z. A review on differential effects of dietary fatty acids on weight, appetite and energy expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci. 2022;62(8):2235–49. 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852172.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Krittanawong C, Isath A, Hahn J, Wang Z, Narasimhan B, Kaplin SL, et al. Fish consumption and cardiovascular health: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2021;134:713–20. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.12.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Ghanavati M, Rahmani J, Clark CC, Hosseinabadi SM, Rahimlou M. Pistachios and cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102513. 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102513.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Rahimlou M, Morshedzadeh N, Karimi S, Jafarirad S. Association between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with depression: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57:2333–40. 10.1007/s00394-018-1710-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Ayseli MT, Ayseli Yİ. Flavors of the future: Health benefits of flavor precursors and volatile compounds in plant foods. Trends Food Sci Tech. 2016;48:69–77. 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.005.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Thong NT, Solgaard HS. Consumer’s food motives and seafood consumption. Food Qual Prefer. 2017;56:181–8. 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.10.008.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Rickertsen K, Alfnes F, Combris P, Enderli G, Issanchou S, Shogren JF, et al. French consumers’ attitudes and preferences toward wild and farmed fish. Mar Resour Econ. 2017;32:59–81. 10.1086/689202.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Shi P, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Gu Q, Xiong B. Comparative study on muscle nutritional composition of juvenile bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) fed live feed. Turk J Zool. 2013;37:321–8. 10.3906/zoo-1206-24.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Hossain A, Nielsen M, Nielsen R. The choice of prawn or shrimp? lesson from consumer preferences and price acceptance in the Bangladesh wet fish market. Aquaculture. 2024;583:740580. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740580.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fan HP, Qiu ML, Zhong QF, Xue LZ, Qin ZQ. Comparison of nutrient composition of wild and cultured Mastacembelus armatus in different growth stages. Anhui Agric Sci. 2018;46:92–6. 0517-6611(2018)08-0092-05. (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[16] Zhu DG. Study on the fatty acid of wild male and female Mastacembelus armatus during breeding season. Chin Agric Bull. 2012;28:65–8. casb17070118. (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[17] AOAC. Official methods of analysis the association of official analytical chemistry. 14th edn. Washington (DC): Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Usydus Z, Szlinder-Richert J, Adamczyk M, Szatkowska U. Marine and farmed fish in the Polish market: Comparison of the nutritional value. Food Chem. 2011;126(1):78–84. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.080.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Zou XG, Hu JN, Zhu XM, Wang YF, Deng ZY. Methionine sulfone-containing orbitides, good indicators to evaluate oxidation process of flaxseed oil. Food Chem. 2018;250:204–12. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Rao S, Yu T, Cong X, Zhang WW, Zhu ZZ, Liao YL, et al. Effects of selenate applied at two growth stages on the nutrient quality of Cardamine violifolia. Sci Hortic. 2021;288:110352. 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110352.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Oztekin A, Yigit M, Kizilkaya B, Ucyol N, Tan E, Yilmaz S, et al. Nutritional quality of amino acid in farmed, farm-aggregated and wild Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) with implications to human health. Aquac Res. 2020;51(5):1844–53. 10.1111/are.14534.Search in Google Scholar

[22] FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition, 2013, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, 92. ISSN 0254-4725, FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3124e.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Rahman SA, Huah TS, Nassan O, Daud NM. Fatty acid composition of some Malaysian freshwater fish. Food Chem. 1995;54(1):45–9. 10.1016/0308-8146(95)92660-C.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Christensen JJ, Arnesen EK, Rundblad A, Telle-Hansen VH, Narverud I, Blomhoff R, et al. Dietary fat quality, plasma atherogenic lipoproteins, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an overview of the rationale for the dietary recommendations for fat intake. Atherosclerosis. 2023;389:117433. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117433.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Kousparou C, Fyrilla M, Stephanou A, Patrikios I. DHA/EPA (Omega-3) and LA/GLA (Omega-6) as bioactive molecules in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(13):10717. 10.3390/ijms241310717.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Bogard JR, Thilsted SH, Marks GC, Wahab MA, Hossain MA, Jakobsen J, et al. Nutrient composition of important fish species in Bangladesh and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. J Food Compos Anal. 2015;42:120–33. 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.002.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Hashemi R, Rahimlou M, Baghdadian S, Manafi M. Investigating the effect of DASH diet on blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes and prehypertension: Randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(1):1–4. 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.06.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Keshavarz Z, Rahimlou M, Farjam M, Homayounfar R, Khodadost M, Abdollahi A, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dairy products consumption: results from FASA persian cohort study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:962834. 10.3389/fnut.2022.962834.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Pleadin J, Le T, Kre G, Bari R, Bogdanovi T, Orai D, et al. Nutritional quality of different fish species farmed in the Adriatic Sea. Ital J Food Sci. 2017;29:537–49. 10.14674/IJFS-706.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Bork CS, Mortensen LT, Hjelmgaard K, Schmidt EB. Marine n-3 fatty acids and CVD: new insights from recent follow-up studies and clinical supplementation trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020;79:428–34. 10.1017/S0029665120006886.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Matsumoto C, Yoruk A, Wang L, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption and risk of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1223. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002062.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Lu Y, Zhao J, Xin Q, Yuan R, Miao Y, Yang M, et al. Protective effects of oleic acid and polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil on cardiovascular diseases. Food Sci Hum Wellnes. 2024;13(2):529–40. 10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250047.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Adeyeye EI. Amino acid composition of three species of Nigerian fish: clarias anguillaris, oreochromis niloticus and cynoglossus enegalensis. Food Chem. 2009;113(1):43–6. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.007.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Özogul Y, Özogul F, Alagoz S. Fatty acids profiles and fat contents of commercially important seawater and reshwater fish species of Turkey: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2007;103:217–23. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.009.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of dietary α-linolenic acid treatment and the efficiency of its conversion to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in obesity and related diseases. Molecules. 2022;27(14):4471. 10.3390/molecules27144471.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Peña-De-La-Sancha P, Muñoz-García A, Espínola-Zavaleta N, Bautista-Pérez R, Mejía AM, Luna-Luna M, et al. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases HDL Content in n-3 fatty acids and improves endothelial function in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5390. 10.3390/ijms24065390.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Whalen J. Fishy business: Aquaculture, omega-3 fatty acids and health. WA: Aquaculture America; 2009.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Yue L, Chen X, Li W. Analysis and evaluation of nutritional components in muscle of Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1423:012013. 10.1088/1742-6596/1423/1/012013.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Oliveira CM, Borges EDL, Amaral RVA, Cardoso NA, Sousa RGC. Difference in nutritional values between wild and farmed tambaqui in the north region of Brazil. Food Sci Technol. 2021;41:716–21. 10.1590/fst.17220.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Pyz-Łukasik R, Paszkiewicz W. Species variations in the proximate composition, amino acid profile, and protein quality of the muscle tissue of Grass Carp, Bighead Carp, Siberian Sturgeon, and Wels Catfish. J Food Qual. 2018;2018:e2625401. 10.1155/2018/2625401.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Seves SM, Temme EHM, Brosens MCC, Zijp MC, Hoekstra J, Hollander A, et al. Sustainability aspects and nutritional composition of fish: evaluation of wild and cultivated fish species consumed in the Netherlands. Clim Change. 2016;135:597–610. 10.1007/s10584-015-1581-1.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Wu PF, Geng LW, Jiang HF. Analysis and evaluation of nutritional components in muscle of plateau fish Triplophysa dalaica. J Fish. 2017;30:19–25. (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[43] Li Z, Hong T, Shen G, Gu Y, Guo Y, Han J. Amino acid profiles and nutritional evaluation of fresh sweet-waxy corn from three different regions of China. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):3887. 10.3390/nu14193887.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Yue QA, Qiu FR, Li W, Xue ZZ, Shan BX. Comparison of volatile aroma compounds in commercial surimi and their products from freshwater fish and marine fish and aroma fingerprints establishment based on metabolomics analysis methods. Food Chem. 2024;433:137308. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Zhuang K, Wu N, Wang X, Wu X, Wang S, Long XW, et al. Effects of 3 feeding modes on the volatile and nonvolatile compounds in the edible tissues of female Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). J Food Sci. 2016;81:S968–81. 10.1111/1750-3841.13229.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[46] Miao X, Li S, Shang S, Sun N, Dong X, Jiang PF, et al. Characterization of volatile flavor compounds from fish maw soaked in five different seasonings. Food Chem X. 2023;19:100805. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100805.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Chen Q, Jiang X, Xiao N, Feng Q, Liu J, Shi W, et al. Characterization of the effect of different sugar on volatile flavor compounds of dried fish floss using e-nose combined with HS-SPME/GC-MS. J Food Process Preserv. 2022;46(5):e16567. 10.1111/jfpp.16567.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-02-25
Revised: 2024-08-13
Accepted: 2024-08-14
Published Online: 2024-10-25

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0969
Keywords for this article
spiny loach; proximate compositions; fatty acids; amino acids; nutritional value; farming
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 22.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0969/html
Scroll to top button