Home Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
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Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis

  • Liang Jun , Zhonghua Wang , Shouhong Wang , Xiaolong Liao , Tiehe Qin and Weixin Guo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 24, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in many human diseases. However, their role in the development of severe sepsis, a condition that remains one of the main causes of death in intensive care units, has not yet been defined. In this study, we interrogated the molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in severe sepsis. We profiled the expression levels of 5,680 circRNAs in plasma extracted from blood samples of 9 severe sepsis cases or 9 controls (male, age 78 ± 7) using the Human circRNA Array. To enrich protein-coding genes hosting severe sepsis-related circRNAs, we conducted gene ontology and pathways analyses. Out of the identified 760 differentially expressed circRNAs, 404 were upregulated while 356 were downregulated (fold change [FC] ≥2 or ≤−2, and false discovery ratio <0.05). Circ-0008285 (located in exons of CDYL), showed significant upregulation in severe sepsis with an FC of 13.7, and Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05/5. In silico analysis identified Circ-0008285 interacting microRNAs as well as protein-coding genes. We systematically investigated the differential expression pattern of circRNAs in severe sepsis. The circRNAs we identified might serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis.

Keywords: circular RNAs; severe sepsis; circRNA array; microRNAs; transcriptome

1 Introduction

Sepsis is a life-threatening complication caused by the body’s extreme immune response to an infection [1]. Severe sepsis is triggered by infection combined with organ failure and hemodynamic instability. Severe sepsis occurs when there are incidences of organ failure, and remains one of the main causes of death in intensive care units [2,3]. Furthermore, a combination of severe sepsis and extreme hypotension leads to septic shock. Recently, genetic studies identify genetic loci and candidate genes associated with sepsis susceptibility. For example, rs5743708 in TLR2, rs1800629 in TNFα, and rs2569190 in CD14 increase susceptibility to sepsis or septic shock [4,5,6].

Accumulating evidence suggests that severe sepsis induces changes in many protein-coding genes [7,8] or non-coding genes [9] in human genome, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs). circRNAs are considered single-stranded RNA molecules whose 5′ and 3′ ends are covalently closed as “backsplice” to form a continuous loop [10,11,12]. Whereas circRNAs were at first identified in the cytoplasm [13], thousands of circRNAs have been shown to be expressed in many types of human cells and tissues [10,11]. Most of the circRNAs come from the exons of protein-coding genes, while relatively small proportion come from either introns or intergenic regions [14,15,16,17,18]. The circular nature of the circRNA makes them notably stable even in the presence of RNase. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs play pivotal roles in many human diseases, including sepsis. For instance, Ng et al. showed that RasGEF1B could regulate the stability of mature ICAM-1 mRNAs, thus fine-tuning the immune response and protecting host cells against infection, suggesting that circRNAs play a critical role in fine-tuning immune responses [19]. An abnormal immune system is one of the crucial triggers of sepsis. Therefore, circRNAs may potentially contribute to the effective treatment of sepsis. At present, an increasing number of circRNAs have been identified as potential markers in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis [20], such as circRNA_0075723 [21], circRNA circFADS2 [22], and exosomal hsa_circRNA_104484 and hsa_circRNA_104670 [23].

To better understand the roles of circRNAs in the pathophysiology of severe sepsis, we profiled the expression levels of 5,680 circRNAs in 9 severe sepsis cases or 9 controls using high-throughput circRNA arrays and identified differentially expressed circRNAs. Then, gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses were performed to identify novel pathways mediating the actions of circRNAs in sepsis. In addition, we created gene interaction networks using computational tools.

2 Methods

2.1 Clinical samples

Nine severe sepsis male patients and nine age-matched controls were used initial set. The patients’ blood samples were extracted within 24 h following the diagnosis of severe sepsis. The selected patients all meet the criteria of the 2016 guidelines for severe sepsis and are over 65 years old, while excluding patients with tumors or rheumatic diseases [2]. Three blood samples were merged randomly into one testing sample. Six circRNA arrays, i.e., three for the patient sample and three for the controls were performed. For the verification of differential circRNAs, 30 severe sepsis cases and 20 controls were used to validate the highly differentially expressed circRNAs by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Guangdong General Hospital.

2.2 Plasma collection

EDTA anticoagulant tubes were used to collect blood samples. The samples were then centrifuged in an Eppendorf centrifuge at 4°C and 3,000 rpm for 15 min. The plasma was separated into 1.5 mL RNA-free EP tubes and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min to remove cell fragments. The collected plasma was transferred into new 1.5 mL RNA-free EP tubes and stored in −80°C liquid nitrogen.

2.3 Expression of circRNA and data normalization

We analyzed the expression of 5,396 human circRNAs by Arraystar Human circRNA Array (Kangcheng Inc). Total RNA from each of the samples was quantified using a NanoDrop ND-1000 at OD260 while the quality of the RNA was assessed by electrophoresis on a denaturing agarose gel. The sample preparation and microarray hybridization were performed following Arraystar’s standard protocols. Briefly, the total RNAs were digested with Rnase R (Epicentre, Inc.) to remove linear RNAs and enrich circRNAs. Then, the enriched circRNAs were amplified and transcribed into fluorescent cRNA (Arraystar Super RNA Labeling Kit; Arraystar). The labelled circRNAs were hybridized onto the Arraystar Human circRNA Arrays (8 × 15K, Arraystar) and incubated for 17 h at 65°C in an Agilent Hybridization Oven. The slides were washed and, then, the arrays were scanned by the Agilent Scanner G2505C. Raw data were extracted and analyzed using the Agilent Feature Extraction software (version 11.0.1.1). We then normalized (Quantile) the data using GeneSpring software. Thereafter, low-intensity filtering was performed, and the circRNAs that had flags in “P” or “M” (“All Targets Value”) in at least 1 sample were retained for further analyses.

2.4 Identification of differentially expressed circRNAs

Student T-test was used to identify differentially expressed circRNAs from severe sepsis cases versus controls. The false discovery ratio (FDR) was calculated by the Benjamini–Hochberg method [24]. The differentially expressed circRNAs with FDR < 0.05 were selected as significant. Hierarchical clustering [25] was performed to show the expression pattern of significant circRNAs.

2.5 qPCR

qPCR was used to validate the expression levels of differentially expressed circRNAs. The specific primers designed for backsplice junctions of each circRNA (divergent primer) are listed in Table S1. The GAPDH gene was used as an internal control. The Ct (cycle threshold, the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signals to cross the threshold of qPCR) value of each circRNA in each sample was measured. The expression levels of circRNAs were calculated as 2−ΔCt. △Ct was defined as CtcircRNA – CtInter_ctrl. Student T-test was used to test the differential expression levels of circRNAs. Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05 was considered significant.

2.6 GO and pathway analysis

For the differentially expressed circRNAs, topGO software [26] was used to perform GO [27], while the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) [28] was used for pathway enrichment analysis. Fisher’s exact tests were used to find any overlap between the differentially expressed circRNAs sets and the GO terms/KEGG pathways. Benjamini-corrected FDR was set at <0.05 for the numbers of GO terms and pathways.

2.7 Data access

We deposited circRNA expression data to NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus with accession number GSE244903.

2.8 Statistical analysis for sequencing data

Agilent Feature Extraction software was used for raw data extraction. Statistical analysis of raw data was performed using the R software package. T-test was used for the differential analysis of circRNA expression. circRNAs having fold changes (FC) >2 and P-values <0.05 are selected as the significantly differentially expressed.

3 Results

3.1 Clinical characteristics

All participants included in this study were male, aged between 65 and 90 years. The initial samples included nine severe sepsis cases (age, 75 ± 8 years) and nine controls (age, 80 ± 8). The validation samples included 30 cases (age, 75 ± 7 years) and 20 controls (age, 76 ± 6). The age difference was not as significant at P > 0.05. Acute physiologic assessment and chronic health evaluation scores for the sepsis samples ranged between 23 and 35 (Table S2).

3.2 Identification of differentially expressed circRNAs in relation to severe sepsis

There were 760 differentially expressed circRNAs in sepsis versus control cases at FC ≥ 2 or ≤ −2 and FDR < 0.05. Out of the 760, 404 circRNAs were upregulated while the rest were downregulated in severe sepsis (Figure 1). The upregulated circRNAs included 364 exonic, 20 intronic, 16 intragenic, and 4 antisense circRNAs. On the other hand, the downregulated circRNAs included 306 exotic, 33 intronic, 7 intragenic, and 10 antisense circRNAs. Figure 2 shows the expression pattern for the top 40 differentially expressed circRNAs.

Figure 1 Volcano plot of differentially expressed circRNAs for severe sepsis. The x-axis showed the fold changes. The positive values indicated the upregulation and the negative values indicated the downregulation of genes in severe sepsis cases. The y-axis showed the log-10 transformed P values. The red rectangle indicated the differentially expressed circRNAs at P < 0.05. The vertical lines correspond to 2-fold change up and down respectively, and the horizontal line represented a P value of 0.05.
Figure 1

Volcano plot of differentially expressed circRNAs for severe sepsis. The x-axis showed the fold changes. The positive values indicated the upregulation and the negative values indicated the downregulation of genes in severe sepsis cases. The y-axis showed the log-10 transformed P values. The red rectangle indicated the differentially expressed circRNAs at P < 0.05. The vertical lines correspond to 2-fold change up and down respectively, and the horizontal line represented a P value of 0.05.

Figure 2 Heatmap of the top differentially expressed circRNAs for severe sepsis. Clustering analysis of differentially expressed circRNAs with 40 higher expression levels. circRNAs and samples were reordered by two-dimensional hierarchical clustering method, and the tree plots were the graphic representation of this process. Red color indicated upregulation and green color indicated downregulation.
Figure 2

Heatmap of the top differentially expressed circRNAs for severe sepsis. Clustering analysis of differentially expressed circRNAs with 40 higher expression levels. circRNAs and samples were reordered by two-dimensional hierarchical clustering method, and the tree plots were the graphic representation of this process. Red color indicated upregulation and green color indicated downregulation.

3.3 GO and pathway enrichment analysis

To understand biological pathways underlying the differentially expressed circRNAs in severe sepsis, we performed GO and pathway enrichment analysis. The top enriched GO terms and pathways are shown in Table 1. At FDR < 0.05, the upregulated circRNAs were enriched for genes involved in many biological processes (GO-BP terms), such as intracellular transport, primary metabolic process, and immune systems process. Besides, there was an enrichment of upregulated circRNAs involved in pathways such as insulin signally pathway and B-cell receptor signaling. On the other hand, the downregulated circRNAs were enriched for genes involved in the regulation of gene expression and many other metabolic processes. The top GO-CC terms for the upregulated circRNAs were cytoplasm, intracellular organelle part, or intracellular, while the terms for the downregulated circRNAs were nucleus or intracellular. The top GO-MF terms for the upregulated circRNAs were protein binding, ployA RNA binding, or enzyme binding, while those for the downregulated circRNAs were DNA binding, nucleic acid binding, or nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity.

Table 1

Top GO terms and pathways for differentially expressed circRNAs in sepsis

GO term/pathway Resource Fold change P value FDR
Upregulated circRNAs
Intracellular transport GO-BP 1.45 1.72 × 10−26 3.50 × 10−23
Primary metabolic process GO-BP 1.10 1.20 × 10−20 6.11 × 10−18
Immune system process GO-BP 1.31 1.98 × 10−20 8.64 × 10−18
Cytoplasm GO-CC 1.22 1.41 × 10−80 1.04 × 10−77
Intracellular organelle part GO-CC 1.30 6.63 × 10−79 2.09 × 10−76
Intracellular GO-CC 1.13 2.18 × 10−74 2.69 × 10−72
Protein binding GO-MF 1.16 3.15 × 10−49 3.50 × 10−46
Poly(A) RNA binding GO-MF 1.53 5.75 × 10−23 2.13 × 10−20
Enzyme binding GO-MF 1.39 5.08 × 10−19 1.13 × 10−16
Lysosome KEGG 11.29 5.13 × 10−12 1.51 × 10−9
Insulin signaling pathway KEGG 8.17 6.77 × 10−9 9.95 × 10−7
Regulation of actin cytoskeleton KEGG 5.67 2.13 × 10−6 8.97 × 10−5
B-cell receptor signaling pathway KEGG 5.47 3.40 × 10−6 1.11 × 10−4
Endocytosis KEGG 5.26 5.55 × 10−6 1.63 × 10−4
Downregulated circRNAs
Regulation of gene expression GO-BP 1.20 7.25 × 10−13 2.27 × 10−9
Regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO-BP 1.16 7.64 × 10−10 2.02 × 10−7
RNA metabolic process GO-BP 1.16 7.95 × 10−10 2.02 × 10−7
Nucleus GO-CC 1.11 1.11 × 10−8 8.18 × 10−6
Intracellular GO-CC 1.03 2.92 × 10−5 1.08 × 10−2
DNA binding GO-MF 1.28 3.83 × 10−13 4.26 × 10−10
Nucleic acid binding GO-MF 1.17 9.64 × 10−10 5.37 × 10−7
Nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity GO-MF 1.20 3.29 × 10−4 3.66 × 10−2

3.4 Validation of the top differentially expressed circRNAs

Through reference review, we selected 9 (hsa-circ-0000267, hsa-circ-0001173, hsa-circ-0006758, hsa-circ-0008285, hsa-circ-0014879, hsa-circ-0024604, hsa-circ-0035796, hsa-circ-0001811, and hsa-circ-0084615) of the top 40 circRNAs for qPCR validation. As shown in Figure 3, the difference in circ-0008285 expression was significant.

Figure 3 The expression levels of circRNAs in the replication samples. The expression levels of hsa-circ-0000267 (a), hsa-circ-0001173 (b), hsa-circ-0006758 (c), hsa-circ-0008285 (d), hsa-circ-0014879 (e), hsa-circ-0024604 (f), hsa-circ-0035796 (g), hsa-circ-0001811 (h), and hsa-circ-0084615 (i) were detected using qPCR assay. *P < 0.05.
Figure 3

The expression levels of circRNAs in the replication samples. The expression levels of hsa-circ-0000267 (a), hsa-circ-0001173 (b), hsa-circ-0006758 (c), hsa-circ-0008285 (d), hsa-circ-0014879 (e), hsa-circ-0024604 (f), hsa-circ-0035796 (g), hsa-circ-0001811 (h), and hsa-circ-0084615 (i) were detected using qPCR assay. *P < 0.05.

3.5 Construction of the hsa-circ-0008285 gene interaction networks

To better understand the role of hsa-circ-0008285, we used computational tools to predict hsa-circ-0008285-interacting mRNAs, miRNAs, or other circRNAs. From the same sample as the circRNA chip, we carried out whole transcriptome detection of mRNA, micro-RNA as well as mRNA related to circ-0008285 as shown in Figure 4. There were a total of 117 miRNAs, 60 mRNA, and 39 circ-RNAs.

Figure 4 A hsa-circ-0008285-derived gene network. hsa-circ-0008285 targeted mRNAs (n = 60, green circular), circRNAs (n = 39, blue circular), and miRNAs (n = 117, red circular) were predicted by bioinformatics, luciferase reporting system, CHIRP, and RNA sequencing.
Figure 4

A hsa-circ-0008285-derived gene network. hsa-circ-0008285 targeted mRNAs (n = 60, green circular), circRNAs (n = 39, blue circular), and miRNAs (n = 117, red circular) were predicted by bioinformatics, luciferase reporting system, CHIRP, and RNA sequencing.

4 Discussion

circRNAs are in low abundance but notably stable and widespread in human tissues and cells [29,30]. Recently, thousands of circRNAs have been identified in various tissues and organs, and most of the circRNAs were associated with many diseases [30,31,32,33,34].

In this study, we systematically analyzed shifts in the expression of 5,680 circRNAs in severe sepsis using high-throughput circRNA arrays. The analysis identified 760 differentially expressed circRNAs. The differentially expressed circRNAs suggested many novel biological processes or pathways that are involved in the pathophysiology of severe sepsis. We have, for the first time, systematically identified circRNAs on a genome-wide scale for severe sepsis. We identified hundreds of circRNAs that were differentially expressed in severe sepsis. According to the qPCR results, we validated circRNAs such as hsa-circ-0008285 (exons of CDYL) and hsa-circ-0001811 (exons of STAU2) as potential biomarkers for severe sepsis.

In recent studies, hsa-circ-0008285 has been shown to adsorb Let-7c and inhibit the entry of interferon regulatory factor 4 into the nucleus, thereby promoting the expression of C/EBP-δ, promoting vascular inflammation, and inducing M1 polarization in macrophages [35]. Although hsa-circ-0008285 has been confirmed to be involved in inflammation, its expression and role in severe sepsis have not been reported. In addition, hsa_circ_0001811 was low expressed in gastric cancer [36], and targeted the miR-589/CAPZA1 axis to inhibit the progression of gastric cancer [37]. However, most of the circRNAs are still less studied in severe sepsis. More comprehensive functional studies in the future are needed to validate their roles and molecular mechanisms in severe sepsis.

GO and pathway analysis studies showed that sepsis-related circRNAs were localized in exons of protein-coding genes. These circRNAs were enriched for genes involved in many metabolic processes or immune functions. These results supported the pathology of sepsis as a systemic inflammation in response to infection. circRNAs may interact with their hosting genes or miRNAs to regulate such processes or pathways.

However, this study only performed six high-throughput circRNA arrays. The small sample size reduced the confidence of the initial results defining the differentially expressed circRNAs. In addition, both the patients and control samples included in this study were male, which led to reduced reliability of the research results. We plan to conduct further follow-up validation studies for the top results to provide more reliable results.

Acknowledgment

The present study was supported by the Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the National Clinical Key Subject Construction Project (2012-649), Stability support for provincial scientific research institutions (KD032023004) and the Clinical Specialty Technology Construction Project of Guangzhou (2023P-TS19).

  2. Author contributions: L.J. analyzed the data and wrote manuscripts. W.G. was responsible for doing experiments and writing manuscripts. Z.W. and T.Q. assisted in the experiment. Z.W., S.W., and X.L. assisted in the analysis of experimental data. L.J., S.W., and X.L. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-10-18
Revised: 2024-06-03
Accepted: 2024-06-03
Published Online: 2024-07-24

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
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  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
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  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
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  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
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  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
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  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
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  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
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  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
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  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
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  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
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  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
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  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
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  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
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  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
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  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
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  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0900
Keywords for this article
circular RNAs; severe sepsis; circRNA array; microRNAs; transcriptome
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
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  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
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  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
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  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
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  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
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  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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