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Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial

  • Zhijian Gao , Xinlu Bai , Xiaoyun Tang , Jinhu Zhi , Yu Liu , Guodong Wang , Guojiang Yang , Yantao Liu and Liang Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 16, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Scientific fertilization is an important technical means of achieving high and stable peanut yields. Using soil testing and formula fertilization, the “3414” optimal regression design was used and included 14 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization treatments. Ternary quadratic functions of the fertilizer effect were established according to three-season field experiments and the regression analysis of fertilizer–yield function was performed to explore the optimal fertilizer application mode and ratio for peanuts under mulched drip irrigation (MDI), and a suitable fertilizer application system was established. The ternary quadratic equation relating peanut yield (y) and the fertilizer application rates of N (N), P (P2O5), and K (K2O) was obtained after fitting, i.e., y = 2912.528 + 21.432N + 16.324P + 6.181K − 0.051N2 − 0.109P2 − 0.061K2 + 0.017NP + 0.023NK + 0.086PK, and significance analysis and typicality assessment were performed. The model R 2 was 0.9709, both values are extremely significant (p < 0.01), which indicates that the obtained ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function is typical and could be used for statistical purposes and fertilization recommendations. Three quadratic fertilizer effect functions were obtained. Among them, the equation for K is extremely significant, and the equations of N and P are significant. According to the assumption that the marginal yield is zero and the marginal profit is zero, the fertilizer application rate with the maximum yield, the fertilizer application rate with the best economic benefits, and the corresponding yields were obtained. The optimal fertilizer application rate predicted by the ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function was relatively high, so the three quadratic fertilizer effect functions were used for prediction. Under the test conditions, the recommended fertilizer application rates for peanuts under MDI are 256.6 kg N per ha, 164.2 kg P2O5 per ha, and 213.2 kg K2O per ha, the recommended fertilization ratio is 1:0.64:0.83, and the recommended ratio under formula fertilization is 23:15:19. The study has developed a data-based decision support system for Xinjiang drip-irrigated peanut, which assists farmers and agricultural managers in making more scientific and precise fertilization decisions based on the specific growth requirements of the crops and soil conditions. This evidence-based methodology enhances the precision of agricultural management, which is conducive to increasing crop yields while reducing resource wastage and environmental impact. However, multipoint and multiyear experiments are still needed to ensure that the findings are adaptable to the diverse soil conditions and fluctuating climate patterns that may be encountered in practice.

Keywords: peanut yield; mulched drip irrigation; “3414” field trial; fertilizer effect model; recommended fertilization

1 Introduction

In soil testing and formula fertilization, a ternary quadratic polynomial function of fertilizer effects is often used to establish nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer effect equations and calculate recommended fertilizer application rates [1]. Many scholars have used “3414” field trials to establish fertilization index systems for wheat [2], corn [3], rice [4], and cotton [5] to determine recommended fertilization schemes. Qi et al. [6], Zhong et al. [7], and Li et al. [8] carried out fertilizer effect model studies on peanut, they recommended similar fertilization ratios for N and K but came to different conclusions regarding P fertilizer application, which may be due to regional variations. Some scholars have proposed fertilization based on the principle of combined organic and inorganic fertilization and the balanced application of macro and micro elements [9] or on reducing N and P fertilizer application and focusing on K fertilizer [10]. Others have explored the theory and application of whole-process controlled fertilization, i.e., “N application in the initial stage, calcium (Ca) application in the middle stage, and N application in the later stage”, to elucidate the governing principles of peanut fertilizer application [11]. Regardless of which fertilization technologies and principles are adopted, the basic soil fertility parameters and fertilization effect of the local area should be clarified.

Xinjiang has a long history of peanut planting. Peanut has been regarded as a secondary cash crop, and little research has been carried out, moreover, relevant technical parameters and models for water and fertilizer application are lacking. In recent years, under the background of the restructuring of the agricultural industry, rapid development of animal husbandry, and emergence of the economic and ecological benefits of peanut planting in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), the peanut planting area in the XPCC has gradually increased, the income of farmers in Xinjiang has gradually increased as a result of peanut cultivation, and peanut has become an important cash crop with ecological benefits. The water resources in Xinjiang are limited, and drip irrigation technology, as an efficient water-saving irrigation method, can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of water resources and promote increased agricultural production [12]. However, there are few reports on the “3414” field trials of drip irrigated peanut cultivation in Xinjiang, where most growers rely on experience for fertilization. Therefore, excessive application of fertilizer often occurred, leading to significant nutrient loss and environmental pollution.

In this study, based on the unique climatic conditions of Xinjiang and conducted “3414” field trials of peanut planting, the technical parameters related to water and fertilizer application for drip-irrigated peanuts under mulched drip irrigation were explored to establish and improve a high-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency cultivation model for drip-irrigated peanut. The aim of this study was to clarify the optimal fertilizer application rate and fertilization parameters for local peanut planting through experiments to improve traditional water and fertilizer management methods and to continuously improve resource use efficiency and reduce environmental pollution while increasing production. This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield cultivation of drip-irrigated peanuts in Xinjiang and provide technical support for modifying structural components of agriculture, developing animal husbandry, increasing employees’ income and increasing field efficiency in the XPCC.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Overview of the test sites

The experiments were conducted at the Shihezi Scientific Observatory Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Shihezi, Xinjiang, 45°38′N, 86°09′E). The area has a typical arid and semiarid continental climate, with scarce precipitation, dry air, and concentrated light and heat. The annual average temperature is 6.5–7.2℃, the annual average precipitation is 115 mm, the evaporation is 1,942 mm, and the annual sunshine duration is 2,526–2,874 h. The sunshine duration in growing season is 1,900–2,000 h, the annual frost-free period is approximately 160 days, and the accumulated temperature ≥10℃ is 3,570–3,729℃. The experimental field soil is irrigated grey desert soil with uniform soil fertility. The soil physical and chemical characteristics at a depth of 0–20 cm were as follows: organic matter 10.58 g C kg−1, alkali-hydrolysable N 41.55 mg N kg−1, available P 18.38 mg P kg−1, available K 201.5 mg K kg−1, soil pH 8.4, soil bulk density 1.17 g cm−3, and field water holding capacity 21.03%. The experiments were conducted during 2016–2018, and sowing was performed on approximately May 10 every year. The peanut variety was Huayu 33 (Shandong Peanut Research Institute), and the test fertilizers were urea CO(NH2)2 (46–0–0), calcium superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2 (0–12–0), and potassium sulfate K2SO4 (0–0–50). Mulch with a width of 145 cm was used, and hole sowing was conducted with four planting rows per mulch strip. The row spacing within the mulch strip was 35 cm + 45 cm + 35 cm, the spacing between plants was 15 cm, the row spacing between adjacent rows was 70 cm, and the theoretical density was 147,000–156,000 holes ha−1. Single-wing labyrinth drip irrigation tape was used with a drip tape emitter spacing of 30 cm and a flow rate of 2.0 L h−1. The agronomic measures were consistent with those in field management mode.

2.2 Experimental design

The 3414 experiment is a design method for field trials on the effects of fertilizers, involving three factors: N, P, and K, with each factor having four different application rates, resulting in 14 treatment combinations. This design allows researchers to assess the impact of different fertilization rates and ratios on crop yield, as well as to establish a fertilizer effect equation, which is crucial for understanding the influence of fertilization on crop yield. The 14 treatments are: (1) N0P0K0, (2) N0P2K2, (3) N1P2K2, (4) N2P0K2, (5) N2P1K2, (6) N2P2K2, (7) N2P3K2, (8) N2P2K0, (9) N2P2K1, (10) N2P2K3, (11) N3P2K2, (12) N1P1K2, (13) N1P2K1, and (14) N2P1K1 (the subscripts indicate the level of fertilizer application, level 0 refers to no fertilization, level 2 refers to the optimal local fertilizer application rate, level 1 = level 2 × 0.5, level 3 = level 2 × 1.5) (Table 1). 20% N fertilizer, 50% P fertilizer, and K fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer. The remaining fertilizer as top dressing divided into four equal rates for application was applied by a Venturi injector connected to the drip irrigation system. The experiments were repeated three times and arranged in random blocks, and the soil conditions within the blocks were relatively consistent. The area of the plot was 5 m × 10 m = 50 m2, and protection rows were set up outside the test area. To determine harvest yield, the fresh weight and dry weight of pods in each plot were weighed, and the yield per unit area was calculated. All fertilizers were applied with water droplets. Table 2 shows the distribution of growth periods.

Table 1

Experimental design and fertilizer application rates

Treatment Fertilizer application rate (kg ha−1)
N P2O5 K2O
N0P0K0 0 0 0
N0P2K2 0 180 225
N1P2K2 135 180 225
N2P0K2 270 0 225
N2P1K2 270 90 225
N2P2K2 270 180 225
N2P3K2 270 270 225
N2P2K0 270 180 0
N2P2K1 270 180 112.5
N2P2K3 270 180 337.5
N3P2K2 405 180 225
N1P1K2 135 90 225
N1P2K1 135 180 112.5
N2P1K1 270 90 112.5
Table 2

Fertilizer distribution ratios of drip-irrigated peanuts at different growth stages

Growth stage Number of applications (times) Irrigation quota (m3 ha−1) Fertilizer ratio (%)
N P2O5 K2O
Basal fertilizer — — — 50 —
Seedling stage 1 150–225 5 — —
Flowering-pegging stage 4 375–450 45 45 45
Pod bearing stage 3 300–375 35 50 50

2.3 Calculation method

2.3.1 Typicality determination

According to the unconstrained optimization method, the principal minors of each order of the Hessian matrix G(X′) are set to G 1, G 2, and G 3, and then the values of the determinants are

G 1 = 2 b 4 ,

G 2 = 4 b 4 b 5 − b 7 2 ,

G 3 = 2 ( 4 b 4 b 5 b 6 + b 7 b 8 b 9 − b 4 b 9 2 − b 5 b 8 2 − b 6 b 7 2 ) .

If g(x′) = 0, G 1 < 0, G 2 > 0, and G 3 < 0, then matrix G(X′) is negative definite, and the fertilizer effect model has a maximum value. Furthermore, if the values of N, P, and K corresponding to point x′ represented by g(x′) = 0 are all within the range of the designed fertilizer application rates in this study, then the model is typical [13].

2.3.2 Recommended fertilizer application rate

The peanut yield was set as the dependent variable y, and the application rate of each fertilizer was set as the independent variable x, and then ternary quadratic and quadratic fertilizer effect functions were obtained after fitting. After comprehensive consideration of typicality, the F test, and the R 2 test, the maximum fertilizer application rate and the fertilizer application rate with best economic benefit, as well as the corresponding yields, were calculated to determine the recommended fertilizer application rate for peanuts.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The test data were analyzed using Excel 2007, and the graphs were plotted using SigmaPlot 12.5.

3 Results

3.1 Relationships between fertilizer application rates and peanuts yield

3.1.1 Analysis of the results of five conventional treatments

Treatments 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, i.e., the five conventional treatments in the “3414” field trial, corresponded to no fertilizer, N deficiency, P deficiency, full fertilizer, and K deficiency, respectively. The level “2” fertilizer application rate was used in each treatment. For the five conventional treatments, the effects of N, P, and K fertilizers on increasing yield were investigated in the field trials (Table 3). Table 4 shows that the yield increase and yield increase rate of treatment 6 (full fertilizer) and treatment 1 (no fertilizer) were the highest at 5844.0 kg ha−1 and 194.31%, respectively, and the yield increase rates of the N deficiency, P deficiency, and K deficiency treatments were 47.12, 52.36, and 59.37%, respectively, indicating that under the experimental conditions, the dependence of drip-irrigated peanuts on N was higher than that on P and K.

Table 3

Comparison of five conventional treatments

Treatment Yield (kg ha−1) Increase in yield (kg ha−1) Increase ratio (%)
No fertilizer Full fertilizer No fertilizer Full fertilizer
N0P0K0 3007.5 — — — —
N0P2K2 4170.5 1163.0 4681.0 38.67 47.12
N2P0K2 4635.0 1627.5 4216.5 54.11 52.36
N2P2K2 8851.5 5844.0 — 194.31 —
N2P2K0 5255.5 2248.0 3596.0 74.75 59.37
Table 4

Prediction results of the ternary quadratic effect equation

Forecast Fertilizer application rate (kg ha−1) Yield (kg ha−1)
N P2O5 K2O
Maximum application rate and yield 295.0 194.8 245.0 8420.4
Optimal application rate and yield 287.2 190.3 255.2 8371.6

Note: The calculation assumed that the economic value of N fertilizer was 4 yuan kg−1, that of P fertilizer was 7.4 yuan kg−1, that of K fertilizer was 6.8 yuan kg−1, and that of the peanut product was 5.2 yuan kg−1.

3.1.2 Fitting of the ternary quadratic effect function and prediction analysis

Regression analysis was performed using the ternary quadratic regression model y = b 0 + b 1N + b 2P + b 3K + b 4N2 + b 5P2 + b 6K2 + b 7NP + b 8NK + b 9PK in Microsoft Excel 2007. The following ternary quadratic effect function between peanut yield (y) and the application rates of N (N), P (P2O5), and K (K2O) fertilizer was obtained after fitting:

(1) y = 2912.528 + 21.432 N + 16.324 P + 6.181 K − 0.051 N 2 − 0.109 P 2 − 0.061 K 2 + 0.017 NP + 0.023 NK + 0.086 PK,

where y is the economic yield of peanut (kg ha−1) and N, P, and K are the application rates of N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively.

When N, P, and K were at the 0 level, the model constant term was 2912.528, which was basically consistent with the actual situation (3007.5 kg). Significance analysis of the effect equation was further performed. The results showed that the correlation of the fitted ternary quadratic effect function is extremely significant, R 2 = 0.9709, and the F test (F = 14.8722) showed that the regression relationship is extremely significant, indicating a good fit. According to the typicality determination, G 1 = −0.204, G 2 = 0.022, and G 3 = −0.002 were obtained, and G(X′) is negative definite, X′ = (N, P, K) = (295.0, 194.8, 245.0), and the extreme points fell within the experimental design range. Therefore, equation (1) is a typical formula.

Assuming that the marginal product is zero and the marginal profit is zero, the fertilizer application rate corresponding to the maximum yield, the fertilizer application rate corresponding to the best economic benefits, and the corresponding yields were calculated (Table 4).

3.1.3 Principal factor analysis

Since factors have different effects on yield, principal factor analysis must be performed to obtain the marginal effect of changes in each factor, and the value can directly reflect the impact of a certain experimental factor on the target of the function [14,15]. The dimensionality reduction method was used for the comprehensive mathematical model of yield, and the other factors were fixed at the zero level. The effect equations of single factors were as follows:

(2) y 1 = 2912.528 + 21.432 N − 0.051 N 2 ,

(3) y 2 = 2912.528 + 16.324 P − 0.109 P 2 ,

(4) y 3 = 2912.528 + 6.181 K − 0.061 K 2 .

The coded values of the factors corresponding to the above formulas were substituted, and the results are shown in Table 5. The arithmetic mean marginal effect value of each factor shows that the order of the impact of each factor on yield is N > P > K; therefore, the key to increasing peanut yield in this area lies in the application rate of N fertilizer.

Table 5

Marginal effect value of each factor (N, P, and K)

Variable Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Average
N 21.432 21.33 21.228 21.126 21.279
P 16.324 16.106 15.888 15.67 15.997
K 6.181 6.059 5.937 5.815 5.998

3.1.4 Fitting of quadratic effect function and predictive analysis

The quadratic fertilizer effect function was fitted to supplement and optimize the ternary quadratic fertilizer function [16]. The application rates and yields of each factor (fertilizer type) were selected. The data of treatments 2, 3, 6, and 11 were used for N, the data of treatments 4, 5, 6, and 7 were used for P, and the data of treatments 8, 9, 6, and 10 were used for K. The formula y = a + bx + cx 2 was used for the quadratic regression model, and the curves resulting from regression analysis were drawn. Each factor was successfully fitted by the quadratic effect equation, and the coefficients of the quadratic terms were less than zero, indicating that the parabola opens downward. The regression results are shown in Table 6 and Figure 1.

Table 6

Fitting results of the quadratic effect function

Factor Quadratic effect equation R square P value
N y = 4191.375 + 32.5824 x − 0.0600 x 2 (5) 0.9992 0.0138*
P y = 4691.500 + 46.5472 x − 0.1342 x 2 (6) 0.9929 0.0334*
K y = 5253.700 + 30.5351 x − 0.0707 x 2 (7) 0.9999 0.0009**

Note: The numbers within parentheses are the equation numbers. * indicates significance at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05), and ** indicates significance at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01).

Figure 1 Univariate effect curves under different fertilization levels.
Figure 1

Univariate effect curves under different fertilization levels.

Based on the quadratic effect equations, the partial derivative function was obtained according to the maximum marginal effect. The fertilizer application rate corresponding to the maximum yield was determined by the equation b + 2ax = 0, and then the maximum yield was predicted. The fertilizer application rate corresponding to the optimal economic benefit was obtained according to the equation b + 2ax = Px/Py, and then the optimal yield was predicted (Table 7).

Table 7

Prediction results for each factor obtained using the quadratic effect function (unit: kg ha−1)

Factor Prediction Fertilizer application rate (kg ha−1) Yield (kg ha−1)
N P2O5 K2O
N Maximum application rate and yield 261.6 — — 8613.7
Optimal application rate and yield 256.6 — — 8611.3
P Maximum application rate and yield — 170.6 — 8508.8
Optimal application rate and yield — 164.2 — 8503.2
K Maximum application rate and yield — — 224.2 8780.2
Optimal application rate and yield — — 213.3 8770.5

The equation shows that when N is at the 0 level, the constant term is 4191.375 (yield under N deficiency, equation (5)), when P is at the 0 level, the constant term is 4691.5 (yield under P deficiency, equation (6)), and when K is at the 0 level, the constant term is 5253.7 (yield under K deficiency, equation (7)). The model results and the actual situation are basically consistent: yield under K deficiency > yield under P deficiency > yield under N deficiency. The primary term coefficients reflect the yield-increasing effects of N, P, and K, and the values are 32.5824, 46.5472, and 30.5351, respectively, indicating that the yield-increasing effect is P fertilizer > N fertilizer > K fertilizer.

3.2 Research and development of a formula for fertilization for drip irrigation

Based on the quadratic effect equation, the partial derivative function was obtained according to the maximum marginal effect, and the optimal fertilizer application rates for drip-irrigated peanuts were obtained: 256.6 kg N ha−1 equation (5), (164).2 kg P2O5 ha−1 equation (6), and 213.3 kg K2O ha−1 equation (7), with a fertilization ratio of 1:0.64:0.83. The fertilizer formula was calculated using urea, monoammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride as raw materials.

3.2.1 Effects of formula fertilization on the yield of drip-irrigated peanuts

As shown in Table 8, the number of pods in a single hole under formula fertilization increased by 4.4% compared to conventional fertilization treatment. The 100-pod weight with formula fertilization significantly increased by 2.97 g than that with conventional fertilization. Compared with conventional fertilization, the yield under formula fertilization significantly increased by 503.63 kg ha−1, or 6.3%.

Table 8

Effects of two kinds of fertilization on the yield and yield elements of drip-irrigated peanuts

Fertilization category Number of holes (holes ha−1) Number of pods in a single hole (count) 100-pod fresh weight (g) 100-pod dry weight (g) Yield (kg ha−1)
Conventional fertilization 14.25 × 104a 33.8a 165.7b 78.2a 7981.9b
Formula fertilization 14.25 × 104a 35.3a 168.7a 77.9a 8485.5a

Note: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at the 5% level.

3.2.2 Effects of formula fertilization on the fertilizer use efficiency of drip-irrigated peanuts

Fertilizer partial factor productivity (FPFP) is an important indicator to measure fertilizer efficiency. Table 9 shows that, compared with conventional fertilization, formula fertilization can save 5.0% of N, 8.7% of P, and 5.2% of K on average, the FPFP values of N, P, and K fertilizers under conventional fertilization were 29.56, 44.34, and 35.48 kg kg−1, respectively, while those of formula fertilization were 33.07, 51.67, and 39.78 kg kg−1, the FPFP values of formula fertilization were 11.9, 16.5, and 12.1% higher than those of conventional fertilization.

Table 9

Effects of two modes of fertilization on the fertilizer PFP of drip-irrigated peanuts

Fertilization type Fertilizer application rate (kg ha−1) PFP
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
Conventional fertilization 270.0 180.0 225.0 29.56a 44.34a 35.48a
Formula fertilization 256.6 164.2 213.3 33.07a 51.67a 39.78a

Note: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at the 5% level.

4 Discussion

Using the fertilizer effect function to establish fertilization recommendations is a classic method [17]. Previous studies have largely focused on the relationship between individual nutrients and yield, and the classic models of the relationship between nutrients and yield were established such as the parabolic models between nitrogen fertilizer and yield, and the models combining linear and plateau relationships between N fertilizer and yield [18]. The 3414 experiment provides us with a good method for simultaneously and comprehensively studying the efficacy of N, P, and K fertilizers. The results of fertilizer field trials are used to establish a biostatistical regression model, and the recommended fertilizer application rates for representative plots and fertilization parameters such as the interaction effect between fertilizers are calculated according to the model, this approach is intuitive, easy to implement, and conducive to macroscopic regulation [19]. Whether a fitted ternary quadratic effect function can be used to predict the fertilizer application rate and yield should be determined. Some researchers believe that, if the obtained ternary quadratic effect function follows a diminishing rate of return in fertilization, i.e., the equation coefficients b1, b2, and b3 are all positive, b4, b5, and b6 are all negative, and the F-test value is above the level of significance, then the equation is the typical fertilizer effect function [20,21,22,23], which can be used to recommend fertilizer application rates for agricultural production. This determination method has certain limitations, and an atypical model can be misrepresented as the typical model by extrapolating the maximum values. Although this type of model can provide the highest yield, extreme value points are outside the designed range of the fertilizer trial [24]; therefore, the conclusions are extrapolated and cannot be used in practice. This determination method can be used for preliminary determination, after removing atypical equations, the unconstrained optimization method can be used for accurate determination.

In this study, the maximum yield, the yield with the best economic benefits, and the corresponding N, P, and K fertilizer application rates predicted by the ternary quadratic function were all higher than those predicted by the quadratic function, which was consistent with previous studies reporting that the optimal fertilizer application rates calculated by successfully fitted ternary quadratic functions are always high [16,25]. Analysis of the principal factor effects of the ternary quadratic function and the quadratic effect function showed that the yield-increasing effect of P fertilizer > the yield-increasing effect of N fertilizer > the yield-increasing effect of K fertilizer and highlighted the importance of N fertilizer in obtaining a high yield of peanut. Overall, these results indicated that the key to improving peanut yield lies in N and P inputs and a rational application ratio of N, P, and K.

Relative yield, also known as the dependence rate of crops on soil fertility, is the ratio of the yield of a no-fertilizer area or fertilizer-deficient area to that of the full-fertilizer area. This value can reflect the degree to which basic soil fertility satisfies the nutrient demand of crops, act as a grading index of soil basal fertility [26], and be used to evaluate crop responses to fertilization [27]. From the perspective of relative yield and the criteria of nutrient abundance and deficiency indicators [28], a lack of N fertilizer directly affected peanut yield. Based on the optimal fertilizer application rate for peanuts obtained from the empirical ternary quadratic effect function, the corresponding fertilization ratio was 1:0.64:0.83. This method is affected by conditions such as soil, climate, and cultivation, has obvious regional characteristics, and lacks wide-scale consistency and repeatability [29]. Even the recommended values obtained with a given crop yield equation with the same fertilizer application rate vary due to changes in fertilizer and crop prices. The empirical fertilizer effect function is obtained by directly studying crops, so its metrological accuracy and authenticity are unmatched by other methods [1], and it is the main technical method used to achieve controlled fertilization in China and abroad [30]. The calculated ratio of the formula fertilization scheme using urea, monoammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride as raw materials was 23:15:19. Although the recommended fertilization rates and formula fertilization ratios have been obtained, further research may be needed to fine-tune these ratios to accommodate different soil conditions and climate changes. Multipoint and multiyear experiments are still needed to obtain accurate fertilization parameters. In addition, some new agricultural technologies, such as microbial inoculants and new non-destructive monitoring techniques, can be applied for the production of drip-irrigated peanuts in Xinjiang to ensure high quality and yield [31,32,33].

5 Conclusion

In the unique climate conditions of Xinjiang, a 3-year field experiment of “3414” drip irrigation peanut planting was conducted. The results showed that the fertilization ratio of drip-irrigated peanuts in Xinjiang was 1:0.64:0.83, the recommended fertilizer application rates were 256.6–295 kg N ha−1, 164.2–194.8 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 213.2–255.2 kg K2O ha−1, and the ratio of formula fertilization was 23:15:19. The ternary quadratic functions of the fertilizer effect established according to the fertilizer–yield function had a high fitting quality (R 2 = 0.9709). Meanwhile, multipoint and multiyear experiments are needed to obtain accurate fertilization parameters.

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  1. Funding information: This research was funded by Science and Technology Research and Achievement Transformation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2016AC009), XinJiang Agriculture Research System (XJARS-05), Major Science and Technology Projects in Xinjiang (2022A02008-3), Urumqi Experimental Station of Peanut National Industrial Technology System (CARS-13) and Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences’ Science and Technology Innovation Team Construction Project (2023-03).

  2. Author contributions: Writing and data curation: Z.G. and X.B.; data analysis: X.T., J.Z., and Y.L.; review and editing: G.W., G.Y., and Y.L.; and supervision: L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-02-15
Revised: 2024-05-22
Accepted: 2024-05-25
Published Online: 2024-07-16

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0894
Keywords for this article
peanut yield; mulched drip irrigation; “3414” field trial; fertilizer effect model; recommended fertilization
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
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  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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