Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
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Xin Tang
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) limited to the larynx is very rare. The authors present the clinical diagnosis and treatment of four patients with laryngeal NHL. Case 1 was diagnosed with glottic, subglottic, and tracheal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and was treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery. Case 2 was diagnosed with laryngeal MALT lymphoma and underwent radiotherapy. Case 3 was diagnosed with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, and was treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Case 4 had MALT lymphoma in the glottic area with a malignant thyroid tumor, and was treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery. More reports and research on this disease are needed.
1 Introduction
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is mainly located in the stomach. Since Diebold et al. [1] described MALT lymphoma as a separate lymphoma in 1990, only about 90 cases had been reported in the English-language literature through 2020 [2]. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is an invasive T-cell lymphoma. Since AITL was included in the revised classification of lymphoid neoplasms in Europe and the United States in 1994, few cases of laryngeal AITL have been reported. This article describes the clinical diagnosis and treatment of three patients with laryngeal MALT lymphoma and one patient with AITL, and the relevant literature is reviewed to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
2 Case report
2.1 Case 1
A 55-year-old man presented with cough, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing for 9 months, with worsening symptoms in the previous 2 months. He denied any tobacco or alcohol use, and his family history was unremarkable. Laryngoscopy revealed a light-red and non-smooth neoplasm in the subglottic region (Figure 1a). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the neck revealed a soft tissue mass with a clear boundary and heterogeneous thickening at the glottis and subglottis and opening of the trachea, and no enlarged lymph nodes were found in the neck (Figure 1b). Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck revealed a heterogeneous thickening, clear boundary, and significantly uniformly enhanced soft tissue at the glottis, subglottis, and opening of the trachea, with an iso T1 signal and a slightly longer T2 signal. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed a heterogeneous thickened soft tissue with slightly increased glucose metabolism at the glottis and subglottis and opening of the trachea, and no tumor lesions with increased glucose metabolism were found in other locations (PET-CT results for this patient have been reported [3]).
(a) Laryngoscopy indicated a non-smooth neoplasm in the subglottic region. (b) CT image indicating a mass at the glottis and subglottis and opening of the trachea. (c) Laryngoscopy indicated a mass in the right aryepiglottic fold. (d) CT image indicating a mass in the right supraglottic portion. (e) Laryngoscopy indicated a non-smooth neoplasm in the right aryepiglottic fold. (f) CT image indicating a mass in the right glottic portion. (g) Laryngoscope indicated a non-smooth neoplasm in the right ventricular bands. (h) CT image indicating a mass in the right supraglottic portion.
The diagnosis was not confirmed by bronchofibrescopic biopsy, so the patient underwent tracheotomy and laryngeal dehiscence surgery to resect the laryngeal and tracheal tumors. Postoperative immunohistochemistry (IHC) results of the laryngeal tumor were as follows: cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) (partial +), CD79α (diffuse +), CD5 (−), CD10 (−), CyclinD1 (−), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (+), Bcl-6 (−), and Epstein Barr encoding region (EBER) in situ hybridization (−). The gene rearrangement results were as follows: clonal amplification peaks were observed for IgH and IgK gene rearrangement; no clonal amplification peak was observed for IgL gene rearrangement. The diagnosis of MALT lymphoma was confirmed. Local palliative intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) (30–36 Gy) was performed after surgery. The tracheal tube was successfully removed 5 months after surgery, and no recurrence was observed in 30 months of follow-up.
2.2 Case 2
A 58-year-old woman presented with hoarseness for 1 month. She denied any tobacco or alcohol use, and her father died of a rectal tumor. Laryngoscopy revealed a smooth and irregular neoplasm in the right aryepiglottic fold and ventricular bands (Figure 1c). Contrast-enhanced CT of the neck revealed a soft tissue mass with homogeneous enhancement at the bilateral vocal cords, ventricular bands, and right aryepiglottic fold, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes were seen in the bilateral submaxillary and carotid sheath areas (Figure 1d). Enhanced MRI of the neck revealed an irregular thickening of soft tissue at the lateral and posterior walls of the laryngopharynx, with an iso T1 signal and a high T2 signal. Multiple enlarged lymph nodes were seen in the bilateral submaxillary and carotid sheath areas. PET-CT revealed a soft tissue with increased glucose metabolism in the vocal cords, ventricular band, posterior wall of the laryngopharynx, and right epiglottis, and no tumor lesions with increased glucose metabolism were found in other locations.
After biopsy of laryngeal under general anesthesia, the IHC results were as follows: CD20 (+), CD79α (+), CD5 (+), CD10 (−), CD23 (partial +), CyclinD1 (−), Bcl-2 (+, 60%), Bcl-6 (−), and EBER ISH (−). The gene rearrangement results were as follows: clonal amplification peaks were observed for IgH and IgK gene rearrangement; no clonal amplification peak was observed for IgL gene rearrangement. The diagnosis of MALT lymphoma was confirmed. The clinical stage was evaluated as stage IE, according to the Ann Arbor staging system. The treatment plan was local IMRT (36–45 Gy/20 F/4 W). No recurrence was observed in 17 months of follow-up.
2.3 Case 3
A 54-year-old man presented with repeated sore throat for 1 year and swallow obstruction for 20 days. He denied any tobacco or alcohol use, and his family history was unremarkable. Laryngoscopy revealed a neoplasm in the right aryepiglottic fold, pyriform sinus, and epiglottis (Figure 1e). Contrast-enhanced CT of the neck revealed an irregular and homogeneous enhanced soft tissue mass in the laryngopharynx (from the C3 to C6 vertebrae), and multiple lymph nodes were seen in the bilateral jugular vein chain (Figure 1f). Enhanced MRI of the neck revealed an irregular thickening, unclear boundary, and significantly homogeneous enhanced soft tissue at the epiglottis to the glottic portion, with an iso T1 signal and a longer T2 signal. Enhanced lymph nodes were seen in the right carotid sheath and posterior cervical triangle. PET-CT revealed increased glucose metabolism in the laryngeal soft tissue mass and bilateral jugular chain lymph nodes, but no tumor lesion with increased glucose metabolism was found in other locations.
After biopsy of laryngeal under general anesthesia after tracheotomy, the IHC results were as follows: Bcl-6 (partial +), CD10 (+), PD-1 (+), CD30 (−), CD3ε (+), CD7 (+), CD43 (+), CD45RO (+), CD56 (−), Granzyme B (−), TIA-1 (partial +), Ki-67 (+), and EBER ISH (−). The diagnosis of AITL was confirmed. The clinical stage was evaluated as stage II, according to the Ann Arbor staging system. The patient was treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen (CHOEP) in six sessions and local radiotherapy (50–60 Gy/28 F). Relapse of the lymphoma was the cause of his death, 18 months after the initial diagnosis.
2.4 Case 4
A 45-year-old woman presented with hoarseness for 10 months and a mass in her neck for 20 days. She denied any tobacco or alcohol use, and her family history was unremarkable. Laryngoscopy revealed a non-smooth neoplasm in the right paraglottic space (Figure 1g). Contrast-enhanced CT of the neck revealed a limited enhanced soft tissue mass at the right vocal cords and aryepiglottic fold, and slightly hypodense nodules was seen in the right lobe of the thyroid gland (Figure 1h). Enhanced MRI of the neck revealed a heterogeneously enhanced soft tissue at the right sidewall of the laryngeal vestibule, with a longer T1 signal and a slightly longer T2 signal. Thyroid ultrasound revealed a thyroid imaging reporting and data system (T1-RADS) 4B nonuniform echo nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid gland and a T1-RADS 4A hypoechoic nodule in the left lobe. And cytology puncture was considered for papillary carcinoma.
She underwent total thyroidectomy and laryngeal dehiscence surgery to resect the laryngeal tumor at another hospital. Postoperative IHC results of the laryngeal tumor were as follows: CD20 (+), CD79a (+), CD3 (−), CD10 (−), Bcl-2 (+), CD5 (−), Cyclin D1 (−), and CD23 (−). She was diagnosed with thyroid malignancy and laryngeal MALT lymphoma. The patient was treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen (CHOP) and local radiotherapy (24–30 Gy). The tracheal tube was successfully removed 11 months after surgery, and no recurrence was observed in 36 months of follow-up.
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Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.
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Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.
3 Discussion
Laryngeal lymphoma is mainly NHL, the most common subtype is B-cell NHL, and the incidence of T-cell type and natural killer cell NHL is about 10% [4]. AITL is one of the most common types of T-cell lymphoma and is very rare in the larynx. AITL is an aggressive lymphoma whose clinical manifestations are mainly progressive lymph node enlargement, hepatosplenomegaly, and systemic symptoms, and 90% of patients have advanced disease at diagnosis [5]. The main symptoms of primary NHL in the larynx are local symptoms, such as hoarseness, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Both the clinical symptoms of the AITL diagnosed here and the laryngeal AITL reported by Konstantinos were mainly local symptoms, and they both had a lower stage II stage [6]. Laryngeal NHL is mostly located in the supraglottic region, possibly because of the richness of lymphoid tissue in the supraglottic area, followed by the glottic region and the subglottic region. Under endoscopy, laryngeal NHL is mostly a smooth nonulcerative mass, and imaging manifestations are similar to those of malignant tumors without specificity. However, these images can be used to assess the extent of tumor invasion. The diagnostic value of PET-CT for laryngeal NHL remains controversial [7,8]. Of the four patients with laryngeal NHL in this study, three had laryngeal MALT lymphoma, and one had AITL. The lesions were mostly located in the supraglottic region. In Case 1, the lesion was located in the glottic and subglottic regions and involved the trachea.
Primary NHL of the larynx is rare, and there is no standard treatment. The currently reported treatment options for NHL confined to the larynx include laser or laryngeal split surgery alone, chemoradiotherapy alone, and surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy alone, and most patients have a good prognosis [9–11]. Surgery is controversial. Kania et al. proposed that for completely surgically resectable laryngeal NHL, surgical treatment is feasible [12]. For subglottic stenosis caused by subglottic NHL, Alexander et al. reported laryngeal dehiscence surgery for the total resection of laryngeal tumors [13–15]. Gonzalez-Murillo et al. reported that laryngeal NHL was treated with surgery and chemoradiotherapy [16]. Some scholars also propose that for patients with acute laryngeal obstruction or massive hemorrhage, tumor reduction surgery can be performed after the establishment of a safe airway [6]. Of the four cases reported in this article, Case 4 received surgical treatment at another hospital. Case 1 had subglottic stenosis caused by subglottic MALT lymphoma. Laryngoscopy and imaging findings suggested that the tumor was limited and had a clear boundary. Therefore, complete tumor resection was possible. Therefore, in this article, laryngeal dehiscence surgery was chosen to resect laryngeal tumors after tracheotomy to establish a safe airway. Preoperative examinations of the other two patients showed that the range of involvement was extensive. So only biopsy was performed.
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are the most common therapeutic strategies advocated for the treatment of the primary laryngeal lymphomas. For laryngeal MALT lymphoma, a moderate dose of locoregional radiotherapy has been reported to achieve complete remission [17]. And the efficacy of chemotherapy remains controversial [18,19]. AITL has a low incidence and no accepted standard treatment regimen. The recurrence rate is high, and the long-term efficacy of AITL is poor. The first-line chemotherapy regimen currently recommended by AITL is based on either CHOP or CHOPE, and chemotherapy options incorporating other biological agents are still under investigation [20]. For laryngeal AITL, previous reports by Markou et al. [6] and the laryngeal AITL patients reported in this article were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen (CHOP) and radiotherapy. The prognosis of laryngeal NHL patients is closely related to the pathological classification of NHL, and the survival rate of patients with B-cell NHL is better than that of patients with T-cell NHL [4,21]. Of the four patients in this study, the patient who was diagnosed with laryngeal AITL died of tumor recurrence, and the remaining patients were alive.
4 Conclusion
The clinical symptoms, laryngoscopy, and imaging findings of laryngeal NHL are nonspecific, and clinicians should be vigilant about the diagnosis of laryngeal NHL. More case reports and studies are needed on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the reviewer’s valuable comments that improved the manuscript. Language help was provided by American Journal Experts (AJE) services.
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Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. X.T., D.W., and G.Q. contributed to this project development. X.T. and D.W. contributed to data collection, data analysis, and manuscript editing. H.F. and G.Q. contributed to manuscript associated editing.
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Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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- MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
- Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
- Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
- Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
- The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
- BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
- Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
- Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
- Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
- Ecology and Environmental Science
- Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
- Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
- Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
- Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
- Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
- A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
- Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
- Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
- Food Science
- Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
- Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
- Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
- Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
- Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
- Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
- Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
- Agriculture
- Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
- Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
- Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
- Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
- Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
- Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
- Animal Sciences
- Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
- Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
- Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
- Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
- Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
- Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
- Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
- Plant Sciences
- Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
- Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
- Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
- Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
- Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
- Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
- Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
- Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
- Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
- Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
- Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
- Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
- Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
- Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
- Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
- Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
- Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
- An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
- Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
- Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
- New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
- An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
- Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
- PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
- Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
- Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
- Retraction
- Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
- Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
- Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
- Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
- Special Issue on Multi-omics
- Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
Articles in the same Issue
- Biomedical Sciences
- Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
- LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
- PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
- Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
- The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
- Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
- Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
- Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
- PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
- Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
- Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
- Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
- A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
- Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
- Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
- Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
- Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
- Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
- Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
- Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
- Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
- Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
- KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
- Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
- Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
- Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
- IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
- The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
- Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
- P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
- Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
- Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
- Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
- Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
- Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
- Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
- The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
- Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
- Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
- Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
- VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
- Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
- Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
- Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
- Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
- Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
- Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
- Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
- Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
- Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
- Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
- Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
- Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
- Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
- Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
- Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
- Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
- Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
- A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
- First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
- Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
- Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
- Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
- Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
- Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
- Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
- Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
- Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
- Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
- Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
- Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
- Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
- Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
- The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
- Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
- HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
- IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
- Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
- Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
- Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
- Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
- Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
- Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
- Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
- Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
- Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
- The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
- Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
- G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
- LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
- The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
- Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
- Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
- The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
- Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
- Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
- Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
- TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
- Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
- Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
- The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
- A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
- PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
- Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
- SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
- The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
- Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
- Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
- Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
- Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
- Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
- Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
- Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
- Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
- Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
- Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
- Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
- Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
- Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
- Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
- Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
- Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
- The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
- ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
- Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
- Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
- MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
- Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
- Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
- Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
- The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
- BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
- Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
- Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
- Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
- Ecology and Environmental Science
- Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
- Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
- Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
- Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
- Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
- A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
- Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
- Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
- Food Science
- Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
- Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
- Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
- Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
- Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
- Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
- Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
- Agriculture
- Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
- Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
- Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
- Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
- Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
- Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
- Animal Sciences
- Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
- Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
- Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
- Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
- Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
- Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
- Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
- Plant Sciences
- Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
- Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
- Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
- Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
- Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
- Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
- Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
- Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
- Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
- Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
- Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
- Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
- Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
- Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
- Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
- Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
- Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
- An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
- Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
- Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
- New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
- An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
- Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
- PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
- Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
- Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
- Retraction
- Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
- Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
- Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
- Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
- Special Issue on Multi-omics
- Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
