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Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield

  • Xudong Zhang , Jingjing Wang , Xinlu Bai , Shijie An , Qiangqing Zheng , Zhihui Tang and Jinhu Zhi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 26, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Irrigation and fertilization are indispensable links in the jujube planting industry in southern Xinjiang, China. Regulating the relationship between fertilization and irrigation can effectively reduce costs and improve economic efficiency. A 2-year water and fertilizer optimization coupling test was conducted to determine the optimal water and nutrient supply scheme. The three-factor randomized block experiment included water (W), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). According to the principal component analysis of each index, each treatment’s comprehensive score was obtained. Using yield and economic regression models, the theoretical value and yield value of the optimal economic benefit are inferred. When W, N, and P were applied together, the fruit quality and yield of each treatment significantly differed, and the vitamin C, soluble sugar, and sugar-acid ratio increased significantly with an increase in N fertilizer. However, the titratable acid decreased. An increase in irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased fruit yield. The comprehensive score was the highest in the N4P3W2 treatment, which improved fruit quality, and the lowest in the N3P3W2 treatment. When the amounts of N, P, and W were 275.56 kg hm−2, 413. 66 kg hm−2, and 7278.19 m3 hm−2, respectively, the theoretical economic benefit was the best. The N4P3W2 treatment is the optimal treatment.

Keywords: gray jujube; water and fertilizer integration; fruit quality; yield; comprehensive evaluation; yield model; economic model

1 Introduction

China has 98% of the worldwide jujube resources that are widely distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Tibet, and Xinjiang [1]. Because of its rich nutritional and high economic value, jujube is the main economic crop planted in China. The development of jujube leaves is affected when the water supply is insufficient in the early stages of development [2]. Water and fertilizer integration is an agricultural technology combining irrigation and fertilization in which the fertilizer and water mixture is applied to the rhizosphere soil layer [3]. Compared with traditional agricultural irrigation technology, water and fertilizer integration technology can accurately control the amount of irrigation and fertilization and improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer [4]. Water and fertilizer integration technology is quick, efficient, accurate, controllable, labor-saving, and non-destructive, and water and fertilizer are supplied simultaneously [5] while also increasing production [6].

Owing to the large demand for water and fertilizer in the production process of fruit trees, traditional agricultural irrigation methods can easily cause excessive water and fertilizer use, leading to a low utilization rate of water and fertilizer and causing environmental pollution [7]. The integration of water and fertilizer can effectively improve the current situation of insufficient water and fertilizer use and improve fruit tree growth and soil fertility [8]. An experimental study on integrating water and fertilizer in Red Fuji apples found that this method can effectively improve fruit hardness, soluble solids, and single-fruit weight [9]. Furthermore, compared with the control, the number of green leaves, leaf length, and plant height of pineapples cultivated using integrated water and fertilizer increased by 12.90, 12.10, and 8.77%, respectively. Soluble sugar and vitamin C in the fruit were significantly improved compared to those in the control [10]. Furthermore, integrated water and fertilizer management with no-tillage and grass planting improved avocado growth and the soil microenvironment of orchards, increased soil organic matter content, loosened the soil, and reduced soil moisture loss during high-temperature seasons [11].

However, few studies have been conducted on the effects of water and fertilizer integration on the growth and fruit quality of fruit-bearing jujube trees in orchards. Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of different amounts of water and fertilizer on the quality of jujube fruits to determine the optimal amount of water and fertilizer to ensure quality and reduce costs and to provide theoretical support for studying water and fertilizer integration for jujube trees.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Test site characteristics

The experiment was conducted at the sixth new company of the ninth regiment of Aral City, the first division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (E longitude 81°6′, N latitude 40°34′, 1,022 m above sea level). The experimental area belongs to the Tarim Basin, and receives sufficient sunshine, an annual rainfall of 40–82 mm, and an evaporation of 1,876–2,558 mm. Seven-year-old jujube trees (gray jujube variety, sour jujube rootstock) were used. The plant row spacing was 1 m × 6 m, the size of the test site was 0.2 hm2, and the soil type was sandy loam. Table 1 lists the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil samples from the experimental area.

Table 1

Basic physical and chemical properties of soil samples from the jujube orchard

Determination standard Soil depth (cm)
0–20 20–40 40–60
Volumetric weight (g cm−3) 1.32 1.40 1.47
Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg kg−1) 23.28 17.62 15.33
Rapidly available phosphorus (mg kg−1) 30.28 27.33 23.57
Electrical conductivity (μS cm−1) 109.87 106.38 90.26
pH 8.14 8.23 7.86

2.2 Test schemes

This experiment was conducted between 2021 and 2022. Experiments 1 and 2 were three-factor randomized block experiments using water (W), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) as influencing factors, and each factor was set at five levels. A total of 15 treatments were tested and each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 45 plots; experiment 2 consisted of 8 treatments and each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 24 plots. There were five trees in each plot, and the area of each tree was 6 m2. The amounts of N and P were expressed as the amount of pure nutrient. The first levels of N, P, and W were 300.0 kg hm−2, 270.0 kg hm−2, and 4400.0 m3 hm−2; the second levels were 397.5 kg hm−2, 352.5 kg hm−2, and 5600.0 m3 hm−2; the third levels were 495.0, 435.0 kg hm−2, and 6800.0 m3 hm−2; the fourth levels were 592.5 kg hm−2, 517.5 kg hm−2, and 8000.0 m3 hm−2; and the fifth levels were 690.0 kg hm−2, 600.0 kg hm−2, and 9200.0 m3 hm−2, respectively. The treatment number and the amount of N, P, and W in each treatment are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Amount of water and fertilizer in different treatments applied to gray jujube trees

Year Treatment Fertilizer (pure nutrient) dosage (kg hm−2) Irrigation capacity (m3 hm−2)
N P2O5 K2O
2021 N1P3W1 300.0 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N2P3W1 397.5 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N3P3W1 495.0 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N4P3W1 592.5 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N5P3W1 690.0 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N3P1W1 495.0 270.0 270.0 4400.0
N3P2W1 495.0 352.5 270.0 4400.0
N3P3W1 495.0 435.0 270.0 4400.0
N3P4W1 495.0 517.5 270.0 4400.0
N3P5W1 495.0 600.0 270.0 4400.0
N1P1W1 300.0 270.0 270.0 4400.0
N1P1W2 300.0 270.0 270.0 5600.0
N1P1W3 300.0 270.0 270.0 6800.0
N1P1W4 300.0 270.0 270.0 8000.0
N1P1W5 300.0 270.0 270.0 9200.0
2022 N3P3W2 495.0 435.0 270.0 5600.0
N3P4W2 495.0 517.5 270.0 5600.0
N4P3W2 592.5 435.0 270.0 5600.0
N4P4W2 592.5 517.5 270.0 5600.0
N3P3W3 495.0 435.0 270.0 6800.0
N3P4W3 495.0 517.5 270.0 6800.0
N4P3W3 592.5 435.0 270.0 6800.0
N4P4W3 592.5 517.5 270.0 6800.0

N1: 300.0 kg hm−2, N2: 397.5 kg hm−2, N3: 495.0 kg hm−2, N4: 592.5 kg hm−2, N5: 690.0 kg hm−2; P1: 270.0 kg hm−2, P2: 352.5 kg hm−2, P3: 435.0 kg hm2, P4: 517.5 kg hm−2, P5: 600.0 kg hm−2; W1: 4400.0 m3 hm−2, W2: 5600.0 m3 hm−2, W3: 6800.0 m3 hm−2, W4: 8000.0 m3 hm−2, W5: 9200.0 m3 hm−2.

The fertilizer types were urea (N: 46%), diammonium phosphate (N-P2O5: 18-46-0), and potassium sulfate (K2O: 50%). The fertilizer was dissolved in a fertilization tank and dripped into the soil using water pressure to control the amount of irrigation in each plot.

The trees were fertilized five times throughout the growth period. A germination fertilizer was applied in early April and during the late May flowering period. A strong fruit fertilizer was applied from the end of June to the beginning of July and applied once during the fruit expansion period in mid–late July. The last fertilization was applied in early and middle August. The trees were irrigated eight times throughout the growing period. The first irrigation was in the middle of April for germination. The trees were then watered once at the beginning and in late May during flowering. The trees were watered once in mid-June during the flowering period, and once in early July during the fruit-promoting period. Trees were watered once during fruit expansion in mid-July, once in late July at the white ripe stage, and, finally, watered once in early August.

2.3 Test indicators and methods

Fruits with no pests or diseases and of similar sizes were randomly collected from each tree at the fruit maturity stage 2 m above the ground to determine soluble sugar, reducing vitamin C (Vc), titratable acid, and other indicators.

  1. Soluble sugar was measured using anthrone colorimetry.

  2. The molybdenum blue colorimetric method was used to determine the Vc content.

  3. The titratable acid content was determined using standard sodium hydroxide titration [12].

  4. The sugar-to-acid ratio was calculated as the soluble sugar-to-titratable acid ratio.

  5. The yield was calculated by dividing the location of each plot, and the jujube fruit in each plot area was weighed.

2.4 Data analysis

Excel and SPSS 26.0 were used to process the data and analyze the conclusion. The soluble sugar (X1), titratable acid (X2), Vc (X3), sugar-to-acid ratio (X4), and yield (X5) of jujube fruit were used as the evaluation indices. The eigenvectors and eigenvalues of each index were obtained using principal component analysis using the SPSS 26.0 data processing system.

3 Results

3.1 Different water and fertilizer treatments improve fruit quality and yield

By analyzing and comparing the fruit quality and yield of “Huizao” in 2021 and 2022, there were no significant differences in the vitamin C content and sugar-acid ratio while there were significant differences in the soluble sugar content, titratable acid content, and yield in the fruits of each treatment in 2021 (Table 3). In 2022, there were significant differences in the vitamin C content and sugar-acid ratio in the fruits, but the difference in yield changed from significant to insignificant.

Table 3

Changes in jujube fruit quality and yield under each treatment

Year Treatment Vitamin C (g kg−1) Soluble sugar (g kg−1) Titratable acid (g kg−1) Sugar-to-acid ratio Yield (kg hm−2)
2021 N1P3W1 2.99a 137.94ef 1.47bcde 107.36a 3280.00de
N2P3W1 2.94a 159.40cde 1.44bcde 104.74a 4150.00d
N3P3W1 2.71a 191.59ab 1.33de 121.03a 5970.00c
N4P3W1 3.04a 178.48abc 1.54bcde 106.96a 8060.00a
N5P3W1 3.01a 179.67abc 1.70abcd 132.54a 7690.00ab
N3P1W1 2.60a 133.17f 2.00a 84.93a 2650.00e
N3P2W1 2.61a 142.71ef 1.57bcde 101.60a 3540.00de
N3P3W1 2.91a 152.25def 1.25e 107.98a 5670.00c
N3P4W1 3.21a 178.48abc 1.38cde 86.93a 5740.00c
N3P5W1 3.02a 159.40cde 1.52bcde 136.93a 5390.00c
N1P1W1 2.54a 152.25def 1.54bcde 104.61a 2830.00e
N1P1W2 2.67a 170.13bcd 1.74abc 107.56a 3920.00d
N1P1W3 2.85a 197.56a 1.47bcde 113.81a 7520.00ab
N1P1W4 3.14a 184.44ab 1.60bcde 103.14a 6980.00b
N1P1W5 2.90a 182.05abc 1.82ab 118.41a 5220.00c
N ns 3.35 3.93 ns 59.69
P 4.90 4.03 8.71 3.30 24.95
W ns 5.44 3.37 ns 57.88
2022 N3P3W2 2.93d 145.87c 1.80a 83.83b 8360.00a
N3P4W2 2.98d 177.10abc 1.73a 111.86b 9020.00a
N4P3W2 3.78a 205.47a 0.90b 224.42a 9570.00a
N4P4W2 3.09d 194.27ab 1.47ab 140.02b 9350.00a
N3P3W3 3.49abc 154.70c 1.73a 90.64b 9460.00a
N3P4W3 3.19cd 165.80bc 1.83a 90.18b 9350.00a
N4P3W3 3.62ab 210.17a 1.33ab 157.34b 9020.00a
N4P4W3 3.31bcd 196.83ab 1.33ab 147.52b 9460.00a
N × P 7.75 6.08 ns 6.31 ns
N × W 6.57 ns ns ns 4.52
P × W ns ns ns ns ns
N × P × W 7.06 ns ns 4.52 ns

The letters in the table represent significant differences (p < 0.05). N1: 300.0 kg hm−2, N2: 397.5 kg hm−2, N3: 495.0 kg hm−2, N4: 592.5 kg hm−2, N5:690.0 kg hm−2; P1: 270.0 kg hm−2, P2: 352.5 kg hm−2, P3: 435.0 kg hm−2, P4: 517.5 kg hm−2, P5: 600.0 kg hm−2; W1: 4400.0 m3 hm−2, W2: 5600.0 m3 hm−2, W3: 6800.0 m3 hm−2, W4: 8000.0 m3 hm−2, W5: 9200.0 m3 hm−2.

The treatment with the highest soluble sugar content in the first year of fruiting was N1P1W1 (197.56 g kg−1), which was 48.4% higher than that of the lowest treatment N3P1W1. The treatment with the highest titratable acid content was N3P1W1 (2.00 g kg−1), which was 60.0% higher than that of the lowest treatment N3P3W1. The treatment with the highest yield was N4P3W1 (8,060 kg hm−2), which was 200.0% higher than that of the lowest treatment N3P1W1.

The treatment with the highest vitamin C content in the second year was N4P3W2 (3.75 g kg−1), which was 29.0% higher than that of the lowest treatment N3P3W2. The treatment with the highest soluble sugar content was N4P3W3 (210.17 g kg−1), which was 44.1% higher than that of the lowest treatment N3P3W2.The treatment with the highest titratable acid content was N3P4W3 (1.83 g kg−1), which was 100.0% higher than that of the lowest treatment N4P3W2. The treatment with the highest sugar-acid ratio was N4P3W2 (224.42); compared with the lowest treatment N3P3W2, it increased by 167.7%.

The results showed that increasing the amount of N, P, and W could increase the soluble sugar content and yield while reducing the titratable acid content, but excessive N, P, and W would reduce the soluble sugar content and yield while increasing the titratable acid content. Via the interactions of N, P, and W, the quality, content, and yield of fruits can be further improved.

3.2 Principal component analysis based on yield and fruit quality

The results of the principal component analysis are shown in Tables 4 and 5. The cumulative contribution rate of the first two principal component variances was 82.4160% (because the eigenvalues of the first two principal components were >1, the principal components F3–F5 include 17.5840% of the original data variation, and the principal component eigenvalues were <1; therefore, the data are not listed in Table 5), which contains most of the variation information in the original data. Therefore, the first two principal components were selected to evaluate the effects of irrigation and fertilization on the yield and fruit quality of the main fruit type. The variance contribution rate of the principal component F1 was 62.345%, and the load on the yield index was large. The principal component F1 could be defined as the 9 yield factor. The variance contribution rate of the principal component F2 was 20.071%, and the load on the quality index was large. The principal component F2 could be defined as the quality factor. According to Table 4, the equations can be established as follows:

(1) F = 0.7560 × F 1 + 0.2440 × F 2 ,

(2) F 1 = 0.2461 × X 1 − 0.2704 × X 2 + 0.2666 × X 3 + 0.1577 × X 4 + 0.3019 × X 5 ,

(3) F 2 = 0.2821 × X 1 + 0.4236 × X 2 + 0.0004 × X 3 + 0.8133 × X 4 − 0.2758 × X 5 .

Table 4

Feature vectors of principal components affecting jujube yield and fruit quality

Principal component Factor
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
F1 0.2461 −0.2704 0.2666 0.1577 0.3019
F2 0.2821 0.4236 0.0004 0.8133 −0.2758
Table 5

Eigenvalue and variance contribution rate of the principal components affecting the yield and fruit quality of jujube trees

Principal component Eigenvalue Variance contribution rate (%) Cumulative variance contribution rate (%) Eigenvector (λ)
F1 3.1170 62.3450 62.3450 0.7560
F2 1.0040 20.0710 82.4160 0.2440

3.3 Comprehensive evaluation based on fruit yield and quality

The corresponding positions of leaf nutrients, yield, and fruit quality of jujube under different water and fertilizer treatments can be obtained using the factor scores of each principal component in Tables 4 and 5 to select the combination of water and fertilizer with a positive effect on the growth and development of jujube trees and fruit quality. Table 6 shows that the nutrient and quality factor scores of jujubes under different treatments varied. The order of comprehensive evaluation of the principal component analysis of each treatment was N4P3W2 > N4P3W3 > N4P4W3 > N4P4W2 > N3P3W3 > N3P4W3 > N3P4W2 > N3P3W2.

Table 6

Comprehensive evaluation of water and fertilizer treatment on yield and fruit quality of jujubes

Treatment F1 F2 F Comprehensive rank
N3P3W2 −1.308 −0.953 −1.221 8
N3P4W2 −0.579 −0.201 −0.487 7
N4P3W2 1.661 −0.205 1.206 1
N4P4W2 0.082 −0.053 0.049 4
N3P3W3 −0.427 0.958 −0.090 5
N3P4W3 −0.646 0.672 −0.325 6
N4P3W3 0.761 −0.307 0.501 2
N4P4W3 0.456 0.088 0.366 3

3.4 Establishment of the yield and economic models

3.4.1 Establishment of the yield model

The regression model of yield (Table 3) with N, P, and W dosages was obtained using ternary quadratic regression fitting between yield and N, P, and W dosages in each experimental treatment. The significance test of equation (4) found that R 2 = 0.849, indicating that the degree of fit between the predicted and true values was good.

(4) Y = − 27.6450 × N − 10.7630 × P + 2.8700 × W − 0.0010 × N 2 − 0.0630 × P 2 − 0.0002 × W 2 + 0.1160 × N × P − 0.0020 × N × W + 0.0040 × P × W .

The primary item coefficients were −27.6450, −10.7630, and 2.8700, respectively, indicating that the influence of each factor on yield was W > P > N. The interaction coefficients were 0.1160, −0.0020, and 0.0040, respectively, indicating that the interaction between each factor and yield was N × P > P × W > N × W.

To explore the influence of coupling various factors on the yield, the factors in equation (4) were set at the lowest level and the following equations were obtained:

(5) Y = − 36.4450 × N + 6.8370 × P − 0.0010 × N 2 − 0.0630 × P 2 + 0.1160 × N × P + 8756.0000 ,

(6) Y = 24.0370 × P + 2.2700 × W − 0.0630 × P 2 − 0.0002 × W 2 + 0.0040 × P × W − 8383.5000 ,

(7) Y = 3.6750 × N + 3.9500 × W − 0.0010 × N 2 − 0.0002 × W 2 − 0.0020 × N × W − 7498.7100 .

the fourth level (517.5 kg hm−2), the yield reached a maximum. At this time,

The response surface of yield to nitrogen and phosphorus interaction was a non-linear surface with a downward opening. When the nitrogen fertilizer was at the third level (495.0 kg hm−2) and the phosphorus fertilizer was at the fourth level (517.5 kg hm−2), the yield reached a maximum. At this time, the yield decreased with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer (Figure 1a). The response surface of the interaction effect of water and phosphorus on yield was a non-linear surface with a downward opening. When the irrigation amount reached the highest level (9,200 m3 hm−2), the yield reached a maximum value. At this time, the amount of phosphate fertilizer was low, and a continued increase in the amount of phosphate fertilizer led to a decrease in yield (Figure 1b). The response surface of yield to water and nitrogen interaction was anon-linear surface with a downward opening. When the nitrogen fertilizer was at the third level (495.0 kg hm−2), an increase in the irrigation amount increased the yield. When the irrigation amount was 9,200 m3 hm−2, the yield reached a maximum (Figure 1c).

Figure 1 Interaction effects of each treatment on jujube fruit yield. W: water, P: phosphorus, and N: nitrogen. (a) Interaction effect of N and P on yield; (b) Interaction effect of P and W on yield; (c) Interaction effect of N and W on yield.
Figure 1

Interaction effects of each treatment on jujube fruit yield. W: water, P: phosphorus, and N: nitrogen. (a) Interaction effect of N and P on yield; (b) Interaction effect of P and W on yield; (c) Interaction effect of N and W on yield.

3.4.2 Establishment of the economic model

The economic benefit of each treatment was calculated using the yield, W, fertilizer, and labor costs of the experiment. The regression models of economic benefit (Eb), N (CN), P (CP), and W (CW) were obtained using ternary quadratic regression fitting of the economic benefits and N, P, and W costs:

(8) Eb = 67.8750 × CN + 252.8760 × CP + 130.0890 × CW − 0.0140 × CN 2 − 0.1330 × CP 2 − 0.0080 × CW 2 + 0.1520 × CN × CP − 0.0270 × CN × CW − 0.0070 × CP × CW − 501443.802 .

A significance test of equation (8) found that R 2 = 0.975, indicating that the degree of fit between the predicted and true values was good. The following three equations can be obtained from the partial differential derivation of equation (8):

(9) dEb / dCN = − 0.0280 × CN + 0.1520 × CP − 0.0270 × CW + 67.8750 ,

(10) dEb/dCP = 0.1520 × CN − 0.2660 × CP − 0.0070 × CW + 252.8760 ,

(11) dEb/dCW = − 0.0270 × CN − 0.0070 × CP − 0.0160 × CW + 130.0890 .

Let dEb/dCN = 0, dEb/dCP = 0, and dEb/dCW = 0; the optimal solution of equation (8) is CN = 247.15, CP = 889.26, and CW = 7278.19. According to the formula, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation can be obtained. The amount of nitrogen (pure nutrient), phosphorus (pure nutrient) and irrigation are respectively: 275.56 kg·hm−2, 413.66 kg hm−2, and 7278.19 m3 hm−2, respectively. Substituting these values in equation (4), it is concluded that the theoretical yield under this condition is 8622.00 kg hm−2.

4 Discussion

Nitrogen plays different roles throughout the crop growing period. During fruit growth, N affects the sugar content in the fruit by affecting the acid invertase, neutral invertase, sucrose synthase-cleavage, sucrose synthase-synthesis, and sucrose phosphate synthase content. Nitrogen also affects malic acid, citric acid, and pyruvate production in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and gluconeogenesis cycles to change the total acid content. Simultaneously, the sucrose content in fruit decreased under high-temperature stress (28–35°C) in another study; however, an increase in the N application rate offset the negative effect of high-temperature stress, and this phenomenon reduced hexose metabolism and led to hexose accumulation by inhibiting hexose kinase activity [13]. Our study found that, with an increase in N fertilizer, the content of soluble sugar in fruit increased, whereas an excessive increase in P fertilizer reduced the content of soluble sugar in fruit, similar to the conclusion of Zhou et al. [14]. Similarly, an increase in N fertilizer directly affected the total soluble solids content in grape juice [15]. The utilization rate of N fertilizer in apple trees decreased under the influence of distribution merchandising price promotion; however, the soluble sugar content in the fruit increased with an increase in the amount of N fertilizer within a certain range [16].

Furthermore, our study showed a significant difference in the titratable acid content of fruits in each treatment. The amount of N fertilizer was negatively correlated with the titratable acid content of the fruit. Increasing the amount of N fertilizer within a certain range reduced the titratable acid content in the fruit, similar to the findings of other studies [17,18,19]. In contrast, the amount of P fertilizer was positively correlated with the titratable acid content of the fruit, similar to the results of other studies [20]. In another study, the titratable acid content in red-fleshed navel orange pulp decreased significantly when the amount of P fertilizer was increased compared to the treatment without phosphate fertilizer; however, the decrease in titratable acid content decreased gradually with an increase in P fertilizer [21]. The change in the irrigation amount had little effect on the titratable acid content of the fruit.

In this study, increasing the amount of N fertilizer significantly increased the Vc content in jujube fruit, and the effect of increasing the irrigation amount on the Vc content was less than that of N fertilizer change on Vc content. When the amount of P fertilizer was increased, the Vc content in the fruit decreased significantly, similar to the conclusions of previous studies [22,23]. The Vc content of pepper fruit is typically used as an indicator for evaluating the fruit quality. Appropriate N fertilizer application increased the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) in green-ripe fruit and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) in red-ripe fruit [24]. DHAR generally maintains the AsA (the main biologically active form of Vc) pool and its redox state. DHA-to-AsA recycling in the green and MDHA-to-AsA recycling in the red ripe period increases with the increase in the N fertilizer application. Therefore, increasing the amount of N fertilizer or reducing the amount of P fertilizer can increase the Vc content in different fruits [20,25,26,27,28].

Changes in W and fertilizer application rates significantly affected jujube fruit yield. When the amount of N fertilizer and irrigation increased, the jujube fruit yield increased significantly; however, the effect of the N fertilizer application rate on yield was greater than that of the irrigation amount, similar to the results of previous research [29]. In another study, an increase in N and P fertilizer significantly increased maize yield. This yield increase was attributed to increased yield components, such as grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, and 1,000-grain weight [30]. Another study on rice found that the yield also significantly increased when the amount of N fertilizer, N content in rice grains, and straw were increased [31]. The irrigation mode is also a factor affecting yield. Under low N and K conditions, the drip irrigation mode significantly increased the yield compared to that of the non-drip irrigation mode; however, when the N and potassium fertilizers were increased, the effect of the irrigation mode change on yield was weakened [32].

5 Conclusion

The increase in N fertilizer affected the nutritional quality of fruits, effectively increasing the content of soluble sugar, Vc, and the sugar-acid ratio in fruits and reducing the content of titratable acid, thus increasing the flavor and taste. Phosphorus fertilizer can also increase the content of soluble sugars and Vc in the fruit but is less effective than increasing the amount of N fertilizer. Simultaneously, an increase in P fertilizer also leads to an increase in the titratable acid content in the fruit and affects the taste of jujube fruit. An increase in irrigation slightly increased the soluble sugar and Vc content but significantly increased the titratable acid content in the fruit, which reduced its flavor and taste.

The comprehensive score of the N4P3W2 treatment was the highest, and that of the N3P3W2 treatment was the lowest. Therefore, coupling W, N, and P under water and fertilizer integration effectively improves the fruit quality of trunk fruit-shaped gray jujubes. The fruit quality and yield improvement effect of the N4P3W2 treatment was the most significant.

When the N, P, and W dosages are 275.56 kg hm−2, 413.66 kg hm−2, and 7278.19 m3 hm−2, respectively, the theoretical economic benefit is the best, and the theoretical yield is 8622.00 kg hm−2. In conclusion, the N4P3W2 treatment was the best.

In this experiment, although the effect of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling on the growth of Huizao tree was explored, the amount of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus in each growth period was not determined within a reasonable threshold. According to the completed test, it is expected that the water and fertilizer required for each period can be quantified in the subsequent test.

# These authors contributed equally to this work, they are co-first authors.

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  1. Funding information: This study was funded by the Bintuan Science and Technology Program (2021AA005) and the President’s Fund Innovation Team Project of Tarim University (TDZKCX202301).

  2. Author contributions: X.Z. completed the experimental work and model analysis, drafted the manuscript, and designed the experiment. J.Z. supervised the study and reviewed the manuscript. X.B. and J.W. presented and discussed the study. S.A. conducted the investigation. Q.Z. and Z.T. participated in the mechanism discussion and provided language editing. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-12-08
Revised: 2024-03-04
Accepted: 2024-03-19
Published Online: 2024-04-26

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0863
Keywords for this article
gray jujube; water and fertilizer integration; fruit quality; yield; comprehensive evaluation; yield model; economic model
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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