Home Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
Article Open Access

Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper

  • Chunyan Wu , Qiyuan Sun , Zeyue Ren , Nan Xia , Zhuang Wang , Hong Sun EMAIL logo and Wei Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 18, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels (5, 25, and 45 kg of pure nitrogen per 667 m²) and biochar concentrations (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1%) on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of pepper. The findings indicated that a combination of 25 kg/667 m2 of nitrogen and either 0.7% or 1.4% biochar significantly enhanced plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Specifically, the N2 treatment (25 kg of pure nitrogen per 667 m²) increased substrate porosity, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content, and available phosphorus content. It also boosted root activity and superoxide dismutase activity in pepper leaves, resulting in increased yield and better fruit quality. Furthermore, the proper addition of biochar (0.7–1.4% by weight) enhanced the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, including increased chlorophyll content and enzyme activity in plants, thereby leading to improved overall plant growth, yield, and fruit quality.

Keywords: biochar; fertilizer; fruit quality; pepper yield; substrate properties

1 Introduction

Pepper, an annual or perennial herb of the genus Capsicum belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an herb native to the tropical regions of Central and South America [1]. Because of its rich nutrition, distinctive taste, and aroma, pepper plays a crucial role in human food, nutrition, and health [2,3]. In China, the annual cultivation area of pepper has remained stable at 2.1 million hm2, with a total output of 64 million tons, making it the largest planting area with the highest yield globally [4]. Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth and productivity, prompting farmers to utilize nitrogen fertilizer to enhance crop yield. However, plants can only absorb less than 50% of applied nitrogen, resulting in considerable nitrogen loss [5]. When combined with nitrogen fertilizer, biochar can mitigate nitrogen loss in the soil and enhance nitrogen retention in the soil [6].

The production and storage of biochar in soils have been considered as potential methods to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration [7]. Biochar, produced through the oxygen-limited thermal decomposition of organic materials such as straw, wood waste, livestock, and poultry waste, is considered a sustainable biomass [8]. Its production process is cost-effective, sustainable, and easily scalable, attracting significant attention [9]. Biochar finds applications in enhancing soil physical and chemical properties, water purification, energy and gas storage, and agricultural productivity [10]. Additionally, it increases soil nutrient retention and water-holding capacity, facilitating improved plant root absorption while reducing the risk of water infiltration into rivers or underground reservoirs [11].

China, a significant agricultural country globally, produces a substantial amount of straw annually. Previous studies [12,13] showed that the total straw production of major crops in China reached 9.84 × 108 tons in 2016. Maize, rice, and wheat accounted for 41.92, 23.23, and 18.36% of total straw production, respectively, making them the primary sources. Straw typically contains 31–41% crude fiber, 3–6% crude protein, and 42% nitrogen-free extract, with digestion energy ranging from 7.79 to 10.46 MJ/kg, making it a valuable biological resource [14]. The development, research, and utilization of biochar have become important measures to address waste resource utilization and the problems related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, significantly contributing to the efficient, ecological, and sustainable development of agriculture [15]. Although the appropriate addition of biochar can enhance the growth and yield of crops such as pepper [16], it is essential to note that biochar generally cannot replace fertilizers completely, as they may not provide all necessary nutrients [17,18].

To date, no attempts have been made to examine the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizers and biochar on pepper production. The following hypotheses were proposed: (i) the combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers increased the yield of pepper by enhancing root activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activity. (ii) Different application conditions of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers had varying effects on the growth and production of pepper. The objectives of this study were twofold: (i) to determine the effects of different amounts of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on the growth, fruit quality, and yield of potted peppers and (ii) to clarify the optimal application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers for pepper plants, providing a theoretical basis for their application in pepper cultivation.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jinfu 803) were sourced from Tianjin Chaoyan Seed and Seedling Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin City, China. The seeds underwent evaluation and screening based on their appearance, size, weight, and shape to ensure their qualification for subsequent experiments. The commercial biochar used in the field experiment was derived from corn straw and produced by Liaoning Jinhefu Agricultural Technology Company, Liaoning Province, China. The nitrogen fertilizer tested was urea (N ≥ 46.4%), manufactured by Ordos New Energy Chemical Co., Ltd, Inner Mongolia, China. The physical and chemical properties of the substrate were as follows: alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 172.45 mg/kg, available phosphorus content 19.60 mg/kg, and available potassium content 65.18 mg/kg.

2.2 Apparatus

The instruments used in the experiment were as follows: 765UV-visible spectrophotometer, INESA Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; TS-100 horizontal decolorization shaker, Haimen Kylin-Bell Lab Instruments Co., Ltd., Haimen, China; F96PRO fluorescence spectrophotometer, Shanghai Lengguang Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; TDL-80-2B low-speed centrifuge, Shanghai Yitian Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; and HH-S2 digital thermostatic water bath, Jintan Medical Instrument Factory Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China.

2.3 Experimental setup

The experiment was conducted at the Facility Agriculture Science and Engineering Base and Horticulture Comprehensive Laboratory of the College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, China. The pot treatments comprised three nitrogen levels: pure nitrogen 5 kg/667 m2 (N1), 25 kg/667 m2 (N2), and 45 kg/667 m2 (N3) and four biochar rates: 0% (B0), 0.7% (B1), 1.4% (B2), and 2.1% (B3) by weight, resulting in 12 treatments. A randomized block design was used in the experiment, with each treatment replicated three times. The setting of pure nitrogen concentrations allowed for a clearer observation of the impact of biochar on the substrate and pepper quality and yield.

Pepper seeds were sown in a solar greenhouse on March 15, 2017. When the seedlings reached the two-leaf stage, they were transplanted into 10 cm × 10 cm nutrient bowls. The nutrient soil allocation and seedling stage management followed local conventional practices, with a peat-to-vermiculite ratio of 2:1 for the nutrient soil mix to maintain a substrate moisture content of 70–80%. The seedling temperature was managed according to appropriate growth conditions. Pepper seedlings were then transferred to pots filled with a garden soil–turf mixture (4:1, v/v), with each pot containing 12 kg of substrate thoroughly mixed with 1% chicken manure (nitrogen content 6.68 g/kg) and appropriate biochar content according to the treatments. Pepper seedlings were transplanted with a spacing of 40 cm along a row and 60 cm between rows. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied according to the treatments, with recommended doses of P and K (15 and 25 kg/667 m2, respectively) applied as diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively.

The fruits of the peppers tested matured on July 19 and were harvested successfully. Mature fruits were selected for yield and quality determination.

2.4 Substrate measurements

Substrate bulk density was assessed using the cutting-ring method [19]. Substrate porosity was calculated as follows [19]:

Porosity = (1 − substrate bulk density / substrate specific gravity) × 100 % .

The content of available phosphorus was determined using the 0.5 M NaHCO3 method, available nitrogen content was analyzed using the alkali-hydrolyzing nitrogen method, and available potassium content in the substrate was measured using the flame photometry method [19].

2.5 Measurements of growth and physiological indexes

The plant height was measured using a ruler, whereas the stem diameter was measured with a Vernier caliper. The entire shoot biomass was harvested by cutting the shoots on the surface of the substrate, and the fresh weight was recorded. The roots were then separated from the soil and weighed. Subsequently, both the shoots and roots were oven-dried at 70°C until a constant dry weight was achieved.

The chlorophyll content was determined using the spectrophotometric method, and the root activity was assessed using the TTC method. The SOD activity was determined using the photochemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium method, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was measured using the guaiacol method [20].

2.6 Fruit yield and quality assessment

At maturity, 10 ripe pepper fruits were randomly selected from each treatment for yield determination and quality analysis. The soluble sugar content (SS) was measured using the anthrone method, the soluble protein content (SP) was determined by the Coomassie Bright Blue G-250 staining method, the vitamin C content (VC) was assessed by molybdenum blue colorimetry, the organic acid content (OA) was determined by alkaline titration, and the free amino acid content (FAA) was measured using ninhydrin coloration method [20].

2.7 Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The significance between treatments was evaluated at a probability of 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using DPS software.

3 Results

3.1 Physical and chemical properties of substrate

Substrate bulk density plays a critical role in various biochemical processes such as water movement and salt migration by influencing the water-to-gas ratio, which is an indicator of substrate fertility. As shown in Figure 1, the bulk density of the substrate decreased under all biochar treatments compared with no-biochar treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect substrate bulk density. The highest substrate bulk density was observed under the combined treatment of 45 kg/667 m2 nitrogen fertilizer and no biochar (N3B0), whereas the lowest value was recorded under the treatment with 5 kg/667 m2 nitrogen fertilizer and 0.7% biochar amendment (N1B1).

Figure 1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the bulk density of the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 1

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the bulk density of the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

Figure 2 shows the mean values of substrate porosity under three nitrogen fertilizer and four biochar treatments. The substrate porosity values were significantly affected by both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments. The N2 treatment exhibited the highest porosity, surpassing that under the N1 and N3 treatments. Moreover, the B1 and B2 biochar amendments significantly increased porosity compared with no-biochar treatment. The highest porosity value was recorded under the N2B0 treatment, which was significantly higher than under the other treatments.

Figure 2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on porosity of the substrate. Note: B, biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on porosity of the substrate. Note: B, biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen is a crucial indicator reflecting soil nitrogen supply capacity, including both inorganic and organic nitrogen. Its content is closely associated with organic matter content and is unstable in soil. Both nitrogen levels and biochar significantly affected the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the substrate (Figure 3). The N2 treatment exhibited comparatively higher alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content than N1 and N3 N2 treatments. The highest alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was 187.76 mg/kg under B0 treatment. The highest alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was 198.95 mg/kg under the N2B0 treatment, whereas the lowest content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was observed under the N2B2 treatment.

Figure 3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on base-hydrolyzed nitrogen. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on base-hydrolyzed nitrogen. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on available phosphorus content in the substrate is depicted in Figure 4. The data indicated a significant effect of different nitrogen levels on available phosphorus content. The highest available phosphorus content was 23.83 mg/kg in the N2 treatment. Furthermore, biochar amendment significantly increased available phosphorus content compared with no-biochar control. The highest available phosphorus content was observed under the N2B2 treatment.

Figure 4 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on available phosphorus content in the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 4

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on available phosphorus content in the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

Nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments exhibited significant effects on available potassium content (Figure 5). The available potassium content in the substrate significantly decreased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. The available potassium content under the B1 and B2 treatments was higher than under no-biochar control. The highest available potassium content was observed under the N1B1 treatment, followed by the N1B2 and N2B2 treatments. No significant difference was observed among the three treatments.

Figure 5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on available potassium content in the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 5

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on available potassium content in the substrate. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

3.2 Growth parameters

Plant height was significantly affected by both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments (Figure 6). The maximum plant height was observed under the N2 treatment, followed by the N3 treatment. No significant difference was observed between the two fertilizer treatments. The plant height increased significantly under the B1 and B2 treatments compared with the control and B3 treatments. The greatest plant height was 40.13 cm under the N3B1 treatment, which was significantly greater than that under the other treatments.

Figure 6 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the plant height of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 6

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the plant height of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

Both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatment had a significant effect on stem diameter (Figure 7). It increased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application. Biochar amendment also increased the stem diameter compared with the no-biochar control. Among the 12 treatments, the maximum stem diameter occurred under N3B1 treatment.

Figure 7 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the stem diameter of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 7

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the stem diameter of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

Fresh plant weight (FPW) increased significantly in plants treated with biochar (Table 1). Nitrogen fertilizer also had a significant effect on FPW, with the greatest FPW under N2 treatment. The maximum FPW was observed under N2B1 treatment. Both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar had a significant effect on fresh root weight (FRW). The greatest FRW was found under N3B1 treatment compared with other treatments.

Table 1

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the plant growth parameters of pepper

Treatment FPW (g) FRW (g) DPW (g) DRW (g)
N1B0 219.98 ± 0.70c 27.44 ± 0.10e 34.08 ± 0.32c 5.58 ± 0.04b
N1B1 215.89 ± 1.03e 38.23 ± 0.18a 33.07 ± 0.15d 4.85 ± 0.22d
N1B2 221.06 ± 0.37c 32.60 ± 0.12c 34.83 ± 0.79bc 5.52 ± 0.30bc
N1B3 204.46 ± 0.26h 25.56 ± 0.25f 30.35 ± 0.81gh 5.41 ± 0.06bc
N2B0 209.20 ± 0.42g 22.45 ± 0.37g 32.49 ± 0.49de 6.29 ± 0.07a
N2B1 250.91 ± 1.34a 22.62 ± 0.39g 31.77 ± 0.24ef 5.37 ± 0.22bc
N2B2 210.76 ± 0.46f 28.41 ± 0.15d 35.29 ± 0.44b 6.45 ± 0.24a
N2B3 216.57 ± 1.15de 21.49 ± 0.17h 29.62 ± 0.41h 5.49 ± 0.07bc
N3B0 192.02 ± 1.21j 27.28 ± 0.07e 31.56 ± 0.36ef 5.12 ± 0.17cd
N3B1 230.96 ± 0.68b 35.58 ± 0.11b 36.61 ± 0.23a 5.57 ± 0.39b
N3B2 193.51 ± 0.66i 20.69 ± 0.07i 31.02 ± 1.08fg 5.52 ± 0.41bc
N3B3 217.42 ± 0.66d 25.27 ± 0.18f 32.54 ± 0.29de 5.31 ± 0.29bc
ANOVA
N ** ** ** **
B ** ** ** **
N × B ** ** ** **

Note: DPW, dry plant weight; DRW, dry root weight; FPW, fresh plant weight; FRW, fresh root weight. The data are the means of three replicates. Values within the same columns followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 as per the LSD test. B, biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Means followed by the same lowercase letter in each column and the same uppercase letter in each row do not differ at the 0.05 probability level according to Duncan’s test. ** P < 0.01.

Dry plant weight (DPW) and dry root weight (DRW) were significantly affected by both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments (Table 1). DPW was significantly higher under the N1 and N3 treatments compared with the N2 treatment. The B1 and B2 treatments significantly increased DPW compared with the control. Among the combination treatments, N3B2 resulted in the highest DPW, whereas the smallest value was observed under the N2B3 treatment. The largest increases in DRW were observed under the N2B2 and N2B0 treatments.

Nitrogen fertilizer and biochar had a significant impact on chlorophyll content. The chlorophyll content significantly increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer levels, and the B1 treatment significantly increased chlorophyll content compared with the control. The N3B1 treatment led to the highest chlorophyll content.

Table 2 illustrates the significant effect of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on root activity. The root activity increased significantly on increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels from N1 to N3; however, no significant increase was observed under N2 and N3 treatments. Additionally, biochar amendments significantly increased root activity compared with the control, with the highest root activity observed under the N2B2 combination treatment.

Table 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the physiological index of pepper leaves

Treatment Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Root activity (µg/g h) POD (µ/g) SOD (µ/g)
N1B0 3.01 ± 0.15h 161.33 ± 0.92i 524.00 ± 1.73k 211.04 ± 0.67hi
N1B1 3.00 ± 0.22h 182.67 ± 0.15d 625.00 ± 0.00g 213.74 ± 0.33g
N1B2 2.07 ± 0.56j 177.33 ± 0.49e 691.33 ± 2.31b 226.37 ± 0.47f
N1B3 2.44 ± 0.34i 190.00 ± 0.67b 630.00 ± 5.00g 242.53 ± 0.04c
N2B0 3.54 ± 0.24f 171.33 ± 0.29g 610.00 ± 5.00h 247.31 ± 2.14a
N2B1 3.7 ± 0.15e 187.67 ± 0.34c 647.33 ± 2.52e 240.92 ± 0.25d
N2B2 2.47 ± 0.53i 192.67 ± 0.19a 636.67 ± 2.89f 230.11 ± 0.46e
N2B3 3.75 ± 0.22d 175.67 ± 0.47f 553.33 ± 5.77j 245.86 ± 0.18b
N3B0 4.37 ± 0.19c 181.67 ± 0.36d 678.33 ± 2.89c 231.09 ± 0.12e
N3B1 4.61 ± 0.16a 192.67 ± 0.53a 655.00 ± 5.00d 209.89 ± 0.28i
N3B2 4.46 ± 0.39b 186.33 ± 0.30c 778.33 ± 2.89a 211.98 ± 0.50h
N3B3 3.44 ± 0.16g 169.33 ± 0.51h 563.33 ± 2.89i 225.19 ± 0.08f
ANOVA
N ** ** ** **
B ** ** ** **
N × B ** ** ** **

Note: B, biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Means followed by the same lowercase letter in each column and the same uppercase letter in each row do not differ at 0.05 probability level by the Duncan’s test. ** P < 0.01.

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on POD activity is presented in Table 2. Both nitrogen fertilizer and biochar had significant effects on POD activity, with the highest activity observed under the N3 treatment. Moreover, B1 and B2 treatments increased POD activity compared with the control, with the maximum activity recorded under the N3B2 treatment which was significantly greater than that under other treatments.

Nitrogen fertilizer and biochar both exhibited significant effects on SOD activity. The highest SOD activity was observed under the N2 treatment. A significant increase in the SOD activity was observed under the B3 treatment compared with B0 treatment. The highest SOD activity was recorded under the N2B0 treatment.

3.3 Yield

Yield was significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments (Figure 8). The yield in the N2 treatment was higher than the N3 and N1 treatments, and biochar amendment increased the yield compared with non-biochar control. The maximum yield was recorded in the N2B2 treatment, followed by the N2B1 and N3B1 treatment. No significant difference was observed among the three treatments.

Figure 8 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the yield of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 8

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar combination on the yield of pepper. Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively). Error bars represent standard error (n = 3). Different letters above the bars within each panel indicate significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05).

3.4 Fruit quality

As shown in Table 3, nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments exhibited significant effects on the SS content. The SS content increased with the increase in the nitrogen fertilizer level. The SS content was higher under B1 and B2 treatments compared with no-biochar control. The SS content under the N2B1 treatment was 2.27%, followed by the N3B1 and N2B1 treatments, which was 2.25% and 2.20%, respectively. No significant difference was observed among the three treatments.

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on pepper fruit quality

Treatment SS (mg/g) SP (mg/g) OA (%) VC (mg/100 g) FAA (µg/100 g)
N1B0 1.74 ± 0.08cd 15.90 ± 0.67f 0.23 ± 0.03def 40.38 ± 1.14f 632.75 ± 3.45de
N1B1 1.54 ± 0.08de 22.07 ± 0.27d 0.26 ± 0.04cde 42.45 ± 1.36e 629.43 ± 4.35de
N1B2 1.80 ± 0.11c 18.87 ± 0.57e 0.20 ± 0.03ef 47.06 ± 0.66c 637.08 ± 7.98cd
N1B3 1.44 ± 0.20e 21.40 ± 0.64d 0.25 ± 0.03cde 42.45 ± 0.24e 638.87 ± 9.77cd
N2B0 2.12 ± 0.10ab 19.23 ± 0.61e 0.20 ± 0.02ef 47.21 ± 0.54bc 635.30 ± 5.74d
N2B1 2.20 ± 0.03ab 33.10 ± 0.55ab 0.29 ± 0.04c 51.72 ± 1.32a 611.83 ± 4.21e
N2B2 2.27 ± 0.29a 31.93 ± 0.35c 0.36 ± 0.02a 44.53 ± 1.61d 638.10 ± 3.06cd
N2B3 1.97 ± 0.08bc 32.07 ± 0.72bc 0.37 ± 0.03b 51.21 ± 1.45a 658.76 ± 9.28bc
N3B0 2.12 ± 0.15ab 33.07 ± 1.16ab 0.25 ± 0.04cde 48.90 ± 1.34b 645.75 ± 10.95bcd
N3B1 2.25 ± 0.12a 33.20 ± 0.84a 0.22 ± 0.04def 51.84 ± 0.76a 665.39 ± 2.60ab
N3B2 2.14 ± 0.14ab 19.63 ± 0.75e 0.27 ± 0.02cd 43.14 ± 0.67de 658.25 ± 10.44bc
N3B3 2.13 ± 0.12ab 31.57 ± 0.76c 0.28 ± 0.02c 47.98 ± 0.61bc 684.27 ± 8.04a

Note: B, biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight); FAA, free amino acid content; N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments of 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2, respectively); OA, organic acid content; SP, soluble protein content; SS, soluble sugar content; VC, vitamin C content;. The data are represented as means of three replicates. Different letters within the same column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 as revealed by the LSD test.

The SP content significantly increased with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer level (Table 3). Biochar amendment also increased SP content compared with the no-biochar treatment. The highest SP values were observed under N3B1, N2B1, and N3B0 treatments.

The composition and content of OAs are crucial factors affecting fruit quality. The measured OA values are presented in Table 3. The OA content under N2 treatment was significantly higher than that under N3 and N1 treatments. It increased significantly with an increase in BA. The highest OA values were recorded under the N2B2 and N2B3 treatments, with no significant difference between the two treatments. The lowest OA content was observed under the N1B2 and N2B0 treatments.

VC is an important antioxidant and a key factor representing fruit nutritional quality [21]. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the VC content of pepper fruits were significant (Table 3). The VC content under N2 and N3 treatments was significantly higher than that under N1 treatment. The VC content under the B1 and B3 treatments was significantly higher than that under the B0 and B2 treatments. The highest VC content was observed under the N3B1, N2B1, and N2B3 treatments, with no significant difference among the three treatments. The lowest VC content was found under the N1B1 and N1B0 treatments.

The content of FAAs was significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer and biochar treatments (Table 3). The FAA content increased with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer application, but no significant difference was observed between N2 and N1 treatments. The FAA content under the B3 treatment was significantly higher than that under the other treatments. The highest FAA content was observed under the N3B3 and N3B1 treatments.

3.5 Principal component analysis

Single-index analysis may not fully capture the effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on the quality and production of pepper.

To comprehensively evaluate the impact of different treatments on pepper quality, it is essential to assess various treatments in combination with each quality index. This approach allows for determining the contribution of each quality index to overall pepper quality, thereby facilitating a better understanding of which biochar contents and nitrogen fertilizer concentrations are most beneficial for producing high-quality pepper.

The principal component analysis was used to comprehensively analyze six quality-related indicators, such as yield, quality, aboveground dry weight, underground dry weight, aboveground fresh weight, and underground fresh weight, to evaluate the most effective biochar and nitrogen fertilizer treatment.

Initially, the data were dimensionally reduced to obtain standardized data. Subsequently, the standardized data were analyzed to determine the eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and cumulative contribution rate of the correlation matrix (Table 4). The principal components with eigenvalues >1 were selected for further analysis.

Table 4

Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of principal component analysis

Component Initial eigenvalues Sum of squared initial loading factors
Eigenvalue Contribution rate (%) Cumulative contribution rate (%) Eigenvalue Contribution rate (%) Cumulative contribution rate (%)
1 3.479 34.791 34.791 3.479 34.791 34.791
2 2.087 20.868 55.659 2.087 20.868 55.659
3 1.433 14.328 69.987 1.433 14.328 69.987
4 1.209 12.089 82.077 1.209 12.089 82.077
5 0.819 8.186 90.262 / / /
6 0.498 4.976 95.239 / / /
7 0.248 2.485 97.724 / / /
8 0.173 1.734 99.458 / / /
9 0.051 0.508 99.965 / / /
10 0.003 0.035 100 / / /

The relationship between each quality index and the first four principal components was calculated as follows:

First principal component:

(1) F 1 = 0.1968 × X 1 – 0.0912 × X 2 + 0.0686 × X 3 + 0.104 × X 4 + 0.4542 × X 5 + 0.4429 × X 6 + 0.4778 × X 7 + 0.2901 × X 8 + 0.4456 × X 9 + 0.155 × X 10 .

Second principal component:

(2) F 2 = 0.3738 × X 1 + 0.5822 × X 2 + 0.5939 × X 3 – 0.0443 × X 4 + 0.1384 × X 5 – 0.0277 × X 6 – 0.018 × X 7 – 0.3337 × X 8 + 0.0581 × X 9 – 0.1779 × X 10 .

Third principal component:

(3) F 3 = ( – 0.1487 ) × X 1 – 0.1905 × X 2 + 0.3417 × X 3 + 0.7794 × X 4 – 0.0635 × X 5 + 0.345 × X 6 – 0.2289 × X 7 – 0.0485 × X 8 – 0.1946 × X 9 – 0.0409 × X 10 .

Fourth principal component:

(4) F 4 = ( – 0.5103 ) × X 1 + 0.2729 × X 2 + 0.2065 × X 3 – 0.1264 × X 4 + 0.0018 × X 5 + 0.0937 × X 6 + 0.07 × X 7 – 0.1364 × X 8 – 0.0646 × X 9 + 0.755 × X 10 .

In the formulas, F 1, F 2, F 3, and F 4 correspond to the scores of the first, second, third, and fourth principal components, respectively. X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6, X 7, X 8, X 9, and X 10 represent the aboveground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight, underground dry weight, yield, SS, SP, OA, VC, and FAA after eliminating the dimensional relationship between variables.

The comprehensive evaluation function utilizes the variance contribution rate corresponding to each principal component as the weight:

(5) Comprehensive score F = 0.4239 × F 1 + 0.2542 × F 2 + 0.1746 × F 3 + 0.1473 × F 4 .

The standardized values were input into equations (1)–(4), and then the calculated values were applied into equation (5). Finally, the comprehensive evaluation of pepper quality indexes under biochar and nitrogen fertilizer treatments was conducted (Table 5).

Table 5

Comprehensive assessment of pepper quality under different nitrogen fertilizer levels and biochar concentrations

Component F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F Ranking
N1B0 –2.56 0.66 0.75 –0.51 –0.86 10
N1B1 –2.35 1.45 –1.74 0.04 –0.93 11
N1B2 –0.84 1.95 0.09 0.01 0.16 6
N1B3 –2.82 –1.21 –0.67 –0.30 –1.67 12
N2B0 –1.06 –0.54 2.12 –0.55 –0.30 8
N2B1 2.29 0.44 –0.90 –2.83 0.51 3
N2B2 1.90 0.20 2.25 –0.12 1.23 2
N2B3 2.00 –2.18 –1.06 –0.36 0.06 7
N3B0 0.86 –0.65 –0.97 0.96 0.17 5
N3B1 2.18 2.64 0.03 1.32 1.80 1
N3B2 –0.65 –2.00 0.66 0.80 –0.55 9
N3B3 1.06 –0.76 –0.56 1.54 0.38 4

Note: B, Biochar amendments (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% by weight), N, nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, and N3 treatments for 5, 25, and 45 kg/667 m2); F 1, first principal component; F 2, second principal component; F 3, third principal component; F 4, fourth principal component; F, comprehensive score.

The comprehensive evaluation indicated that the treatment ranked N3B1 as the first, with a score of 1.80, followed by N2B2, which scored 1.23, resulting in a difference of 0.57. The remaining eight groups of treatments were as follows, according to the comprehensive evaluation results: N2B1, N3B3, N3B0, N1B2, N2B3, N2B0, N3B2, N1B0, N1B1, and N1B3, with scores of 0.51, 0.38, 0.17, 0.16, 0.06, –0.30, –0.55, –0.86, –0.93, and –1.67, respectively.

4 Discussion

The rational application of biochar and fertilizer is vital for efficiently utilizing agricultural straw resources to reduce agricultural pollution, enhance fertilizer utilization rates, boost crop yields, and maintain soil moisture while reducing nutrient loss. The pore structure of biochar can augment soil porosity, decrease soil bulk density, and improve soil texture and tillage performance [22,23]. Additionally, biochar incorporation enhances irrigation water efficiency and influences plant growth by improving the matrix medium [24]. The findings of the present study revealed that biochar significantly reduced substrate bulk density and increased substrate porosity, aligning with previous studies demonstrating a decrease in soil bulk density with increased peat content [25,26]. Besides lower bulk density, adding biochar to the substrate led to even lower densities compared with conventional substrates, potentially due to the use of garden soil and peat as the cultivation substrate.

Biochar serves to restore soil fertility and enhance soil productivity through various mechanisms. First, biochar contains mineral nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen, enriching soil nutrient levels [27]. Second, its porous structure and large surface area, along with substantial negative surface, enable it to absorb more water and nutrient ions, facilitating nutrient uptake by plants [28]. Third, biochar’s ability to restrain and retain soil nutrients reduces leaching and erosion losses, thereby enhancing soil stability and organic carbon content, ultimately boosting total crop yield [29]. Fourth, biochar fosters an optimal environment for soil microorganisms [30], facilitating nutrient cycling in soil ecosystems and contributing to soil quality and health maintenance [31]. Although biochar itself contains relatively low mineral element content, its effects on soil nutrients are primarily mediated by its properties and indirect impacts on soil physicochemical properties and microorganisms [32]. The present study found that biochar treatments significantly increased available phosphorus content compared with non-biochar treatments, with the highest available potassium content observed in the B2 treatment. Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus content peaked under medium nitrogen application, whereas the available potassium content decreased significantly with the increase in nitrogen application.

The biochar application as a soil amendment holds promise for promoting growth and enhancing crop productivity [33,34]. Previous studies demonstrated biochar’s growth-promoting effects on various crops like tomatoes [21], peppers, lettuce [35], beans [36], potatoes [37], cowpeas, and radishes [38,39]. However, its impact varies depending on biochar type, application rate, and crop species. For instance, biochar with high volatility may hinder nitrogen absorption and crop growth [40,41]. However, different biochar extracts can have distinct effects on seed germination. Moreover, the sludge biochar and cow dung biochar extracts showed a more obvious inhibitory effect on the germination of pepper seeds [42]. Additionally, the application amount of biochar is also a crucial factor. Biochar application has a specific range of effectiveness [43]. Although an appropriate amount of biochar can promote pepper growth and development, higher biochar additions do not significantly promote pepper growth [44]. For example, in soils with a lower available nutrients or nitrogen, low amount of biochar is likely to promote crop growth and increase crop yield, whereas a higher amount of biochar can reduce growth and yield [43,45]. The impact of biochar varies depending upon the type of crop. Even under identical conditions, the effects of applying the same biochar to different crops can differ in terms of growth and yield [46].

The effect of biochar for soil improvement is closely related to fertilizer management. Kebede et al. found that the combined application of biochar and compost significantly affected pH, OC, TN, P, K, and other soil characteristics and pepper growth [16]. However, the impact of biochar on pepper yield is not solely determined by the amount applied [47]. Liu et al. conducted field cylindrical tube cultivation experiments on soybean, and the results showed that the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer mainly affected the yield by adjusting the number of grains per plant [48]. However, biochar inhibited the accumulation of dry matter weight per plant in the early stage of soybean growth. In the late stage of soybean growth, dry matter accumulation increased continuously. The soybean yield was the highest when 750 kg/hm2 biochar and 42 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer were applied. Li et al. conducted a study which demonstrated that under the application of 22.5 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer, the addition of 2.4 tons/hm2 of biochar significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation and improved nitrogen utilization efficiency in flue-cured tobacco [49]. Reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 40% compared to the normal supply level is more conducive to promoting the growth and development of pepper fruit and improving the accumulation of quality indicators, leading to better absorption of mineral elements by pepper fruit [50]. In the present study, the highest yield was observed in the B1 and B2 biochar treatments, indicating that optimum biochar application had a specific range, consistent with previous findings [43,45]. The higher yield was associated with the application of high nitrogen fertilizer, with the highest yield observed in the N2B2 and N2B1 combinations.

Numerous studies have investigated the impact of adding biochar on crop quality [19,47,50], as evidenced by various research findings. For instance, biochar could improve the taste of tomatoes by boosting SS values and achieving optimal sugar-to-acid ratios [21]. Additionally, in scenarios involving reduced irrigation, biochar influenced the quality of tomatoes [51]. Moreover, the SS content in vegetables increased with the increase in nitrogen levels, although excessive nitrogen application led to a decrease in sugar content [52]. In our experiment, we observed a gradual increase in SS content with the application of nitrogen fertilizer, consistent with previous research findings. Moreover, an increase in the protein content was observed with the increase in nitrogen application, as nitrogen served as the fundamental building block of amino acids, leading to an increase in protein content within a certain range of nitrogen application [53].

5 Conclusions

Utilizing combinations of 25 kg/667 m2 nitrogen fertilizer and 0.7% or 1.4% biochar showed promise in boosting plant growth, yield, and fruit quality in pepper cultivation. Optimized blending of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer fostered a conducive growth environment and enhanced the overall quality of pepper cultivation and output. This optimized approach could provide valuable insights for future fertilizer applications in the pepper industry.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by research projects from the Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of Jilin Province.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by research projects from the Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of Jilin Province.

  2. Author contributions: Chunyan Wu: Experimental design, execution, and writing first draft. Qiyuan Sun: Experimental design, execution, and data analysis. Zeyue Ren: Experimental design, data analysis, and manuscript writing and revision. Nan Xia: Experimental design and data analysis. Zhuang Wang: Data analysis, and manuscript writing and revision. Hong Sun: Data analysis, manuscript writing and revision. Wei Wang: Experimental design and manuscript writing and revision.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Jiang XM. Encyclopedia of Chinese agriculture, vegetables volume. Beijing, China: Agricultural Press; 1989.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Shams M, Ekinci M, Ors S, Turan M, Agar G, Kul R, et al. Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress effects of pepper seedlings by altering nutrient uptake, enzyme activity and osmolyte accumulation. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2019;25(5):1149–61.10.1007/s12298-019-00692-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Howard LR, Talcott ST, Brenes CH, Villalon B. Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:1713–20.10.1021/jf990916tSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Zou XX, Ma YQ, Dai XZ, Li XF, Yang S. Spread and industry development of pepper in China. Acta Hortic Sin. 2020;47(9):1715–26 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[5] Lassaletta L, Billen G, Grizzetti B, Anglade J, Garnier J. 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9(10):105011.10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011Search in Google Scholar

[6] Li X, Xu S, Neupane A, Abdoulmoumine N, DeBruyn JM, Walker FR, et al. Co-application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer reduced nitrogen losses from soil. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0248100.10.1371/journal.pone.0248100Search in Google Scholar

[7] Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun. 2010;1:56.10.1038/ncomms1053Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Smith JL, Collins HP, Bailey VL. The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biol Biochem. 2010;42:2345–7.10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.013Search in Google Scholar

[9] Qian K, Kumar A, Zhang H, Bellmer D, Huhnke R. Recent advances in utilization of biochar. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;42:1055–64.10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.074Search in Google Scholar

[10] Hussain M, Farooq M, Nawaz A, Al-Sadi AM, Solaiman ZM, Alghamdi SS, et al. Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks. J Soils Sediment. 2016;17(3):685–716.10.1007/s11368-016-1360-2Search in Google Scholar

[11] Kuo YL, Lee CH, Jien SH. Reduction of nutrient leaching potential in coarse-textured soil by using biochar. Water. 2020;12(7):2073–4441.10.3390/w12072012Search in Google Scholar

[12] Department of Science and Technology Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Ecology and Resource Protection Main Station. Statistical summary table of national rural renewable energy. Beijing: China Agricultural Press; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Shi ZL, Wang F, Wang JC, Li X, Sun RH, Song CJ. Utilization characteristics, technical model and development suggestion on crop straw in China. J Agric Sci Technol. 2019;21(5):8–16 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[14] Wang YZ, Gao H, Zhao J, Wang H, Yao XL, Zhang JF, et al. Overview of comprehensive utilization technology of straw resources. Environ Eng. 2014;32(S1):730–3 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[15] Lv HH, Liu YX, Yang SM. Biomass carbonization technology and its application in the reclamation of agricultural and forestry wastes. Zhejiang Agric Sci. 2015;56(1):19–22 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[16] Kebede T, Berhe DT, Zergaw Y. Effects of biochar and compost application on soil properties and on the growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Appl Environ Soil Sci. 2023;2023:1–9.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Silber A, Levkovitch I, Graber ER. pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implications. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44(24):9318–23.10.1021/es101283dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Alburquerque JA, Cabello M, Avelino R, Barrón V, Campillo MCD, Torrent J. Plant growth responses to biochar amendment of Mediterranean soils deficient in iron and phosphorus. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci. 2015;178:567–75.10.1002/jpln.201400653Search in Google Scholar

[19] Bao SD. Soil agrochemistry analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press; 2000.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Zhi’an Z, Chen ZY. Experimental techniques for plant physiology. Changchun: Jilin University Press; 2008.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Agbna GHD, She DL, Liu ZP, Elshaikh NA, Shao GC, Timm LC. Effects of deficit irrigation and biochar addition on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Sci Hortic. 2017;222:90–101.10.1016/j.scienta.2017.05.004Search in Google Scholar

[22] Whalley WR, Clark LJ, Gowing DJG, Cope RE, Lodge RJ, Leeds-Harrison PB. Does soil strength play a role in wheat yield losses caused by soil drying? Plant Soil. 2006;280(1–2):279–90.10.1007/s11104-005-3485-8Search in Google Scholar

[23] Busschei WJ, Novak J, Evans DE, Watts DW. Influences of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand. Soil Sci. 2010;175(1):10–4.10.1097/SS.0b013e3181cb7f46Search in Google Scholar

[24] Raphael OD, Aniobi MM, Aremu CO. The use of rice husk as soilless medium to grow capsicum Chinense: Effect of biochar and irrigation. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1054(1):2001.10.1088/1755-1315/1054/1/012001Search in Google Scholar

[25] Effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and flue-cured tobacco quality. Dissertation. Xu Chensheng (China): Master, Henan Agricultural University; 2004.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Effect of biochar on the growth and productivity of different potato varieties. Dissertation. Fu Chunna Master (China): Northeast Agricultural University; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Gaskin J, Steiner C, Harris K, Das KC, Brian P. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans Am Soc Agric Biol Eng. 2008;51(6):2061–9.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Hua L, Wu WX, Liu YX, McBride MB, Chen YX. Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge compositing with bamboo charcoal amendment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2010;16:1–9.10.1007/s11356-008-0041-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Wang YP, Wang Y, Tu DH, Xing D. Effects of combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on soil aggregate distribution and pepper yield in pepper garden. Mol Plant Breed. 2024;1–18 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[30] Fowles M. Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy. Biomass Bioenergy. 2007;31(6):426–32.10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.01.012Search in Google Scholar

[31] Liu YX, Liu W, Wu WX, Zhong ZK, Chen YX. Environmental behavior and effect of biomass-derived black carbon in soil: A review. Chin J Appl Ecol. 2009;20(4):977–82.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Li L, Liu Y, Lu YC, Liang ZY, Zhang P, Sun HW. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar. Environ Chem. 2011;30(8):1411–21 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[33] Cheng N, Peng YJ, Kong YL, Li JJ, Sun CX. Combined effects of biochar addition and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on the rhizosphere metabolomics of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Soil. 2018;433(1–2):19–35.10.1007/s11104-018-3811-6Search in Google Scholar

[34] Asai H, Samson BK, Stephan HM, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K, Kiyono Y, et al. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crop Res. 2009;111(1–2):81–4.10.1016/j.fcr.2008.10.008Search in Google Scholar

[35] Akça MO, Namlı A. Effects of poultry litter biochar on soil enzyme activities and tomato, pepper and lettuce plants growth. Eurasian J Soil Sci. 2015;43:161–8.10.18393/ejss.2015.3.161-168Search in Google Scholar

[36] Yan G, Shima K, Fujiwara S, Chiba K. The effects of bamboo charcoal and phosphorus fertilization on mixed planting with grasses and soil improving species under the nutrients poor condition. J Jpn Soc Reveg Technol. 2004;30(1):33–8.10.7211/jjsrt.30.33Search in Google Scholar

[37] Zhang LL, Fu CN, Qin XC, Shao SC, Hu BW, Wei QR, et al. Effects of biochar on potato quality and yield. Proceedings of China Potato Conference; 2016. p. 403–7 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[38] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O’Neill B, et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2006;70(5):1719–30.10.2136/sssaj2005.0383Search in Google Scholar

[39] Chan KY, Zwieten LV, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph SD. Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res. 2007;45:629–34.10.1071/SR07109Search in Google Scholar

[40] Deenik J, Maaz TM, Uehara G. Biochar volatile matter content effects on plant growth and nitrogen transformations in a tropical soil Western Nutrient Management Conference. Vol. 8, Salt Lake City, UT: 2009. p. 26–31.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Zakaria MS, Murphy DV, Abbott LK. Biochars influence seed germination and early growth of seedlings. Plant Soil. 2012;353(1/2):273–87.10.1007/s11104-011-1031-4Search in Google Scholar

[42] Li Y, Liu LY, He XY, Qiu YH, Huang RM, Fu JW. Toxicological effects of biochar extracts from different sources on seed germination and seedling growth of pepper. Fujian Agric Sci Technol. 2022;53(6):25–32.Search in Google Scholar

[43] Glaser B, Haumaier L, Guggenberger G, Zech W. The ‘Terra Preta’ phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics. Naturwissenschaften. 2001;88(1):37–41.10.1007/s001140000193Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[44] Wang WW, Mei Y, Wu YC, Wan HJ, Chen CJ, Zheng QS, et al. Effects of corncob biochar application on soil characteristics and pepper growth under continuous cropping. Acta Agric Zhejiangensis. 2023;35(1):156–63 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[45] Kishimoto, Sugiura G, editors. Charcoal as a soil conditioner. Symposium on Forest Product Research. Vol. 5, International Achievements for the Future; 1985. p. 12–23.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Salar F-A, Shahram T, Qin RJ, Christos N, Lu YY, Gao SD. Biochar effects on yield of cereal and legume crops using meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2021;775:0048–9697.Search in Google Scholar

[47] Pokovai K, Tóth E, Horel Á. Growth and photosynthetic response of Capsicum annuum L. in biochar amended soil. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4111.10.3390/app10124111Search in Google Scholar

[48] Liu M, Lai YC, Li W, Xiao JL, Bi YD, Liu M, et al. Effect of biochar and nitrogen application rate on growth development and yield of soybean. Soybean Sci. 2015;34(1):87–92 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[49] Li JJ, Ding SS, Li YP, Fei YY, Yan HT, Wang ZM, et al. Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco and soil biological characteristics. Acta Agric Zhejinggensis. 2016;28(1):96–103.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Zhang F, Cui YH, Qin ZX, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Shi Y. Effect of nitrogen reduction and nitrogen - silica application on yield, nutritional quality and nutrient uptake and utilization of pepper. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin. 2023;43(9):1518–27 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[51] Akhtar SS, Li GT, Andersend MN, Liu FL. Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agric Water Manag. 2014;138:37–44.10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.016Search in Google Scholar

[52] Li HH, He FY. The effect of N, K fertilizers on vegetable nutrient quality. J Chongqing Univ Arts Sci (Nat Sci Ed). 2007;26(1):31–4 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

[53] Deng XM. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer is an effective way to increase protein and amino acid content in wheat grain. Shaanxi Agric Sci. 1988;4:14–6 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-03-18
Revised: 2024-04-22
Accepted: 2024-05-06
Published Online: 2024-06-18

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0882
Keywords for this article
biochar; fertilizer; fruit quality; pepper yield; substrate properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 23.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0882/html
Scroll to top button