Home Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
Article Open Access

Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery

  • Li Sha , Hao Zhang and Xiwei Zhang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 13, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of thymosin α1 combined with XELOX in improving immune function and reducing serum tumor markers in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) after radical surgery. A total of 180 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC were divided into two groups: an observation group (n = 94) receiving thymosin α1 in combination with XELOX and a control group (n = 86) receiving XELOX alone. Immune function, inflammatory factor levels, serum tumor markers, and quality of life were assessed before and after treatment. Adverse reactions and recurrence rates were compared between the two groups in 1 and 3 years. Following therapy, there was a notable increase in the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in all cohorts, particularly in the observation cohort, when compared to pre-therapy levels. Conversely, CD8+ levels decreased across all cohorts, especially in the observation cohort. Additionally, there was an increase in the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the observation cohort, compared to both pre-therapy and control cohort levels, while IL-6 levels decreased. The presence of CEA, CA242, and CA724 reduced significantly across all cohorts following post-therapy, particularly in the observation cohort. Post-therapy, there was a significant increase in the scoring for role, cognitive, social, emotional, and somatic functions in all cohorts, with the most significant improvement observed in the observation cohort. There were no significant differences in the incidence of side effects across cohorts, while neutropenia events were significantly lower in the observation cohort (32.98%) compared to the control cohort (48.84%). The 12-month recurrence rate showed no statistical significance across cohorts, while the observation cohort had a significantly lower three-year recurrence rate (24.47%) compared to the control cohort (59.30%). Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX is effective in improving immune function, reducing serum tumor markers, and minimizing recurrence in CRC patients after radical surgery. This combination therapy may be a promising new direction for the treatment of CRC.

Keywords: thymosin α1; oxaliplatin; capecitabine; colorectal cancer; immune function; tumor marker; radical surgery

1 Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and highly lethal malignant tumor in the digestive system, which typically affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. Early-stage CRC often presents with nonspecific symptoms such as diarrhea and constipation. As the disease progresses, patients may experience clinical symptoms such as rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, and changes in stool consistency. Although the specific etiology of CRC remains unclear, it is generally believed to result from the synergistic effect of environmental factors, dietary habits, genetic factors, and other factors. In recent years, changes in people’s dietary habits and lifestyles have led to a gradual increase in the incidence of CRC [1]. Currently, newly diagnosed cases of CRC worldwide account for 10.0% of all cancer cases, making CRC the third most common malignant tumor globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, it is urgent to adopt effective treatment measures to reduce the mortality of CRC, prolong patient survival time, and improve the quality of life (QOL) in clinical practice.

Radical surgery is currently an effective way to treat CRC. However, nearly 50% of cases experience postoperative recurrence and metastasis, which is an important reason for the treatment failure of metastatic and recurrent CRC. Therefore, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is important for reducing the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis. XELOX, consisting of capecitabine and oxaliplatin, is a first-line treatment for CRC. Capecitabine is a fluoropyrimidine derivative that can be quickly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and converted into 5-FU through thymidine phosphorylase. This increases drug concentration within the tumor, accelerates tumor cell apoptosis, and achieves an anticancer effect [2]. Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum-based drug that can form intra- and interstrand cross-linking complexes with tumor DNA through covalent bonding, interfere with DNA synthesis, and affect cell division, thus inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells. It can also increase the activity of thymidine phosphorylase and enhance the pharmacological effect of capecitabine [3]. The synergy of both drugs can better exert the anticancer effect. However, existing studies have shown that chemotherapy drugs have a killing effect on both tumor cells and immune cells but may also cause severe immune dysfunction in patients, which is highly likely to induce tumor cell proliferation. XELOX may also have different degrees of impact on the patient’s immunity, thereby affecting the patient’s chemotherapy tolerance and prognosis [4,5]. Therefore, how to balance the tumor, drug, and body’s immunity is currently a hot topic in cancer treatment.

Thymosin alpha-1 is a bioactive polypeptide composed of 28 amino acids, which is isolated and purified from thymosin fraction 5 of the thymus gland. It is generated by enzymatic degradation of thymosin pro-alpha in the body. This small molecule exhibits high biological activity and immunostimulatory effects, and it regulates and enhances immune function within the body. As an immune modulator, thymosin alpha-1 can induce the transformation of T cells in the thymus into mature T lymphocytes, which further differentiate into functionally diverse T cell subpopulations and constantly expand them. Moreover, research has demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 also has a regulatory effect on inflammation and immune tolerance. The immunomodulatory effect of thymosin alpha-1 strengthens the body’s cell-mediated immunity and enables it to directly or indirectly act on tumor cells, ultimately leading to the killing of tumor cells [6]. Currently, thymosin alpha-1 is applied in immunotherapy for severe hepatitis and has been found to play a crucial role in immunotherapy for lung tumors, liver cancer, and other tumors [7,8]. In addition, the combination of thymosin alpha-1 with cisplatin and fluorouracil-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy can elevate T lymphocyte and NK cell levels in patients with esophageal cancer, relieve systemic inflammation, and reduce grade 3–4 adverse events [9]. Therefore, the application of thymosin alpha-1 in the immunotherapy of CRC represents a promising new direction for treatment.

The combination of XELOX with other drugs, such as HLX04 and bevacizumab, has garnered considerable attention among researchers for the treatment of CRC. In an effort to enhance medical management and further improve the control efficacy of CRC, this study administered thymosin α1 in combination with XELOX to cases undergoing radical surgery for CRC. The aim was to investigate the effects of this combination on cases’ immune function and postoperative serum tumor markers

2 Data and methods

2.1 Research subjects

The inclusion criteria for this study were established as follows: (1) meeting the diagnostic criteria for CRC [10], as confirmed by imaging and pathology; (2) a single lesion without metastasis; and (3) complete clinical data.

The exclusion criteria were: (1) cases with intestinal obstruction or intestinal perforation; (2) cases with acute cardiac or renal diseases; (3) cases with severe postoperative infection; (4) cases with a history of malignant tumors; (5) cases with immune dysfunction or severe blood diseases; and (6) cases with allergic constitution.

This study was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single center. Using the aforementioned criteria, a total of 180 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC at our institute between January 2017 and December 2019 were selected and separated into two cohorts: an observation cohort (n = 94) and a control cohort (n = 86), based on different post-surgical therapeutic strategies. There were no significant differences found in the clinical profiles of the observation and control cohorts (P > 0.05). The research process of the article has been illustrated in a flowchart, as shown in Figure 1. A comparative analysis of cohort medical profiles is presented in Table 1.

Figure 1 The flowchart showing the research process and methodology applied in the present study.
Figure 1

The flowchart showing the research process and methodology applied in the present study.

Table 1

Comparative analysis of medical profiles among the cohorts

Cohort Number of cases Gender (male/female, cases) Age (years) BMI (kg/m2) Location of lesions TNM stage Histological type
Colon cancer Rectal cancer Ⅱ Ⅲ Adenocarcinoma Mucinous adenocarcinoma Undifferentiated carcinoma
Observation cohort 94 51/43 55.39 ± 6.99 22.88 ± 3.89 25 69 67 27 62 22 10
Control cohort 86 44/42 54.49 ± 7.67 21.90 ± 4.39 23 63 55 31 51 28 7
χ 2/t 0.172 0.828 1.583 0.001 1.103 1.969
P 0.678 0.409 0.115 0.982 0.294 0.374

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

2.2 Treatment method

Both the observation and control cohorts received their first chemotherapy treatment half a month after surgery. The control cohort was treated with XELOX, which consists of intravenous oxaliplatin (Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., National drug approval number: H20064296) at a dose of 130 mg/m2 on the 1st day, once a day, and intravenous capecitabine (Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., National Drug Approval number: H20133361) at a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 on the 1st to 14th day, twice a day. The second course of chemotherapy was performed 7 days after drug withdrawal, and a total of four cycles of chemotherapy were administered to both cohorts.

The observation cohort received thymosin α1 (Xian Disai Biological Pharmaceutical, National drug approval number: H20003484) in combination with XELOX. Thymosin α1 was subcutaneously injected three times per week at a dose of 1.6 mg, while XELOX was administered according to the same protocol as in the control cohort. Both cohorts received a total of four cycles of chemotherapy.

2.3 Data collection and comparison

The study employed the following comparative analyses across both cohorts:

(1) Comparative of immune function: A total of 3 mL of venous blood was collected from subjects before and after therapy. The supernatant was obtained after anticoagulation with EDTA and centrifugation. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells were evaluated using a flow cytometer from BD Company of the United States, with CD4+/CD8+ ratio calculated.

(2) Comparative analysis of inflammatory factor expression: Venous blood (3 mL) was collected before and after therapy, with the serum separated after centrifugation. Serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

(3) Comparative analysis of serum tumor biomarkers: Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242), and carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724) were evaluated using ELISA before and after therapy.

(4) Comparative analysis of QOL [11]: The EORTC QLQ-C30 QOL questionnaire assessed five dimensions: cognitive, physical, emotional, role, and social functions. Increased scores indicated improved QOL. The questionnaire demonstrated a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.81.

(5) Comparative analysis of adverse events.

(6) Comparative assessment of reoccurrence rate: The recurrence and metastasis at 1 and 3 years after operation were compared between the two groups. The recurrence and metastasis of patients were obtained through telephone follow-up at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after discharge.

2.4 Statistical methods

SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data were expressed as x̅ ± s To validate the normality and homogeneity of variance in the sample data, we employed the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in combination with exploratory descriptive statistics. For normally distributed data, we used the t-test, whereas non-normally distributed data were tested using the U-test. The counting data were expressed as rate (%), and χ 2 was used for comparison. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

3 Results

3.1 Comparative evaluation of immune function

Both the observation and control groups demonstrated increases in CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ after treatment compared to pre-treatment levels. In the observation group, CD3+ increased from 56.39 ± 8.87 to 67.50 ± 7.74, CD4+ increased from 26.96 ± 4.10 to 39.81 ± 4.38, and CD4+/CD8+ increased from 1.12 ± 0.26 to 1.93 ± 0.38. In the control group, CD3+ increased from 54.23 ± 8.21 to 63.71 ± 7.92, CD4+ increased from 27.57 ± 5.18 to 32.61 ± 4.66, and CD4+/CD8+ increased from 1.16 ± 0.33 to 1.46 ± 0.35. Collectively, the observation group had significantly higher levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ compared to the control group (P < 0.05) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Comparative evaluation of immune function. (a) CD3+ before treatment; (b) CD3+ after treatment; (c) CD4+ before treatment; (d) CD4+ after treatment; (e) CD8+ before treatment; (f) CD8+ after treatment; (g) CD4+/CD8+ before treatment; and (h) CD4+/CD8+ after treatment.
Figure 2

Comparative evaluation of immune function. (a) CD3+ before treatment; (b) CD3+ after treatment; (c) CD4+ before treatment; (d) CD4+ after treatment; (e) CD8+ before treatment; (f) CD8+ after treatment; (g) CD4+/CD8+ before treatment; and (h) CD4+/CD8+ after treatment.

Both the observation and control groups showed a decrease in CD8+ levels after treatment. In the observation group, CD8+ levels decreased from 24.75 ± 4.35 to 21.16 ± 3.38, while in the control group, the level decreased from 24.60 ± 4.38 to 22.95 ± 3.42. Notably, the observation group had significantly lower levels of CD8+ compared to the control group (P < 0.05) (Figure 2).

3.2 Comparative evaluation of inflammatory factor levels

In the observation group, IL-2 and IFN-γ levels significantly increased after treatment compared to pre-treatment levels (P < 0.05). Specifically, the IL-2 level increased from 7.82 ± 1.29 to 12.95 ± 1.78, and the IFN-γ level increased from 7.69 ± 1.17 to 5.31 ± 1.26. However, in the control group, both IL-2 and IFN-γ levels significantly decreased after treatment compared to pre-treatment levels (P < 0.05). The IL-2 level decreased from 7.69 ± 1.17 to 5.31 ± 1.26, and the IFN-γ level decreased from 7.69 ± 1.17 to 4.32 ± 1.00. The observation group had significantly higher levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ compared to the control group (P < 0.05) (Figure 3a and b).

Figure 3 Comparative evaluation of levels of inflammatory factors. (a) IL-2 before treatment; (b) IL-2 after treatment; (c) IFN-γ before treatment; (d) IFN-γ after treatment; (e) IL-6 before treatment; and (f) IL-6 after treatment.
Figure 3

Comparative evaluation of levels of inflammatory factors. (a) IL-2 before treatment; (b) IL-2 after treatment; (c) IFN-γ before treatment; (d) IFN-γ after treatment; (e) IL-6 before treatment; and (f) IL-6 after treatment.

After treatment, both the observation and control groups exhibited decreased levels of IL-6 compared to pre-treatment levels. In the observation group, IL-6 levels decreased from 12.96 ± 2.08 to 5.51 ± 1.08, while in the control group, the levels decreased from 12.94 ± 2.16 to 8.10 ± 1.40. The observation group had significantly lower levels of IL-6 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). (Figure 3c).

3.3 Comparative evaluation of serum tumor markers

After treatment, both the observation and control groups exhibited decreased levels of serum CEA, CA242, and CA724 compared to pre-treatment levels. In the observation group. The CEA level decreased from 12.06 ± 2.03 to 6.46 ± 1.44, the CA242 level decreased from 34.19 ± 5.86 to 26.92 ± 4.16, and the CA724 level decreased from 36.71 ± 4.11 to 21.55 ± 3.39. The control group also exhibited decreased levels of CEA, CA242, and CA724 after treatment. Specifically, the CEA level decreased from 11.98 ± 2.20 to 8.44 ± 1.51, the CA242 level decreased from 34.12 ± 7.13 to 30.58 ± 6.07, and the CA724 level decreased from 36.58 ± 4.46 to 28.90 ± 3.33. These differences were all statistically significant. However, the observation group had significantly higher levels of changes in CEA, CA242, and CA724 compared to the control group (P < 0.001) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Comparative evaluation of serum tumor markers. (a) CEA before treatment; (b) CEA after treatment; (c) CA242 before treatment; (d) CA242 after treatment; (e) CA724 before treatment; and (f) CA724 after treatment.
Figure 4

Comparative evaluation of serum tumor markers. (a) CEA before treatment; (b) CEA after treatment; (c) CA242 before treatment; (d) CA242 after treatment; (e) CA724 before treatment; and (f) CA724 after treatment.

3.4 Comparative evaluation of QOL

After treatment, the levels of scorings for role, cognitive, social, emotional, and physical functions across cohorts in both the observation and control groups increased compared to pre-treatment levels. In the observation group, the role function level increased from 50.96 ± 7.01 to 68.83 ± 6.05, the cognitive function level increased from 66.63 ± 6.97 to 78.43 ± 6.50, the social function level increased from 51.27 ± 5.21 to 59.48 ± 5.74, the emotional function level increased from 55.83 ± 6.09 to 64.53 ± 6.82, and the physical function level increased from 60.27 ± 6.49 to 71.90 ± 6.99.

Similarly, in the control group, the role function level increased from 51.53 ± 7.46 to 68.83 ± 6.05, the cognitive function level increased from 64.91 ± 6.67 to 72.27 ± 6.61, the social function level increased from 50.69 ± 6.55 to 55.19 ± 5.24, the emotional function level increased from 54.83 ± 5.56 to 60.38 ± 5.94, and the physical function level increased from 61.03 ± 7.12 to 66.72 ± 7.40.

These differences were all statistically significant. Furthermore, the observation group had significantly higher changes in scorings for role, cognitive, social, emotional, and physical functions compared to the control group (P < 0.001) (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Comparative evaluation of QOL. (a) role function before treatment; (b) role function after treatment; (c) cognitive function before treatment; (d) cognitive function after treatment; (e) social function before treatment; (f) social function after treatment; (g) CD4+/CD8+ before treatment; (h) emotional function after treatment; (i) somatic function before treatment; and (j) somatic function after treatment.
Figure 5

Comparative evaluation of QOL. (a) role function before treatment; (b) role function after treatment; (c) cognitive function before treatment; (d) cognitive function after treatment; (e) social function before treatment; (f) social function after treatment; (g) CD4+/CD8+ before treatment; (h) emotional function after treatment; (i) somatic function before treatment; and (j) somatic function after treatment.

3.5 Comparative evaluation of adverse events

Regarding the incidence of bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, abnormal hepatic function, thrombocytopenia, and diarrhea, no statistical significance was observed across cohorts (P > 0.05). However, the incidence of neutropenia within the observation cohort was 32.98%, while it was 48.84% within the control cohort, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2

Comparative evaluation of adverse events (n, %) among the cohorts

Cohort Number of cases Bone marrow suppression Nausea and vomiting Abnormal liver function Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Diarrhea
Observation cohort 94 1 (1.06) 50 (53.19) 14 (14.89) 27 (28.72) 31 (32.98) 18 (19.14)
Control cohort 86 2 (2.32) 49 (56.98) 13 (15.12) 23 (26.74) 42 (48.84) 21 (24.42)
χ 2 0.436 0.260 0.002 0.088 4.685 0.735
P 0.509 0.610 0.967 0.767 0.030 0.391

3.6 Comparative evaluation of recurrence

The 1-year recurrence rates of the observation and control cohorts were 14.89 and 25.58%, respectively, but without being statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, the 3-year recurrence rate within the observation cohort was 24.47, while it was 59.30% within the control cohort, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3

Comparative evaluation of recurrence (n, %) among the cohorts

Cohort Number of cases 1-Year recurrence rate 3-Year recurrence rate
Observation cohort 94 14 (14.89) 23 (24.47)
Control cohort 86 22 (25.58) 51 (59.30)
χ 2 3.206 22.510
P 0.073 ＜0.001

4 Discussion

Thymosin α1, initially used for immunotherapy of severe hepatitis, has recently been found to be beneficial in immunotherapy of lung tumors, liver cancer, and other types of tumors [12]. Several studies [13] indicate that when combined with cisplatin and fluorouracil neoadjuvant chemotherapy, thymosin α1 can increase the levels of T lymphocytes and NK cells in esophageal cancer cases, alleviate inflammation, and decrease grade 3 and 4 adverse events. After radical resection of CRC, patients’ immune function is impaired, and chemotherapy alone is often insufficient to achieve the expected results. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance patients’ immune ability. Thymosin α1 can improve patients’ immune function, and when combined with chemotherapy, it is a common clinical treatment for cancer. XELOX is a common chemotherapy treatment for CRC. Therefore, in this study, thymosin α1 combined with XELOX was used as adjuvant therapy after CRC surgery.

The development and progression of tumors in the body are intricately linked to cellular immune function. T lymphocytes express the CD3+ surface marker, which consists of six peptide chains. These cells can be classified into two subgroups, namely cognitive function and CD8+. CD3+ T cells play a critical role in eradicating tumors, and a balanced ratio of cognitive function to CD8+ is essential for maintaining normal immune function. When tumor-mass growth affects and inhibits lymphocyte DNA synthesis, an imbalance of cognitive function to CD8+ occurs, which impairs the body’s immunity [14,15]. Cognitive function is crucial for killing tumor cells by secreting Th1 and Th2 molecules. Th1 secretes IL-2 and IFN-γ among other factors, which positively regulate immune function. Conversely, Th2 secretes IL-6 and other factors that may negatively affect immunity by influencing the transcriptional activity of tumor cells through the AKT signaling pathway [16].

In the context of this study, post-therapy observations of the cohort receiving thymosin α1 combined with XELOX showed increased levels of CD3+, cognitive function, cognitive function/CD8+, IL-2, and IFN-γ compared to the pre-therapy levels. On the other hand, CD8+ and IL-6 levels decreased compared to the control cohort. These findings suggest that thymosin α1 combined with XELOX can improve postoperative immune function in patients with CRC by regulating the secretion of inflammatory factors. Thymosin α1 is a polypeptide substance that inhibits steroid-induced apoptosis of thymocytes, regulates the differentiation and maturation of T cells, activates CD3+ cells, strengthens mixed lymphocyte reactions, and increases the number of cognitive function cells, thereby improving cellular immune function. Therefore, thymosin α1 plays a crucial role in the anti-tumor effect of XELOX [17,18]. Nevo et al. [19] have demonstrated that thymosin α1 can enhance the effectiveness of intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy and induce an anti-tumor immune response of Th1, thereby improving the survival rate of CRC mice with peritoneal metastasis.

Tumor markers play a crucial role in assessing tumor progression within the body. CEA, a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 200 kDa, is commonly found in embryonic mucosal cells. Under normal conditions, its concentration is low in the body. However, during malignant tumor development, its level significantly increases. Therefore, CEA levels are useful in diagnosing and prognosing breast, ovarian, esophageal cancers, and other related diseases [20,21]. CA242 is a mucin antigen present in normal pancreatic and colonic mucosa. However, its levels increase significantly in malignant tumors of the digestive tract [22]. CA724 is an orosomucoid molecule that has high diagnostic value for gastrointestinal tumors and ovarian cancer [23].

Post-therapy observations during this investigation showed that the levels of CEA, CA242, and CA724 were lower in the observation cohort compared to pre-therapy levels. Additionally, the observation cohort that received thymosin α1 combined with XELOX showed reduced levels of CEA, CA242, and CA724 compared to the control cohort. These findings suggest that thymosin α1 can potentially reduce serum tumor marker levels in patients with CRC cases in combination with XELOX. Thymosin α1 can reduce the immunosuppression caused by chemotherapy and accelerate the recovery of T lymphocytes, thus helping XELOX to inhibit the growth and reproduction of tumor blood vessels, which improves the in vivo microenvironment and downregulates serum tumor biomarkers [24,25].

A subsequent investigation has revealed that the observation cohort had higher post-therapy scores for all QOL dimensions compared to the control cohort. Although the 1-year recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the cohorts, the 3-year recurrence rate in the observation cohort was notably lower (24.47%) than the rate in the control cohort (59.30%). These findings confirm that the combination of Thymosin α1 with XELOX can improve the QOL of CRC patients and decrease disease recurrence. This may be attributed to the treatment’s ability to more effectively enhance immunity and reduce inflammation, promote postoperative recovery, and lower the recurrence rate. The improvement in role, cognition, social, emotional, and physical functions in the QOL indicates that the appropriate medication regimen can effectively enhance the physiological function and QOL of patients who have undergone radical resection of CRC. The improvement in the physiological state can significantly impact the patient’s QOL.

Thymosin α1 can be used as an adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in tumor treatment, with no significant adverse effects found in multiple clinical trials[26]. This study found no significant difference in the incidence of myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, abnormal liver function, thrombocytopenia, and diarrhea between the cohorts. However, the incidence of neutropenia in the observation cohort (32.98%) was lower than the rate in the control cohort (48.84%). These findings suggest that thymosin α1 can enhance the body’s immunity and reduce the occurrence of neutropenia without increasing other adverse events.

However, this study has some limitations, including its retrospective nature, small sample size, and potential selection bias. Therefore, a prospective study incorporating multiple centers and expanding the sample size is necessary in the future to mitigate these limitations. In the future, the combination of different drugs based on immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can also be attempted to explore the best treatment plan for patients after radical resection of CRC.

In summary, the utilization of a combination therapy consisting of thymosin α1 and XELOX has demonstrated significant benefits for patients with CRC who are undergoing radical surgery. This treatment approach has been shown to improve postoperative immune function, reduce levels of inflammatory factors and serum tumor markers, and enhance the QOL of patients. Additionally, this protocol has been associated with a reduced recurrence rate and a favorable safety profile. The contribution and novelty of this study lie in the development of a new treatment protocol for the management of CRC following radical surgery.

# Li Sha and Hao Zhang contributed equallly to this work.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: L.S.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing-Original draft preparation; H.Z.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing-Original draft preparation; X.Z.: Conceptualization, Software, Data curation, Investigation, Writing-Reviewing and Editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Li J, Ma X, Chakravarti D, Shalapour S, DePinho RA. Genetic and biological hallmarks of colorectal cancer. Genes Dev. 2021 Jun;35(11–12):787–820.10.1101/gad.348226.120Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Adams RA, Fisher DJ, Graham J, Seligmann JF, Seymour M, Kaplan R, et al. FOCUS4 trial investigators. capecitabine versus active monitoring in stable or responding metastatic colorectal cancer after 16 weeks of first-line therapy: Results of the randomized FOCUS4-N trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Nov;39(33):3693–704.10.1200/JCO.21.01436Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Wei TT, Lin YT, Tang SP, Luo CK, Tsai CT, Shun CT, et al. Metabolic targeting of HIF-1α potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2020 Jan;39(2):414–27.10.1038/s41388-019-0999-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Qin S, Li J, Bai Y, Shu Y, Li W, Yin X, et al. HLX04-mCRC03 investigators. efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of HLX04 versus reference bevacizumab in combination with XELOX or mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized, double-blind phase III study. BioDrugs. 2021 Jul;35(4):445–58.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Sun L, Zhang X, Gong P, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Clinical efficacy of bevacizumab plus XELOX chemotherapy in colorectal cancer and application value of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention. Altern Ther Health Med. 2022 Sep;28(6):65–71.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Wei YT, Wang XR, Yan C, Huang F, Zhang Y, Liu X, et al. Thymosin α-1 reverses M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during efferocytosis. Cancer Res. 2022 May;82(10):1991–2002.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-4260Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Chen JF, Chen SR, Lei ZY, Cao HJ, Zhang SQ, Weng WZ, et al. Safety and efficacy of Thymosin α1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int. 2022 Aug;16(4):775–88.10.1007/s12072-022-10335-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Binder U, Skerra A. PASylated thymosin α1: A long-acting immunostimulatory peptide for applications in oncology and virology. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec;22(1):124.10.3390/ijms22010124Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Chen ZJ, Cao KX, Gan SY, Yan ES, Wang ZM. Therapeutic effect of thymosin α1 combined with cisplatin and fluorouracil neoadjuvant chemotherapy on esophageal cancer. J Xinxiang Med Univ. 2021;38(3):5.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Yu YM, Wang GY. Colorectal Cancer. Beijing: Science and Technology Literature Press; 2010. p. 77–83.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;2013(1):63.10.3322/caac.21166Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Liu F, Qiu B, Xi Y, Luo Y, Luo Q, Wu Y, et al. Efficacy of thymosin α1 in management of radiation pneumonitis in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy: A phase 2 clinical trial (GASTO-1043). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022 Nov;114(3):433–43.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Thibaudin M, Limagne E, Hampe L, Ballot E, Truntzer C, Ghiringhelli F. Targeting PD-L1 and TIGIT could restore intratumoral CD8 T cell function in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2022 Oct;71(10):2549–63.10.1007/s00262-022-03182-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Chen ZJ, Cao KX, Gan SY, Yan ES, Wang ZM. Thymopeptide α1 Observation on the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with cisplatin and fluorouracil in the treatment of esophageal cancer. J Xinxiang Med Coll. 2021;38(3):5.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Cantero-Cid R, Montalbán-Hernández KM, Guevara J, Pascual-Iglesias A, Pulido E, Casalvilla JC, et al. Intertwined leukocyte balances in tumours and peripheral blood as robust predictors of right and left colorectal cancer survival. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022 Jan;14(1):295–318.10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.295Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Qiu M, Kong C, Chen W, Zhao X. Observation of the effect of curcumin on inflammation related colorectal cancer based on IL-6/STAT3 signal pathway. Chin J Immunol. 2021;37(17):6.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Chu C, Liang Y, Lin X, Liu Y, Liu S, Guo J, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy combined with weekly chemotherapy in patients with unresectable or recurrent thymic epithelial tumor: a prospective, single-arm phase 2 study (GASTO-1042). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022 Sep;114(1):89–98.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Wang F, Yu T, Zheng H, Lao X. Thymosin alpha1-Fc modulates the immune system and down-regulates the progression of melanoma and breast cancer with a prolonged half-life. Sci Rep. 2018 Aug;8(1):12351.10.1038/s41598-018-30956-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Nevo N, Lee Goldstein A, Bar-David S, Natanson M, Alon G, Lahat G, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 as an adjuvant to hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in an experimental model of peritoneal metastases from colonic carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Oct;111:109166.10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109166Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Ding Q, Sun Y, Zhang J, Yao Y, Huang D, Jiang Y. Utility and specificity of plasma heat shock protein 90 alpha, CEA, and CA199 as the diagnostic test in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022 Oct;13(5):2497–504.10.21037/jgo-22-797Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Keyhani G, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Salimi A. Effect of extracellular vesicles of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the expression of CEA gene and protein released by colorectal cancer cells. Iran J Microbiol. 2022 Feb;14(1):90–6.10.18502/ijm.v14i1.8809Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Luo H, Shen K, Li B, Li R, Wang Z, Xie Z. Clinical significance and diagnostic value of serum NSE, CEA, CA19-9, CA125 and CA242 levels in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2020 Jul;20(1):742–50.10.3892/ol.2020.11633Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Wu T, Mo Y, Wu C. Prognostic values of CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 in patients with stages I-III colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2020 Jul;13(7):1608–14.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Ailing C, Zhe C, Jian Z. Docetaxel combined with thymosin α1. Research on the influence of the number of Treg in the immune microenvironment of rat breast cancer and its mechanism. Chin J Cancer. 2021;31(9):8.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ke L, Zhou J, Mao W, Chen T, Zhu Y, Pan X, et al. Chinese Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Trials Group (CAPCTG) Immune enhancement in patients with predicted severe acute necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Jul;48(7):899–909.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Liu F, Qiu B, Xi Y, Luo Y, Luo Q, Wu Y, et al. Efficacy of thymosin α1 in management of radiation pneumonitis in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy: A phase 2 clinical trial (GASTO-1043). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022Nov;114(3):433–43.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-08-03
Revised: 2023-10-30
Accepted: 2023-11-02
Published Online: 2024-04-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0793
Keywords for this article
thymosin α1; oxaliplatin; capecitabine; colorectal cancer; immune function; tumor marker; radical surgery
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 25.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0793/html
Scroll to top button