Home Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
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Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation

  • Pia Rude Nielsen EMAIL logo , Lone Schejbel , Pär Lars Josefsson , Lone Skov and Signe Ledou Nielsen
Published/Copyright: July 30, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Mycosis fungoides is the most frequent subtype of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. The diagnosis is based on a thorough clinic-pathologic correlation, which can, especially in early-stage disease, be challenging due to similarities with several benign skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Here, we present a case of an 81-year-old man with a 20-year-long medical history of skin problems treated as psoriasis with limited effect. Since December 2021, the patient experienced worsening of his skin symptoms with rapidly growing tumors and widespread patches and plaques. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography evaluation revealed markedly metabolic activity related to the skin tumors and increased FDG uptake in several retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Histological assessment of skin biopsies demonstrated a highly proliferative T-cell lymphoma with a γ/δ+ and CD8+ cytotoxic phenotype. The morphology of the tumor cells appeared blastic with an abnormal immunephenotype CD3+, CD2−, CD5dim, CD4−, CD8+, CD56−, and CD30−. Next-generation sequencing detected a likely pathogenic SOCS1 mutation with an allele frequency of 72% as well as a STAT3 variant of unknown significance. This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of an indolent skin lymphoma evolving into an aggressive cytotoxic lymphoma.

Keywords: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; mycosis fungoides; immunophenotypic; gamma/delta phenotype

1 Background

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) and is usually considered as slowly progressing with an indolent disease course [1]. Although MF is considered indolent, a subset of patients experience disease encompassing ulcerating tumors, which in some cases transform into large-cell lymphoma, that may be either CD30 positive or CD30 negative [2]. The most common immunephenotype of MF is CD3+, CD4+/CD8−, and T-cell receptor alphabeta+ (TCRαβ), though in rare cases of otherwise classical MF a CD4−/CD8+ as well as TCRγ/δ+ phenotype can be seen [3,4].

However, the recognition of CTCLs with an γ/δ+ phenotype has increased with the availability of TCRγ/δ immunohistochemical analyses in paraffin sections, leading to a prognostically more heterogeneous group of primary cutaneous γ/δ T-cell lymphomas (PCGDTLs), including γ/δ+ MF [4,5,6,7].

Here, we describe an atypical presentation of MF, clinically interpreted and treated as psoriasis through two decades, which suddenly transformed into a highly aggressive γ/δ T-cell lymphoma, leading to death 3 months later.

2 Case presentation

An 81-year-old man with a 20-year-long medical history of scaly plaques on his legs and back, which was clinically interpreted as psoriasis without histopathological confirmation. The skin lesions had through the years been treated with topical steroids and ultraviolet B irradiation, although with limited effect. In December 2021, the patient experienced worsening of his skin symptoms and developed rapidly growing tumors on the upper extremities. A punch biopsy was taken from the tumor lesion at the left elbow, which demonstrated a highly proliferative T-cell lymphoma with γ/δ+ and CD8+ cytotoxic phenotypes. The patient was referred to the hospital and clinical examination showed widespread, partly confluent patches and indurated plaques with ulcerating tumors on both elbows (Figure 1). No enlarged superficial lymph nodes were detected upon physical examination. The patient had no B symptoms such as fever, night sweats, or unintentional weight loss, but he had noticed poorer wound healing over the past year.

Figure 1 Clinical presentation. (a–c) Widespread patches, plaques, and tumors involving the trunk and lower extremities. (d) Ulcerated tumor lesion on the left elbow.
Figure 1

Clinical presentation. (a–c) Widespread patches, plaques, and tumors involving the trunk and lower extremities. (d) Ulcerated tumor lesion on the left elbow.

The initial skin biopsy from the ulcerating tumor at the left elbow as well as a skin biopsy taken from the tumor at the right upper arm showed a dense dermal infiltrate composed of medium to large-sized atypical, blastic-appearing lymphocytes with prominent nucleoli and sparse cytoplasm. There were frequent mitoses and no necrosis, and the tumor infiltrate showed an angio-destructive pattern with scattered small areas of hemorrhage. The epithelium was well differentiated, and no sign of epidermotropism was noted. Immunohistochemically the tumor-forming infiltrate consisted of T cells expressing CD3, CD8, TIA-1, and strong expression of TCRγ (clone H-41) [8]. The γ/δ+ lymphocytic tumor cells displayed a complete loss of CD2, partial downregulation of CD5, and showed no expression of CD4, CD30, CD56, TdT, or TCRαβ (clone 8A3/BetaF1) (Figure 2). c-Myc was positive in approximately 70% of the atypical lymphocytes and the proliferation marker Ki67 was near 100%. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization was negative.

Figure 2 Histopathological examination of the tumor lesion on the left elbow. (a) and (b) H&E-stained slide with a deep dermal infiltrate of atypical medium to large-sized lymphocytes. Immunhistochemical analysis demonstrated the tumor infiltrate consisted of (c) CD3 (+), (d) CD2 (−), (e) CD5dim, (f) CD4 (−), (g) CD8 (+), (h) TCRγ (+), (i) TCRαβ (−), (j) CD30 (−), and (k) CD56 (−) T lymphocytes with a high proliferation index (l) Ki67 (∼100%). Magnification (a) 10×, (b–e, l) 40×, and (f–k) 63×.
Figure 2

Histopathological examination of the tumor lesion on the left elbow. (a) and (b) H&E-stained slide with a deep dermal infiltrate of atypical medium to large-sized lymphocytes. Immunhistochemical analysis demonstrated the tumor infiltrate consisted of (c) CD3 (+), (d) CD2 (−), (e) CD5dim, (f) CD4 (−), (g) CD8 (+), (h) TCRγ (+), (i) TCRαβ (−), (j) CD30 (−), and (k) CD56 (−) T lymphocytes with a high proliferation index (l) Ki67 (∼100%). Magnification (a) 10×, (b–e, l) 40×, and (f–k) 63×.

Additional biopsies from infiltrative patches and plaques at the left shoulder and lower back demonstrated a modest epidermotropism and scattered atypical T lymphocytes with the same abnormal phenotype in a reactive CD4+ and TCRαβ+ dermal infiltrate.

Clonal rearrangements were detected using IdentiClone TCRB + TCRG T-Cell Clonality Assay, ABI Fluorescence Detection (Invivoscribe). Identical clonal TCRG (Vγ1-8/Jγ) and an incomplete TCRB (Dβ/Jβ) rearrangement were found in the initial and subsequent biopsies (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Gene rearrangement analysis of TCRG Vγ1-8/Jγ (green) and TCRB Dβ/Jβ (blue) showed a monoclonal T-cell population with identical basepair peaks in the initial tumor biopsy and subsequent biopsies. (a) Onset tumor biopsy from the left elbow. (b) Tumor lesion right elbow. (c) Patch lesion on the left shoulder.
Figure 3

Gene rearrangement analysis of TCRG Vγ1-8/Jγ (green) and TCRB Dβ/Jβ (blue) showed a monoclonal T-cell population with identical basepair peaks in the initial tumor biopsy and subsequent biopsies. (a) Onset tumor biopsy from the left elbow. (b) Tumor lesion right elbow. (c) Patch lesion on the left shoulder.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed with a custom-designed panel as previously described [9]. A likely pathogenic SOCS1 mutation (NM_003745.1, c.16C>T, p.(Gln6Ter)) with an allele frequency of 72% (loss of function), as well as a STAT3 variant (NM_139276.2, c.831_832delCCinsTT, p.(Arg278Cys)) of unknown significance, was detected.

Two histological differential diagnoses were considered; an indolent course of primary cutaneous γ/δ+ T-cell lymphoma, although they usually are CD4−/CD8− and express CD56, or a rare presentation of transformed, CD30− MF with a CD8+ and TCRγ/δ+ phenotype. The medical history and clinical presentation supported the diagnosis of atypical MF with aggressive transformation.

After histological diagnosis, the patient underwent staging investigations with whole-body positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET–CT), peripheral blood chemistry as well as bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. PET–CT revealed markedly metabolic activity related to the skin tumors and increased FDG uptake in several retroperitoneal, iliac, and inguinal lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of an inguinal lymph node showed reactive changes compatible with dermatopathic lymphadenopathy and no clonal TCR rearrangements were detected. Bone marrow examination was normal and blood chemistry revealed mild macrocytic anemia and slightly elevated leucocytes with neutrophilic granulocytosis. Serum lactate dehydrogenase was within the normal reference range. Viral serology was normal/negative.

The patient started treatment with whole body irradiation (planned for 1 Gy/4 times a week, in total 20 treatments) with an immediate effect on the tumors on the elbows. Unfortunately, the patient experienced rapidly growing tumors in other areas of the skin, and the treatment was therefore stopped. The patient was shortly after the last radiation dose hospitalized with severe sepsis and died within a few days. No autopsy was performed.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

3 Discussion

In this case report, we describe an atypical presentation of a γ/δ+ MF-case, initially clinically perceived as psoriasis with a two-decade-long indolent disease course.

The skin lesions developed into an aggressive lymphoma characterized by the progression of rapid growing, ulcerating tumors with a CD8+ cytotoxic and γ/δ phenotype with CD30− transformation and SOCS1 mutation.

MF with a γ/δ phenotype is rare and mainly reported with an initial indolent disease course that eventually, for the majority of cases, develops into an aggressive cytotoxic lymphoma [10,11]. Currently, it is not possible to predict which γδMF case will develop into an aggressive PCGDTCL-like clinical phenotype.

PCGDTLs are a heterogeneous group of rare lymphomas and are primarily known for their aggressive disease course with a poor prognosis [7]; however, several indolent PCGDTCL cases have been reported, in particular MF-like cases [6,10,12]. Interestingly, different subsets of PCGDTLs related to distinct cells of origin for epidermotropic (Vδ1) vs dermal/subcutaneous (Vδ2) PCGDTL have been demonstrated [13] and it appears that the predominantly epidermotropic variant portends a better prognosis than the dermal/subcutaneous presentation [5,11]. Accordingly, an adequate interpretation of γδ+ CTCLs needs a close correlation with histopathological and clinical findings, as a γδ phenotype does not necessarily imply a more aggressive clinical behavior as it is also observed in benign T-cell lymphoid proliferations of the skin [7].

The diagnostic challenge of determining whether the epidermotropic variant of primary cutaneous γ/δ T-cell lymphomas (PCGDTLs) presenting with patches and plaques should be classified as indolent PCGDTCL or mycosis fungoides (MF) with a γ/δ+ phenotype remains to be clarified. The current WHO-EORTC classification recognizes different subsets of PCGDTL but suggests that cases with an MF-like clinical- and histological presentation should be classified as MF irrespective of phenotype [1].

In our case, two histological differential diagnoses were considered: an indolent course of PCGDTCL or a rare presentation of CD30− transformed γ/δ MF. The clinical manifestation of patches and plaques, concomitantly with the prolonged indolent disease course, aligns with the typical presentation of MF. However, the histopathological findings posed a challenge due to the rarity of MF displaying a CD8+ cytotoxic and γδ+ phenotype, along with CD30− large cell transformation. Traditionally, the immunohistochemical phenotype of MF exhibits CD3+, CD4+/CD8−, often displaying varying loss of CD2, CD5, and CD7 during disease progression [3]. Although a majority of MF cases with large cell transformation usually express CD30 instances of transformed CD30− MF have been documented. Notably, CD30− transformed MF cases indicate a twofold higher hazard ratio of mortality compared to CD30+ MF [14].

PCGDTCLs predominantly exhibit CD4−/CD8− phenotype, commonly displaying loss of CD5, despite occasional reports of CD8+ PCGDTCL cases [7]. The neoplastic T cells typically express CD56 and are mostly positive for cytotoxic markers such as TIA-1 and granzyme B.

In our case, the morphology of the neoplastic lymphocytes displayed a blastic appearance, manifesting as a deep, dense dermal infiltrate with an angio-destructive pattern and hemorrhage, often observed in PCGDTL. However, distinct features such as necrotic keratinocytes and interface changes were absent. The NGS analysis results, unfortunately, did not significantly contribute to our differential diagnostic considerations. Although detection of mutation in the tumor suppressor SOCS1 gene stands as one of the most prevalent genetic alterations in MF, this genetic abnormality is also shared by other primary cutaneous lymphomas [15,16]. The expression of CCR4 might have potentially aided in our differential diagnostic considerations given that MF typically demonstrates strong positivity for CCR4, whereas CCR4 is largely absent in PCGDTLs [7,17,18]. Unfortunately, this analysis was not feasible in our case.

Regrettably, the absence of prior biopsies hindered our ability to retrospectively analyze the disease evolution, given the patient´s initial clinical diagnosis of psoriasis without any pathological assessment. Consequently, an essential inquiry arises: did the patient initially manifest an atypical, protracted, and clinically indolent form of γδMF or PCGDTCL, or was there an undisclosed coexistence of MF and psoriasis?

In summary, our case represents a unique and uncommon occurrence of γ/δ+ MF, characterized by a prolonged, indolent clinical course that ultimately culminated in the development of a highly aggressive cytotoxic lymphoma. This case emphasizes the significance of comprehensive clinical interpretation and meticulous pathological assessment during the initial presentation.

  1. Funding information: Pia Rude Nielsen is supported by the BRIDGE – Translational Excellence Programme (bridge.ku.dk) at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Grant agreement no. NNF20SA0064340.

  2. Author contributions: P.R.N., L.Sc., and S.L.N. contributed to this project development. P.R.N., L.Sc., and S.L.N. contributed with pathological analyses and interpreted the data. L.S. and P.L.J. contributed with medical records. P.R.N. and L.Sc. wrote the manuscript. L.S., P.L.J., and S.L.N. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Received: 2024-05-14
Revised: 2024-06-12
Accepted: 2024-06-19
Published Online: 2024-07-30

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
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  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
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  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
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  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
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  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0925
Keywords for this article
cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; mycosis fungoides; immunophenotypic; gamma/delta phenotype
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
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  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
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  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
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  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
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  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
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  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
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  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
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  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
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  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
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  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
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  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
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  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
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  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
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  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
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