Home Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
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Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing

  • Yang Liu , Xingxing Hu , Huajie Lu , Yimeng Liu , Congcong Wang EMAIL logo and Xiaojie Dai EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 27, 2024
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

The common squid, Todarodes pacificus, is an important commercial species that inhabits the northwest Pacific Ocean, particularly the East Japan Sea, the Pacific coast of Japan, and the East China Sea. In this study, we chose 29 individuals from three areas: one type from the Sea of Japan and two types from the East China Sea. A total of 43,529 SNPs were obtained using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Our analyses revealed low genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in each type. Heterozygote deficiency and inbreeding have caused this low level of genetic diversity. Population structure analysis indicated that the three types were genetically similar, which may be attributed to strong gene flow combined with the demographic history events during the last 2 million years. This new GBS application technique provides valuable information for the conservation of marine species genetics and could be useful for the effective management of this resource.

Keywords: Todarodes pacificus ; genotyping-by-sequencing; SNPs; population genetics

1 Introduction

Todarodes pacificus is a warm ocean cephalopod from the Ommastrephidae family that mainly lives in the northwest region (20°–60°N) of the Pacific Ocean. The primary fishing grounds for T. pacificus are distributed in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea [1–3]. In some Asian countries, T. pacificus is a widely consumed aquatic food because of its abundant protein and microelement content [4]. In Japan, its production reached 5,600 tons in 2016, and it has become a primary target species of the squid industry in China [5,6]. It is one of the earliest developed and utilized species worldwide, with annual catches thereof accounting for approximately 60% of the total amount of cephalopods, which is the second largest mass-processed product worldwide [7]. Because of its short 1-year lifespan, the biomass of T. pacificus fluctuates widely under different biological and physical conditions [8,9]. Considering the spawning seasons, T. pacificus can be grouped into three groups (summer, autumn, and winter) [10]. To understand the population history, it is beneficial to evaluate the T. pacificus population structure and genetic diversity to obtain a high-resolution profile.

A previous study that focus on squid have been limited to utilizing fishery production statistics for forecast models to assess the variation in resource abundance [11]. Traditional morphological characteristics were the initial markers used to study phylogenetic relationships between and within populations before the development of molecular markers [12,13]. However, some problems could not be solved, and disagreements remained regarding phylogenetic matters. For instance, it was challenging to precisely distinguish the relationships within the Todarodinae and Ommastrephinae subfamilies using morphology alone [14]. The development of molecular markers has progressed over several decades from secondary metabolites to enzyme and DNA markers and finally to targeted sequencing techniques, which include microsatellite, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Molecular markers have become powerful tools in the field of genetic research. However, a limited number of molecular biology studies have been conducted on T. pacificus, such as the isolation of 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci from a size-selected genomic library [15], the isolation of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci from T. pacificus [16], and the determination of the mitochondrial genomes of T. pacificus [17].

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to the substitution, deletion, or insertion of a single nucleotide that has occurred within the genome. They are generally located in a noncoding region of the genome and can be related to diseases or different phenotypes [18]. With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), high-throughput SNP assays can be performed by sequencing short lengths across the whole genome. This reduces the complexity, increases the efficiency, and saves time on sample analysis when compared to older technologies [19,20]. GBS is a technology that can reduce the complexity of large genome sequence analysis by only sequencing the regions that are digested by specific restriction enzymes. This approach is suitable for the analysis of species with a large or incomplete genome. Additionally, GBS requires a lower amount of input DNA (≥800 ng) to perform the simple procedure, which is extremely specific and highly reproducible [21].

In this study, the GBS technique was utilized to identify several SNPs in the genome of T. pacificus and to analyze the population structure, genetic diversity, and historical dynamics of three groups collected from the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Our findings will help elucidate the historical events that impacted the demographics of T. pacificus and assist with the development of a genetic conservation strategy.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Animal samples and DNA extraction

Twenty-nine samples were collected from three locations: (1) Sea of Japan (JS; N = 10; 36°11′N, 131°15′E) in January 2019; (2) East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1; N = 10; 27°16′N, 132°32′E) in June 2018; and (3) East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2; N = 9; 25°59′N, 122°28′E) in December 2018. The samples were randomly collected from the above sea waters.

The genomic DNA was extracted from approximately 25 mg of muscle using a modified phenol–chloroform procedure, following the protocol described by Gu and Xu [22]. Additionally, the genomic DNA was digested for 1 h with RNase A at 37°C (Takara, Japan) to remove the RNA. DNA purity and concentration were determined using a NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) spectrophotometer to obtain the optical density (OD) ratios of OD260/280 and OD260/230. Subsequently, 1% agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to assess the integrity of the genomic DNA. A minimum of 800 ng of DNA was used to create the library.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.

2.2 GBS library preparation and sequencing

The GBS libraries were prepared using two restriction enzymes (Taq I and Mse I; New England Biolabs, USA) to digest the double-stranded genomic DNA into several fragments with a size range of 500–600 bp. A sample-specific adapter was ligated to the end of the digested fragments, which were then pooled together. The size selection system was used to filter 450–700 bp fragments from the pooled mixture. The target GBS tags were amplified with specific primers to produce a final 400 bp product for sequencing on the Illumina HiseqTM, paired-end 150. The above steps were conducted at Majorbio Pharm Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai.

2.3 Bioinformatics and SNP genotyping

The raw GBSseq Illumina sequencing reads were converted to the FASTQ format using the Base Calling program. The program “process_radtags” v.2.26 was used to check the barcodes and demultiplex the sequencing data obtained from the Illumina platform. We removed the adapter sequences and discarded the bases with low average quality scores (quality value 10) using the Stacks 2.3 pipeline.

A set of high-quality short reads were aligned and grouped into their loci according to the depth parameters: (a) minimum depth of coverage (−m) of five and (b) maximum distance allowed of two. The cstacks program was used to establish a catalog of the loci in which the alleles were merged, and a consensus was produced, called “stacks.” All of the samples were matched against the stacks, and the allele status was determined using stacks [23]. The SNPs were identified using the putative loci as well as the maximum likelihood framework. They were further screened according to the following parameters to obtain high-quality SNPs: minor allowed frequency ≥ 0.05, missing ratio ≤ 0.2, and the lowest depth = 2.

2.4 Data analysis

2.4.1 Genetic diversity

The population genetic diversity statistics, which included the private SNP number (Private), observed heterozygosity (Obs_He), expected heterozygosity (Exp_He), observed homozygosity (Obs_Ho), expected homozygosity (Exp_Ho), nucleotide diversity (Pi), population coefficient of inbreeding (Fis), and the genetic differentiation index (Fst), were calculated [24]. Fis was used to assess whether the existing inbreeding generates a hidden population and leads to a reduction in heterozygosity [25]. Fst is an important parameter to measure the degree of genetic differentiation among populations.

2.4.2 Phylogenetic tree analysis

To assess the phylogenetic relationship between samples from the three different regions, RAxML version 8 was used for the phylogenetic analysis. The genetic relationship between the samples was calculated and represented using a tree-like diagram [26]. The analysis was based on SNPs and the maximum likelihood algorithm.

2.4.3 Population structure analysis

For the population structure investigation, we utilized a freely available software program, ADMIXTURE 1.3.0 (http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/software/admixture/). This program depends on the model-based Bayesian analysis that uses the loci of the filtered SNP. Briefly, the number of subpopulations (k) of samples was estimated to be within the range of 2–19, and the optimal k value was determined based on the cross-validation error (CV error), where the lowest CV error value corresponds to the optimal k [27].

2.4.4 Principal component analysis (PCA)

We performed PCA to assess the proportion of phenotypic variance using the GCTA 1.26.0 software [28]. The 29 samples were clustered according to complex traits using the SNPs, and a mathematical method [29].

2.4.5 Population history

The study of the population history included effective population size, gene flow, and differentiation time. Effective population size was estimated using Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent, an R software package, which is a statistic that describes the density variance of the heterozygous SNP loci in the different regions of the genome. Population differentiation time was calculated using Beast2 [30], which analyzes the molecular sequence phylogeny conditions based on Bayes evolutionary theory. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to obtain the average space of the tree [31], and the Beauti and TreeAnnotator programs were used to calculate the divergence time.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 GBS and data generation

Currently, NGS-based SNP methods are widely used in many fields, such as genetic diversity estimation [32], population, and evolutionary studies [33]. To date, most studies have focused on changes in T. pacificus abundance or fisheries hydrography. However, no studies have used GBS for population genetics analysis or resource stock assessments of this species in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Twenty-one polymorphic microsatellite loci were detected in a T. pacificus population from Korean waters and were used to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure. However, of the 31 primer sets used for PCR, only 21 were successful, and the degree of loci cover was only 67.7%. The accuracy of this genetic data should be examined further. The identification of highly polymorphic genetic markers for the accurate analysis of genetic composition and differentiation is vital for the study of natural populations of T. pacificus.

In this study, the 29 collected samples were divided into three subgroups in accordance with the sampling areas and were named JS, ES1, and ES2. The sampling site for each subgroup is shown in Figure 1. Illumina sequencing yielded a total of 140.59 GB of raw data, with an average of 4.85 GB for each sample. The base quality, Q30, was obtained by 91.99% of the reads, and the average depth achieved was 16.88× (Table S1). We generated abundant, high-quality, clean reads through stringent quality control, which was implemented using several programs included in the Stacks 2.3 Pipeline. A total of 8,589,120 SNPs were identified and genotyped in the 29 samples. After the tag filter was used with the standard parameters, 43,529 high-quality SNP markers remained and were used for further analysis and determination of the population evolution.

Figure 1 Geographical location of T. pacificus population samples analyzed in this study. The red dots indicate the areas of the Sea of Japan (JS), the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1), and the East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2).
Figure 1

Geographical location of T. pacificus population samples analyzed in this study. The red dots indicate the areas of the Sea of Japan (JS), the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1), and the East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2).

In this study, a large number of high-quality SNPs were generated for T. pacificus, which will prove effective for assessing the genetic structure of this species from the Pacific Ocean. This genotyping technique may serve as a valuable exploration tool for the development of high-throughput SNPs and for performing genetic divergence studies in marine species.

3.2 Population genetic diversity

The estimated genetic diversity across the three sample types is summarized in Table 1. The mean values of the observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.1175 (range 0.11444–0.12168) and 0.1664 (range 0.16147–0.17145), respectively. This demonstrates that the average Obs_He in the three types was relatively low and that the Exp_He was slightly higher. This indicates that the genetic diversity of T. pacificus in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea has decreased. It has been demonstrated that overfishing results in the decline of genetic diversity in marine fish, and it is possible that the overexploitation of T. pacificus in the 1870s and 1880s, which resulted in a drastic reduction of the overall stock, may have contributed to the low haplotypic diversity of T. pacificus as well as the general low genetic diversity of T. pacificus [1]. The Fis values were positive, ranging from 0.17806 to 0.1992, which indicates that inbreeding may have occurred within the types. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and microsatellite analyses have identified low diversity in other Cephalopoda squid (Dosidicus gigas) [34,35]. However, high levels of observed (range 0.417–0.917) and expected (range 0.791–0.965) heterozygosity were reported in the Korean T. pacificus populations, as demonstrated by microsatellite analysis of the genetic diversity and structure [36]. T. pacificus is a migratory organism and environmental and ocean current factors markedly affect its growth and reproduction processes. The low levels of diversity in T. pacificus within the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea might be attributed to the high migration capacity of the spawning group and the demographic expansion between the glacial and interglacial types.

Table 1

Statistical values of the genetic diversity of the three populations

Population Private Num_Indv Obs_He Obs_Ho Exp_He Exp_Ho Pi Fis
ES1 1,711,590 3.12905 0.1163 0.8837 0.17145 0.82855 0.22254 0.1992
JS 1,586,434 2.95875 0.12168 0.87832 0.16629 0.83371 0.21885 0.17806
ES2 1,506,149 2.86326 0.11444 0.88556 0.16147 0.83853 0.21243 0.17964

Note: Num_Indv, Obs_Het, observed heterozygosity; Obs_Hom, observed homozygosity; Exp_Het, expected heterozygosity; Exp_Hom, expected homozygosity; Pi, nucleotide diversity; Fis, inbreeding coefficient.

3.3 Population genetic differentiation

To analyze the population structure of the three types, a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed using the RAxML program. Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic relationship between the 29 individuals. Each branch represents an individual, and the root of the tree indicates a possible ancestor. A mixed NJ tree revealed that the 29 individuals from the three different regions were not clearly divided or clustered but were rather intermingled across the tree. This result demonstrates that the T. pacificus caught at the three sites did not show significant genetic differentiation.

Figure 2 NJ tree for T. pacificus constructed using the RAxML program based on the high-quality SNPs. Brown represents the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1) type, green represents the Sea of Japan (JS) type, and blue represents the East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2) type.
Figure 2

NJ tree for T. pacificus constructed using the RAxML program based on the high-quality SNPs. Brown represents the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1) type, green represents the Sea of Japan (JS) type, and blue represents the East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2) type.

The population genetic differentiation index can describe the degree of differentiation between populations. The pairwise Fst values among the three types ranged from 0.0371 to 0.0393, which is lower than the medium differentiation index (Fst < 0.05) (Figure 3d). This suggests that the populations from the three sampling sites belong to a single population. This further suggests that no obvious genetic differentiation exists within any of the types. This result was similar to those previously generated using mitochondrial DNA markers [37].

Figure 3 Population genetic differentiation analysis of T. pacificus. (a) The Y axis represents the putative ancestry and the X-axis shows the different individuals. Clustering of the predefined number of populations (k) from 2 to 19. (b) CV error. (c) PCA of the 29 individuals was performed using the GCTA program. Dots represent individuals, and colors denote the sampling origin: East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1: brown), Sea of Japan (JS: green), and East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2: blue). (d) Nucleotide diversity (Pi) and genetic differentiation (Fst) across the three sample types. The value in each circle represents a measure of Pi for this sample type, and the value on each line indicates genetic differentiation between the two types.
Figure 3

Population genetic differentiation analysis of T. pacificus. (a) The Y axis represents the putative ancestry and the X-axis shows the different individuals. Clustering of the predefined number of populations (k) from 2 to 19. (b) CV error. (c) PCA of the 29 individuals was performed using the GCTA program. Dots represent individuals, and colors denote the sampling origin: East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1: brown), Sea of Japan (JS: green), and East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2: blue). (d) Nucleotide diversity (Pi) and genetic differentiation (Fst) across the three sample types. The value in each circle represents a measure of Pi for this sample type, and the value on each line indicates genetic differentiation between the two types.

Genetic structure was estimated using the ADMIXTURE program, with the putative values of k ranging from 2 to 19 based on the screening of tight linkage loci from several SNPs. The optimal number of k subpopulations was identified when the CV error reached the lowest point. The results revealed that the 29 individuals were linked to 19 ancestors (Figure 3a and b). The number of ancestors from JS, ES1, and ES2 was 9, 10, and 7, respectively. It was clear that the individual Tp10 originated from the ES1 region and possessed mixed ancestry, whereas individuals Tp15 and Tp17 were both originated from the JS site and developed from two distinct ancestries. PCA substantiated the population genetic distance based on the distance between the different components. Most of the samples gathered into one cluster, whereas several individuals were irregularly interspersed throughout the PCA. This suggests that the three sample types originate from different areas but have a close genetic relationship (Figure 3c). Based on these findings, it can be observed that there is no genetic differentiation among the three T. pacificus types.

The migratory routes of T. pacificus may overlap because of the wide fluctuations in the stocks and specific spawning groups (summer, autumn, and winter). Additionally, the instability of the biological and physical environments may also influence the population structure [38,39]. A reasonable explanation for these results could be that the northeast of the East China Sea is connected to the Sea of Japan by the Kuroshio and Tsushima warm currents. This sea area is strongly influenced by the ocean currents throughout the year, and ocean currents play a significant role in transportation. Therefore, the T. pacificus populations have no obvious geographical isolation [40]. Meanwhile, T. pacificus can lay eggs in batches in different seasons and can do so for a long time and in large quantities, where their high migratory capacity and pelagic egg traits may contribute to the strong gene flow across their geographical distribution and thereby reduce the genetic differentiation between the populations [41,42]. Incredibly strong gene flow, Nm > 1, was found in our unpublished study using mitochondrial DNA markers, which suggests that frequent genetic exchange could reduce genetic differentiation. Another possible cause for the low level of differentiation is fishing pressure, which can result in heterozygote removal.

3.4 Population history

Analysis of historical population dynamics can be used to deduce the evolutionary characteristics of a population, such as divergence time, effective population size, and gene flow. In this study, we investigated the historical dynamic variation of the population. The effective population size (Ne) of the three sample types was maintained at a stable level until 100,000 years ago. A stepwise expansion, followed by a final steady state, was observed 10,000 years ago (Figure 4a). As a whole, the Ne in these three sample types presented an amplification phenomenon, which suggested that this population lived through a recent demographic expansion. The expansion time was estimated to be approximately 12,000–15,000 years ago, which corresponded to the late Pleistocene of the Quaternary ice ages (10,000–1,200,000 years ago) [43]. The different growth patterns of the T. pacificus populations in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea may be the consequence of isolation between the two areas caused by a fall in sea level. To calculate the differentiation time between the related populations or the divergence time between the different populations, Beast2 was used to estimate the phylogeny. The differentiation time is shown in Figure 4b, and the JS and ES2 populations clustered in a branch that was established 1.948 million years ago and was then divided into two branches. The ES1 population separated from the JS and ES2 populations at least 2.0916 million years ago and underwent no further branching. Elevation of the sea levels from glacial ablation allowed the ES2 and JS types to be reconnected, resulting in strong gene flow 143,600 years ago. We speculate that the continual cycle between glaciation and interglaciation during the last 2 million years led to the current geographical pattern and differentiation as well as the genetic consequences within the three sample types [44].

Figure 4 Population history analysis of T. pacificus. (a) The population differentiation time plot was based on a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis system. The number in the figure represents the divergence time, and the scale of the axes is measured in millions of years. (b) Estimation of the effective population size for the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1), Sea of Japan (JS), and East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2) sample types. The curve represents changes in the effective population size, colors denote the different populations, and the X-axis indicates the timeline.
Figure 4

Population history analysis of T. pacificus. (a) The population differentiation time plot was based on a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis system. The number in the figure represents the divergence time, and the scale of the axes is measured in millions of years. (b) Estimation of the effective population size for the East China Sea collection site 1 (ES1), Sea of Japan (JS), and East China Sea collection site 2 (ES2) sample types. The curve represents changes in the effective population size, colors denote the different populations, and the X-axis indicates the timeline.

4 Conclusion

In this study, the results from the GBS analysis provided the first description of the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of T. pacificus populations present within the marginal sea of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The methodology showed that screening a large set of SNPs via GBS technology is a promising tool for evaluating the population genetics of migratory marine species. The relatively low level of genetic diversity and the weak genetic differentiation of T. pacificus around the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea may be attributed to a period of demographic expansion. An increased sample size over a larger geographic region is required to confirm whether T. pacificus populations from the two areas originate from the same population. A plan to manage quota allocations, catch size, and the age of T. pacificus around the Sea of Japan and East China Sea is necessary to prevent further loss of genetic diversity. Additionally, the integration of genetic data with resource status and environmental conditions will contribute toward the sustainable development of a conservation strategy for T. pacificus.

tel: +86-21-61908181, fax: +86-21-61908181

  1. Funding information: This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 31702312), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant no. 2019YFD0901404), and SciTech Funding by CSPFTZ Lingang Special Area Marine Biomedical Innovation Platform (Lin-gang MBSTP 23-03-01).

  2. Author contributions: Yang Liu performed the lab work, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Congcong Wang designed the concept, supervised the lab work, and wrote the manuscript. Xiaojie Dai participated in coordination and wrote the manuscript. Xingxing Hu, Yimeng Liu, and Huajie Lu partly worked on data analysis. All authors contributed to manuscript review and writing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-02-18
Revised: 2024-04-05
Accepted: 2024-04-29
Published Online: 2024-06-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0876
Keywords for this article
Todarodes pacificus; genotyping-by-sequencing; SNPs; population genetics
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
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  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
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  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
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  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
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  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
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  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
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  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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