Startseite Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
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Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats

  • Vahideh Hashemzadeh , Alireza Hashemzadeh , Reza Mohebbati EMAIL logo , Reza Gharari Arefi EMAIL logo und Mohammad Ehsan Taghavizadeh Yazdi EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 17. April 2024
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 19 Heft 1

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique features that might lead to the development of a new class of diabetic medicines. AuNPs were biosynthesized utilizing sodium-alginate. UV-Vis-spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray were used to examine the particles. The potential of AuNPs for improving the diabetes condition was examined along with swimming in rats. FESEM image revealed the spherical morphology with an average particle size of 106.6 ± 20.8 nm. In the diabetic group, serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly higher than the control group. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly higher and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly lower in the diabetic group compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also significantly higher in the D group. However, in the groups treated with swimming and gold, these parameters were significantly improved. Specifically, serum-glucose, BUN, creatinine, cholesterol, and TG levels were significantly reduced, while LDL was significantly decreased in the diabetic + swimming + AuNPs group and HDL was significantly increased in the diabetic + AuNPs group. MDA levels were significantly decreased in the treated groups, and other antioxidants were significantly improved in the diabetic + swimming + AuNPs group. Catalase levels were also significantly improved in the D + gold group. It can be concluded that both AuNPs and swimming can decrease diabetic complications.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: gold nanoparticle; diabetes; oxidative stress; swimming

1 Introduction

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of individuals across the world. Diabetes can cause retinopathy, neuropathy, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease, among other complications [1,2]. Type 1 diabetes is brought on by the body’s immune system attacking the pancreatic cells that produce insulin and insulin treatment must last throughout one’s life. When the body develops insulin resistance and the pancreas is unable to generate enough insulin to maintain blood glucose levels within normal ranges, type 2 diabetes develops [3]. Type 2 diabetes is frequently linked to obesity and inactivity [4]. Today, for people with type 1 diabetes and, maybe, some people with type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy is the cornerstone of diabetes care. Blood sugar levels must be regularly assessed during insulin therapy to adjust the dosage. To increase insulin sensitivity and reduce the amount of glucose in the blood, it is required to change lifestyle with regular physical activity and a nutritious diet [5]. The diet should be rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, but low in saturated and Tran’s fats, which can help regulate blood sugar levels more effectively. Physical exercise also lowers the likelihood of heart failure, which is a major diabetic consequence. The drugs metformin sulfonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors are examples of oral drugs that can reduce blood glucose levels by boosting insulin production or strengthening insulin sensitivity [6]. The agonists of the GLP-1 receptor and SGLT2 blockers are two recent kinds of drugs that could assist in reducing levels of blood glucose by boosting insulin production or decreasing its absorption in the kidneys. These drugs may also help lower the possibility of cardiovascular disease. To achieve optimal blood sugar management, effective diabetes treatment necessitates a collaborative approach involving the patient and the medical professionals [7,8].

Swimming is a type of aerobic activity that has been found to provide a variety of health advantages, including a lower risk of chronic illnesses like diabetes [9–11]. Swimming can help people with diabetes minimize oxidative stress by increasing insulin sensitivity [12]. Insulin resistance, which is related to increased oxidative stress, is a fundamental characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Swimming has been proven to enhance insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetics, which may aid in the reduction of oxidative stress [13,14]. Swimming has been demonstrated in studies to reduce anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in several animal models, as well as to reduce brain oxidative stress, enhance glucose levels, and reduce insulin resistance [15–17]. Swimming may also help to lower oxidative stress by boosting the body’s production of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a chemical that aids in blood flow regulation and inflammation reduction, both of which can contribute to oxidative stress. Swimming has been demonstrated to boost NO generation in people, which may aid in the reduction of oxidative stress and general health [18–20]. Swimming, in addition to reducing oxidative stress, can improve cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and promote weight loss in people with diabetes, making it an ideal form of exercise for people with diabetes who may have mobility issues or other health concerns [21,22].

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have demonstrated distinct optical, electrical, and chemical features that enable them to be used in a wide range of applications, including biological studies [23,24]. AuNPs have recently emerged as a viable contender for the treatment of diabetes and might be employed as a novel class of diabetic treatments. AuNPs are particularly capable of interacting with biological molecules due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio [25,26]. AuNPs demonstrated biocompatibility, stability, and ease of modification [27,28]. Due to their anti-inflammatory properties, AuNPs may decrease inflammation in diabetes. Numerous diabetes-related issues, such as nerve damage and renal failure, are greatly influenced by inflammation. By lowering inflammation, AuNPs may be able to help avoid or postpone them. AuNPs were also shown that could decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic rats while having no notable adverse effects [29,30].

AuNPs were able to improve glucose uptake in cells and increase insulin sensitivity [31]. Unlike other antioxidants such as vitamin C or E, AuNPs do not oxidize and do not form toxic byproducts. AuNPs’ morphology and size can also be changed to boost their antioxidant capacity. It has been demonstrated that AuNPs increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which reduce oxidative damage. In addition, it was found that AuNPs could stop lipid peroxidation, a process that can injure cells [32–34].

In general, AuNPs have special qualities that make them an appealing option for biomedical applications, implying that AuNPs have the potential to be employed as an efficient diabetes therapy, while additional study is required to fully appreciate their potential. Herein, alginate-coated AuNPs were prepared in one step and fully characterized. The alginate-coated AuNPs were also tested in a diabetic animal model.

2 Materials and methods

The materials used for the synthesis of nanoparticles were procured from Sigma Chemical Group. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Also, biochemical assessment kits are purchased from the ParsAzmoon, IR.

2.1 Synthesis of AuNPs

In a 250 mL round-bottom flask, 1 g of sodium alginate was dissolved in 90 mL of deionized water. To ensure consistency, the solution was continuously agitated and mixed for a duration of 24 h at room temperature (approximately 20–25°C). Once the alginate was completely dissolved, 2 mL of a 1% gold(iii) chloride trihydrate solution was diluted until the volume reached 10 mL. The gold chloride solution was added dropwise to the flask while being stirred for approximately 5 min. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was heated to facilitate the reduction of gold ions until it reached 80°C. The reaction was continued for 30 min at this temperature. The color of the solution changed from yellow to violet, indicating the formation of AuNPs. Finally, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature over 2 h. For the supplemental dose, 20 mg/l was orally administered by gavage to rats 1 h before exercise.

2.2 Animals

In this research, 35 male Wistar rats aged 8–10 weeks weighing 220 ± 60 g were used. The rats were kept in the animal house of Torbat-e heydarieh University of Medical Sciences. The maintenance conditions included 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness and an ambient temperature of 20–24 degrees. Animals had free access to drinking water during the experimental period. From five days before the start of the experiment and throughout the entire period of the experiment, the rats were fed individually with normal food in separate cages.

Rats were, using a random number table, divided into five experimental groups including the following groups: control, diabetic, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + AuNPs and diabetic + swimming + AuNPs who were treated 8 weeks after diabetes induction. Control group and diabetic group were used as a baseline for comparison, which did not receive any treatment. Diabetic + swimming group has been exercised (swimming exercise). Diabetic + AuNPs group received AuNPs’ supplement. Diabetic + swimming + AuNPs group has been exercised (swimming) and received AuNPs’ supplement.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals and has been approved by the regional Animal Research Ethics Committee of Working Group of Ethics in Sports Science Research Institute (IR.SSRI.REC.1401.1725).

2.3 Diabetes induction

To induce diabetes, one dose (90 mg/kg, BW) of streptozotocin (STZ) (Merck company, Germany) with 0.9% saline solution and under 12-h fasting conditions was administered intraperitoneally to diabetes groups. After administration of STZ injection after 72 hours, to diagnose diabetes of the animals, a few drops of blood were taken from the sinus of the eye in the fasting state, and blood glucose concentration of more than 250 mg/dL was considered diabetic [35].

2.4 Swimming method

In the swimming method, 3 h before the experiment, rats were placed in the water tank for 3 min to swim for some time [36].

In the experiment, diabetic and nondiabetic rats after receiving the necessary treatments (20 mg/kg/day, P.O, 1 h before training) individually from the height of 20 cm were placed gently in the water. In these conditions, animals will swim in the water to maintain their stability [37,38]. Then the tested rats were subjected to swimming exercise regularly for 1 h a day during 8 weeks for 5 days [39]. After each exercise, the rats were dried with a soft towel and placed in a storage box near an electric heater for 20 s [40,41].

2.5 Measurement of biochemical parameters

Biochemical parameters including serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were measured by relevant kits (ParsAzmoon, IR) at the end of the experiment (day 56).

2.6 Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA)

To analyze for MDA, 0.5 mL of sample was mixed to 1 mL of trichloroacetic acid (10%), 2 ml of HCl, and 1.5 mL of TBA (0.67%). It was then placed in a water bath and boiled for 40 min. A total of 1.5 ml of l-butanol and 0.025 ml of HCl were added to the samples after they had cooled. The following stage involved centrifuging the solution at 1,000 g for 10 min and measuring the supernatant absorbance at 535 nm. The MDA concentration was calculated according to the following equation.

MDA concentration ( M ) = Absorbance / ( 1.56 × 10 5 cm − 1 M − 1 ) .

Our MDA data were expressed per gram of renal tissue.

2.7 Measurement of thiol contents

To determine the total thiol concentration, 50 µL of rat renal tissue homogenate was gently mixed in 1 ml Tris-EDTA buffer (pH = 8.6) and the absorbance was read at 412 nm against Tris-EDTA buffer alone (A1). Then, 20 µL of 10 mM solution of DTNB was added to the solution, and it was kept at room temperature for 15 min and the absorbance was read for the second time (A2). The absorbance of the DTNB reagent was also read as blank (B) [42]. The thiol levels were determined by a spectrophotometric method based on the use of Ellman’s reagent, and the results are expressed as per gram of tissue.

Total thiol concentration ( mM ) = ( A 2 – A 1 – B ) × 1.07 ) / 0.05 × 14 , 150 .

2.8 Catalase (CAT) activity

CAT activity was measured by the Aebi method (1983). This method is based on detection of the rate constant (k) (dimension: s − 1, k) of hydrogen peroxide destruction by evaluating the reduction in absorbance at 240 nm per minute, and the activity of this enzyme was determined as K (rate constant) per liter.

2.9 SOD activity

SOD activity was evaluated by the Madesh and Balasubramanian procedure. A colorimetric assay involving generation of superoxide by pyrogallol auto-oxidation and the inhibition of superoxide-dependent reduction of the tetrazolium dye, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), to its Formosan by SOD was measured at 570 nm. An unit of SOD activity was defined based on the amount of enzyme causing 50% inhibition in the MTT reduction rate [43].

2.10 Statistical analysis

The data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to determine whether the distribution of the data was normal, and after that, the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to evaluate the normal data and Mann–Whitney for anormal data. A difference with a p-value of 0.05 was taken into account. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v11.5.

3 Results

3.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy

The alginate-coated AuNPs’ UV-Vis spectra are shown in Figure 1. The strong absorbance peaks for the alginate-coated AuNPs at 534 nm demonstrated the existence or formation of AuNps.

Figure 1 The UV-Vis spectrum of the as-synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.
Figure 1

The UV-Vis spectrum of the as-synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.

The potential functional groups in alginate-coated AuNPs were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. AuNPs show no adsorption bands in FTIR curves. Hence, the appeared absorption bands were associated with the existing chemical bonds of alginate coating. Figure 2 displays an adsorption band at 3,418 cm−1, which was corresponded to the hydroxyl group (−OH). The C–H absorption band appeared at 2,925 cm−1. The carboxyl group stretching vibrations, the asymmetric and symmetric absorption bands, are observed at 1,645 and 1,418 cm−1, respectively. The C–O–C vibration also appeared at 1,035 cm−1.

Figure 2 FTIR spectrum of the as-synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.
Figure 2

FTIR spectrum of the as-synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.

3.2 FESEM

FESEM was used to analyze the morphology and average particle sizes of the alginate-coated AuNPs. It was shown that particles were spherical, and possibly there was a coating of alginate polymer. EDX analyses displayed the purity of the prepared alginate-coated AuNPs, containing gold, carbon, and oxygen. The particle size distribution was also determined by using ImageJ software and SPSS. The mean particle size was 106.6 ± 20.8 nm, indicating a narrow particle size distribution (Figure 3).

Figure 3 FESEM images (a and b), the EDX analysis (c), and the particle size distribution of the alginate-coated AuNPs (d).
Figure 3

FESEM images (a and b), the EDX analysis (c), and the particle size distribution of the alginate-coated AuNPs (d).

3.3 Biochemical parameters

Serum glucose in the D group significantly boosted in comparison with the control (p < 0.001), while this condition improved in treated groups with exercise and gold (p < 0.001) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 The glucose level in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 4

The glucose level in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

Serum BUN and creatinine significantly increased in the D group compared to the control (p < 0.001), while these parameters in the treated groups with exercise and gold significantly reduced (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5 The creatinine level in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 5

The creatinine level in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

Figure 6 The BUN level in all groups. Data presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 6

The BUN level in all groups. Data presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

Also, the cholesterol and TG significantly enhanced in the D group compared to the control (p < 0.001), while in treated groups with exercise and gold except D + EX, this condition improved (p < 0.001) (Figure 7).

Figure 7 The TG and cholesterol levels in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 7

The TG and cholesterol levels in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

Both LDL and HDL significantly changed in the D group than the control (p < 0.001) while the LDL significantly decreased in the D + Gold + Ex (p < 0.001) and the HDL significantly increased in the D + Gold group (p < 0.001) (Figure 8).

Figure 8 The lipoprotein levels in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 8

The lipoprotein levels in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

MDA in the D group significantly increased than the control (p < 0.001), while in treated groups with exercise and gold decreased (p < 0.001). Other antioxidants including thiol, SOD, and CAT significantly decreased in the D group than the control (p < 0.001), while these reductions were improved in the D + Gold + Ex group. About CAT, improvement also was significant in the D + Gold group than the D group (p < 0.001) (Table 1).

Table 1

Redox levels in all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM

Groups Parameters
MDA Thiol SOD CAT
Control 0.39 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.06 54.2 ± 4.9
Diabetic 1.43 ± 0.16*** 0.09 ± 0.02*** 0.07 ± 0.01*** 10.3 ± 1.7***
Diabetic + swimming 0.82 ± 0.09### 0.25 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 32.8 ± 4.5
Diabetic + AuNPs 0.54 ± 0.06### 0.2 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.06 46.7 ± 10.5###
D + Swim + AuNPs 0.4 ± 0.03### 0.5 ± 0.06### 0.5 ± 0.03### 41.9 ± 3##

***p < 0.001 compared to control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to diabetic group.

4 Discussion

Following the successful production and stabilization of AuNPs using alginate, the potential applications of these nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetes along with the effect of swimming exercise. The alginate-coated AuNPs displayed could enhance biocompatibility, making them suitable for use in biological systems. AuNPs were prepared in deionized water in alginate solutions with the presence of gold(iii) chloride trihydrate. The UV-Vis absorption of Au NPs prepared in alginate has revealed the characteristic peak at 534 nm, suggesting the formation of colloidal AuNPs. The addition of alginate can stabilize small-sized AuNPs and slow down the precipitation rate of large-sized AuNPs. The low stability of AuNPs can complicate their use in biological environments and complicate manufacturing and shipping processes. To counter this, a strategy of drying and dispersion was adopted based on cavities formed by alginate chains to prevent Au NPs from contacting each other. FESEM images showed a spherical shape and an even dispersion of AuNPs with the particle size distribution of 106.6 ± 20.8 nm. The average particle size of 106.6 ± 20.8 nm in AuNPs holds immense potential for biomedical applications. The particle size of AuNPs plays a crucial role in their cellular interactions. Smaller AuNPs (such as those around 106.6 nm) exhibit rapid distribution and renal clearance due to their small size, allowing them to efficiently interact with cells [24,44–46]. These interactions influence cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and potential toxicity. The size of AuNPs affects their biocompatibility. Smaller particles may have reduced nonspecific organ accumulation, minimizing potential toxicity [44]. This is crucial for long-term therapeutic applications. The compositional studies (EDX analysis) also showed the purity of the prepared AuNPs. The magnified images of AuNPs show that the particles were bud like and spherical in shape and most probably with a layer of alginate, where AuNPs were contained and protected. The FTIR spectrum also confirmed the presence of alginate in the composition of prepared AuNPs.

The toxicity of metallic nanomaterials is induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative stress [47–49]. AuNPs operate as antioxidants by inhibiting the release of ROS, scavenging free radicals, and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes [50,51]. AuNPs exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-hyperglycemic properties, according to in vivo investigations. Nano gold with a diameter of 21 nm boosts antioxidant capacity in the blood and liver while decreasing blood glucose levels [52]. AuNPs may induce significant anti-oxidative reactions in biomolecules, such as the introduction into free SH groups, resulting in a reduced antioxidant enzyme profile. The recent study has demonstrated that antioxidants suited to neutralize ROS are effective in reducing experimentally induced diabetes and the degree of diabetic effects [53]. Because of their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects, AuNPs may be effective in treating diabetes [52,54]. Recently, the inhibitory role of AuNPs on the d-ribose glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed that AuNPs of varied sizes and concentrations prevented AGE production in BSA, with a sense of the largest total surface area producing the greatest inhibition. This shows that gold colloidal particles might be used to treat diabetes and hyperglycemia [55]. AuNPs can greatly increase antioxidant production in STZ-induced diabetic rats, a well-known model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The potential of AuNPs to regulate hyperglycemic situations in diabetic rats was examined in four groups including controls, diabetic group, diabetic group treated with AuNPs, and healthy rats treated with AuNPs. It was discovered that glucose levels in diabetic rats were substantially higher than in controls. Both diabetic and nondiabetic rats have impaired kidney and liver function following AuNP treatment. The results indicated that AuNPs can boost antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats [56]. A study also investigated the modulating influence of AuNPs on protective antioxidant mechanism in male Wistar diabetic rats with autism spectrum disorder. Normal littermates that had been fed by control mothers only received injections of citrate buffer [57]. STZ was injected intraperitoneally once into the overnight starved autistic pups to cause diabetes mellitus. In comparison to other metrics, AuNPs at 2.5 mg/kg b. wt. improved several of the stress-related indices (SOD, GPX, and CAT), blood antioxidant capacity, and lipid profile [58]. In another study, diabetic nephropathy exposed human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells HK-2 to glyco-oxidative damage. Antioxidant activity has been demonstrated in AuNPs with a diameter of 30 nm. At physiological pH, the produced AuNPs demonstrated colloidal stability, which reduced high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of AuNPs were blocked by 3-TYP (3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine), a SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) inhibitor. AuNPs could be employed to minimize the risk of diabetic nephropathy development [54]. AuNPs produced using Gymnema Sylvester R. Br have shown a considerable reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats as well as an anti-inflammatory activity, which was measured by serum levels of TNF-, IL-6, and C-reactive protein [59]. Sambucus nigra L. (SN) extract-functionalized AuNPs have been found to reduce the amount of glycated hemoglobin while having an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. In an experimental rat model of diabetes, the antidiabetic effects of AuNPs functionalized with SN extract demonstrated that AuNPs lowered MDA levels, COX-2 expression, and proMMP-2 activity while increasing the GSH/GSSG ratio in the muscles and throughout the body and histopathology revealed no morphological abnormalities [52]. AuNPs display strong antioxidant properties that may be used to fight oxidative stress and lessen cellular damage [60–62]. It is possible that they might be used as effective antioxidants in diabetes, where it was observed to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in animal models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [63–65]. In addition, AuNPs have been used as drug delivery systems in the treatment of cancer, where they may target cancer cells, release therapeutic compounds in a controlled manner [66].

Swimming can assist to lower oxidative stress by boosting the body’s production of antioxidants, which are molecules that neutralize ROS and keep them from causing harm. Swimming exercise has been demonstrated to improve oxidative stress indicators such as MDA, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and glutathione (GSH) in type 2 diabetic patients [67–69].

An investigation has demonstrated swimming exercise might lessen inflammation and depressive-like behavior in type 2 diabetic mice. Male C57BL6 mice were given a high-fat diet, STZ, and swimming exercises for a period of 4 weeks. According to the findings, mice with type 2 diabetes exhibited considerably more depressive and anhedonia-like behaviors. In type 2 diabetic mice, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors and also lowered the levels of glucose and inflammatory mediators in the mice’s blood [70]. In another study, the effects of a 6-week swimming program and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract on cardiac antioxidant enzyme activity and plasma glucose were examined in STZ-induced diabetic rats [71]. The results indicated that all groups significantly decreased their body weight. Plasma glucose levels were decreased, while cardiac antioxidant enzyme activity significantly increased [72]. Swimming training and Plantago psyllium co-administration for 12 weeks improved memory deficit in STZ-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats, probably via hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. Another study examined the impact of Aloe vera extract and swimming exercise on the lipid profile of rats suffering from diabetes. Results indicated that compared to swimming exercise alone, swimming exercises with A. vera extract had a greater impact on changing the lipid profile of rats suffering from diabetes. In addition, compared to swimming training alone, swimming exercise with A. vera extract showed a greater effect in improving VLDL, TC, and TG in diabetic rats [73]. Also, swimming exercises with Dysphania ambrosioides extract changed the lipid profile of diabetic rats [74]. The goal of our study was to synthesize, identify, and provide AuNPs supplements for measuring antioxidant activities during exercise activities (swimming) in the recovery of rats with type 2 diabetes. It should be highlighted that this was most likely the first time AuNPs’ supplements combined with swimming have been employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in an animal model. In this regard, AuNPs with exercise (swimming) in diabetes have benefited the treatment group. As it was anticipated from the aforementioned studies, we expect synergistic effects in the therapy if the AuNPs were used with swimming exercise simultaneously. In this study, the effects of combined swimming and AuNPs on various parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats have showed that serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to the control group, but improved in diabetic + swimming + AuNPs. Diabetes patients are more likely to develop renal disease, which can result in excessive BUN and creatinine levels. This is due to the fact that high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in a disease known as diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy can impair the kidneys’ capacity to filter waste materials from the blood, resulting in elevated BUN and creatinine levels. It is critical for diabetics to frequently assess their kidney function to detect any symptoms of renal impairment early on [75–82]. The result showed that BUN and creatinine levels were likewise considerably higher in the diabetic group, but substantially lower in the groups treated with both swimming and AuNPs, showing the lower possibility of kidney diseases.

Type 2 diabetic patients are more likely to acquire high levels of TGs and cholesterol, which can lead to diabetic dyslipidemia [83–85]. A lack of “good” cholesterol, or HDL, and elevated levels of “bad” cholesterol, or LDL, and TGs describe this syndrome. Diabetic dyslipidemia raises the likelihood of stroke and cardiovascular disease in diabetics. High levels of TGs can also indicate insulin resistance, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance occurs when cells in the body grow resistant to insulin’s actions, resulting in high blood sugar levels. This can stimulate the pancreas to generate more insulin, resulting in elevated TG levels [86–88]. Diabetic patients should periodically assess their cholesterol and TG levels and collaborate with their healthcare practitioner to build a treatment plan to maintain these levels. The analyses have revealed that cholesterol and TG levels were higher in the diabetic group, but improved in treatment groups. LDL and HDL values were considerably reduced in the diabetic + swimming + AuNPs group and increased in the diabetic + swimming group. As mentioned, high glucose levels in diabetes can cause oxidative stress and cell damage, leading to consequences such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [89–91]. Hence, the assessment of antioxidant indicators is crucial in diabetes because diabetes is associated with increased oxidative stress, which can cause cell and tissue damage. In this study, MDA levels were greatly reduced in the diabetes group, but higher in the diabetes + swimming + AuNPs group. Other antioxidants, such as total thiol, SOD, and CAT, were also shown to be considerably lower in diabetics. These findings imply that combining swimming with AuNPs has potential therapeutic effects for treating diabetes and its consequences. These findings can be applicable in the real world. Diabetic patients can benefit from swimming for control the diabetic complications. Also, various studies related to the nanoparticle’s applications can open a window to the bright horizon of diabetes treatment. Our study also has some limitations, which are better to considered them in future works including pathological evaluation in various tissues, using different nanoparticle doses for evaluation of the dose dependency manner and assessment of the gene expressions and molecular studies.

5 Conclusion

Results of the study indicated the synergic effects of the AuNPs administration in swimmer diabetic rats. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism involved in diabetes in swimmer diabetic rats received AuNPs reduced synergically. Therefore, it can be concluded that both AuNPs and swimming can decrease diabetic complications including biochemical and oxidative markers.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: R.M. and M.E.T.Y. designed the work. M.E.T.Y. synthesized the nanoparticle. V.H. and A.H. performed the study and analyzed data. R.G.A., M.E.T.Y., and R.M. approve the data. R.M. and M.E.T.Y. drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approve the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-12-08
Revised: 2024-03-04
Accepted: 2024-03-25
Published Online: 2024-04-17

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0869
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
gold nanoparticle; diabetes; oxidative stress; swimming
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
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Heruntergeladen am 23.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0869/html
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