Home Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
Article Open Access

Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review

  • Dandan Zhang , Zhigang Xu , Jing Wu , Wei Wei , Xuezhong Li and Xiaopeng Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 6, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 19 Issue 1

Abstract

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) associated with autoantibodies against γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR-AE) is frequently identified in middle-aged and elderly males. The disease is characterized by seizures, mental, and behavioral abnormalities, as well as recent memory decline. Anti-GABABR antibody-associated encephalitis, presenting with syncope as the first symptom is rare. Here we report a case of AE with syncope as the first symptom. A 55-year-old male presented to the emergency department with transient loss of consciousness, initially diagnosed as syncope. As the disease progressed, the patient exhibited seizures, abnormal mental behavior, and cognitive impairment. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with right lung small cell lung cancer. The initial atypical symptoms and the lack of clear imaging features of GABABR encephalitis hinder early diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of screening for the underlying etiology of syncope in middle-aged and elderly patients.

Keywords: autoimmune encephalitis; anti-GABABR antibody-related encephalitis; syncope; case report

1 Introduction

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an inflammatory disease characterized by the generation of antibodies against neuronal synapses and cell surface antigens in the brain [1]. AE-related antibodies are classified into anti-cell surface antigen antibodies, anti-intracellular synaptic antigen antibodies, and anti-intracellular antigen antibodies [2]. A recent epidemiological study in the United States showed that the prevalence of AE is 13.7/100,000 [3]. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of AE [2]. The clinical manifestations of AE are diverse and non-specific [1], exhibiting an overlap between neurology and psychiatry symptoms, with mental symptoms being the most prominent [4]. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR) antibody related to encephalitis is frequently identified in middle-aged and elderly males. It is characterized by seizures, mental abnormalities, and recent memory decline. The autoimmunity may also target the autonomic nervous system as the primary target. For this reason, AE patients often present with autonomic dysfunction, with sinus tachycardia being the most common autonomic dysfunction [5]. Of note, cases of syncope as the initial symptom are rare. Anti-GABABR antibody-associated encephalitis presenting with syncope as the first symptom is rare. Here we report a case of AE with syncope as the first symptom which tested positive for GABABR antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

2 Case presentation

A 55-year-old male experienced unexplained syncope while playing cards on February 12, 2022. He collapsed and fell on the ground. Witnesses shouted and slapped him, but he remained unresponsive for a few seconds before regaining consciousness. There was no hydrostomia, limb twitching, tongue biting, and incontinence during the period. Moreover, no fever or headache, mental or behavioral abnormalities, chest pain or drug abuse were reported in the days preceding the syncope. He denied history of chronic alcohol or tobacco use, family history of neurological, cardiovascular, or genetic disorders.

Upon admission, the patient’s vital signs were stable, with normal temperature. Physical examination revealed an independent body position, coordinated movements, and a normal neurological assessment. Neurological examination showed that his reaction, memory, attention, calculation, and orientation were normal; the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 28/30. The cranial nerve, cerebellar function, sensory system, and reflex were normal. The power of his limbs was grade 5/5. There were no pathological reflex and meningeal irritation sign. Laboratory tests did not reveal any significant abnormalities, except the elevation of one tumor marker (carcinoembryonic antigen) which was 8.17 ng/mL (reference range of 0–5.00 ng/mL). Twelve-lead and dynamic electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and cardiac angiography revealed no abnormalities. Cardiac angiography showed no stenosis in the left main trunk, twisted anterior descending branch, and narrowing of the middle segment by 20–30%. Moreover, no abnormalities were observed in the chest CT and abdominal ultrasound images. Results of the vertical tilt test were negative. Routine EEG was normal and head MRI + MRA (Figure 1) showed bilateral basal ganglia vascular space, ischemic focus of bilateral frontal lobe beside bilateral lateral ventricles, while no obvious vascular stenosis was found on MRA.

Figure 1 Head MRI and MRA of the patient. (a) and (b) Cranial MRI showed bilateral frontal lobe ischemia near bilateral lateral ventricles. (c) No obvious vascular stenosis was found on MRA.
Figure 1

Head MRI and MRA of the patient. (a) and (b) Cranial MRI showed bilateral frontal lobe ischemia near bilateral lateral ventricles. (c) No obvious vascular stenosis was found on MRA.

During the dynamic electrocardiogram examination, the patient developed seizures, characterized by limb convulsions, loss of consciousness, and urinary incontinence. Although his condition improved within a few minutes, no apparent abnormalities were detected on the dynamic electrocardiogram. The patient underwent video EEG monitoring (Figure 2) for about 24 h which showed that the background rhythm was normal, and no significant epileptic discharge was detected. During the video EEG examination, the patient experienced another epileptic seizure, initially presenting as body turning to the right with fixed gaze to the right, followed by a generalized tonic–clonic seizure. The EEG revealed this to be a motor seizure of focal origin, subsequently evolving into a generalized seizure. The seizure characteristics exhibited by the patient in this instance differ markedly from the syncope observed upon admission, featuring a prolonged duration, loss of consciousness, and accompanying limb convulsions. These features align with the clinical manifestations of seizures. Consequently, the patient presented with two distinct clinical manifestations: syncope and seizures.

Figure 2 EEG of the patient. (a) An electroencephalogram showing normal background activity with no epileptiform patterns. (b) Video EEG showed that slow waves appeared first in temporal lobe leads, and then spike slow waves appeared in full leads with a lot of EMG artifacts.
Figure 2

EEG of the patient. (a) An electroencephalogram showing normal background activity with no epileptiform patterns. (b) Video EEG showed that slow waves appeared first in temporal lobe leads, and then spike slow waves appeared in full leads with a lot of EMG artifacts.

In the following week, the patient experienced frequent seizures accompanied by cognitive function, memory, and orientation, with MMSE score of 22 points. A lumbar puncture indicated that the biochemical and protein content of CSF were normal, whereas the cell count was 23.00 × 106/L (the normal value was 0–10 × 106/L). The AE antibody spectrum detection revealed the presence of GABABR antibodies in the CSF at a titer of 1:3.2 (Figure 3). Tumor-related ancillary examinations did not identify any clear signs of malignancy. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with GABABR-AE and autoimmune epilepsy.

Figure 3 Immunofluorescent microscopy reactivity of CSF and blood. GABABR antibodies in blood (a) and CSF (b) were validated by a cell-based indirect immunofluorescence test (1:3.2).
Figure 3

Immunofluorescent microscopy reactivity of CSF and blood. GABABR antibodies in blood (a) and CSF (b) were validated by a cell-based indirect immunofluorescence test (1:3.2).

The patient was informed of the condition and provided consent for treatment. Hormone therapy and immunoglobulin were administered to suppress the immune response, while sodium valproate was prescribed for anti-epileptic treatment. However, the patient experienced daily epileptic seizures, accompanied by gradual decline in cognitive function, indicating that the treatment was not successful. As a result, lamotrigine combined with anti-epileptic treatment was administered, and the stability of the internal environment was maintained. Subsequently, the hormone dose was gradually decreased to the level of maintenance dose. This led to a reduction in the number of epileptic seizures, but the cognitive symptoms did not improve significantly at discharge.

The patient did not experience any seizures during the 20 days of follow-up after discharge, and the cognitive symptoms were significantly improved. The MMSE score at this point was 24 points. On April 3, 2022, the patient presented with a persistent dry cough that did not resolve. Chest CT (Figure 4a and b) revealed patchy areas of increased density in the right pulmonary hilum. A bronchoscopy performed on April 6 identified mucosal elevation in the lateral branch of the middle lobe of the right lung and the dorsal segment of the lower lobe. The tracheoscope brush smear revealed a few atypical cells. Pathological examination (Figure 4c) revealed the presence of small cell lung cancer. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that Syn and Ki67 were positive (Figure 4d and e), whereas Nap-A, CK18, CD3, CD20, P40, P63, and CK7 were negative. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the middle and lower lobe of the right lung was made. Bone scan (Figure 4f) showed that the radioactive uptake was significantly higher in the left shoulder joint than that of the right. On April 13, the patient was put on carboplatin 400 mg and etoposide 100 mg chemotherapy, and is currently on follow up.

Figure 4 Patient’s chest CT, pathological examination, and bone scan. (a) and (b) Patient’s chest CT (the arrow points to the tumor location). (c)–(e) Pathological examination of lung bronchoscope indicates small cell lung cancer ((c) original magnification ×200). Immunohistochemical examination showed that Syn (d) and Ki67 (e) were positive (original magnification ×200). (f) Bone scan showed that the radioactive uptake of the left shoulder joint was significantly higher than that of the right.
Figure 4

Patient’s chest CT, pathological examination, and bone scan. (a) and (b) Patient’s chest CT (the arrow points to the tumor location). (c)–(e) Pathological examination of lung bronchoscope indicates small cell lung cancer ((c) original magnification ×200). Immunohistochemical examination showed that Syn (d) and Ki67 (e) were positive (original magnification ×200). (f) Bone scan showed that the radioactive uptake of the left shoulder joint was significantly higher than that of the right.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethical Committee of the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University (Ethics number: SH2022073).

3 Discussion

The increased prevalence of AE caused by antibodies and advancements in immunotherapy development have contributed to our expanding clinical understanding of AE. Most patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis present with persistent cognitive deficits and mental symptoms [6]. Clinically, AE combined with related tumors is called paraneoplastic AE. Paraneoplastic syndrome is a systemic response to tumors mediated by immune or hormonal mechanisms. The most common imaging manifestation of paraneoplastic AE is marginal encephalitis [7], which is characterized by abnormal mental behavior, seizures, and recent memory decline. Most antibodies associated with paraneoplastic AE are anti-GAD antibodies, anti-GABABR antibodies, anti-LGI1 antibodies, and anti-AMPAR antibodies. Lung cancer is the most common tumor in patients with paraneoplastic AE [8]. A clinical cohort study with a long-term follow-up of 22 patients with anti-GABABR antibody (+) encephalitis recommended that elderly patients who tested positive for anti-GABABR antibody, particularly those with severe symptoms, serum tumor markers, and additional tumor neuron antibodies, should be screened for lung cancer [9]. Genetic changes during tumorigenesis trigger the expression of new antigens with high immunogenicity on tumor cells, thereby inducing autoimmunity [10,11].

Considering that the clinical, imaging, and laboratory features of AE and viral encephalitis are similar, the main differential diagnosis is viral encephalitis. Most patients with infectious encephalitis have fever, but approximately 50% of AE cases develop fever as the disease progresses. Precursor symptoms, such as headaches or flu-like symptoms, are often observed in AE cases. Most AE are associated with CSF lymphocytosis, which is typically milder compared with that observed in viral etiologies. MRI can be a valuable tool for differentiating between various types of encephalitis, particularly in patients with limbic encephalitis. Many patients with autoimmune or paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis exhibit unilateral or bilateral T2/FLAIR signal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobe, without enhancement or abnormalities on diffusion-weighted imaging. However, 60% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis have normal brain MRI [12]. In addition, several differential diagnoses need to be identified, such as bacterial meningitis, metabolic disturbances, Wernicke encephalopathy, anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures, among others. A previous case report described a 35-year-old male with no prior medical history who experienced two episodes of clinical manifestations similar to AE within 6 months [13]. Although the clinical manifestations and imaging findings were consistent with AE, antibody testing was negative, leading to an initial diagnosis of viral encephalitis and a subsequent delay in diagnosis. This case report aligns with the present case.

Lancaster et al. [14] were the first to report GABABR encephalitis in 2010. Its primary manifestations include epilepsy, mental and behavioral abnormalities, which are common in men, with or without small cell lung cancer. About 85% of patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis may experience seizures, including systemic tonic–clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, and status epilepticus. Systemic tonic–clonic seizures are the most common, and seizures may be the only symptom at the onset of the disease [15]. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter with two receptors: type A and type B. Type B is a G-protein coupled receptor composed of B1 and B2 subunits and this is mainly expressed in hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Autoantibodies of patients with anti-GABA receptor type B encephalitis primarily bind to the B1 subunit, resulting in a decrease of inhibitory neurotransmitters and consequently, seizures. The interaction between the antigen and antibody further reduces the number of receptors, potentially leading to status epilepticus [16]. Some patients with GABABR encephalitis, especially the AE caused by tumors, also have autonomic nervous symptoms, such as palpitations, syncope, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, dreaminess, and memory loss [17,18]. Syncope episodes were initially misdiagnosed as common syncope due to the high prevalence of reflexive syncope. Most cases of syncope are triggered by specific factors. In our case, the initial symptom was syncope and was later diagnosed with lung cancer. The patient may have experienced autonomic nervous symptoms secondary to GABABR encephalitis, as encephalitis can serve as a trigger for syncope. This case highlights that unexplained syncope episodes, even in the absence of limbic symptoms or MRI abnormalities, should be considered potential indicators of early GABABR AE.

Unfortunately, the patient did not exhibit typical symptoms of limbic encephalitis at the time of onset, leading to an initial misdiagnosis of common syncope. This error resulted in the initial focus of the examination on the heart and autonomic nervous system, the most likely underlying conditions. Tests such as dynamic electrocardiogram, echocardiography, vertical tilt test, and even cardiac angiography were performed, but they did not identify the cause of syncope at the time of admission. Later, the patient presented with seizures and cognitive impairment as the disease progressed, and was finally diagnosed with anti-GABABR antibody (+) AE after antibody analysis. A tumor was identified during follow-up and the final retrospective diagnosis was paraneoplastic AE. Kitazaki et al. [19] reported a case similar to ours, involving a 48-year-old male with GABABR-AE whose initial presentation was restricted to syncope without accompanying limbic symptoms or MRI abnormalities. Notably, serial MRI examinations remained unremarkable even after the onset of limbic symptoms.

4 Conclusion

Here, we report a case of paraneoplastic AE presenting with syncope as the first symptom, and tested positive for the anti-GABABR antibody. This study shows that early diagnosis of initial atypical symptoms of AE is difficult. Therefore, clinicians should comprehensively consider the possible causes for each symptoms, perform differential diagnosis, and timely diagnose AE as the disease progresses. Given the critical relationship between early diagnosis and treatment of AE and prognosis, a comprehensive consideration of various etiologies, including the possibility of AE, is warranted for atypical neurological symptoms. In the future, unexplained syncope episodes, even in the absence of limbic symptoms or MRI abnormalities, should be regarded as potential indicators of early GABABR.

# These authors have contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the reviewer’s valuable comments that improved the manuscript.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Zhenjiang Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No. SH2022073).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. D.D.Z. and Z.G.X. wrote the original draft; J.W. searched the literature; W.W. conducted literature review and analysis; X.Z.L. did the review and editing; and X.P.C. was responsible for supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Arbizu J, Gallego Perez-Larraya J, Hilario A, Gomez Grande A, Rubi S, Camacho V, et al. Update on the diagnosis of encephalitis. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2022;41(4):247–57.10.1016/j.remnie.2022.05.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Nissen MS, Ryding M, Meyer M, Blaabjerg M. Autoimmune encephalitis: current knowledge on subtypes, disease mechanisms and treatment. CNS Neurol Disord: Drug Targets. 2020;19(8):584–98.10.2174/1871527319666200708133103Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Hiesgen J, Schutte C. Autoimmune encephalitis: part 1 (epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical spectrum). S Afr Med J. 2023;113(3):116–21. Epub 2023/03/07.10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i3.780Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Marinas JE, Matveychuk D, McCombe JA, Tymchuk S, Dursun SM, Baker GB. Paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis: alterations of mood and emotion. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;183:221–34.10.1016/B978-0-12-822290-4.00010-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Villagran-Garcia M, Farina A, Campetella L, Arzalluz-Luque J, Honnorat J. Autonomic nervous system involvement in autoimmune encephalitis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Rev Neurol. 2024;180(1–2):107–16.10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Lin J, Li C, Li A, Liu X, Chen C, Gong X, et al. Long-term cognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes of anti-GABA(B)R encephalitis patients: a prospective study. J Neuroimmunol. 2021;351:577471.10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577471Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Madhavan AA, Carr CM, Morris PP, Flanagan EP, Kotsenas AL, Hunt CH, et al. Imaging review of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(12):2176–87. Epub 2020/10/24.10.3174/ajnr.A6815Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Fu P, He L, Tang N, Nie Q, Li Z. A single center retrospective study of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with positive onconeural antibodies. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;89:336–42.10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.027Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Chen W, Wang Y, Guo X, Gao L, Huang Z, Lin Y, et al. A prognostic analysis of the outcomes in patients with anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor encephalitis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:847494.10.3389/fimmu.2022.847494Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Duong SL, Pruss H. Paraneoplastic autoimmune neurological syndromes and the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19(3):848–63. Epub 2022/01/20.10.1007/s13311-022-01184-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Vogrig A, Muniz-Castrillo S, Desestret V, Joubert B, Honnorat J. Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis: genes, infections, and checkpoint inhibitors. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020;13:1756286420932797.10.1177/1756286420932797Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[12] Flanagan EP, Geschwind MD, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Blackburn KM, Turaga S, Binks S, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(1):30–9. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4251. Epub 2022/11/29.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Sequeira C, Lopes P. Antibody negative autoimmune encephalitis: a case report. Acta Med Port. 2021;34(5):378–82.10.20344/amp.13793Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, Hughes E, Constantinescu R, Raizer J, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):67–76.10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70324-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Chen X, Liu F, Li JM, Xie XQ, Wang Q, Zhou D, et al. Encephalitis with antibodies against the GABA(B) receptor: seizures as the most common presentation at admission. Neurol Res. 2017;39(11):973–80.10.1080/01616412.2017.1351062Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Romoli M, Krashia P, Sen A, Franciotta D, Gastaldi M, Nobili A, et al. Hippocampal epileptogenesis in autoimmune encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(11):2261–9. Epub 2019/10/17.10.1002/acn3.50919Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Schieveld JNM, Strik J, van Kraaij S, Nicolai J. Psychiatric manifestations and psychopharmacology of autoimmune encephalitis: a multidisciplinary approach. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;165:285–307.10.1016/B978-0-444-64012-3.00017-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Ford H, Griffith S, Warren N, Swayne A, Blum S, Butzkueven H, et al. Psychiatric manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(9):103145.10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103145Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Kitazaki Y, Ikawa M, Yamaguchi T, Enomoto S, Kishitani T, Shirafuji N, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis associated with anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor antibodies mimicking syncope. Intern Med. 2020;59(6):843–7.10.2169/internalmedicine.3652-19Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2024-03-21
Revised: 2024-08-22
Accepted: 2024-09-09
Published Online: 2024-11-06

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0976
Keywords for this article
autoimmune encephalitis; anti-GABABR antibody-related encephalitis; syncope; case report
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Constitutive and evoked release of ATP in adult mouse olfactory epithelium
  3. LARP1 knockdown inhibits cultured gastric carcinoma cell cycle progression and metastatic behavior
  4. PEGylated porcine–human recombinant uricase: A novel fusion protein with improved efficacy and safety for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal complications
  5. Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons
  6. The role and mechanism of esketamine in preventing and treating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia based on the NMDA receptor–CaMKII pathway
  7. Brucella infection combined with Nocardia infection: A case report and literature review
  8. Detection of serum interleukin-18 level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and its clinical significance
  9. Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie2 are diagnostic biomarkers for Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous
  10. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc
  11. Role of serum B-cell-activating factor and interleukin-17 as biomarkers in the classification of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
  12. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis
  13. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin predict an increased breast cancer risk and its underlying molecular mechanisms
  14. A case of Trousseau syndrome: Screening, detection and complication
  15. Application of the integrated airway humidification device enhances the humidification effect of the rabbit tracheotomy model
  16. Preparation of Cu2+/TA/HAP composite coating with anti-bacterial and osteogenic potential on 3D-printed porous Ti alloy scaffolds for orthopedic applications
  17. Aquaporin-8 promotes human dermal fibroblasts to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage: A novel target for management of skin aging
  18. Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia
  19. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2910829 in PDE4D is related to stroke susceptibility in Chinese populations: The results of a meta-analysis
  20. Pheochromocytoma-induced myocardial infarction: A case report
  21. Kaempferol regulates apoptosis and migration of neural stem cells to attenuate cerebral infarction by O‐GlcNAcylation of β-catenin
  22. Sirtuin 5 regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell viability and apoptosis by succinylation modification of glycine decarboxylase
  23. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner
  24. KAT2A changes the function of endometrial stromal cells via regulating the succinylation of ENO1
  25. Current state of research on copper complexes in the treatment of breast cancer
  26. Exploring antioxidant strategies in the pathogenesis of ALS
  27. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric dysbacteriosis in chronic gastritis patients
  28. IL-33/soluble ST2 axis is associated with radiation-induced cardiac injury
  29. The predictive value of serum NLR, SII, and OPNI for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph nodes after thoracoscopic surgery
  30. Carrying SNP rs17506395 (T > G) in TP63 gene and CCR5Δ32 mutation associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  31. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  32. Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?
  33. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma
  34. Microbial perspective on the skin–gut axis and atopic dermatitis
  35. Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
  36. Highly specific vaginal microbiome signature for gynecological cancers
  37. Sample size estimation for AQP4-IgG seropositive optic neuritis: Retinal damage detection by optical coherence tomography
  38. The effects of SDF-1 combined application with VEGF on femoral distraction osteogenesis in rats
  39. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles using alginate: In vitro and in vivo assessment of its administration effects with swimming exercise on diabetic rats
  40. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds
  41. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur populations with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
  42. VSP-2 attenuates secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 cells by mediating the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway
  43. Factors influencing spontaneous hypothermia after emergency trauma and the construction of a predictive model
  44. Long-term administration of morphine specifically alters the level of protein expression in different brain regions and affects the redox state
  45. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
  46. Clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neurodyspepsia syndrome using intelligent medicine
  47. Case report: Successful bronchoscopic interventional treatment of endobronchial leiomyomas
  48. Preliminary investigation into the genetic etiology of short stature in children through whole exon sequencing of the core family
  49. Cystic adenomyoma of the uterus: Case report and literature review
  50. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism
  51. Dynamic changes in autophagy activity in different degrees of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
  52. Vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes: Big data insights
  53. Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells
  54. Meta-analysis on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat malignant lymphoma
  55. Mitochondrial DNA drives neuroinflammation through the cGAS-IFN signaling pathway in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain mice
  56. Application value of artificial intelligence algorithm-based magnetic resonance multi-sequence imaging in staging diagnosis of cervical cancer
  57. Embedded monitoring system and teaching of artificial intelligence online drug component recognition
  58. Investigation into the association of FNDC1 and ADAMTS12 gene expression with plumage coloration in Muscovy ducks
  59. Yak meat content in feed and its impact on the growth of rats
  60. A rare case of Richter transformation with breast involvement: A case report and literature review
  61. First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province
  62. Rhodococcus equi and Brucella pulmonary mass in immunocompetent: A case report and literature review
  63. Downregulation of RIP3 ameliorates the left ventricular mechanics and function after myocardial infarction via modulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
  64. Evaluation of the role of some non-enzymatic antioxidants among Iraqi patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  65. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases
  66. Ten-year anemia as initial manifestation of Castleman disease in the abdominal cavity: A case report
  67. Coexistence of hereditary spherocytosis with SPTB P.Trp1150 gene variant and Gilbert syndrome: A case report and literature review
  68. Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells
  69. Exploratory evaluation supported by experimental and modeling approaches of Inula viscosa root extract as a potent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution
  70. Imaging manifestations of ductal adenoma of the breast: A case report
  71. Gut microbiota and sleep: Interaction mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
  72. Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  73. Prognostic value and microenvironmental crosstalk of exosome-related signatures in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
  74. Circular RNAs as potential biomarkers for male severe sepsis
  75. Knockdown of Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits growth and glycolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
  76. The expression and biological role of complement C1s in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  77. A novel GNAS mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a with articular flexion deformity: A case report
  78. Predictive value of serum magnesium levels for prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy
  79. HSPB1 alleviates acute-on-chronic liver failure via the P53/Bax pathway
  80. IgG4-related disease complicated by PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A case report
  81. Baculovirus-mediated endostatin and angiostatin activation of autophagy through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibits angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
  82. Metformin mitigates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy
  83. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial peptides against bacterial vaginosis
  84. Atypical presentation of γ/δ mycosis fungoides with an unusual phenotype and SOCS1 mutation
  85. Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of “gut–kidney axis”: A systematic review
  86. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of lipid metabolism
  87. Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
  88. Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma
  89. Association of low attenuation area scores with pulmonary function and clinical prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  90. Long non-coding RNAs in bone formation: Key regulators and therapeutic prospects
  91. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP35 regulates the stability of NRF2 protein
  92. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential diagnostic markers for rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
  93. G protein-coupled receptor 1 participating in the mechanism of mediating gestational diabetes mellitus by phosphorylating the AKT pathway
  94. LL37-mtDNA regulates viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-treated RLE-6TN cells by targeting Hsp90aa1
  95. The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review
  96. Chemical composition’s effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.’s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis
  97. Knockdown of HCK promotes HREC cell viability and inner blood–retinal barrier integrity by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway
  98. The role of rapamycin in the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in mitophagy in podocytes
  99. Laryngeal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Report of four cases and review of the literature
  100. Clinical value of macrogenome next-generation sequencing on infections
  101. Overview of dendritic cells and related pathways in autoimmune uveitis
  102. TAK-242 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting pyroptosis and TLR4/CaMKII/NLRP3 pathway
  103. Hypomethylation in promoters of PGC-1α involved in exercise-driven skeletal muscular alterations in old age
  104. Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals
  105. The expression and clinical significance of syncytin-1 in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  106. A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi
  107. PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising molecular targets for a rare subtype of ovarian cancer
  108. Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy
  109. SLIT3 deficiency promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by modulating UBE2C/WNT signaling
  110. The relationship between TMCO1 and CALR in the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer and its effect on the metastasis of prostate cancer cells
  111. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  112. PHB2 alleviates retinal pigment epithelium cell fibrosis by suppressing the AGE–RAGE pathway
  113. Anti-γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor autoimmune encephalitis with syncope as the initial symptom: Case report and literature review
  114. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genome of Lonicera japonica cv. Damaohua
  115. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate glutathione metabolism depending on the ERK–Nrf2–HO-1 signal pathway to repair phosphoramide mustard-induced ovarian cancer cells
  116. Electroacupuncture on GB acupoints improves osteoporosis via the estradiol–PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
  117. Renalase protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy
  118. Review: Dicranostigma leptopodum: A peculiar plant of Papaveraceae
  119. Combination effect of flavonoids attenuates lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the STAT3 and FAK signaling pathway
  120. Renal microangiopathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by anti-tumour agents: A case report
  121. Correlation analysis of AVPR1a and AVPR2 with abnormal water and sodium and potassium metabolism in rats
  122. Gastrointestinal health anti-diarrheal mixture relieves spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating gut microbiota
  123. Myriad factors and pathways influencing tumor radiotherapy resistance
  124. Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (YPS) gene expression in Nakaseomyces glabratus
  125. Screening of prognostic core genes based on cell–cell interaction in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis
  126. Coagulation factor II thrombin receptor as a promising biomarker in breast cancer management
  127. Ileocecal mucinous carcinoma misdiagnosed as incarcerated hernia: A case report
  128. Methyltransferase like 13 promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells through targeting PI3K/ATK signaling pathway
  129. The debate between electricity and heat, efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver cancer: A meta-analysis
  130. ZAG promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by promoting lipid synthesis
  131. Baicalein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates placental inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus
  132. Impact of SWCNT-conjugated senna leaf extract on breast cancer cells: A potential apoptotic therapeutic strategy
  133. MFAP5 inhibits the malignant progression of endometrial cancer cells in vitro
  134. Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
  135. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
  136. Differential expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in experimental obesity Wistar rat model
  137. The therapeutic potential of targeting Oncostatin M and the interleukin-6 family in retinal diseases: A comprehensive review
  138. BA inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptosis in human middle ear epithelial cells by regulating the Nf-Kb/Iκbα axis
  139. Role of circRMRP and circRPL27 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  140. Investigating the role of hyperexpressed HCN1 in inducing myocardial infarction through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway
  141. Characterization of phenolic compounds and evaluation of anti-diabetic potential in Cannabis sativa L. seeds: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies
  142. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis of breast Ki67 based on artificial intelligence
  143. Ecology and Environmental Science
  144. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling
  145. Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms
  146. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites
  147. Prediction of present and future distribution areas of Juniperus drupacea Labill and determination of ethnobotany properties in Antalya Province, Türkiye
  148. Population genetics of Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northwest Pacific Ocean via GBS sequencing
  149. A comparative analysis of dendrometric, macromorphological, and micromorphological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica and Pistacia terebinthus in the middle Atlas region of Morocco
  150. Macrofungal sporocarp community in the lichen Scots pine forests
  151. Assessing the proximate compositions of indigenous forage species in Yemen’s pastoral rangelands
  152. Food Science
  153. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity
  154. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome
  155. Differences in the flavonoid composition of the leaves, fruits, and branches of mulberry are distinguished based on a plant metabolomics approach
  156. Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
  157. Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
  158. Knockdown of USP7 alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by regulating EZH2 expression
  159. Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability
  160. Agriculture
  161. Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia
  162. Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control
  163. Perspectives of pteridophytes microbiome for bioremediation in agricultural applications
  164. Fertilizer application parameters for drip-irrigated peanut based on the fertilizer effect function established from a “3414” field trial
  165. Improving the productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) using optimum blended inorganic fertilization
  166. Application of leaf multispectral analyzer in comparison to hyperspectral device to assess the diversity of spectral reflectance indices in wheat genotypes
  167. Animal Sciences
  168. Knockdown of ANP32E inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and glycolysis by regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway
  169. Development of a detection chip for major pathogenic drug-resistant genes and drug targets in bovine respiratory system diseases
  170. Exploration of the genetic influence of MYOT and MB genes on the plumage coloration of Muscovy ducks
  171. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in grazing cattle: Identifying key regulators of fat metabolism
  172. Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages
  173. Transcriptomic analysis of liver immune response in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) infected with Proteus mirabilis
  174. Disruption of BCAA degradation is a critical characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy revealed by integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis
  175. Plant Sciences
  176. Effect of long-term in-row branch covering on soil microorganisms in pear orchards
  177. Photosynthetic physiological characteristics, growth performance, and element concentrations reveal the calcicole–calcifuge behaviors of three Camellia species
  178. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of NaHCO3 promoting tobacco leaf maturation
  179. Bioinformatics, expression analysis, and functional verification of allene oxide synthase gene HvnAOS1 and HvnAOS2 in qingke
  180. Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus coupling improves gray jujube fruit quality and yield
  181. Improving grape fruit quality through soil conditioner: Insights from RNA-seq analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon roots
  182. Role of Embinin in the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus in lumbar disc herniation: Promotion of nucleus pulposus neovascularization and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells
  183. Revealing the effects of amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormones on the germination of tomato seeds under salinity stress
  184. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar on the growth, yield, and quality of pepper
  185. Comprehensive phytochemical and toxicological analysis of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) fractions
  186. Impact of “3414” fertilization on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes
  187. Exploring the coupling mode of water and fertilizer for improving growth, fruit quality, and yield of the pear in the arid region
  188. Metagenomic analysis of endophytic bacteria in seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)
  189. Antibacterial, antifungal, and phytochemical properties of Salsola kali ethanolic extract
  190. Exploring the hepatoprotective properties of citronellol: In vitro and in silico studies on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells
  191. Enhanced osmotic dehydration of watermelon rind using honey–sucrose solutions: A study on pre-treatment efficacy and mass transfer kinetics
  192. Effects of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide on photosynthetic traits of 53 cowpea varieties under NaCl stress
  193. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to copper stress
  194. An optimization method for measuring the stomata in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under multiple abiotic stresses
  195. Fosinopril inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, phenotype transformation, migration, and oxidative stress through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
  196. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salsola imbricata methanolic extract and its phytochemical characterization
  197. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  198. Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration
  199. New advances in protein engineering for industrial applications: Key takeaways
  200. An overview of the production and use of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
  201. Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  202. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring
  203. PEI/MMNs@LNA-542 nanoparticles alleviate ICU-acquired weakness through targeted autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial protection
  204. Unleashing of cytotoxic effects of thymoquinone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells
  205. Erratum
  206. Erratum to “Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM”
  207. Erratum to “Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation”
  208. Retraction
  209. Retraction to “MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB”
  210. Retraction to “A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis”
  211. Special Issue on Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Treatment
  212. Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
  213. Special Issue on Multi-omics
  214. Inflammasome complex genes with clinical relevance suggest potential as therapeutic targets for anti-tumor drugs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
  215. Gastroesophageal varices in primary biliary cholangitis with anti-centromere antibody positivity: Early onset?
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 18.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0976/html?srsltid=AfmBOoq5xCTAR688hshFdsD-yO7YwlvkEsrkdrY3Uy2AQ9BhuAxv0BHe
Scroll to top button