Startseite Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
Artikel Open Access

Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis

  • Zixuan Wu , Xi Long , Kang Tan , Xiaolei Yao EMAIL logo und Qinghua Peng EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 5. August 2025
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Open Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Medicine Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Background

Sarcoidosis is characterized by the proliferation of noncaseating granulomas and presents as a complex chronic inflammatory disease. Autophagy plays a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and treatment resistance of various cancers. Despite the recognized importance of autophagy, the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in the pathophysiology of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) remains largely unexplored.

Methods

We intersected differentially expressed genes with a curated list of 177 ARGs to identify candidates potentially involved in OS. Advanced methodologies, including GSEA and GSVA, were employed to explore the biological functions. Further refinement using Lasso regression and SVM-RFE allowed for the identification of key hub genes and the assessment of their diagnostic potential for OS.

Results

Our investigation identified 11 ARGs (DRAM1, SOGA1, ATG16L2, FYCO1, ATG7, ATG12, ATG14, KIAA0226, KIAA1324, KIAA1324L, and KIAA0226L) closely associated with OS. Functional analyses revealed their involvement in processes such as extracellular stimulus, response to nutrient levels, and positive regulation of catabolic process. Importantly, the diagnostic capabilities of these ARGs demonstrated significant efficacy in distinguishing OS from unaffected states.

Conclusions

Through rigorous bioinformatics analyses, this study identifies 11 ARGs as novel biomarker candidates for OS, elucidating their potential roles in the disease’s pathogenesis.

Keywords: ocular sarcoidosis; autophagy-related genes; biomarker candidates; immune infiltration; cell communication

1 Introduction

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder marked by non-caseating epithelioid granulomas across multiple organs. Its etiology remains poorly understood, arising from complex interactions between immune dysregulation and environmental exposures, particularly infectious agents [1]. Ocular sarcoidosis (OS) reflects the clinical heterogeneity of the disease, ranging from isolated ocular involvement to manifestations that precede or accompany systemic disease [2]. Diagnosis remains challenging due to the variable sensitivity of current tests and the frequent reliance on tissue biopsy for definitive histological confirmation [3]. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 7–60% of cases, with posterior segment disease often portending central nervous system involvement [4]. The diagnostic process is further complicated by the clinical mimicry of OS with other ocular inflammatory conditions [5]. Histopathologically, the identification of non-necrotizing granulomas and the exclusion of infectious or foreign material by negative staining remain the gold standard. Given these diagnostic limitations, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of OS is critical [6]. A mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiology is key to developing targeted therapies that may reduce disease recurrence and improve clinical outcomes, ultimately advancing the management of sarcoidosis.

Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic components via the lysosomal pathway, playing a pivotal role in cellular self-renewal, homeostasis, and – in certain contexts – programmed cell death [7,8]. Mounting evidence highlights its essential function in preserving intracellular integrity and regulating diverse physiological processes. Dysregulation of autophagy, whether through excessive activation or suppression, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cancer and pulmonary disorders. While autophagy-related genes (ARGs) are known to influence tumor initiation and progression, their precise contributions remain incompletely characterized [9,10]. Beyond its metabolic and catabolic roles, autophagy is intricately involved in immune regulation. It is essential for antigen processing and presentation via major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, thereby facilitating T-cell activation and adaptive immune responses [11]. In the innate immune system, autophagy modulates the activity of macrophages and dendritic cells, enhancing their capacity to detect and eliminate pathogens. Notably, autophagy intersects with apoptotic pathways, shaping immune cell survival and function [12]. During lymphocyte development, it contributes to the clearance of aberrant or superfluous cells, ensuring immune homeostasis. Conversely, impaired autophagy is associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases, where pathogens may evade immune clearance by subverting autophagic mechanisms [13]. Deciphering the intricate crosstalk between autophagy and immunity is crucial for advancing novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

The advent of high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing, combined with comprehensive clinical annotations from the OS Initiative, has enabled unprecedented exploration of the transcriptional dynamics and molecular networks underlying OS [14,15,16]. Bioinformatic interrogation of these rich datasets has yielded critical insights into the multifactorial pathophysiology of OS. However, the specific roles of ARGs in OS remain underexplored. To address this gap, the present study aimed to systematically analyze OS-associated GEO datasets to elucidate the functional relevance of ARGs in OS pathogenesis, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Framework.
Figure 1

Framework.

2 Materials and methods

We adopted the methodologies delineated by Wu et al. in 2023 [17].

2.1 Raw data and differentially expressed genes (DEGs)

We utilized two foundational datasets from the GEO series, GSE58331 and GSE105149. GSE58331 was used for training, while GSE105149 was reserved for validation. Additionally, the MSigDB provided a comprehensive list of 307 ARGs (Table S1). mRNA profiles were extracted using Perl scripts to match and sort transcriptional data from GSE58331. Following normalization, DEGs among the ARGs were identified using stringent criteria: FDR < 0.05 and |log2FC| ≥ 1. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was then employed, using the corrplot package in R.

2.2 Development of a predictive model, immune cell infiltration, and functional enrichment analysis

To explore the biological relevance and pathway engagement of DEGs, we performed GO and KEGG analyses. We utilized the R programming environment to investigate the influence of differentially expressed ARGs on BP, MF, and CC. For model optimization, Lasso regression analysis was implemented using the glmnet package, enhanced through rigorous cross-validation procedures. Further validation was achieved through the deployment of the SVM-RFE algorithm, facilitated by the e1071 package, meticulously crafting a robust machine learning model. The reliability and accuracy of our model were stringently assessed via cross-validation, focusing on minimizing error rates and ensuring predictive consistency. Through the utilization of the ggplot2 package, our analysis prioritized DEGs, pinpointing pivotal genes crucial for disease classification. Moreover, the employment of the CIBERSORT algorithm enabled detailed analysis of immune cell composition, providing profound insights into the immunological milieu pertinent to the pathology under investigation.

2.3 Gene set enrichment and variation analyses and drug–gene interaction insights

To decipher functional dynamics and pathway deviations in diverse biological samples, we applied GSEA and GSVA. Using the R platform, we analyzed the impact of differentially expressed ARGs on BP, MF, and CC and related pathways. This provided a comprehensive view of their involvement in disease pathophysiology. Recognizing the critical role of validated biomarkers in therapeutic design, precise drug–gene interaction predictions are paramount. For this purpose, we leveraged the DGIdb to forecast potential interactions for pivotal hub genes, thereby informing potential therapeutic targets.

2.4 Assembly of an mRNA–miRNA–lncRNA regulatory network

Non-coding RNA transcripts are crucial determinants in the genetic regulatory framework. miRNAs orchestrate gene expression by modulating mRNA stability and translation, whereas lncRNAs, which exceed 200 nucleotides in length, influence cellular mechanisms through chromosomal modifications, transcriptional activation, and molecular interference. Recent evidence underscores a sophisticated interaction between miRNAs and lncRNAs, manifesting in competitive binding dynamics with other regulatory molecules. This interaction model, referred to as the ceRNA hypothesis, elucidates how lncRNAs modulate gene expression by miRNA sequestration. To construct this regulatory network, we extracted validated miRNA–lncRNA–target interactions from databases such as miRTarBase and PrognoScan, providing a rich resource for understanding these complex regulatory relationships.

  1. Ethical approval: This manuscript is not a clinical trial; hence, the ethics approval and consent to participation are not applicable.

3 Results

3.1 Identification and enrichment analysis of DEGs

Among the 25 ARGs analyzed, a subset showed significant differences in expression levels between treatment and control groups, specifically genes such as ATG2A, ATG101, KIAA1324, ATG7, DRAM1, ATG16L2, KIAA0226, and KIAA0226L in the treatment group, while genes like TG4C, ATG12, ATG14, ATG5, ATG2B, SOGA1, FYCO1, and WIPI2 in the control group (Figure 2a). These DEGs were further analyzed for correlation, and a correlation matrix was visualized (Figure 2b) (Table S2). GO enrichment analysis identified 120 core targets. MFs primarily included phospholipid binding (GO:0005543), phosphatidylinositol binding (GO:0035091), and GTPase binding (GO:0051020). CCs are mainly involved in vacuolar membrane (GO:0005774), endocytic vesicle (GO:0030139), and extrinsic component of membrane (GO:0019898). BPs mainly included response to extracellular stimulus (GO:0009991), response to nutrient levels (GO:0031667), and positive regulation of catabolic process (GO:0009896). KEGG analysis revealed that overexpressed genes were primarily involved in the regulation of autophagy (hsa04140) and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway (hsa04622) (Figure 3 and Tables S3 and S4).

Figure 2 Principal component analysis. (a) Difference analysis. (b) Correlation analysis. (c) GO. (d) KEGG.
Figure 2

Principal component analysis. (a) Difference analysis. (b) Correlation analysis. (c) GO. (d) KEGG.

Figure 3 The ARG signature. (a) Regression of Lasso. (b) Cross-validation. (c and d) Accuracy and error. (e) Venn. (f) AUC of 11 hub genes. (g) AUC of the training group.
Figure 3

The ARG signature. (a) Regression of Lasso. (b) Cross-validation. (c and d) Accuracy and error. (e) Venn. (f) AUC of 11 hub genes. (g) AUC of the training group.

3.2 Model construction

We employed a comprehensive methodology involving Lasso regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (Figure 3a and b). Subsequently, we constructed a machine learning model using SVM-RFE to validate the predictive accuracy and reliability of the model. This model demonstrated impressive accuracy (0.94) with a minimal error rate of 0.06 (Figure 3c and d). A cross-reference of five ARGs identified through both Lasso and SVM methodologies was performed (Figure 3e). Comparative analysis with these five hub genes revealed significantly high area under the curve (AUC) values, indicating robust predictive power: DRAM1 (AUC = 0.912), SOGA1 (AUC = 0.893), ATG16L2 (AUC = 0.917), FYCO1 (AUC = 0.981), ATG7 (AUC = 0.815), ATG12 (AUC = 0.815), ATG14 (AUC = 0.893), KIAA0226 (AUC = 0.665), KIAA1324 (AUC = 0.771), KIAA1324L (AUC = 0.771), and KIAA0226L (AUC = 0.823) (Figure 3f). Notably, an AUC of 1.000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.000–1.000) was achieved in the GSE58331 dataset (Figure 3g; Table 1 and Table S4).

Table 1

The characteristics of model

Label Lasso SVM-RFE
Sensitivity 1 1
Specificity 0.875 0.75
Pos pred value 0.916666667 0.846153846
Neg pred value 1 1
Precision 0.916666667 0.846153846
Recall 1 1
F1 0.956521739 0.916666667
Prevalence 0.578947368 0.578947368
Detection rate 0.578947368 0.578947368
Detection prevalence 0.631578947 0.684210526
Balanced accuracy 0.9375 0.875

3.3 GSEA analysis

Through literature review and sensitivity analysis within the model, we identified ATG16L2 and DRAM1 as potentially the most relevant genes to OS. In terms of GO analysis, ATG16L2 mainly involves BP cellular response to interferon gamma, BP leukocyte cell–cell adhesion, and BP myeloid leukocyte activation. DRAM1 mainly involves BP regulation of innate immune response, BP regulation of response to biotic stimulus, and BP response to interferon gamma (Figure 4a). In KEGG analysis, ATG16L2 is primarily associated with leishmania infection, nod-like receptor signaling pathway, and spliceosome, while DRAM1 is linked to nod-like receptor signaling pathway, spliceosome, and toll-like receptor signaling pathway (Figure 4b) (Table S5).

Figure 4 GSEA analysis in ATG16L2 and DRAM1. (a) GO. (b) KEGG.
Figure 4

GSEA analysis in ATG16L2 and DRAM1. (a) GO. (b) KEGG.

3.4 Immunological environment in OS

The immunological milieu plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of OS. We utilized a violin plot to depict the distribution of immune cell levels. In the treatment group, there was a marked elevation in the expression of naive B cells, memory B cells, follicular helper T cells, resting NK cells, M0 macrophages, and activated mast cells. Conversely, the control group showed significantly higher levels of memory cells, activated NK cells, M2 macrophages, and resting mast cells (Figure 5a). Further, we performed a correlation analysis between these genes and immune cells (Figure 5b). Additionally, we separately analyzed the immune infiltration patterns of ATG16L2 and DRAM1 (Figure 5c and d).

Figure 5 Immunological environment. (a) Immune cell. (b) Correlation between ARGs and immune cells. (c) ATG16L2. (d) DRAM1.
Figure 5

Immunological environment. (a) Immune cell. (b) Correlation between ARGs and immune cells. (c) ATG16L2. (d) DRAM1.

3.5 GSVA analysis

ATG16L2 mainly involves BP cellular response to heparin, MF CCR6 chemokine receptor binding, CC troponin complex, BP lacrimal gland development, BP acetate ester transport, CC microvesicle, BP flavone metabolic process, BP flavonoid glucuronidation, and BP xenobiotic glucuronidation. DRAM1 mainly involves MF structural constituent of tooth enamel, CC microvesicle, BP regulation of response to drug, BP flavonoid glucuronidation, BP negative regulation of feeding behavior, BP flavone metabolic process, CC troponin complex, BP acetate ester transport, and BP xenobiotic glucuronidation (Figure 6a). In terms of KEGG analysis, ATG16L2 mainly involves limonene and pinene degradation, drug metabolism – other enzymes, butanoate metabolism, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, maturity onset diabetes of the young, olfactory transduction, basal cell carcinoma, hedgehog signaling pathway, glycine serine and threonine metabolism, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis lacto and neolacto series. DRAM1 mainly involves butanoate metabolism, drug metabolism – other enzymes, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, olfactory transduction, glycine serine and threonine metabolism, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis lacto and neolacto series, hedgehog signaling pathway, basal cell carcinoma, maturity onset diabetes of the young (Figure 6b).

Figure 6 GSVA analysis in ATG16L2 and DRAM1. (a) GO. (b) KEGG.
Figure 6

GSVA analysis in ATG16L2 and DRAM1. (a) GO. (b) KEGG.

3.6 Drug–gene interactions and construction of miRNA–lncRNA shared genes network

The 11 hub genes predicted one drug (cisplatin). We conducted searches in three databases to identify 289 miRNAs and 376 lncRNAs linked with OS (Tables S10 and S11). Table S6 demonstrates the matching of these genes against the corresponding miRNA database. The databases used for this search were miRanda [18], miRDB [19], and TargetScan [20]. Each match with the relevant miRNA in these databases was assigned a score of 1. Notably, a match in all three databases received a score of 3. The corresponding lncRNA data were obtained by matching the miRNAs with the spongeScan database. The miRNA–lncRNA–gene interaction network was established by intersecting datasets with shared genes identified through Lasso regression and SVM-RFE. This comprehensive network encompasses 271 lncRNAs, 225 miRNAs, and several common genes, prominently featuring 7 hub genes: FYCO1, KIAA1324L, ATG7, KIAA1324, DRAM1, ATG16L2, and ATG12 (Figure 7).

Figure 7 miRNAs–lncRNAs shared genes network. Note: Red circles are mRNAs, blue quadrangles are miRNAs, and green triangles are lncRNAs.
Figure 7

miRNAs–lncRNAs shared genes network. Note: Red circles are mRNAs, blue quadrangles are miRNAs, and green triangles are lncRNAs.

3.7 Validation of hub genes

We used GSE105149 for validation of the hub genes. However, among the five ARGs, only ATG16L2 and DRAM1 showed significant differences in the GSE105149 analysis (Figure 8). Upon recalibration of the data, we observed differences in sample sizes between the two datasets, as well as differences in patient sources, which may have contributed to bias in the results.

Figure 8 Validation of hub genes.
Figure 8

Validation of hub genes.

3.8 Model verification

The boxplots illustrated the residual expression patterns of these genes in OS (Figure 9a). There were differences in the proportions of the four different modes (Figure 9b and c). The diagnostic capacity of the ARGs in distinguishing OS from control samples revealed a satisfactory diagnostic value, with an AUC of RF: 1.000; SVM: 1.000; XGB: 1.000; and GLM: 1.000 (Figure 9d). Additionally, an AUC of 1.000 (95% CI 1.000–1.000) was achieved in GSE105149 (Figure 9e).

Figure 9 Model verification. (a) Residual expression patterns. (b and c) Model expression patterns. (d) AUC of the model. (e) AUC of the test group.
Figure 9

Model verification. (a) Residual expression patterns. (b and c) Model expression patterns. (d) AUC of the model. (e) AUC of the test group.

4 Discussion

Ophthalmic disturbances are prevalent in a significant proportion of sarcoidosis patients, affecting 30–60% of cases. OS may occur independently, without systemic manifestations, or as the primary site of affliction, accompanied by limited symptoms in other regions [21]. Although OS can affect any part of the eye, uveitis is the most common form, impacting 20–30% of those diagnosed with sarcoidosis [22]. The burden of these symptoms is considerable, affecting patients’ physical and psychological well-being and imposing substantial economic costs. Ocular complications can lead to reduced visual function, pain, discomfort, and diminished quality of life [23]. Addressing the challenges of OS necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, pulmonologists, rheumatologists, and other relevant specialists to ensure comprehensive care. Accurate and timely diagnosis of OS is critical to prevent irreversible damage and optimize treatment outcomes [24]. Autophagy, as a critical intracellular degradation and recycling mechanism, maintains the health of ocular tissues by regulating cellular homeostasis and removing damaged organelles and proteins. In glaucoma, autophagy mitigates neuronal death and optic nerve damage by clearing damaged retinal ganglion cells and mitochondria. Studies have shown that activation of autophagy helps protect retinal cells, reducing cellular stress and damage caused by elevated intraocular pressure [25]. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), impaired autophagy is considered a key factor in the degeneration and death of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Defective autophagy may lead to the accumulation of harmful intracellular substances, exacerbating retinal damage and macular degeneration [26]. Enhancing autophagic activity is viewed as a potential therapeutic strategy to clear accumulated pathogenic proteins and lipids, thereby protecting retinal cells. Moreover, in diabetic retinopathy, autophagy plays a crucial role. Under hyperglycemic conditions, dysregulated autophagy may contribute to retinal vascular abnormalities and neurodegenerative changes. Modulating autophagy pathways could effectively alleviate retinal damage caused by diabetes and protect visual function [27]. In summary, autophagy is pivotal in the pathogenesis and progression of various ocular diseases. A deeper understanding of the relationship between autophagy and eye diseases will aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to preserve vision and ocular health. Our investigation elucidated the significant interactions between these genes and specific transcription factors within the context of angiogenesis. A thorough review of existing literature highlighted the pivotal roles of ATG16L2 and DRAM1 genes in the interface between OS and ARGs. Further analysis of their biological functions demonstrated their involvement in various immune-related processes, such as epithelial cell migration, tissue migration, and broader epithelium dynamics. These findings suggest that ARGs may exert extensive regulatory influence across diverse biological pathways, particularly in immune modulation.

ATG16L2 and DRAM1 are genes that have been increasingly recognized for their roles in a variety of pathological conditions, including ocular diseases. Their involvement in extracellular matrix remodeling and immune responses, respectively, underscores their importance in disease mechanisms. The genes ATG16L2 and DRAM1 have been identified as significant contributors to the pathogenesis of various diseases through their roles in autophagy. The ATG16L2 gene encodes a protein that is integral to the autophagy process, which is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and removing damaged organelles [28]. Dysregulation of ATG16L2, due to mutations or altered expression, can lead to autophagic dysfunction, which is implicated in a range of disorders, including AMD and retinitis pigmentosa [29]. DRAM1, another key player in autophagy, encodes a protein that is critical for the formation and maturation of autophagosomes. Functional impairments in DRAM1 are associated with the pathogenesis of several degenerative diseases, notably glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. In these conditions, abnormal DRAM1 expression can induce cellular stress and apoptosis, thereby exacerbating disease progression [30]. Thus, aberrations in ATG16L2 and DRAM1 may facilitate the development of diseases by disrupting autophagic pathways. These discoveries not only deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving these conditions but also suggest potential therapeutic targets. Continued research is essential to elucidate the precise roles of these genes across various pathological states and to assess their viability as therapeutic targets. This body of evidence reveals a nuanced interplay between ATG16L2 and DRAM1 in regulating retinal function and intraocular pressure, offering fresh insights into the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Our study, supported by dataset GSE105149, delves into the roles of these genes in OS, suggesting that angiogenesis-related traits could serve as potential prognostic indicators. This comprehension paves the way for novel approaches in managing and treating ocular diseases, underscoring the importance of ATG16L2 and DRAM1 in preserving ocular health.

In the intricate landscape of OS, an expanding body of evidence is challenging the traditional view that links an enhanced immune response solely to CD4 cell activity. Instead, a more complex picture is emerging, one that includes pre-existing T-regulatory cells and a blend of both proinflammatory and regulatory elements, such as variations in cytokine levels [31]. This complexity may underlie a disordered immune reconstitution, rendering individuals more vulnerable to opportunistic infections – whether existing, latent, or previously managed [32]. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus infections, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, kaposis sarcoma, and various autoimmune disorders may become exacerbated or escape detection. Notably, cytomegalovirus retinitis emerges as a leading opportunistic infection associated with immunological recovery uveitis [33,34]. Emerging therapeutic strategies that aim to increase intracellular cAMP levels offer a promising avenue for mitigating chronic inflammation. Small-molecule phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, which prevent cAMP degradation, have shown efficacy in a range of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis [35,36]. Expanding on our prior research, we investigated the expression patterns of ARGs in the immune environment. Strikingly, our observations revealed significant expression in various cell types within the treated group, including naive B cells, memory B cells, follicular helper T cells, resting NK cells, etc. Through bioinformatics validation, we identified abnormal gene expression signatures linked to dysregulated immune responses in OS patients, offering crucial insights into the disease mechanisms.

The exploration of biomarkers in the context of OS has been notably limited, with the intricate relationship between metabolic processes and ocular diseases only recently beginning to emerge through bioinformatics analyses [37,38,39]. In the rapidly evolving field of OS research, Liu et al. recently identified hub genes associated with the condition using WGCNA. Similarly, Hu et al. developed a bioinformatics model for thyroid eye disease, pinpointing 11 key genes. Huang et al. made significant strides by identifying six crucial genes central to diabetic retinopathy through sophisticated bioinformatics analyses, complemented by in vivo validation. Despite these advancements, the intersection between angiogenesis and OS remains largely unexplored. Our study aims to address this gap by investigating cell metabolism and examining ARGs extracted from GEO datasets. This innovative approach distinguishes our work, offering novel theoretical perspectives and methodological innovations. However, our study has limitations. A deeper understanding of the molecular dynamics linking ARGs with OS is crucial. Both in vivo and in vitro studies hold immense potential for unraveling these complexities, suggesting numerous avenues for future research. Additionally, exploring the correlation between prognostic genes and ARGs in the context of OS is essential.

5 Conclusion

The pathogenesis and progression of OS involve complex, multifactorial interactions among various targets, pathways, signaling molecules, and regulatory frameworks. Among these, ATG16L2 and DRAM1 are pivotal, exerting significant influence on the angiogenesis program.

# Zixuan Wu is the first author.

## Qinghua Peng and Xiaolei Yao contributed equally to this article as the corresponding authors.

  1. Funding information: Financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30772824 and 81574031); Key Laboratory of TCM Prevention and Treatment of Ent Diseases of Hunan Province (2017TP1018); Changsha Science and Technology Plan Project (K1501014-31 and KC1704005); Central government financial support for the construction of local universities (2018–2019); State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Discipline of Ophthalmology construction project; Key discipline construction project of TCM Five Senses Science in Hunan Province; Hunan Graduate Research Innovation Project (CX20240072); and “Yifang” Graduate Innovation Project, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (2022YF01).

  2. Author contributions: Zixuan Wu drafted and revised the manuscript. Xi Long and Kang Tan were in charge of data collection. Zixuan Wu and Xi Long were in charge of the design of the frame. Xiaolei Yao and Qinghua Peng conceived and designed this article, were in charge of syntax modification, and revised the manuscript. All the authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Supplementary appendix.

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Received: 2024-12-18
Revised: 2025-06-11
Accepted: 2025-06-23
Published Online: 2025-08-05

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
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  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
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  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
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  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
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  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
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  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
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  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
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  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
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  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
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  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
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  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
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  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Review Articles
  156. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  157. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  158. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  159. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  160. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  161. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  162. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  163. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  164. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  165. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  166. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  167. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  168. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  169. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  170. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  171. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  172. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  173. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  174. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  175. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  176. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  177. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
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  179. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  180. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  181. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  182. Case Reports
  183. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  184. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  185. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
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  191. Rapid Communication
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  194. Letter to the Editor
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  196. Expression of Concern
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  198. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  199. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  200. Corrigendum
  201. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  202. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  203. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  204. Retraction
  205. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  206. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  207. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
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  214. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
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  216. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
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  223. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
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  226. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
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  228. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  229. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  230. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1243
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
ocular sarcoidosis; autophagy-related genes; biomarker candidates; immune infiltration; cell communication
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro testing of the rutin effects on triple-negative breast cancer
  3. Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study
  4. Knockdown of CCNB1 alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast dysfunction during gestational diabetes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  5. Risk factors for severe adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
  6. Analysis of the effect of ALA-PDT on macrophages in footpad model of mice infected with Fonsecaea monophora based on single-cell sequencing
  7. Development and validation of headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector method for the determination of ethanol in the vitreous humor
  8. CMSP exerts anti-tumor effects on small cell lung cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis
  9. Predictive value of plasma sB7-H3 and YKL-40 in pediatric refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
  10. Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway
  11. Comparison of the effectiveness of nurse-led preoperative counseling and postoperative follow-up care vs standard care for patients with gastric cancer
  12. Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis
  13. Adhered macrophages as an additional marker of cardiomyocyte injury in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
  14. Association between statin administration and outcome in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study
  15. Exploration of the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018
  16. A comparative analysis of the binary and multiclass classified chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 with ML and DL models
  17. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 alleviates deep vein thrombosis via protective endothelial barrier function
  18. Transcription factor A, mitochondrial promotes lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
  19. Serum PM20D1 levels are associated with nutritional status and inflammatory factors in gastric cancer patients undergoing early enteral nutrition
  20. Hydromorphone reduced the incidence of emergence agitation after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, double-blind study
  21. Vitamin D replacement therapy may regulate sleep habits in patients with restless leg syndrome
  22. The first-line antihypertensive nitrendipine potentiated the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin by downregulating CACNA1D in colorectal cancer
  23. Health literacy and health-related quality of life: The mediating role of irrational happiness
  24. Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis
  25. Mechanism research on inhibition of gastric cancer in vitro by the extract of Pinellia ternata based on network pharmacology and cellular metabolomics
  26. Examination of the causal role of immune cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  27. Clinical analysis of ten cases of HIV infection combined with acute leukemia
  28. Investigating the cardioprotective potential of quercetin against tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats: A mechanistic insights
  29. Clinical observation of probiotics combined with mesalazine and Yiyi Baitouweng Decoction retention enema in treating mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis
  30. Diagnostic value of ratio of blood inflammation to coagulation markers in periprosthetic joint infection
  31. Sex-specific associations of sex hormone binding globulin and risk of bladder cancer
  32. Core muscle strength and stability-oriented breathing training reduces inter-recti distance in postpartum women
  33. The ERAS nursing care strategy for patients undergoing transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary tumor resection: A randomized blinded controlled trial
  34. The serum IL-17A levels in patients with traumatic bowel rupture post-surgery and its predictive value for patient prognosis
  35. Impact of Kolb’s experiential learning theory-based nursing on caregiver burden and psychological state of caregivers of dementia patients
  36. Analysis of serum NLR combined with intraoperative margin condition to predict the prognosis of cervical HSIL patients undergoing LEEP surgery
  37. Commiphora gileadensis ameliorate infertility and erectile dysfunction in diabetic male mice
  38. The correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition classification and MMP2 expression of circulating tumor cells and prognosis of advanced or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  39. Tetrahydropalmatine improves mitochondrial function in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerosis in vitro by inhibiting Ras homolog gene family A/Rho-associated protein kinase-1 signaling pathway
  40. A cross-sectional study: Relationship between serum oxidative stress levels and arteriovenous fistula maturation in maintenance dialysis patients
  41. A comparative analysis of the impact of repeated administration of flavan 3-ol on brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue
  42. Identifying early screening factors for depression in middle-aged and older adults: A cohort study
  43. Perform tumor-specific survival analysis for Merkel cell carcinoma patients undergoing surgical resection based on the SEER database by constructing a nomogram chart
  44. Unveiling the role of CXCL10 in pancreatic cancer progression: A novel prognostic indicator
  45. High-dose preoperative intraperitoneal erythropoietin and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute traumatic spinal cord injuries following decompression surgeries
  46. RAB39B: A novel biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia identified via multi-omics and functional validation
  47. Impact of peripheral conditioning on reperfusion injury following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic and non-diabetic STEMI patients
  48. Clinical efficacy of azacitidine in the treatment of middle- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients: A retrospective study
  49. The effect of ambulatory blood pressure load on mitral regurgitation in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
  50. Expression and clinical significance of ITGA3 in breast cancer
  51. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals ARHGAP28 expression of podocytes as a biomarker in human diabetic nephropathy
  52. rSIG combined with NLR in the prognostic assessment of patients with multiple injuries
  53. Toxic metals and metalloids in collagen supplements of fish and jellyfish origin: Risk assessment for daily intake
  54. Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  55. Gender beliefs and legitimization of dating violence in adolescents
  56. Effect of serum IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 levels on the efficacy of modified preperitoneal Kugel repair in patients with inguinal hernia
  57. Effect of smoking and smoking cessation on hematological parameters in polycythemic patients
  58. Pathogen surveillance and risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer: A retrospective single-center study
  59. Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway
  60. Celastrol suppresses neovascularization in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells stimulated by inflammatory tenocytes via modulating the NLRP3 pathway
  61. Cord-lamina angle and foraminal diameter as key predictors of C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery
  62. GATA1: A key biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  63. Influencing factors of false lumen thrombosis in type B aortic dissection: A single-center retrospective study
  64. MZB1 regulates the immune microenvironment and inhibits ovarian cancer cell migration
  65. Integrating experimental and network pharmacology to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Dioscin against glioblastoma
  66. Trends in research on preterm birth in twin pregnancy based on bibliometrics
  67. Four-week IgE/baseline IgE ratio combined with tryptase predicts clinical outcome in omalizumab-treated children with moderate-to-severe asthma
  68. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a stress response Schwann cell subtype
  69. Acute pancreatitis risk in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A critical focus
  70. Effect of subclinical esketamine on NLRP3 and cognitive dysfunction in elderly ischemic stroke patients
  71. Interleukin-37 mediates the anti-oral tumor activity in oral cancer through STAT3
  72. CA199 and CEA expression levels, and minimally invasive postoperative prognosis analysis in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients
  73. Efficacy of a novel drainage catheter in the treatment of CSF leak after posterior spine surgery: A retrospective cohort study
  74. Comprehensive biomedicine assessment of Apteranthes tuberculata extracts: Phytochemical analysis and multifaceted pharmacological evaluation in animal models
  75. Relation of time in range to severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
  76. Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis by stimulating electrical activity in the developing rat retina
  77. Correlation between albumin levels during the third trimester and the risk of postpartum levator ani muscle rupture
  78. Factors associated with maternal attention and distraction during breastfeeding and childcare: A cross-sectional study in the west of Iran
  79. Mechanisms of hesperetin in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease via network pharmacology and in vitro experiments
  80. The law on oncological oblivion in the Italian and European context: How to best uphold the cancer patients’ rights to privacy and self-determination?
  81. The prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index for survival in patients with colorectal cancer
  82. Factors affecting the measurements of peripheral oxygen saturation values in healthy young adults
  83. Comparison and correlations between findings of hysteroscopy and vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients with recurrent implantation failure
  84. The effects of different types of RAGT on balance function in stroke patients with low levels of independent walking in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital
  85. Causal relationship between asthma and ankylosing spondylitis: A bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
  86. Correlations of health literacy with individuals’ understanding and use of medications in Southern Taiwan
  87. Correlation of serum calprotectin with outcome of acute cerebral infarction
  88. Comparison of computed tomography and guided bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  89. Curdione protects vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerosis via the regulation of DNMT1-mediated ERBB4 promoter methylation
  90. The identification of novel missense variant in ChAT gene in a patient with gestational diabetes denotes plausible genetic association
  91. Molecular genotyping of multi-system rare blood types in foreign blood donors based on DNA sequencing and its clinical significance
  92. Exploring the role of succinyl carnitine in the association between CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cell and ulcerative colitis: A Mendelian randomization study
  93. Dexmedetomidine suppresses microglial activation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction via the mmu-miRNA-125/TRAF6 signaling axis
  94. Analysis of serum metabolomics in patients with different types of chronic heart failure
  95. Diagnostic value of hematological parameters in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis
  96. Pachymaran alleviates fat accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and injury in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  97. Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19
  98. METTL3 blocked the progression of diabetic retinopathy through m6A-modified SOX2
  99. The predictive significance of anti-RO-52 antibody in patients with interstitial pneumonia after treatment of malignant tumors
  100. Exploring cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, cognitive function, and brain atrophy: Insights from Mendelian randomization
  101. Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of ocular sarcoidosis based on autophagy-related gene analysis
  102. Widespread venous thrombosis: Unveiling a complex case of Behçet’s disease with a literature perspective
  103. Uterine fibroid embolization: An analysis of clinical outcomes and impact on patients’ quality of life
  104. Discovery of lipid metabolism-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head
  105. Serum-derived exomiR-188-3p is a promising novel biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer
  106. Enhancing chronic back pain management: A comparative study of ultrasound–MRI fusion guidance for paravertebral nerve block
  107. Peptide CCAT1-70aa promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and invasion via the MAPK/ERK pathway
  108. Electroacupuncture-induced reduction of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via FTO-dependent m6A methylation modulation
  109. Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
  110. Cell-free adipose extract inhibits hypertrophic scar formation through collagen remodeling and antiangiogenesis
  111. HALP score in Demodex blepharitis: A case–control study
  112. Assessment of SOX2 performance as a marker for circulating cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) identification in advanced breast cancer patients using CytoTrack system
  113. Risk and prognosis for brain metastasis in primary metastatic cervical cancer patients: A population-based study
  114. Comparison of the two intestinal anastomosis methods in pediatric patients
  115. Factors influencing hematological toxicity and adverse effects of perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal vs intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer
  116. Endotoxin tolerance inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages of septic mice by restoring autophagic flux through TRIM26
  117. Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single-centre experience of 21 procedures
  118. Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT/NF-κB/LCN2 axis
  119. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis
  120. Factors determining the number of sessions in successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients
  121. Development of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with renal pelvic cancer following surgery
  122. Inhibition of ATG7 promotes orthodontic tooth movement by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio under compression force
  123. A machine learning-based prognostic model integrating mRNA stemness index, hypoxia, and glycolysis‑related biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  124. Glutathione attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy via dual modulation of NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathways
  125. FAHD1 prevents neuronal ferroptosis by modulating R-loop and the cGAS–STING pathway
  126. Association of placenta weight and morphology with term low birth weight: A case–control study
  127. Investigation of the pathogenic variants induced Sjogren’s syndrome in Turkish population
  128. Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction
  129. TGF-β–Smad2/3 signaling in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats: Role and mechanisms via macrophage M2 polarization
  130. Ultrasound-guided unilateral versus bilateral erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  131. Profiling gut microbiome dynamics in subacute thyroiditis: Implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
  132. Delta neutrophil index, CRP/albumin ratio, procalcitonin, immature granulocytes, and HALP score in acute appendicitis: Best performing biomarker?
  133. Anticancer activity mechanism of novelly synthesized and characterized benzofuran ring-linked 3-nitrophenyl chalcone derivative on colon cancer cells
  134. H2valdien3 arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer
  135. Prognostic relevance of PRSS2 and its immune correlates in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  136. Association of SGLT2 inhibition with psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
  137. Motivational interviewing for alcohol use reduction in Thai patients
  138. Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling
  139. Polyphyllin II inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth by simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  140. Relationship between the expression of copper death promoting factor SLC31A1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinicopathological indicators and prognosis
  141. CSF2 polarized neutrophils and invaded renal cancer cells in vitro influence
  142. Proton pump inhibitors-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic literature analysis of case reports
  143. The current status and influence factors of research ability among community nurses: A sequential qualitative–quantitative study
  144. OKAIN: A comprehensive oncology knowledge base for the interpretation of clinically actionable alterations
  145. The relationship between serum CA50, CA242, and SAA levels and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  146. Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on hypoxia–glycolysis-related genes for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
  147. Engineered RBC-derived nanovesicles functionalized with tumor-targeting ligands: A comparative study on breast cancer targeting efficiency and biocompatibility
  148. Relationship of resting echocardiography combined with serum micronutrients to the severity of low-gradient severe aortic stenosis
  149. Effect of vibration on pain during subcutaneous heparin injection: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  150. The diagnostic performance of machine learning-based FFRCT for coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  151. Comparing biofeedback device vs diaphragmatic breathing for bloating relief: A randomized controlled trial
  152. Serum uric acid to albumin ratio and C-reactive protein as predictive biomarkers for chronic total occlusion and coronary collateral circulation quality
  153. Multiple organ scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit
  154. Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis of the inner ear in gentamicin-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection
  155. Review Articles
  156. The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review
  157. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments
  158. Microscopic changes and gross morphology of placenta in women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus in dietary treatment: A systematic review
  159. Review of mechanisms and frontier applications in IL-17A-induced hypertension
  160. Research progress on the correlation between islet amyloid peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  161. The safety and efficacy of BCG combined with mitomycin C compared with BCG monotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  162. The application of augmented reality in robotic general surgery: A mini-review
  163. The effect of Greek mountain tea extract and wheat germ extract on peripheral blood flow and eicosanoid metabolism in mammals
  164. Neurogasobiology of migraine: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as emerging pathophysiological trinacrium relevant to nociception regulation
  165. Plant polyphenols, terpenes, and terpenoids in oral health
  166. Laboratory medicine between technological innovation, rights safeguarding, and patient safety: A bioethical perspective
  167. End-of-life in cancer patients: Medicolegal implications and ethical challenges in Europe
  168. The maternal factors during pregnancy for intrauterine growth retardation: An umbrella review
  169. Intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome of pediatric patients in critical care settings
  170. PI3K/Akt pathway and neuroinflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
  171. Screening of Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: A systematic review for the laboratory detection
  172. Giant borderline ovarian tumours – review of the literature
  173. Leveraging artificial intelligence for collaborative care planning: Innovations and impacts in shared decision-making – A systematic review
  174. Cholera epidemiology analysis through the experience of the 1973 Naples epidemic
  175. Risk factors of frailty/sarcopenia in community older adults: Meta-analysis
  176. Supplement strategies for infertility in overweight women: Evidence and legal insights
  177. Scurvy, a not obsolete disorder: Clinical report in eight young children and literature review
  178. A meta-analysis of the effects of DBS on cognitive function in patients with advanced PD
  179. Protective role of selenium in sepsis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies
  180. Strategies for hyperkalemia management in dialysis patients: A systematic review
  181. C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio in peripheral artery disease
  182. Case Reports
  183. Delayed graft function after renal transplantation
  184. Semaglutide treatment for type 2 diabetes in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature
  185. Diverse electrophysiological demyelinating features in a late-onset glycogen storage disease type IIIa case
  186. Giant right atrial hemangioma presenting with ascites: A case report
  187. Laser excision of a large granular cell tumor of the vocal cord with subglottic extension: A case report
  188. EsoFLIP-assisted dilation for dysphagia in systemic sclerosis: Highlighting the role of multimodal esophageal evaluation
  189. Molecular hydrogen-rhodiola as an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke in internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report
  190. Coronary artery anomalies: A case of the “malignant” left coronary artery and its surgical management
  191. Rapid Communication
  192. Biological properties of valve materials using RGD and EC
  193. A single oral administration of flavanols enhances short-term memory in mice along with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  194. Letter to the Editor
  195. Role of enhanced external counterpulsation in long COVID
  196. Expression of Concern
  197. Expression of concern “A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
  198. Expression of concern “Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway”
  199. Expression of concern “circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8”
  200. Corrigendum
  201. Corrigendum to “Empagliflozin improves aortic injury in obese mice by regulating fatty acid metabolism”
  202. Corrigendum to “Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery and traditional surgery for early-stage breast cancer: A meta-analysis”
  203. Corrigendum to “The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges”
  204. Retraction
  205. Retraction of “miR-654-5p promotes gastric cancer progression via the GPRIN1/NF-κB pathway”
  206. Retraction of: “LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through downregulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424”
  207. Retraction of: “SCARA5 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma via inactivating the STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways”
  208. Special Issue Advancements in oncology: bridging clinical and experimental research - Part II
  209. Unveiling novel biomarkers for platinum chemoresistance in ovarian cancer
  210. Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells
  211. The era of increasing cancer survivorship: Trends in fertility preservation, medico-legal implications, and ethical challenges
  212. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of MRONJ
  213. Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
  214. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part IV
  215. Exploration of mRNA-modifying METTL3 oncogene as momentous prognostic biomarker responsible for colorectal cancer development
  216. Special Issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part III
  217. Interaction and verification of ferroptosis-related RNAs Rela and Stat3 in promoting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
  218. The mRNA MOXD1: Link to oxidative stress and prognostic significance in gastric cancer
  219. Special Issue Exploring the biological mechanism of human diseases based on MultiOmics Technology - Part II
  220. Dynamic changes in lactate-related genes in microglia and their role in immune cell interactions after ischemic stroke
  221. A prognostic model correlated with fatty acid metabolism in Ewing’s sarcoma based on bioinformatics analysis
  222. Red cell distribution width predicts early kidney injury: A NHANES cross-sectional study
  223. Special Issue Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, complications & treatment
  224. Nutritional risk assessment and nutritional support in children with congenital diabetes during surgery
  225. Correlation of the differential expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG with obesity in the elderly population in Xinjiang
  226. A discussion on the application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the research of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes
  227. A review of brain research on T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction
  228. Metformin and estrogen modulation in LABC with T2DM: A 36-month randomized trial
  229. Special Issue Innovative Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine in Cancer Diagnostics
  230. CircASH1L-mediated tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer: PI3K/AKT pathway mechanisms
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Heruntergeladen am 25.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2025-1243/html?lang=de
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