Volume 13, Issue 1

The aim of this study is to address the growing concern about microplastics in the ocean and their potential harm to human health through ingestion. The MPs issue is largely a result of the increasing demand for electronic devices and their components. To tackle this challenge, the research aimed to develop a green polymer electrolyte that used glycerol as a plasticizing agent to improve ionic conductivity. The polymer host included chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol and was composed of sodium acetate. To evaluate the performance of the polymer electrolyte, various analytical techniques were used, including impedance and electrochemical studies. The ionic conductivity of 7.56 × 10 −5  S·cm −1 was recorded. The dielectric property study confirmed the ionic conduction process in the system and revealed the existence of non-Debye type relaxation, as indicated by asymmetric peaks of tan δ spectra. The alternating conductivity exhibits three distinguished regions. The polymer electrolyte was discovered to be electrochemically stable up to 2.33 V and capable of storing energy as a non-Faradaic electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The cyclic voltammetry pattern is a leaf like shape. The EDLC was able to be charged and discharged up to 1 V, and it showed cyclability and could be used in low-voltage applications.

In environmental research, along with discovering methods for adsorbing heavy metals, it is essential to comprehend the processes of desorption and recovery of these heavy metals from adsorbent materials and their reuse. In this study, halloysite (HAL) clay, obtained from the Thach Khoan, Vietnam, was utilized for the removal of Co 2+ ions from an aqueous solution, and the influence of different factors on the adsorption properties of Co 2+ was investigated. Optimal conditions determined were 0.8 g HAL mass per 50 mL of solution, initial Co 2+ concentration of 40 mg·L −1 , contact time of 80 min, pH 0 of 6.09, and room temperature of 30°C. Under these conditions, the adsorption efficiency and capacity obtained were 76.358 ± 0.981% and 1.909 ± 0.025 mg·g −1 , respectively. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherms, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3.10206 ± 0.13551 mg·g −1 , and exhibited a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption experiments were conducted using the electrochemical method with a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and urea (reline). The results demonstrated that 94.11% of the Co metal could be recovered through electrodeposition after 5 h, using an applied current of 7.5 mA at 60°C. The HAL material was successfully regenerated following the desorption process.

A fast, sensitive, and green reverse-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography” approach for the simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen (IBF), caffeine (CAF), and paracetamol (PCM) in marketed formulations was established and verified in this study. The binary combination of acetone and water (80:20 v/v) was used as the green eluent system. The current method’s greenness was predicted using four different approaches, namely National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Score (89), ChlorTox (1.08 g), and the Analytical GREENness (83) approaches, which demonstrated an outstanding greener profile. The present approach was linear in the range of 25–800 ng·band −1 for the simultaneous estimation of IBF, CAF, and PCM. In addition, the current method was accurate (% recoveries = 100 ± 2), precise (%CV < 2%), robust (%CV < 2), sensitive (LOD = 1.13–2.71 ng·band −1 and LOQ = 3.39–8.10 ng·band −1 ), and green. The amount of IBF, CAF, and PCM in commercial tablets was determined to be 99.51%, 98.25%, and 100.64%, respectively. The present method for the simultaneous determination of IBF, CAF, and PCM in marketed tablets is supported by these data. The findings of this study suggested that the current approach may be consistently applied to analyze IBF, CAF, and PCM in marketed tablets.

This study concerns with the production and partial characterization of alkaline cellulase from alkaliphilic cellulolytic (AC) fungi isolated fromsoil in Perlis, Malaysia. The best fungi strain was selected on the basis of producing the highest cellulase at high pH conditions. Cellulase from the selected fungi strain was further characterized under saccharification but varies in operating parameters. Finally, the kinetic model describing the growth of the AC fungi strain was studied by employing the logistic model. Among the tested fungi strains, Basidiomycetes strain (BK1) showed high potentiality for the production of maximum alkaline cellulase production at pH 9 after 72 h of incubation at 30°C containing 6 g·L −1 carboxyl methyl cellulose. The saccharification process showed that the enzyme favour high alkaline condition and proves thermotolerant properties, while 15% (v/v) enzyme loading and 1% substrate concentration recorded the highest glucose production at about 1.2–1.3 mg·mL −1 . The novelty of the study is to identify and optimize a unique indigenous fungi that emit alkaliphilic cellulase as alternative usage in biotechnology industries due to its capacity to adapt to the extreme conditions of specific industrial processes. There are revolutionary options for use in biotechnological businesses that involve high pH and therefore have substantial biotechnological promise.

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have several uses for nanobiotechnologists because of their beneficial biomedical properties. Alginates have various biomedical and industrial applications. The aim of this study is to extract alginate from Azotobacter chroococcum , synthesize chemical Au-NPs (Ch/Au-NPs), and load the NPs with the extracted alginate to form Azotobacter alginate gold nanocomposites (Azto/Alg-Au-NCMs). The Ch/Au-NPs and Azto/Alg-Au-NCMs were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The anticancer activities were determined using the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human lung cancer cell line H1299, and Vero cell line. The results obtained by UV-spectroscopy exhibited a surface plasmon resonance that was clearly noticeable at 530 nm, and the EDS analysis proved that gold was present in percentages of 50.11 and 28.08 in the Ch/Au-NPs and Azto/Alg-Au-NCMs, respectively. There were several similarities between the alginic acid and the alginate extracted from A. chroococcum, and small modifications were proved by FT-IR spectroscopy. Negative charges were shown by the zeta potential. Crystalline and cubic NPs were shown by XRD analysis and TEM. TGA demonstrated the purity of the Ch/Au-NPs and the existence of organic compounds in the Azto/Alg-Au-NCMs. Both the Ch/Au-NPs and Azto/Alg-Au-NCMs had antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Proteus mirabilis , Enterobacter sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and possessed anticancer activities against MCF-7 and H1299. Graphical abstract

Current changes in environmental legislation and customer demands set an urge for the development of more sustainable surfactants. Thus, the objective of this work was the development of novel environmentally friendly amino acid surfactants. Combining Diels–Alder cyclization of myrcene with maleic or citraconic anhydride followed by ring opening with amino acids enabled a synthesis route with a principal 100% atom economy. Variation of amino acids resulted in a large structural variety of anionic and amphoteric surfactants. Lysine gave access to either a mono-acylated product bearing a cationic side chain or a bi-acylated gemini surfactant. First, anhydride precursors were synthesized in yields of >90% in a Diels–Alder reaction under microwave radiation and subsequent amino acid coupling in aqueous environment gave fully bio-based surfactants in good yields and purity. Physicochemical characterization showed an enhanced decrease in surface tension upon addition of amino acids to the myrcene–anhydride backbone, resulting in a minimal value of 31 mN·m −1 for gemini–lysine. Foamabilitiy and foam stability were significantly increased at skin-friendly pH 5.5 by incorporation of amino acids. The carboxylic groups of surfactants with arginine were esterified with ethanol to access cationic compounds. Comparative analysis revealed moderate antimicrobial effects against yeast, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria.

This work concentrated on the decoration of AgNPs to yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) using both chemical (NaBH 4 ) and biological ( Areca catechu nut and Jasminum subtriplinerve leaf extracts) reducing agents, as well as its use as antibacterial and enhancement additives for organic coatings based on acrylic emulsion resin. It is the first study about the decoration of AgNPs on the surface of YPS using bio-reduction agents ( A. catechu nut and J. subtriplinerve leaf extracts). The characteristics of YPS decorated by AgNPs (YPS@AgNPs) were determined using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering methods. To quantify the amount of AgNPs in YPS@AgNPs, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used. The results of YPS@AgNPs fabrication confirmed that the above green reduction agents had a higher efficiency and were more suitable than the chemical reduction agent (NaBH 4 ). Moreover, the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria strains of YPS@AgNPs using the J. subtriplinerve leaf extract as a reducing agent gave the best result among the three agents. In particular, the bactericidal activity of YPS@AgNPs against the new marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri B27 , was evaluated, and it was found that YPS@AgNPs can inhibit the growth of an antibiotic-resistant bacterium, P. stutzeri B27 . They enhance not only the mechanical properties but also the bactericidal ability of the water-borne acrylic resin coating. Graphical abstract

The research investigates the extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from grape pomace, a wine fermentation byproduct. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), varying parameters such as solute:solvent ratio, power, and time were utilized. UAE was specifically applied to Vitis vinifera L. using high-intensity ultrasound with ratios of 1:18 and 1:42 g:mL, 250 and 400 W power levels, and extraction times of 15 and 20 minutes. Total phenolic content was quantified via the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent, and total flavonoids were determined using quercetin as a standard. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assays, with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) for comparison. Results indicated a total phenolic content of 50 to 80 μmol GAE/g d.w., with no significant differences among treatments. Total flavonoid concentration ranged from 2.5 to 4 μmol QE/g d.w. Importantly, the solute:solvent ratio impacted antioxidant capacity, with higher ratios showing increased ABTS radical capacity. Treatment 1, with the highest flavonoid content, exhibited the greatest antioxidant capacity against DPPH radicals. This study underscores the intrinsic correlation between cumulative bioactive compound content and the inherent antioxidant capacity of grape pomace extracts. This highlights the potential application of these extracts as antioxidant reservoirs, poised for integration into functional foods and biomedical nutraceuticals.

In the present work, manganese–copper co-infused nickel oxide nanoparticles (MnCu co-doped NiO NPs) were formulated via a green process using Carica papaya extract. The MnCu co-doped NiO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis, Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The XRD pattern demonstrated that synthesized MnCu co-doped NiO NPs exhibit cubic structure. On the PL spectrum, various surface defects were identified. MnCu co-doped NiO NPs exhibited ferromagnetic properties at 37°C. The antimicrobial activity of green synthesis MnCu co-doped NiO NPs against human pathogens ( Escherichia coli , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Bacillus megaterium , Bacillus subtilis , Shigella dysenteriae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and Candida albicans as fungal strains were demonstrated. The MnCu co-doped NiO NPs treatment considerably reduced MDA-MB-231 cell viability while not disturbing HBL-100 cell viability. Different fluorescent staining analyses revealed that MnCu co-doped NiO NPs induced nuclear and mitochondrial damage to improve free radical production, altering mitochondrial membrane protein potential, which led to apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. The MnCu co-doped NiO NP treatment enhanced pro-apoptotic protein expression and inhibited the cell cycle at the S phase in MDA-MB-231 cells. This makes it easy, cheap, and environmentally friendly to make MnCu co-doped NiO NPs using C. papaya extract, which has excellent antimicrobial properties.

Drug delivery systems, also known as bioactive carriers, are currently an important contribution to the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. A leading category of these drug carriers is lipid- and phospholipid-based systems including liposomes, nanoliposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid vesicles, archaeosomes, and tocosomes. At present, there are several methods available for the preparation of the lipidic drug carriers at the micro- and nanoscales. There are some misunderstandings and confusion in the literature regarding two of the scalable and environment-friendly (green) techniques developed in our laboratory, namely the heating method and the Mozafari method. These methods are superior to conventional procedures used in the synthesis of drug carriers due to the fact that they do not involve utilization of potentially toxic solvents, detergents, or high-shear homogenizations. This entry is aimed to clarify differences between these methods to the peers and colleagues in academia as well as relevant industries. Some details of the industrially applied patented instrument used in the manufacturing of lipidic carriers are also provided. Graphical abstract

In this article, Bi-based metal–organic framework-supported silicotungstic acid (STA) was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and used as a precursor for the preparation of the Bi-based MOF-derived catalyst (STA@C-Bi-BDC). Using a combination of FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, N 2 adsorption–desorption, TG, UV-Vis DRS, and XPS techniques, the successful immobilization of STA groups on Bi-MOF-derived C-Bi-BDC was assessed. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared catalysts was investigated in the degradation of the RhB dye process under visible light. Within 120 min of visible light exposure, the high degradation rate of RhB (92.7%) by STA@C-Bi-BDC system was achieved, which was a lot larger than the STA (39.4%), C-Bi-BDC (59.2%), and STA@Bi-BDC (74.0%) system, and cyclic experiments exhibit that the STA@C-Bi-BDC is a relatively stable photocatalyst. More importantly, the catalyst shows high applicability for the degradation of other dyes. This study reveals a comprehensive strategy for the design of efficient Bi-based MOF-derived photocatalyst for organic dye-based wastewater treatment.

Herein, capsaicin nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by two different methods, namely, evaporative precipitation of nanosuspension (EPN) and anti-solvent precipitation with a syringe pump (APSP). The nanoparticles of the necessary sizes were obtained after optimizing experimental parameters such as the solvent-to-anti-solvent ratio and stirring speed. They had spherical shapes and an average diameter of 171.29 ± 1.94 and 78.91 ± 0.54 nm when prepared using the EPN and APSP methods, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry and an X-ray diffractometer showed that the capsaicin crystallinity decreased. FTIR results showed that the NPs were produced with their original configuration and did not result in the synthesis of any additional structures. The NP formulation had a desirable drug content. They surpassed the unprocessed drug in solubility and displayed the desired stability. Capsaicin NP cream showed many folds of enhanced analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects compared to unprocessed capsaicin.

The extract of the medicinal plant Lawsonia inermis , known as henna, was employed to synthesize silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag–Cu NPs) in a unique, efficient, and cost-effective method. The shape, size, and structural features of synthesized Ag–Cu NPs were determined by ultra–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods. The rod-shaped Ag–Cu nanoparticles, averaging 41.66 ± 17.18 nm in size, synthesized from L. inermis , exhibited potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals. They also displayed significant antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (27 mm), Bacillus cereus (26 mm), and Escherichia coli (24 mm). Additionally, these nanoparticles induced notable morphological changes in cancer cells and demonstrated promising cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 tumor cells (IC 50 = 37.40 µg·mL −1 ). However, they exhibited biotoxicity in Artemia nauplii , resulting in mortality rates ranging from 3.0% to 32.5%. The LC 50 and LC 90 values recorded for a 48-h exposure were 1.51 mg·L −1 and 2.59 mg·L −1 , respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of L. inermis -derived Ag–Cu NPs in pharmacology and bio-nanomedicine. Graphical abstract

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ayurvedic medicine septilin. The septilin-mediated CuO NPs were characterized using UV–Vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of CuO NPs was 8 nm as evident from TEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans was found in the range of 1–2.5 mg·mL −1 . CuO NPs dose-dependently decreased the biofilm formation from 0.0315 to 2 mg·mL −1 , at the highest dose of 2 mg·mL −1 of CuO NPs; 92.91%, 79.84%, and 71.57% decrease in biofilm was observed for P. aeruginosa , MRSA, and C. albicans , respectively. Down-regulation of biofilm upon treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) was also observed by SEM analysis. SEM analysis also showed the change in morphological structure, and deformities in bacterial and fungal cells upon treatment of NPs. Furthermore, the anticancer efficacy of NPs was assessed using colon cancer (HCT-116). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the anticancer potential of NPs, as the concentration of CuO NPs increased, the number of viable cells decreased. The produced CuO NPs have promise for future investigations in many biological and therapeutic domains, including the treatment of microbial biofilm infections, as well as the inhibition of cancer cell growth.

Multifunctional nanocomposites (NC) can greatly enhance therapy outcomes by reducing tumor proliferative potential. We created a novel class of Zn_Mn_CMC_FA_sesamol NC in the current work to combat breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. To understand how zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), carboxymethylcellulose, and folic acid (FA) interact with sesamol, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the absorption behavior of the synthesized NC. The particle size of NC was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the morphological features of these NCs. photoluminescence spectrum was used to analyze the optical and electron transition molecules of the sample. In addition to MTT analysis, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole as well as flow cytometry were used to confirm the apoptotic activity of Zn_Mn_CMC_FA_sesamol NC on MDA-MB-231 cells. The results showed significant cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction on AO/EtBr, and increased ROS production in treated cells compared to control cells. The cell cycle analysis revealed that NCs triggered apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phases. As a conclusion, the created NC serves as a versatile platform for the successful molecularly targeted chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer.

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles were synthesized using 40 mL of lemon juice extract as a reducing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results confirmed the successful synthesis of GO and rGO nanoparticles with varied sizes and shapes. The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial and fungal strains, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus flavus . Multiple concentrations of GO and rGO nanoparticles were tested, and it was observed that 100 µg·mL −1 of both GO and rGO showed the highest inhibitory effect against bacterial and produced zones of inhibition of 17.66 mm, 18.67 mm, and 17.88 for E. coli, S. aureus , K. pneumoniae and 20.33, 22.45, and 21.34 mm for C. albicans, F. oxysporum, and A. flavus . Comparatively, GO performed well as compared to rGO regarding antimicrobial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains and have the potential to be developed as novel antimicrobial agents.

Herein, we used the aqueous extract of Uncaria tomentosa L. barks (Cat’s claw bark [CCb]) for the biofabrication of silver nanoparticles (CCb-Ag-NPs). The effects of different parameters ( Uncaria tomentosa L. aqueous extract, silver nitrate [AgNO 3 ] ratio, temperature, and pH) on the formation of the nanoparticles were investigated using UV scan as a preliminary tool for the detection of surface plasmon resonance of CCb-Ag-NPs. The optimal ratio was 1:7 ( Uncaria tomentosa L. extract: 1 mM AgNO 3 solution). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the functional groups of both CCb extract and the CCb-Ag-NPs, whose dispersion and quasispherical morphologies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Particle sizes ranged from 19.2 to 38.5 nm. The zeta potential of CCb-Ag-NPs was −34.44 mV. According to energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, the CCb-Ag-NPs contained 28.87% silver. The formation of Ag-NPs was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern analysis. Pristine CCb-Ag-NPs showed antibacterial activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), E. coli (ATCC 8739), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 90274). Antibacterial activity increased significantly after loading CCb-Ag-NPs on antibiotic discs containing meropenem and cefoxitin. Low concentrations of CCb-Ag-NPs also enhanced the germination percentage, coleoptile length, and radical root length of Triticum aestivum .

Low-energy separation of potable water from urine is an important area of research, particularly if humans hope to transcend their earth-bound origins. The high cost of water in rocket payloads means that it must be recycled and the byproducts of the crew used productively. Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) can use low heat sources to separate water from urea, which can then be used as a plasticizer in regolith-based cement to make it more workable. In the present study, traditional cement curing was compared to vacuum curing for regolith-based cement where artificial urine, concentrated using DCMD, was added as a plasticizer. Increases in workability were found for increasing concentrations of urea. Porosity also tended to increase with increasing urea concentration. Surprisingly, Lunar Highlands Simulant regolith-based batches with urea that were cured under vacuum showed higher compressive strengths than those cured traditionally. No literature is available for DCMD use with urine, indicating that this research is novel and could have widespread applications, such as in desert environments or public urinals.

This research delves into the effects of different alkalization treatment approaches on the mechanical characteristics of epoxy matrix composites that are reinforced with natural bamboo fibers and enriched with egg and coconut shell powders as fillers. Various weight ratios of fibers and fillers were investigated, specifically at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The study assessed mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural behavior, microhardness, and impact resilience. Findings indicate that composites with alkali-treated fibers demonstrate superior mechanical performance (49.28 MPa of tensile, 57.33 MPa of flexural 89 HV of hardness, and 1.3 kJ·m −2 of impact) compared to untreated counterparts. Particularly noteworthy is the significant improvement in fracture toughness observed with the inclusion of 20% hybrid laminates, surpassing the performance of existing biomaterial-based composites. This heightened toughness is attributed to the optimized composition of fibers and enhanced water absorption capabilities. Conversely, the incorporation of 25% and 30% hybrid composites led to a decrease in mechanical strength (38.65 MPa of tensile, 46.7 MPa of flexural, 72 HV of hardness, and 1.19 kJ·m −2 of impact) due to the formation of additional interfacial contacts, pores, and voids within the polymeric matrix.

Endophytic fungus Penicillium crustosum EP-1 was used to create spherical shape magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs). The MgO-NPs possess a crystalline structure with sizes of 8–35 nm. The weight percentages of Mg and O were 42.44% and 30.13%, respectively, as shown in energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. In addition, analysis involving dynamic light scattering indicated the uniformity of MgO-NPs within the colloidal solution. These NPs displayed a polydispersity index of 0.341 and held a surface charge of −29.7 mV. A field experimental was carried out to assess the outcome of foliar spraying of MgO-NPs at 5, 10, and 20 ppm on the growth, yield, and metabolic activities of Nigella sativa L. Our results indicated that MgO-NPs significantly enhanced various growth parameters, including chlorophyll content (both a and b), total carotenoids, carbohydrate and protein levels in both shoots and seeds, as well as free proline concentration, compared to the control plants at both 55 and 75 days after planting. In addition, all yield traits were markedly increased. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography is employed for the identification of phenolic compounds within the seeds. Data indicated that sex phenolic acids, two phenols, and five flavonoids were present with high concentrations due to MgO-NPs treatment as opposed to untreated plants.

This study used the denitrification–decomposition (DNDC) model and ArcGIS 10.1 to calculate and quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) potential from rice and annual upland crops in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. GHG emissions were monitored, analyzed, and calculated at experimental sites. The operating mechanism, sensitivity analysis of the parameters, calibration, and verification of the DNDC model for the GHG emission calculation were studied and performed, and a set of parameters was built. A good correlation between actual and simulated values was shown. From the data set of meteorological stations in and around the Red River Delta, the current land-use map, the topographic and soil map, a complex map of meteorology–soil–land use was built. Each unit of this map contains complete information about climate, soil, and crops as input data for modeling GHG emissions from crop production. From the spatial analysis and collected input data, GHG emissions were measured and calculated for the cultivated field of the Red River Delta (annual rice and upland crops) using the DNDC model. The model's outputs were used to build thematic maps on the distribution of global warming potential (CH 4 , N 2 O) for each unit of the complex map of climate, soil, and crops.

This article a synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit. Accumulated industrial waste heavily pollutes the environment and has a direct impact on all living things. The accumulation of waste in landfills increases the pollution level of the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, and surface water, destroys the functioning of ecosystems, and damages agriculture and construction. A sieve analysis was carried out to study the fine fractions of coal waste, and a scanning electron microscope analysis was performed to study the mineralogical, structural state and X-ray chemical phase composition. The chemical composition of coal waste was studied using differential thermal analysis during heat treatment. The optimal parameters of the process for obtaining humic acids are established, and the results of experimental work are presented. The results are confirmed by mathematical planning of the experiment using the method of orthogonal plan of the second order. The mathematical planning results were tested according to the Student and Fischer criteria. Based on the conducted studies, it was identified that the degree of extraction of humic acid reaches up to 95.90% in terms of the organic phase, and the concentration of humic acid is 49.13%. From the humic acids obtained using potassium hydroxide, potassium humate was synthesized. The potassium humate obtained in its composition has fertilizer properties. Therefore, the obtained potassium humate will be used for the production of humic fertilizers to improve soil fertility and crop yields. The synthesis of humic acids with the production of potassium humate is aimed at reducing the accumulated industrial waste, which in turn allows you to regulate and improve the ecological situation and green ecology in the region.

Selenium (Se) is an important trace element that is involved in controlling oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders. Gouty arthritis is the inflammation and pain within the joints and tissues caused due to the accumulation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. This study aimed to investigate the antigout, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic potential of ascorbic acid-mediated Se nanoparticles (A-SeNPs). Different analytical techniques were used to investigate the formation of A-SeNPs. The antigout potential of the nanoparticles was carried out using MSU crystal dissolution, uric acid (UA) degradation assay, and xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI). A-SeNPs exhibited excellent antihyperurecemic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. It was observed that at the tested concentration of 20 mg·mL −1 , the A-SeNPs demonstrated significant breakage and dissolution of MSU crystals and resulted in UA degradation of 67.76%. Similarly, A-SeNPs resulted in 76% XOI with an excellent IC 50 of 140 µg·mL −1 . Furthermore, considerable antioxidant activity was noted for the A-SeNPs as evaluated with multiple antioxidant assays. Finally, the NPs were found to have significant anticoagulant and thrombolytic potential. Thus, it was concluded that A-SeNPs have potent antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic activities, making them an ideal choice for future biomedical applications. Graphical abstract

The synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is currently experiencing substantial development and considerable attention. Plant extracts are commonly used for the biological synthesis of nanoparticles because they contain biologically active constituents. In our present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using an aqueous Illicium verum (Star anise) extract to evaluate their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities. For maximum yields of AgNPs, the extract (2.5 ml), silver ions (500 µM), and pH (8) were shown to be the ideal nanoparticle production parameters. The visual colour shifted from pale brown to dark brown when the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer was used to validate the synthesis of AgNPs. A transmission electron microscope was utilized to evaluate nanoparticles’ physical nature. The presence of silver metal with face-centred cubic symmetry was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups in charge of reducing silver ions (Ag + ) and the stability of AgNPs produced using the I. verum aqueous extract. The agar well diffusion method investigated the antibacterial activity of I. verum silver nanoparticles (Iv-AgNPs) against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. At higher doses (100 µg·mL −1 ), the highest zone of inhibition was observed, and spherical AgNPs demonstrated the antibacterial activity. The I. verum extract and Iv-AgNPs enhanced (70%) their free radical scavenging activity at 500 µg·mL −1 according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of Iv-AgNPs against the HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line indicated cell inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Ultimately, the findings of this study indicate that techniques used to produce AgNPs are environmental friendly, cost-effective, harmless, uncomplicated, and can effectively tackle a broad spectrum of medical and nutritional concerns. Graphical abstract

This article explores the impact of nano-silica on the properties of woven flax fibre/epoxy composites. Using compression moulding, epoxy/flax/silica hybrid nanocomposites were produced. The nano-silica was dispersed in the epoxy matrix via ultrasonication at various weight ratios. A series of tests, including crack durability, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, were conducted to evaluate the modified materials. Notably, a 3% nano-silica filler load resulted in a 54% and 57% improvement in initiation and transmission interfacial fracture toughness, respectively. Scanning electron microscope imaging confirmed that fibres pull out at the crack tip during initial debonding, accounting for the increased toughness. Dynamic mechanical analysis further revealed enhancements in mechanical properties. Moreover, the 3% nano-silica content led to less fibre pull-out, suggesting higher heat resistance than standard flax/epoxy composites. The material also demonstrated promising antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, offering a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics.

Aquaculture effluent generation, an environmentally crucial process requires effective treatment. Simple methods like coagulation and flocculation are considered effective. In this study, chitosan from Black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon , was used to remove ammonia (NH 3 ) and turbidity. Response surface methodology-optimised dosages (5.00, 12.50, and 20.00 mg·L −1 ), pH (5.00, 6.25, and 7.50), and settling times (5.00, 7.50, and 30.00 min) were applied. Water spinach, Ipomea aquatica , received an application for organic fertiliser after the nutrient status of the recovered floc was later determined. Results showed that at a dose of 16.25 mg·L −1 , a pH of 7.5, and a settling time of 17.5 min, chitosan cleared 92.16% of the turbidity. After 30 min of settling, 84.42% of the NH 3 was eliminated at 5 mg·L −1 and 7.5 pH. Both macronutrients (P, K, N, Mg, and Ca) and micronutrients (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn) are present in the newly discovered floc. Floc had safe low Pb and Ni levels. Plants treated with floc showed superior growth compared to those with commercial liquid fertiliser, confirming nutrient absorbability. Conclusively, this study provides an eco-friendly wastewater treatment method. Graphical abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their diverse applications, particularly in the therapeutic field. We present a green synthesis method using the extract of Senna bicapsularis , the production of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The successful synthesis of IONPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, revealing the characteristic peak at 295 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy were employed to elucidate the functional groups involved in the synthesis and characterize the morphological features of the nanoparticles. Subsequently, the synthesized IONPs were subjected to biological assays to assess their anticancer, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, and sedative activities, following standardized protocols. The IONPs exhibited potent anticancer activity against the MDR 2780AD cell line, with IC 50 values of 0.85 (extract) and 0.55 (iron oxide nanoparticles). Remarkable inhibitory effects were also observed against urease (IC 50 = 12.98 ± 0.98) and xanthine oxidase (IC 50 = 96.09 ± 0.65). Additionally, they demonstrated moderate carbonic anhydrase II inhibition, with 42.09% inhibition at a concentration of 0.25 mM. Furthermore, the extract and IONPs demonstrated a significant analgesic effect in a dose-dependent manner, while the sedative effect was also significant ( p < 0.001).

The polymeric nanocomposites (NCs), constructed from okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) fruits mucilage (OM), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chitosan (Ch), were fabricated as potential candidates to overcome drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria. AgNPs were directly mediated by OM, with 4.2 nm mean diameters. The composed NCs from Ch/OM/AgNPs were innovatively synthesized and the various ratios of Ch:OM/AgNPs affected the NCs particles’ size and charges. The infrared analysis of employed materials/NCs validated their interactions and conjugations. The antibacterial assays of NCs against different resistant S. Typhimurium strains indicated the efficiency of polymeric NCs to inhibit bacteria with significant superiority over standard antibiotics. The NCs that contained equal ratios from Ch and OM/AgNPs were the best formulation (mean diameter, 47.19 nm and surface charge, +16.9 mV) to exhibit the strongest actions toward S. Typhimurium. The NCs caused severe deformation, destruction, and lysis in exposed bacteria, as traced with scanning microscopy. The biosynthesis of AgNPs using OM and their nanoconjugation with Ch provided effectual natural biopolymers NCs with enhanced expected biosafety and efficiency against drug-resistant S . Typhimurium strains, which supports their potential applications as disinfectant, sterilizing, and curative antibacterial agents.

In this study, the aqueous seed extract of Trachyspermum copticum was employed to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for their antibacterial performance. The structural characteristics of the phytofabricated AgNPs were investigated using ultraviolet–visible, energy dispersive X-ray, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, field emission scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, the antibacterial effects of AgNPs were evaluated against two standard gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes and two standard gram-negative strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The findings showed the phytofabrication of spherical-shaped AgNPs with a Z -average diameter of 119.7 nm and the polydispersity index of 0.56. The minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNPs against S. aureus , S. pyogenes , E. coli , and K. pneumoniae strains was 0.25, 1, 0.5, and 0.5 μg·mL −1 , respectively. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration of these nanoparticles (NPs) against the mentioned strains was 8, 16, 4, and 4 μg·mL −1 , respectively. Furthermore, the AgNPs enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species significantly in all studied bacteria compared to the control ( P < 0.05) suggesting an oxidative-associated antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs. Moreover, a dose-dependent cell death was found in all bacterial samples based on flow cytometry analysis. Overall, this study showed a biological approach for the biosynthesis of AgNPs with significant antibacterial effects.

This study investigates the antiplasmodial activity of ultrafine silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 2–5 nm) synthesized using a green approach involving the Mitragyna speciosa extract and emphasizing the microwave-assisted irradiation technique. Various synthesis parameters were optimized, resulting in the successful production of spherical AgNPs, which exhibited a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at around 440 nm. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated high stability, indicated by a zeta potential value of −28 mV. The antimalarial efficacy of the microwave-assisted AgNPs against the P. falciparum strain was evaluated, demonstrating a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 1.56 µg·mL −1 . Further enhancement in the antimalarial performance was observed when the AgNPs were conjugated with chloroquine (CQ), a traditional antimalarial drug, achieving an impressive IC 50 value of 24 ng·mL −1 . Additionally, all formulations exhibited low toxicity, with a cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) exceeding 800 µg·mL −1 in Vero cells. Complementing these experimental findings, specific computational studies offered insights into the interactions between silver atoms and bioactive compounds in M. speciosa , as well as shedding light on the dynamics of CQ functionalization. These experimental and computational findings emphasize the potential of a sustainable, low-toxicity, and cost-effective AgNP synthesis process, showcasing significant promise in advancing green nanotechnology for the development of effective antimalarial medications. Graphical abstract

In this study, tulsi and neem oils were used to effectively synthesise Ag/Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanocomposite utilising environmentally friendly methods. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods were used to characterise the green synthesised nanocomposite. The triangle-spherical shaped nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 26–42 nm were shown by XRD and SEM investigations to be crystalline in Ag/Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanocomposite, respectively. Additionally, the dynamic light scattering histogram was used to quantify the size distribution of these NPs, and the results were consistent with those of the SEM picture, having an approximate element size of 28 nm. The Ag/Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanocomposite is reduced and stabilised as a result of functional groups present in acacia, and neem, and tulsi oils, as shown by FT-IR measurements. In a nutshell, this method offers a quick, affordable, and environmentally safe technique to create NPs without the use of potentially dangerous chemical agents.

The frequent drugs prescribed for type 2 diabetes patients are linagliptin (LNG) and empagliflozin (EMG) in different drug formulations. The objective of this research is to create and validate selective and simple methods to evaluate both medications in their dosage forms. Method A for the assay of LNG is based on the drug oxidation using an iodate/iodide mixture, while Method B involves the determination of EMG using permanganate oxidation. The regression graphs had good linearity in the ranges of 0.25–20 and 0.20–1.5 µg·ml −1 for the two drugs, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.082 and 0.065 µg·ml −1 for LNG and EMG, respectively. The two methods were validated and applied for the assay of the drugs in dosage forms successfully.

Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, is used for gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, etc. Current research is based on the loading of omeprazole on surface silver nanoparticles by chemical method. The appearance of an absorption peak at 421 nm confirmed the synthesis of nanoparticles. The FT-IR further confirmed the conjugation of functional groups present in omeprazole moiety with silver. The size and morphology were elucidated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction which revealed a spherical shape with an average particle size of 16–20 nm. To know enhancement in their efficacy, the omeprazole-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated against antibacterial, urease inhibition, and antioxidant activities. Nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with 12 ± 0.41 and 13.6 ± 1.02 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Almost 2.43 times enhanced urease inhibitory activity was found for nanoparticles (IC 50 = 2.17 ± 0.10 µg·mL −1 ) as compared to omeprazole (IC 50 = 5.28 ± 0.14 µg·mL −1 ). The radical scavenging activity of nanoparticles also increased significantly. The synthesized nanoparticles were docked in the active site of urease to investigate their binding mode. Due to excellent urease and bacterial inhibition, these nanoparticles can be used for ulcers.

Incineration plants for electricity generation have offered a solution to the challenges of domestic solid waste treatment in many countries. However, their emissions, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), have had a detrimental impact on environmental quality. This study investigated the morphology, element composition, and concentration of metals in FA and BA from municipal solid waste incineration plants using scanning electronic microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. It also evaluated the distribution ratios of metal species across five fractions: exchangeable, carbonate-bound, oxide-bound, organic-bound, and sulfide-bound, and residual. The total metal content in both FA and BA was comparable, with calcium having the highest concentration (28,170–135,130 mg·kg −1 dry weight) and silver having the lowest (5.26–19.3 mg·kg −1 dry weight). However, the percentage proportion of metals differed between the extracted fractions. Except for cadmium in FA, ecological risk assessment indicated low direct bioavailability and potential risk of metals in both FA and BA. These findings contribute to the hazard assessment of FA and BA generated from waste incinerators and provide a scientific basis for developing treatment techniques for this type of waste.

In the realm of public health, the rising threat caused by bacteria resistant to many drugs is a critical concern. In this work, we used the aqueous extract of mangosteen leaves to create zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally friendly manner. Through various analytical methods, we thoroughly characterized these biogenic ZnO NPs, including UV−visible, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy. ZnO NPs showed distinctive properties among different characterization techniques, including a small energy bandgap of 2.80 eV, a porous, a minimum crystalline size of 16.99 nm, an average particle size of 14.21 nm, and a spherical nanostructure. Additionally, we performed preliminary antibacterial experiments to assess ZnO NPs, copper oxide (CuO) NPs, and ZnO–CuO nanocomposites for antibacterial activity. Interestingly, ZnO NPs showed significant potential in suppressing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-1026, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, with decreasing order of minimum inhibitory concentrations: S. aureus = B. subtilis (15.63 μg·mL −1 ) > E. coli (62.50 μg·mL −1 ) > K. pneumoniae (125.00 μg·mL −1 ). These results highlight the potential of biogenic NPs, particularly ZnO NPs, as effective agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria.

So far, no documented method for simultaneously analyzing lesinurad (LND) and febuxostat (FBX) has been reported for either traditional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) or a green HPTLC technique. In order to determine LND and FBX simultaneously in commercially available fixed-dose combo tablets, this study devised a normal-phase HPTLC method that is fast, sensitive, and green. The green eluents for the simultaneous analysis of LND and FBX were a mixture of ethyl acetate:ethanol:water at 70:20:10 (v/v/v) ratio. The new approach’s greenness was predicted utilizing four distinct greenness tools: the National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Scale, ChlorTox, and Analytical GREENness approaches, and the results revealed a significantly greener profile. The current method operated on a linear scale between 30 and 1,000 ng·band −1 . It was confirmed that the current approach is sensitive, accurate, precise, robust, and green. The LND and FBX contents of commercially available tablet products A and B were found to be within the range of 100 ± 2%, indicating that the existing methodology for simultaneously determining LND and FBX in pharmaceutical combination products is applicable. The results of the current methodology indicated that LND and FBX could be consistently measured in pharmaceutical combination products simultaneously using the current approach.

The main objective of this article was to develop method and validate quaternary estimation of caffeine (CFE), paracetamol (PCM), levocetirizine (LEV), and phenylephrine (PHE) and to conduct degradation experiments using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This was the first innovative approach to this drug combination, combining analytical quality by design with green analytical chemistry. This method was developed using HPLC Agilent 1220 Infinity II, a binary solvent delivery pump, an automatic sampling device injector, and a photodiode array detector. Agilent Inertsil ODS 3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for separation. The mobile phase is composed of ethanol and 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3). To adjust the pH, 1% of orthophosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was set to 0.8 ml·min −1 , the injection volume was 10 μl, and the detecting wavelength was 220 nm. The analytes were eluted via gradient elution. The retention time for PCM was 3.5 min, CFE was 8.1 min, PHE was 15.9 min, and LEV was 20.5 min. Green evaluation tools used in this research include Green Analytical Procedure Index, analytical eco-scale, analytical greenness, analytical method greenness score, and carbon footprint analysis. The developed method was greener than the previously reported method, as per the results of the greenness evaluation tools. Graphical Abstract

The present study investigated biodiesel production from the transesterification of palm oil with methanol using calcined biomass durian peel (BDP) as a heterogeneous catalyst assisted by microwave irradiation. Characterization of the calcined BDP showed that K 2 O is the main compound with a concentration of 86.15 wt%. The effect of three independent variables of catalyst weight (3–12 wt%), reaction time (1–10 min), and power of microwave (180–900 W) was used to determine the optimum condition on biodiesel production using the response surface method-based on the Box–Behnken design experiment. The optimum biodiesel conversion of 97.3% was achieved under experimental parameters of catalyst concentration of 12 wt%, reaction time of 9 min, and microwave power of 180 W. The catalyst concentration and reaction time have significant effects on biodiesel conversion.

This study investigated the influence of thermal treatment on the photocatalytic performance of ZnCr layered double hydroxide-based mixed metal oxides in the degradation of methylene blue and brilliant cresyl blue organic dyes under simulated solar light irradiation. The photocatalysts were synthesized using a simple coprecipitation method and subjected to thermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 900°C. Additionally, the study explored the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using a novel antibacterial experimental setup. It not only involved the introduction of ZnCr samples into BioPeptone/prepared cell suspension to enhance photocatalyst–bacteria cell contact but also included research on antibacterial activity induced by solar irradiation and also in the absence of light, providing crucial insights into photocatalytic antibacterial activity of ZnCr photocatalysts. Despite satisfactory efficiencies observed for all thermally treated ZnCr samples (removal efficiency ranging from 40% to 90%), ZnCr 900 (thermally treated at 900°C) exhibited exceptional performance, achieving nearly 100% removal efficiency and complete growth inhibition for both bacteria. Integrating these findings with structural and textural characterization data, as well as kinetic studies, our comprehensive analysis enhances the understanding of structure-dependent photocatalytic activities. These insights open possibilities for the application of ZnCr photocatalysts in water purification and environmental remediation.

Silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanoparticles (SZPCS-NPs) were synthesized where sodium alginate and pectin offer stability and controlled release qualities to zein, a maize protein, having excellent biocompatibility. The present study is an attempt to develop zein–silymarin polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures to enhance water solubility, thereby improving bioavailability and producing enhanced biological responses in living systems. SZPCS-NPs were prepared using pH-induced antisolvent precipitation method. Five different types of SZPCS-NPs were synthesized using different combinations of sodium alginate and pectin, namely P100–A00 (non-uniform size ranging from 20 to 100 nm), P70–A30 (spherical and uniform size measuring approximately 80 nm in diameter), P50–A50, P30–A70, and P00–A100 exhibited irregular shapes with the presence of some triangular and oval structures and non-uniform size ranging from 20 to 100 nm. The SZPCS-NPs P70–A30 possessed the best results in terms of shape, size, and other characterization studies. Furthermore, the SZPCS-NPs possessed a percent drug loading of 72.5% and entrapment efficiency of 51.7%, respectively. The resulting SZPCS-NPs exhibited an excellent relative bioavailability percentage of 97.4% in comparison to commercial silymarin, having 58.1%, and crude silymarin, having 46.97% bioavailability percentage, correspondingly. In addition, SZPCS-NPs possessed an almost two folds’ increase in antioxidant activity in comparison to crude and commercially available silymarin. Similarly, SZPCS-NPs also showed better stabilization in hepatic biomarker enzymes and possessed better hepatoprotective activity for a period of 6 weeks, in contrast to commercial and crude silymarin formulations. Graphical Abstract

Composite coating technology was used to prepare a modified polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer material masterbatch with low mutual interference and good spinnability using molybdenum oxide, tungsten trioxide, graphene oxide, etc., as modifiers. Experiment shows that using nanoscale composite-coated modified masterbatches capable of spectral heating and heat storage in the preparation of nylon 6 fiber, adding modified masterbatches with a mass ratio of 6% online, and controlling various process parameters can result in good functionality and usability as well as enable consistent production. Optimal production conditions are achieved by utilizing pre-dried PA6 chips with a moisture content of 420 ppm. The master batch is subjected to drying at a temperature of 95°C for 12 h. During this process, the master batch is introduced at an addition ratio of 6%. Subsequent spinning is conducted at a speed of 4,300 m·min −1 and a temperature of 255°C. Cooling is facilitated by air set at a temperature of 17°C, flowing at a speed of 0.45 m·min −1 . In the production line, one roller operates without heating, while the second roller is maintained at a temperature range of 160°C. The stretching process is performed at a ratio of 1.3. To ensure proper lubrication, an oil rate of 1.3% is applied. These meticulously controlled process parameters collectively contribute to the most favorable production status.

The energy and environmental crisis pose a great challenge to human development in the 21st century. The design and development of clean and renewable energy and the solution for environmental pollution have become a hotspot in the current research. Based on the preparation of transition metal phosphates, transition metals were used as raw materials, Prussian blue-like NiFe(CN) 6 as a precursor, which was in situ grown on nickel foam (NF) substrate. After low temperature phosphating treatment, a bimetallic phosphide electrocatalyst (NiFe) 2 P/NF was prepared on NF substrate. Using 1 mol·L −1 KOH solution as a basic electrolyte, based on the electrochemical workstation of a three-electrode system, the electrochemical catalytic oxygen evolution performance of the material was tested and evaluated. Experiments show that (NiFe) 2 P/NF catalyst has excellent oxygen evolution performance. In an alkaline medium, the overpotential required to obtain the catalytic current density of 10 mA·cm −2 is only 220 mV, and the Tafel slope is 67 mV·dec −1 . This is largely due to: (1) (NiFe)2p/NF nanocatalysts were well dispersed on NF substrates, which increased the number of active sites exposed; (2) the hollow heterostructure of bimetallic phosphates promotes the electron interaction between (NiFe) 2 P and NF, increased the rate of charge transfer, and the electrical conductivity of the material is improved; and (3) theoretical calculations show that (NiFe) 2 P/NF hollow heterostructure can effectively reduce the dissociation barrier of water, promote the dissociation of water; furthermore, the kinetic reaction rate of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution is accelerated. Meanwhile, the catalyst still has high activity and high stability in 30 wt% concentrated alkali solution. Therefore, the construction of (NiFe) 2 P/NF electrocatalysts enriches the application of non-noble metal nanomaterials in the field of oxygen production from electrolytic water.

The synthesis of rod-shaped Mo( vi ) trichalcogenide–Mo( vi ) oxide, cleverly adorned on a poly(1- H pyrrole) (P1HP) matrix (MoS 3 –MoO 3 /P1HP), is achieved through a one-pot preparation method. This process occurs under the pyrrole oxidation employing the oxidizing agent Na 2 MoO 4 . Notably, this oxidation process facilitates the direct incorporation of the inorganic constituents into the polymer matrix. Of particular significance is the material’s bandgap, which is optimally situated at 1.4 eV, rendering it highly suitable for its intended applications. The material assumes a rod-like structure, characterized by an average length of 400 nm and width of 30 nm, further enhancing its desirability. In practice, this thin film serves as an exceptionally promising photoelectrode. It finds its forte in the generation of hydrogen from sewage water, achieving an impressive efficiency rate of 12.66%, specifically at 340 nm. In addition to that, it boasts a remarkable hydrogen generation rate of 1.2 moles·h −1 ·cm −2 . Moreover, the material exhibits remarkable versatility in its response to light. Its sensitivity to monochromatic light across a broad optical spectrum (UV till IR), underscores its potential for hydrogen generation applications for industrial applications.

Incorporating narrow band gap oxide semiconductors and metals into zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures broadens the range of light sensitivity to include visible wavelengths. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye was studied as a model for environmental pollution in aqueous media. This study describes the use of photodegradation catalysts, including gold (Au), ZnO, and Au–ZnO nanocomposites (prepared in ratios of 90:10 and 95:5) using the extract of Citrus medica leaves. X-ray diffraction (XRD) findings have shown that ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy findings have depicted that ZnO NPs have diverse shapes, including spherical, quasi-spherical, hexagonal, and anisotropic, with some clumping. Au exhibits consistent spherical shapes and sizes with even distribution. Au–ZnO (90:10) shows quasi-spherical NPs with interconnected spherical Au, forming a porous and uneven surface. Au–ZnO (95:5) has spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) dispersed on a textured ZnO surface, with some clustering and size variation as evident from the transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy analysis. The characterization results have demonstrated the uniform distribution of Au across the ZnO lattice. Additionally, the XRD patterns confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. Furthermore, energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX)-mapping verified the inclusion of zinc, oxygen, and Au in the hybrid Au–ZnO nanocomposites and their effective distribution. The topological analysis revealed a rough surface for the generated nanostructures. By comparing the results of various techniques, EDX analysis using atomic and weight ratios confirmed the presence of oxygen and Au in the nanocomposite. Additionally, the surface area analysis (BET) test has reported that the adsorption and desorption of nitrogen follow a Type III isotherm. The presence of an H3-type hysteresis loop further confirms the mesoporous nature of the composites, which reports the presence of wedge-shaped pores. The Au–ZnO (90:10) nanocomposite exhibits a higher surface roughness compared to other composites. In addition, this UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has enumerated the band gaps of various nanomaterials using UV-visible spectroscopy. Moreover, the analysis has unveiled that combining ZnO with Au NPs (doping) improved the photocatalytic performance of ZnO. This improvement is attributed to the formation of additional energy levels within the ZnO band gap due to the presence of Au ions. Experimental investigation of the breakdown of RhB dye under visible light irradiation revealed superior photocatalytic activity for the Au–ZnO (90:10) nanocomposite compared to both Au–ZnO (95:5) and pure ZnO and Au counterparts. Multiple experiments confirmed the effective photodegradation and removal of RhB dye from the aqueous medium using the nanocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Under optimal conditions (1.0 g·L −1 photocatalyst, 10 ppm RhB, and pH 10), 99% photodegradation efficiency was reached within 50 min of irradiation. Investigation of reactive species revealed that the increased effectiveness of photodegradation in Au–ZnO (90:10) stems from the presence of photogenerated holes and hydroxyl radicals. The study also analyzed the reaction kinetics and order, and the reusability of the best photocatalyst Au–ZnO (90:10)) was confirmed through five consecutive cycles, demonstrating its sustained effectiveness in photodegradation. These findings highlight the potential of Au–ZnO (90:10) nanocomposite as a promising material for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes.

The feasibility of using cellulose from Pinus spp. sawdust from Zomba, Malawi, treated with commercial and lemon-derived citric acid (CA) for ciprofloxacin (CFX) adsorption from water has been tested. Different CA concentrations were used on NaOH-pretreated sawdust for cellulose esterification. The material was analysed using a variety of techniques. Adsorption tests for CFX were performed using the batch method, and the data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin’s isotherms. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and point of zero charge results showed surface charges increasing (hydroxyl, −OH, and carboxyl, −COOH groups) due to the CA reaction. The Temkin model was the best fit for the experimental data with R 2 test values of 0.9515, while pseudo-second-order was the best fit ( R 2 = 0.9999) in an exothermic adsorption process. The adsorption efficiency was 83% on 0.8 g of the material at pH 4 in 20 mL (20 mg·L −1 ) CFX. The different CA concentrations during sawdust treatment had a negligible impact on morphology. A regression analysis ( R 2 and p -values) of structural data showed that the particle size, distance, and crystallinity index had negligible impact, while surface charges and functional groups had a significant impact on adsorption. Overall, the adsorption of CA-treated sawdust material on CFX is satisfactory.

In response to significant demand for evaluating the presence of heavy elements in diverse industrial areas of Saudi Arabia, the study sought to analyze the concentration ratios of 16 elements across 11 different artificial soil types in the industrial zones situated in Riyadh, Sudair, and Al-Ahsa. To achieve this objective, the research utilized the wet digestion technique and employed an ICPE-9000 spectrophotometer for quantifying element concentrations. The study had a dual focus: initially, it sought to gauge the pollution attributed to heavy metals arising from enrichment processes, and second, it evaluated the geographical accumulation of pollutants in the soil. The results revealed varying concentration levels of heavy metals across the industrial areas under study. Specifically, the soil in the Yanbu region exhibited the highest concentration values for iron, manganese, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt, cadmium, and beryllium. In contrast, the soil in the industrial area of Riyadh had the highest concentration values for lead, mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and arsenic (As). Furthermore, the highest concentration of Cd was recorded in the soil of the Jubail region. Conversely, the soil in the Al-Ahsa region displayed the lowest concentration levels for these heavy metals. The conductivity of the synthetic soil ranged from 0.47 to 6.07 μS·cm −1 , accompanied by a pH range of 6.6–8.6. The results emphasized the fluctuations in element concentrations, indicating significant implications for both environmental and human health. Notably, around 20% of the gathered samples showed concentrations of heavy elements like Mo, As, Hg, and Se that surpassed the allowable limits.

The aim of this study is to find a solution to the challenging problem of disposing oily sludge (OS). Three different types of modifiers, namely, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyether (AE) were employed for the simple modification of OS. The influence of modified OS on slurry ability and combustion performance were investigated. The results showed that OS modified by NaOH and SDBS can increase the concentration of coal OS slurry. However, the influence of AE modification on slurry concentration is intricate. In terms of combustion performance, the change in activation energy results in NaOH and SDBS modifications decrease T i and T h of coal OS slurry, while AE modification increases T i and T h of coal OS slurry.

In continuation of our efforts to fully utilize eggshell waste (ESW), here we report the possibility of ESW transformation to calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) anhydride of food-grade additive purity and eggshell membranes (ESMs) as potential enzyme immobilization carriers. ESW chemical transformation by 5% (w/v) hydrochloric acid to CaCl 2 solution and ESM completely devoid of the remnants of ESW calcium carbonate was performed in the constructed 15 L batch reactor during 4 h at room temperature, followed by separation of ESM from CaCl 2 solution by filtration. ESW-derived CaCl 2 solution containing the excess hydrochloric acid was neutralized by adding calcium hydroxide, concentrated to approximately 1/8th of volume, and spray dried. Separated ESM was washed with water and acetone, dried, and ground to a size of less than 0.5 mm. The ESW transformation process produced 102.42 ± 3.31 g of CaCl 2 anhydrous and 2.48 ± 0.28 g of ESM per 100 g of ESW dry matter. ESW-derived CaCl 2 fulfilled all criteria for food-grade additive, while obtained ESM showed their suitability for Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilization by adsorption. Graphical abstract

This article provides information on the synthesis of esterified derivatives of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (EPAN) based on the polymer waste “Nitron” for use as an encapsulating reagent. The elemental and structural compositions of potassium humate and the organic polymer were determined using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-6490l V) and an IR Fourier spectrometer (Zhimadzu IR Prestige-21). A method is presented for determining the strength of the encapsulated granules of potassium humates using an IPG-1M device and a TAXTplus texture analyzer (Stable Microsystems). The scientific novelty of the article lies in the synthesis of EPAN from “Nitron” polymer waste using sodium hydroxide in the presence of ethylene glycol at a temperature of 370 K for 4 h, followed by the use of 0.5% synthesized solution for encapsulating the granular potassium humate produced from humic acid to give a strength of up to 17.3 kg and prolonged action to the granules. The effect of EPAN concentration on the encapsulation process of granular potassium humates was investigated and studied. The mechanism for the formation of a protective layer of granular potassium humates in the form of a transparent film has been established. The results of the experimental work were processed using the integrated program Statistica-10, which showed a 3D simulation of the process. Microscopic, IR spectral, X-ray phase and thermogravimetric analyses of the encapsulated potassium humate were carried out using modern instrumental devices (MicroXRF Analysis Report, monochromator D878-PC75-17.0, TGA/DSC 1HT/319). The encapsulated durable potassium humate granules provide longer-term nutrition, i.e., a slow, gradual release of plant nutrients in the soil. The use of the produced high-strength encapsulated potassium humate granules allows for restoring soil fertility and increasing the yield of agricultural plants. The encapsulated granules can withstand numerous transshipments and long-term transportation while maintaining the commercial and consumer properties of the product.

This research work aims to synthesize environmentally benign and cost-effective metal nanoparticles. In this current research scenario, the leaf extract of Cedrela toona was used as a reducing agent to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by the color shift of the reaction mixture, i.e., silver nitrate and plant extract, from yellow to dark brown colloidal suspension and was established by UV-visible analysis showing a surface plasmon resonance band at 434 nm. Different experimental factors were optimized for the formation and stability of AgNPs, and the optimum conditions were found to be 1 mM AgNO 3 concentration, a 1:9 ratio of extract/precursor, and an incubation temperature of 70°C for 4 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra indicated the presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract that played the role of bioreducing agents in forming AgNPs. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of AgNPs with a mean size of 25.9 nm. The size distribution and morphology of AgNPs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which clearly highlighted spherical nanoparticles with a size distribution of 22–30 nm with a mean average size of 25.5 nm. Moreover, prominent antibacterial activity was found against Enterococcus faecalis (21 ± 0.5 mm) , Bacillus subtilis (20 ± 0.9 mm) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 ± 0.3 mm) , Staphylococcus aureus (16 ± 0.7 mm) , Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 ± 0.3 mm), and Escherichia coli (14 ± 0.7 mm). In addition, antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. Higher antioxidant activity was reported in AgNPs compared to the plant extract in both DPPH (IC 50 = 69.62 µg·ml −1 ) and ABTS assays (IC 50 = 47.90 µg·ml −1 ). Furthermore, cytotoxic activity was also investigated by the MTT assay against MCF-7 cells, and IC 50 was found to be 32.55 ± 0.05 µg·ml −1 . The crux of this research is that AgNPs synthesized from the Cedrela toona leaf extract could be employed as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer agents for the treatment of bacterial, free radical-oriented, and cancerous diseases.

A composite of high-density polyethylene/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE/UHMWPE) was synthesized via a high-temperature melting process. We specifically examined the effects of annealing on the morphological and rheological properties of the composite. Using scanning electron microscopy and advanced rotational rheometry, we determined that annealing notably alters the composite’s microstructure, with a reduction in pronounced features post-treatment. Rheologically, UHMWPE content significantly enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in storage modulus ( G ′), loss modulus ( G ″), and complex viscosity (| η *|), which aligned with scaling law principles. Our findings highlight a distinct improvement in mechanical properties post-annealing, underscoring the potential of UHMWPE in enhancing polymer composite performance. The scaling laws relating G ′, G ″, and | η *| with UHMWPE were identified as follows: (1) pre- c e : G ′ ∼ c 0.2 , g ″ ∼ c 0.07 , | η *| ～ c 0.07 and (2) post- c e : G ′ ∼ c 1.20 , g ″ ∼ c 0.6 , | η *| ∼ c 0.64 , with a forward shift in c e noted after annealing. The addition of UHMWPE significantly enhanced the system’s properties, particularly after annealing. This study offers crucial insights into optimizing HDPE plastic films for enhanced durability and sustainability, ideally suiting them for eco-friendly agricultural uses.

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a chemical that is widely used in many industrial processes, and, except at certain concentrations, it is toxic in biological systems such as water and air. Among enzymes, catalases are important industrial enzymes because of their role in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Herein, catalase (CAT) from Hydnum repandum was purified 3.02-fold with a yield of 68.10% by three-phase partitioning (TPP) for the first time. The purified catalase was immobilised on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan (Glu-Cts), and its applicability for the removal of hydrogen peroxide released from industrial processes was investigated. The results of the present study showed that the optimum pH and temperature were found to be 7.0 and 30°C for both free and immobilised catalase (CAT-Glu-Cts). The catalytic efficiency ( V max / K m ) of the immobilised enzyme increased 8-fold compared to the free enzyme. CAT-Glu-Cts was shown to have better pH, thermal stability, and storage stability than free CAT. In this study, >96% of 6 mM, 15 ve 24 mM H 2 O 2 was removed from artificial wastewater after 2 h using immobilised catalase. We expect that CAT-Glu-Cts, obtained by purifying a plant-derived catalase and immobilising it into an environmentally friendly and biocompatible material, is a promising candidate that can be safely used for H 2 O 2 removal in various branches of industry.

In this study, sodium titanium oxide (Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , termed STO) and sodium titanate/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites were prepared for the first time. A low-cost hydrothermal technique was employed to fabricate the STO/ZnO photocomposites with varying ZnO weight ratios: STO/0.25ZnO, STO/0.5ZnO, and STO/ZnO. The prepared photocomposites were investigated for the decomposition of methylene blue dye (MB) under natural visible light illumination and an artificial tungsten halogen lamp. The STO/ZnO photocomposite exhibits high photodegradation performance, which can be correlated with its properties and characterization. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that STO has an average crystallite size of 69.1 nm, ZnO has an average crystallite size of 41.4 nm, and the combination of STO/ZnO results in a reduced average crystallite size of 39.5 nm. The bandgap ( E g ) of STO/ZnO is 2.53 eV after controlling the ZnO weight ratio. The photocatalytic efficiency of the STO/ZnO photocomposite was 100% for MB within 60 min of solar light irradiation, compared to 33.7% for STO and 25.8% for ZnO. The effect of STO/ZnO dosage and MB concentration was investigated. Furthermore, the kinetics and mechanisms of the photocatalytic process were examined. The results suggest that STO/ZnO has promising potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment. Graphical abstract

Nevertheless, the growing salt stress in arable areas poses a significant threat to agricultural production. The current study utilised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using an extract obtained from the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOLe). The purpose was to reduce the detrimental effect of salinity on the Vicia faba L . (VF) cultivar (Nubaria 3). The biochemical and molecular characteristics of plants grown in saline settings were assessed 60 days after planting. The expression levels of plant defence genes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) in VF leaves were analysed at different time points. The synthesised NPs improve osmotic protection in plants under salt stress by elevated levels of pigments involved in photosynthesis. In addition, there was a significant increase in the levels of biochemical parameters, such as total phenol, proline, and antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the use of MOLe and MOLe@ZnONPs on the plants resulted in an increase in ion content and a considerable rise in the expression of Vf POX and Vf PPO genes when exposed to salt conditions. The findings suggest that the use of MOLe and MOLe@ZnONPs was more efficient in aiding the plant to recover from the negative impact of salt stress.

Some of the significant globally prevalent vector-borne illnesses are caused by Culex pipiens . Synthetic pesticides have been widely utilized to eradicate C. pipiens , which has led to a number of health risks for people, insect resistance, and environmental contamination. Alternative strategies are therefore vitally needed. In the current investigation, the Trichoderma viride fungal culture filtrate was used to create selenium and silver nanoparticles (SeNPs and AgNPs, respectively) and test them on C. pipiens larvae in their fourth instar stage. The death rate increased significantly when SeNP and AgNP concentrations increased, according to the results. SeNPs and AgNPs significantly affected the developmental and detoxification enzymes in fourth instar larvae of C. pipiens at 24 h after being treated with the sublethal concentration of the tested NPs. As a result of their insecticidal effect on C. pipiens larvae, SeNPs and AgNPs are considered effective and promising larvicidal agents.

In this study, the polar root extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. was used for the biogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs. The results of this study show that ZnO NPs have a spherical structure with an average size of 85.4 nm. The synthesized catalysts were tested for their photocatalytic activity by degrading methyl orange and methylene blue under sunlight. Improved degradation efficiencies of 79.44% and 84.92% were achieved within 120 min. ZnO NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes (18 mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (20 mm) and Gram-negative strains of Escherichia coli (16 mm) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (14 mm), as shown by the inhibition zones, which were comparable to the positive control (ceftriaxone) but larger than the plant root extract. ZnO NPs showed high antioxidant activity, as a ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay value of 66.29 µg (AAE µg·mL −1 ) and a DPPH value of 57.44 µg (AAE µg·mL −1 ) were obtained at a concentration of 500 µL, which was higher than those of the C. scariosus root extract. Quantification of the total phenolic and flavonoid content yielded values of 57.63 µg (GAE µg·mL −1 ) and 70.59 µg (QCE µg·mL −1 ), respectively. At a concentration of 500 μL (1 mg·mL −1 ), the tested nanoparticles (NPs) showed a greater anti-inflammatory effect (84.12%) compared to the root extract of C. scariosus (34.39%). Overall, our findings highlight the versatile properties of green synthesized ZnO NPs and demonstrate their potential for environmental remediation and antimicrobial formulations, as well as promising candidates for further investigation in biomedical fields such as drug delivery and therapy.

The present study investigates the effect of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) on C6 glioma cells and develops a method for preparing NiO. Plant-based materials (leaf extract) can produce NPs efficiently and economically. Therefore, we developed NiO-NPs from Terminalia chebula leaf extract to reduce C6 glioblastoma cell proliferation. The structural, optical, and antimicrobial properties of NiO-NPs were investigated. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H -tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, Acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining, Hoechst 33342, and Rh123 staining were used to evaluate nuclear changes and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in C6 glioblastoma cells. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the cubic structures of the synthesized NiO-NPs, field emission scanning electron microscope analysis revealed polygonal NiO-NPs and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer confirmed the high purity of the synthesized NiO-NPs. V. cholera, S. pneumonia, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and C. albicans were sensitive to NiO-NPs. When NiO-NPs were applied at lower concentrations to rat glioblastoma C6 cells, they dose-dependently inhibited viability and induced apoptosis. Our findings show that NiO-NPs exhibit altered MMP and nuclear integrity. In this study, NiO-NPs were synthesized using T. chebula leaf extract, which has antiproliferative properties, and NiO-NPs increased cell cytotoxicity in C6 cells. Further exploration of NiO-NPs in glioblastoma animal models should be investigated.

To replace the traditional synthesis of phosphinic amides and phosphinates involving the reaction of phosphinic chlorides with amines and alcohols, respectively, a new chlorine-free approach was aimed at utilizing aminolysis of the phosphinate and alcoholysis of the phosphinic amide. Under microwave conditions, in the presence of [bmim][PF 6 ] catalyst, alkyl diphenylphosphinates were converted to the corresponding phosphinic amides by reaction with primary amines. The reversed transformations involving the alcoholysis of the diphenylphosphinic amides under similar but somewhat more forcing conditions led to phosphinates. The reactivity of the starting phosphinic derivatives, as well as that of the primary amines and alcohols, was evaluated. The work-up included the removal of the excess of the nucleophiles (amine or alcohol) in vacuum followed by flash chromatography. The regenerated nucleophiles could be recycled and reused. Graphical abstract

Nanoemulsions (NEMs) are more stable and permeable than regular emulsions because of their increased surface area and smaller particle sizes, which are stabilized by emulsifiers and consist of nanometer-sized droplets. Utilization of an olive oil nanoemulsion (NEM-olive oil) loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) derived from marine alga Turbinaria turbinata may be effective against microorganisms and cancer cell lines. NEM-olive oil was made by mixing olive oil, surfactant (Span:Tween (28:72)), and D water (1:4:5). The marine alga Turbinaria turbinata was used for the synthesis of Ag-NPs (Tu-Ag-NPs), and combined with NEM-olive oil (1:1) to synthesize Ag-NPs loaded in olive oil–water nanoemulsion (Ag/NEM-olive oil). Transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Both NEM-olive oil and Ag/NEM-olive oil nanoparticles showed a negative surface charge and small diameter. The major components of NEM-olive oil are dodecanoic acid, 2-penten-1-yl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. All tested nanoparticles exhibited anticancer activity against the CACO-2 cell line and Hep G2, and antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis, S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans . The present research suggested that olive oil NEM loaded with marine algae Ag-NPs can be a safe and economical anticancer, antimicrobial, and drug delivery.

This article contains information about the accumulated industrial waste from phosphorus production and methods for its recycling and disposal to produce marketable products. Monitoring of cottrel dust’s impact on the environment, namely, ground and surface water, soil, and atmosphere was carried out. The mechanism of formation of cottrel dust was studied. The dispersed, chemical, and phase compositions of the dust in furnace gases during the electrothermal smelting of phosphorites were determined. The sequence of chemical reactions during the formation of cottrel dust was elucidated. The ratios of initial components entering the chemical reaction and the thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs energy) were determined using the Chemistry HSC-6 software package. IR spectral and elemental analyses were carried out for determining cottrel dust’s functional groups and elemental composition. Based on modern instrumental studies, it was found that the total content of phosphorus( v ) oxide in cottrel dust was 30.7%. This content of phosphorus( v ) oxide is sufficient to use cottrel dust as an initial raw material for producing phosphorus-containing fertilizers. This method was proposed for processing cottrel dust to produce monocalcium phosphate on a production scale. The chemical composition of the resulting monocalcium phosphate was determined and confirmed by analytical methods. The proposed technology for producing monocalcium phosphate from cottrel dust is recommended for use in the agro-industrial complex.

The present study emphasizes the stabilization of the biologically active anatase form of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NP). TiO 2 NP require stringent conditions for chemical synthesis and are usually a mixture of biologically inactive bulk rutile and the active bulk anatase forms. We utilized the culture pellet of the Exiguobacterium aestuarii SBG4 MH185868 to synthesize and stabilize the anatase form of TiO 2 NP. The NP showed λ max at ∼350 nm and scanning electron microscope micrographs indicated their oval and spherical shape. Steric stabilized anatase TiO 2 NP exhibited substantial cytotoxicity of up to 80% reduction in cell viability at 100 µg against cervical cancer derived HeLa and SiHa cell lines, whereas the rutile form showed least cytotoxicity. Clonogenic inhibition assay of HeLa cells showed dose-dependent decline with a 75% reduction in colony formation at 100 µg TiO 2 NP and cell migration assay revealed significant inhibition in recovery of the wound/scratch in presence of anatase form of TiO 2 NP (10–33% at 24 h and 42–79% at 48 h). Co-incubation of HeLa cells with anatase TiO 2 NP in chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chick eggs prevented the formation of new capillaries (20 ± 5% compared with control groups), indicating appreciable anti-angiogenic activity of the NP. Further, TiO 2 NP tagged with doxorubicin and paclitaxel exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells at very low concentrations of 9 and 120 nM itself, indicating their anti-tumor potential. In conclusion, biomimetic anatase TiO 2 NP have significant anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activity and can have potential application in tagging with generic anti-cancer drugs for enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

In this study, we synthesized 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4( 5H )-one through a one-pot reaction using all starting materials in a microwave oven. The presence of the solid base MgO catalyzed the reaction in the eco-friendly solvent of ethanol as a green chemistry approach owing to the noticeable advantages of short reaction times to save energy and less toxic starting materials for environmental friendliness. This indicates that the one-pot reaction makes the process simpler, in which the reaction time (1 h) is shorter than that of conventional methods (10 h). The yield of the reactions reached 55–76% for 18 final products consisting of 17 derivatives of morpholine or thiomorpholine with various aldehydes and one extended moiety of the primary amine, of which 13/18 final compounds were new. The purification procedure was performed without using polluting solvents. The structures were confirmed using IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and MS analyses.

The rich phytochemical profile of Perilla frutescens leaf extract (PLE) makes it a compelling bioreducing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), offering diverse biomedical applications. In this study, the PLE-mediated phytosynthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectra with maximum absorbance at 440 nm. The spherical PLE-AgNPs of <20 nm in size were further characterized by Dynamic light scanning, Transmission electron microscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction validated the crystalline structure of PLE-AgNPs. The energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy established the presence of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen groups, along with silver, in the PLE-AgNPs. FTIR results confirmed the presence of phytochemicals as the capping agents for PLE-AgNPs. The Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, furan derivatives, phenolic compounds, hydroxides, imidazole, aldehydes, etc., in PLE. In addition, the presence of phytochemicals was also confirmed in the as-synthesized PLE-AgNPs. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity affirmed the strong radical scavenging effect of PLE-AgNPs with an IC 50 of 51.58 μg·mL −1 . The wound-healing potential of PLE-AgNPs was confirmed by in vitro cell scratch assay in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. These integrated findings emphasize the significant biomedical advantages and potential applications of PLE-AgNPs in clinical applications.

Nanomedicine is the application of nanomaterials and nanotechnology to the development of novel pharmaceuticals and drug delivery mechanisms. The present study synthesized a functionalized nanocomposite (NC) containing graphene oxide (GO), chitosan (Ch), manganese (Mn), folic acid (FA), and brucine. The anticancer properties of the synthesized GO/Mn/Ch/FA-Brucine NCs were evaluated against liver cancer cells. GO/Mn/Ch/FA-Brucine NCs were characterized using several characterization techniques. The growth of HepG2 and Hep3B cells was analyzed using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell apoptosis was examined through dual staining. The levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured using the corresponding assay kits. Various characterization assays revealed the formation of crystalline GO/Mn/Ch/FA-Brucine NCs with tetragonal and agglomerated morphologies, various stretching and bonding, and an average particle size of 136.20 nm. GO/Mn/Ch/FA-Brucine NCs have effectively inhibited the viabilities of HepG2 and Hep3B cells. The NCs increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced antioxidants and inflammatory mediators, thereby promoting apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells. Our findings indicate that GO/Mn/Ch/FA-Brucine NCs can inhibit viability and promote apoptosis in liver cancer HepG2 cells.

The nature of serpentinite interaction with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions is studied. Using IR-Fourier spectroscopy, X-ray, and serpentinite leaching with sulfuric acid solutions containing 10–60% of stoichiometrically required amount (SRA) of H 2 SO 4 (taken relative to the molar magnesium content in serpentinite), it is shown that the appearance and influence of silica on the course of serpentinite dissolution is detected at concentrations of 30–40% of SRA of H 2 SO 4 . On the basis of the obtained results, this article points out the technological, economic, and ecological advantages of use of sulfuric acid solutions of low concentrations in the process of acid processing with the aim of producing magnesium salts.

The current research focuses on the optimisation of common rail direct injection (CRDi) diesel engines for their optimum performance and emission characteristics using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The RSM approach is used in this study to reduce the number of experimental tests and costs. In the RSM technique, the three input operational parameters such as injection pressures (30, 35, and 40 MPa), engine loads through indicated mean effective pressure (2.1, 4.15, and 6.2 bar), and varying waste plastic oil (WPO)–diesel fuel blends (5%, 10%, and 15%) are considered to improve the engine output responses like brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The polynomial regression model is developed within the defined input parameter range. The validations and prediction accuracy of the regression model are studied using diagnostic and influence plots such as Box–Cox, Cook’s distance, leverage plot, and difference in fits (DFFITS) analysis, to name a few. After the validations of the model, the prediction values of BTE and NOx are compared with the experimental test results. The effects of input parameters on the BTE and NOx emissions are studied by contour and 3D surface plots. The collective effect of NOx and BTE is analysed through an overlay plot at different one-side intervals. The minor change in the outputs of BTE and NOx emissions is studied by sensitivity analysis. The confirmation of the proposed regression model is done through the multi-variate desirability function approach. The results found that the regression model predicts accurately when compared to the experimental test results. The optimal input parameter after the RSM and desirability approach for maximum BTE and lower NOx is found to be 5% of WPO + diesel fuel blend, 30 MPa injection pressure, and 2.1 bar of engine load. Using these parameter sets, the highest value of BTE and the lowest value of NOx emissions are found to be 32.5605% and 14.8757 ppm, respectively. Graphical abstract

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is an agricultural waste with massive potential as a source of lignin for the production of renewable materials. In this study, acetosolv lignin from SB was extracted efficiently and sustainably via microwave (MW)-assisted extraction within 10 min. Subsequently, acetosolv lignin was subjected to electrospinning into lignin nanofibres (LNFs) for carbon fibre production using an 85/15% w/w lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) blend ratio in a DMF solution after optimisation of suitable electrospinning parameters. The structural characterisation of lignin was accomplished via pyrolysis-gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, heteronuclear single quantum coherence, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis while the electrospun LNFs were characterised by transmission electron microscope as randomly arranged fibres with diameters ∼15 nm. SB is a readily available and valuable source of lignin for facile MW extraction using acetic acid, while electrospinning was a fast and efficient method for the fabrication of LNFs. Graphical abstract

The biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is one of the methods used alongside other conventional methods for SeNP synthesis. In this research, we used the cell-free culture (CFC) of Limosilactobacillus fermentum for SeNP synthesis. We investigated the biosynthesis of SeNPs under various levels of temperature, pH, and Se 4+ concentration and characterized the biosynthesized SeNPs using FE-SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and dynamic light scattering–zeta potential analyses to find nanoparticles with desirable properties. Also, the cellular toxicity of SeNPs against the MCF-7 cell line was analyzed. The scavenging activity of free radicals in CFC before and after SeNP synthesis was examined using the DPPH method. The selected SeNP has an average hydrodynamic radius of 92.52 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.134. This nanoparticle also has a mostly spherical shape, amorphous nature, and zeta potential of −32.2 mV. The toxicity of nanoparticles for MCF-7 was much lower than sodium selenite salt. It was also confirmed that during nanoparticle synthesis, the reducing ability of CFC significantly decreases. This research aimed to design a safe, cheap, and eco-friendly protocol for the biosynthesis of SeNPs using the CFC of Limosilactobacillus fermentum . As a result, SeNPs possess great potential for further exploration in the realm of biomedicine. Graphical abstract

Utilizing an innovative and highly light-absorbing photocathode, the direct conversion of hydrogen gas from Red Sea water is achieved. This involves creating a new nanocomposite thin film through a one-pot synthesis method, combining poly( O -chloroaniline) with trichalcogenides (MoS 3 ) and MoO 3 (MoS 3 –molebednium oxide/poly(o-chloroaniline)). This nanocomposite has remarkable morphological and optical properties with potential as a photocathode for hydrogen generation by harnessing the power of Red Sea water. This nanocomposite exhibits a unique semi-spherical architecture, with an average size of around 150 nm. These semi-spherical particles are surrounded by a dense network of fibers, forming a complex structure that provides ample space for trapping photons when exposed to light. The distinctive morphology significantly influences the optical properties of this nanocomposite, showing strong absorbance across a wide range of optical wavelengths up to ∼700 nm, with a promising bandgap of 1.75 eV. The hydrogen generation is quantified by measuring the generated photocurrent density ( J ph ) as a function of the light incidence frequency using various optical filters at a fixed potential of −0.8 V. The highest J ph values are recorded at −0.558 and −0.553 mA·cm −2 for wavelengths of 340 and 440 nm, respectively; the value reaches its maximum at the white light with a wavelength of −0.63 mA·cm −2 . Elevating the temperature from 30°C to 50°C results in a substantial enhancement of the J ph values, increasing from −0.63 to −0.71 mA·cm −2 , respectively. This temperature increase leads to a noteworthy improvement in incidnce photon to current conversion from 1.85% to 2.22%. This photoelectrode demonstrates not only cost-effectiveness but also eco-friendliness, making it an attractive choice for H 2 generation by Red Sea water as a natural, environmentally friendly, and economically viable hydrogen source. Consequently, this study holds significant promise for industrial applications due to its economic and eco-friendly characteristics.

Cellulose-based aerogels have become promising adsorbents for organic pollutants and spilled oil due to their high selectivity and excellent sorption capacity. However, the high costs of preparation limit their practicality. In this study, cellulose fibers were fabricated from corn straw via simple alkaline pulping and bleaching. A cellulose aerogel (CA) was then prepared by the freeze-drying method with polyvinyl alcohol as the binder. After treatment with methyltrimethoxysilane by facile chemical vapor deposition, a modified cellulose aerogel (MCA) with water contact angles up to 154.8° was obtained, which exhibited superhydrophobicity. Importantly, the MCA has both high porosity (98.35–98.94%) and low density (16.33–23.95 mg·cm −3 ). In addition, the MCA can separate oil–water mixtures by gravity filtration with separation efficiency up to 97.3% and flux as high as 9827 L·m −2 ·h −1 . This conversion of agricultural wastes into an efficient and high value-added adsorbing material is a promising development in the field of oil–water separation that offers a green and efficient strategy to combat the leakage of organic solvents and oil into the environment.

This study presents a new approach for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilizing an emulsion of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. When synthesized, the particles were around 90 ± 5 nm in size. The zeta potential investigation yielded a value of −27.1 mV. The generated ZnONPs exhibited 83.70% anti-oxidant activity as well as good radical scavenging capabilities. The catalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated using rhodamine B dye, and they displayed that maximum photocatalytic degradation was found to be 90.32% when exposed to UV light and 50.5% when not exposed to UV light. The kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation employs pseudo-first-order rate kinetics, with a rate constant of 2.5 × 10 −2 under UV irradiation and 1.1 × 10 −2 without irradiation. Anti-bacterial tests against Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated the particles’ anti-bacterial characteristics. Anti-cancer studies were carried out using KB-31 cancer cells at varying particle concentrations. The studies confirmed that the particles produced are anti-cancer. In conclusion, this study reports a new green synthesis method to fabricate ZnONPs with high anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties and suitable for various biomedical applications. Graphical abstract

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bacteria is more interesting because of their non-toxic, biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and cost-effectiveness. In the present research work, AgNPs were synthesized by Klebsiella pneumoniae in two steps: first, K. pneumoniae was grown in nutrient broth, followed by mixing of bacterial supernatant and silver nitrate aqueous solution in an optimized ratio. The synthesized AgNPs were thoroughly analyzed using analytical instruments for a detailed investigation. The absorption peak observed using UV-visible spectrophotometry at 464 nm indicated the development of AgNPs, while the characteristic bands for the AgNPs by infrared spectroscopy were observed in the region of 500–4,000 cm −1 . Morphological examination via field emission SEM unveiled spherical-shaped AgNPs whose sizes varied from 22.25 to 47.99 nm, along with high aggregation. The crystallinity nature of the synthesized AgNPs was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, which revealed major intensity peaks at 2 θ values of 27.6°, 31.9°, and 46°. AgNPs showed 26.6% of methyl orange dye removal within 50 min. The antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus , Bacillus megaterium , Serratia marcescens , and Staphylococcus aureus showed maximum zones of inhibition, i.e., 14 mm (10 mg·mL −1 ), 16 mm (5 and 10 mg·mL −1 ), 13 mm (5 and 10 mg·mL −1 ), and 12 mm (10 mg·mL −1 ). Therefore, the bacterial-synthesized AgNPs exhibited potential application in the field of biomedicine, which may be further used against various other pathogens.

Biosynthesized nanomaterials and nanocomposites (NCs) could have promising potentialities to overcome the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria, particularly Salmonella Typhimurium . Radish seed ( Raphanus sativus ) mucilage (RSM) was employed for synthesizing/capping selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their nanoconjugates with chitosan (Ct) were assessed for inhibiting MDR S. typhimurium . The SeNPs were effectually biosynthesized using RSM and have 4.21 nm mean size and −25.6 mV surface charge. Different NC formulations of Ct/RSM/SeNPs were generated and validated using infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The entire formulations could suppress S. Typhimurium growth, including MDR strains. F3 NCs (with 53.64 nm diameter and +21.1 mV surface charge) had the strongest anti- S. Typhimurium activity that exceeded the action of cephalosporin, and the subsequent antibacterial formulation was F2 (with 41.77 nm diameter and −17.3 mV charge). The NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs could severely destruct, deform, and lyse S. Typhimurium cells’ structures throughout 10 h of exposure. The innovative fabricated NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs are auspiciously suggested as effectual biocides to eradicate MDR S. Typhimurium in various food-processing facilities.

The current research aimed to gain insights into the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of ultra-small (US) zinc oxide (ZnO) and manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al)-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs were synthesized using the sol–gel method and treated with various organic ligand molecules, serving as surface modifiers and stabilizers. The influence of ligand molecules on the growth kinetics was observed by monitoring the synthesis time until gel formation, which revealed that the ligand molecules significantly slowed down gelation. Moreover, the shape and final size of NPs were also analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed single-phase crystallization in all samples. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy revealed a broad absorbance peak in the range of 347–355 nm. Tauc’s method estimated an optical bandgap of 3.1–3.16 eV. Infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) spectroscopy corroborated the formation of ZnO NPs decorated with various functional groups. Structural studies were performed using DISCUS software, where all necessary parameters were refined, and suggested a crystallite/NP size in the range of 3–10 nm. The citrate molecule (cit), a capping agent, exhibits the smallest crystallite/NPs. The samples were explored for antimicrobial and anti-acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activities. Among all samples, only 3–5% Mn-doped ZnO with acetate (ac) molecules as ligands showed antimicrobial activities at different concentrations. Moreover, 3% and 5% Co-doped ZnO with ac, and 3% Co-doped ZnO with dimethyl- l -tartrate (dmlt) and cit, were also active at various concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Bacillus cereus (BC). The highest zone of inhibition of 7.5 ± 0.2 mm against MRSA and 10.0 mm for BC were observed. The lowest zone of inhibition was reported as 3.25 ± 0.25 mm against MRSA and 3.0 mm against BC. A direct relationship between the zone of inhibition and the concentration was observed. ZnO NPs inhibit 87.39 ± 0.002% AChE, while 3% Al-doped, 3 and 5% Co-doped NPs inhibit 78.8 ± 0.017%, 56.2 ± 0.002%, and 62.7 ± 0.051% AChE, respectively. An intermediate response of AChE inhibition was observed: 42.0 ± 0.018% for 3% Mn-doped NPs and 32.6 ± 0.0034% for 5% Mn-doped NPs. Various strategies were employed to further optimize their activities. Graphical abstract

The production of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing biological means with renewable resources is thought to be risk-free, environmentally benign, and safe. In this work, the capacity of Bauhinia variegata to produce Ag NPs was measured. Numerous methods, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD, were employed for the analysis of the produced Ag NPs. Ag NP antimicrobial capacity has been examined through microtitreplate as well as agar well diffusion techniques. Ag NPs’ ability to scavenge free radicals at varying concentrations was assessed using the DPPH technique. The MICs were 1,000 µg·mL −1 against pathogenic microbes including Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Candida albicans , while 500 and 250 µg·mL −1 were versus Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli , respectively. Silver showed an intriguing antioxidant capacity, achieving IC 50 of 46.23 μg·mL −1 . Additionally, Ag NPs demonstrated possible anticancer action when applied to the carcinoma cell lines Caco-2, with IC 50 of 396.2 μg·mL −1 and cytotoxicity toward normal Vero cell lines with IC 50 of 609.45 μg·mL −1 . Furthermore, Ag NPs demonstrated a range of antibiofilm activities toward S. aureus (MRSA). In conclusion, Ag NPs biosynthesized via B. variegata show promise for a variety of safe biological applications.

The oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols with Jones reagent to prepare long-chain fatty acids is an efficient and economical method. The by-product of chromium sulfate is electrolyzed and oxidized to hexavalent chromium, which is recycled to avoid the emission of toxic by-products. In this article, the process conditions for the preparation of carboxylic acid by chromium reagent oxidizing alcohol are optimized, and the effects of various reaction conditions on the experiment are explored. Innovatively, the reaction was optimized by reverse addition. The two synthesis methods are compared by orthogonal experiments, and the optimal reaction conditions for oxidation are determined: the organic solvent of alcohol is added to the acidified Jones reagent by reverse addition; the amount of chromium reagent is 1.5 times the required stoichiometry; the chromium concentration in chromium reagent is 2.5 mol·L −1 ; the reaction temperature was lower than 30°C and the reaction time was 4 h. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the formation of by-products was effectively inhibited, and the conversion rate of alcohol oxidation to carboxylic acid was increased from 80% to more than 90%. Graphical abstract

The development of a photocathode based on a Pb( ii )-iodide/poly(1 H -pyrrole) porous spherical (PbI 2 /P1HP PS) nanocomposite has been successfully achieved in the efficient production of H 2 gas from Red Sea water. The distinguishable spherical and porous shapes of these nanocomposites are characterized by a minimum surface measuring approximately 25 nm. This structural configuration, coupled with the nanocomposite’s substantial light absorbance, results in a modest bandgap of 2.4 eV. This turns the nanocomposite into a highly promising candidate for renewable energy applications, particularly for H 2 gas generation from natural sources like Red Sea water. The economic viability of the PbI 2 /P1HP PS nanocomposite, relying on a glass substrate, mass production, and straightforward fabrication techniques, adds to its promising profile for H 2 gas evolution. The photocathode exhibits significant potential for H 2 gas production, with a notable current density ( J ph ) value of 1.0 mA·cm −2 in a three-electrode cell configuration. The IPCE reaches 3.1%, reflecting the successful evolution of 24 µmol·h −1 10 cm 2 of the photocathode. Importantly, the use of natural Red Sea water as an electrolyte underscores a key feature for H 2 gas production: utilizing freely available natural resources. This aspect holds considerable promise for industrial applications, emphasizing the environmentally sustainable nature of the photocathode.

The research deals with the isoflavone genistein production, followed by the β-glucosidase production from Aspergillus oryzae. The Cajanus cajan leaf extract was prepared and the optimized extraction parameters were leaf powder weight (1 g), agitation time (75 min), and temperature (60°C). The optimal conditions for β-glucosidase production by submerged fermentation were 0.4% (w/v) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as nitrogen source, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO 4 as magnesium source, 2 ml (v/v) size of inoculum, and 60 min incubation time. The Al 2 O 3 nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by optimal volume of leaf extract (25 ml) and procurement period (50 min) along with Al 2 NO 3 and NaOH. The β-glucosidase immobilization on Al 2 O 3 NCs improved the specific activity from 2.38 ± 0.002 to 5.64 ± 0.07 U·mg −1 . The maximum genistein production was achieved with the rate of biotransformation (48 h) and enzyme concentration (1% (v/v)) along with the substrate level. In fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the difference between both β-glucosidases free and Al 2 O 3 immobilized was obtained with peaks at 1,120 and 2,150 cm −1 . The X-ray diffraction analysis for the NCs was obtained from 10° to 80° with several intensities. and zeta potential size distribution was recorded at 16.2% of intensity with 206.4 d nm. After immobilization, the stability of the β-glucosidase was increased, thereby increasing its potential in the pharmaceutical, biofuel, food, and beverage industries.

The objective of the proposed investigation is the development and validation of a green stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method to determine croconazole hydrochloride (CCZ). The developing system used was an 80:20 v/v mixture of acetone and water. The measurement of CCZ was done at 198 nm. With the use of the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tools, greenness was evaluated. The linearity was demonstrated by the present method in the 25–1,200 ng/band range. The present approach was additionally reliable, accurate, sensitive, precise, and green. An exceptional greenness profile was demonstrated by the AES, total ChlorTox, and AGREE scales, which were determined to be 89, 1.08 g, and 0.82, respectively. The greenness metrics of the present method were much better than the reported high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Under acid and oxidative degradation circumstances, CCZ was shown to be unstable, while under alkaline and thermal-stress settings, it was sufficiently stable. Furthermore, the stability-indicating component determined by analytical method identified CCZ in the presence of its degradation products. Commercial CCZ cream was found to contain 0.98% w/w of CCZ. The investigation’s results suggested that CCZ in commercially available creams might be regularly examined with the help of the recommended green technology. Graphical abstract

A one-step biosynthetic pathway for the fabrication of La 2 O 3 –LaPO 4 nanocomposites (NCs) was developed, employing Charybdis natator . The structure and phase changes of the NCs were confirmed, and their diverse applications were explored. The peaks at 206, 332, and 442 nm in UV-DRS studies confirmed the formation of La 2 O 3 –LaPO 4 NCs. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis revealed La–O stretching at 716 cm −1 and the presence of PO 4 3 − {\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-} bands at 532, 560, 578, and 618 cm −1 . X-ray diffraction patterns showed a hexagonal phase of La 2 O 3 with peaks at 2 θ 11.04 and 28.57 and monoclinic LaPO 4 phases at 2 θ = 18.79 and 41.88. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed binding energy peaks at 836.04 and 852.77 eV, corresponding to 3d 5/2 and 3d 3/2 of the lanthanum. The average particle size from HR-TEM analysis was 28.95 nm after annealing at 800°C and SAED patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. The high affinity of the NCs towards ctDNA was established by a binding constant value of 2.08 (mg·mL −1 ) −1 . Under UV exposure, 96% degradation efficiency for methyl orange within 120 min at pH 4 was displayed, with a rate constant of 2.72 × 10 −2 min −1 affirming their photocatalytic potential. Their biocompatibility was assessed through MTT assay and luminescence characteristics were evaluated.

Background and objective As a last option, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections (caused by Enterobacteriaceae) are treated with the antibiotic colistin, also known as polymyxin E. Colistin-resistant superbugs predispose people to untreatable infections, possibly leading to a high mortality rate. This project aims to study the effect of Acacia nilotica aqueous extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP). Materials and methods ZnO-NPs were synthesized using the green method and characterized by UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The zone of inhibition (ZI) was measured using the agar-well diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were estimated to determine the antimicrobial activity of the tested compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the alterations in bacterial cells that were treated with the tested drugs. Results The synthesized ZnO-NPs presented good chemical and physical properties, and the plant extract and ZnO-NPs displayed a large ZI. ZnO-NPs had the lowest MIC (0.2 mg·mL −1 ). SEM and TEM observations revealed various morphological modifications in CRKP cells, including cell shrinkage, cell damage, cytoplasm loss, cell wall thinning, and cell death. Conclusion A. nilotica aqueous extract and ZnO-NPs could be used as alternative natural products to produce antibacterial drugs and to prevent CRKP infection.

The utilization of plant bioactive composites has concerned substantial attention due to their possible use in the development of novel antibiotics, containing the environmentally sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles. In the current study, a green and eco-friendly process was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and to evaluate their anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer potentials. The characterization of the Ag-NPs involved UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-vis spectrum of Ag-NPs was 437 nm. The FTIR absorption peaks detected at 685.48 cm −1 confirmed their characteristics. The FESEM displayed that Ag-NPs have an average size of 30 nm. The TEM revealed that the Ag-NPs have an irregular spherical shape with 16 nm size distribution. The XRD results provided a strong indication that the green synthesized Ag-NPs was of high purity with crystalline nature. The anti-bacterial properties were investigated at different concentrations for both the ethanolic tangerine peel extract and Ag-NPs. The results of anti-bacterial activity showed that 100 µg·mL −1 was potent concentration, but the Ag-NPs were more effective than the ethanolic tangerine peel extract. For the ethanolic extract, the inhibition zone was 17.50 ± 0.20 mm for K. pneumoniae and 14.40 ± 0.20 mm for B. cereus . For the Ag-NPs, the inhibition zone was 25.50 mm for K. pneumoniae and 20.50 mm for B. cereus. Furthermore, the antioxidant examination revealed more potent free radical scavenging activity of the Ag-NPs than the ethanolic peel extract alone. The ethanolic extract ranged 46–77% while the Ag-NPs ranged 57–88%. Additionally, the anti-proliferative of the Ag-NPs against the lung cancer cell line (A549) was more potent than the ethanolic extract alone. The cytotoxic activity was 90.03% and 78.50%, respectively. The anti-proliferative effect of Ag-NPs is attributed to cell death, induced apoptosis, and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings highlight the potential and further utilization of Ag-NPs in medicinal applications particularly for cancer therapeutics.

The potential for waste management can be enhanced by the recovery and utilisation of waste biomass. In this work, we used analytical n -hexane to chemically extract sandbox oil, and we followed it up with a single transesterification step to turn it into biodiesel. Diesel and biodiesel were mixed to make five fuel samples (diesel, B20, B40, B50, and B100). These fuel samples were then burned in a compression ignition engine test bed to assess their performance and ascertain their emission characteristics. The test fuels yielded 5.2 kW of rated power from an unmodified single-cylinder diesel engine. It has been found that combustion–ignition engines can effectively use sandbox biodiesel as a biofuel. Pollution is also decreased by burning biofuels. As to the test findings, B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) outperformed other automobiles with respect to high cylinder pressure and heat release rate, reducing hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions by 12.5%, 35.5%, and 38.5%, respectively. The results so far are similar to diesel.

This study presents the synthesis of a sensitive AKBA-Based fluorescent “Turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin residues in tomatoes. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using 3- O -acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-AKBA) by chemical reduction method. The characterization of AKBA-AgNPs was performed by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average particle size of NPs was found to be 46.2 ± 2 nm with lumps of macro-sized particles. TEM data further revealed that nanoparticles were polydispersed and spherical in shape and also show good stability at high temperatures and pH. The biosensing properties of nanoparticles were studied for the detection of abamectin residues in tomato samples. Abamectin a natural product derived from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis is effective against a wide range of pests. In sensing protocol 67 organic tomato samples were segregated into 34 (safe group, without a spray of abamectin) and 33 samples (as an unsafe group, sprayed with abamectin insecticide solution). Emission spectra of these sample solutions were measured in the wavelength range of 450–530 nm, excitation wavelength was fixed at 488 nm. The effect of minor wavelength variation for the discrimination and classification of the two groups was investigated by applying two chemometric methods including partial least square discriminant analysis and principal component analysis with projection. The mechanism of its interaction between the AKBA-Ag NPs and abamectin residue was also established through UV/visible, FTIR, and TEM microscopy. This newly synthesized nanoparticle was found to have excellent stability at variables, i.e., temperature, storage period, salt concentration, and pH. Therefore, the synthesized Ag NPs are potential candidates for biosensing applications against abamectin.

Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. possesses significant biological potential due to its rich bioactive compounds. To enhance this potential, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using the methanolic extract of E. dracunculoides , exploiting ZnO NPs’ superior physiochemical properties and bioavailability. The synthesis of ZnO NPs was confirmed through UV–Vis spectroscopy (with an absorption maximum at 368 nm), X-ray diffraction (crystalline nature), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (functional groups involved in Zn²⁺ reduction), scanning electron microscopy (rod-shaped and triangular morphologies, average size 79 nm), and EDX (presence of Zn and O). The ED-ZnO NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against U87 cells (IC 50 : 229.51 µg·mL −1 ) and anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica promastigotes (IC 50 : 9.11 µg·mL −1 ). Additionally, in vivo studies demonstrated significant antihyperlipidemic effects, with decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. ED-ZnO NPs also normalized alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and glucose levels compared to controls. Overall, ED-ZnO NPs effectively enhance the bioactive compounds’ efficacy in treating various disorders.

Based on the surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) instrument, we established a new method of analyzing morphine in urine by processing a calibration curve. According to an inhibition immunoassay, gradient concentration of morphine and morphine-BSA fixed on the chip competitively combine with morphine antibody on the chip. Given the three mathematical models, the data of SPRi signals generated from SPRi with morphine was processed to obtain the calibration curve. Ultrafiltration was used to pretreat blank urine samples with adding morphine, and then investigated the advantages and disadvantages of each model. With a limit detection of 6.57 ng·mL −1 , the method and mathematical models can provide robust support for SPRi sensors used in further environmental detection, such as the epidemiological study of sewage.

Medium-temperature anaerobic digestion experiments lasting for 55 days were conducted using sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-containing chicken manure in sequential batch reactors added with nano-Fe 2 O 3 at a concentration of 300 mg·kg −1 ·TS or nano-C 60 at a concentration of 100 mg·kg −1 ·TS. The effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of SMX-containing chicken manure were assessed by measuring the following indicators: biogas production by anaerobic digestion, chemical parameters, enzyme concentrations, and bacterial diversity and changes in antibiotic concentrations over time. The law of bacterial degradation of SMX was analyzed. The results showed that (1) adding either nano-Fe 2 O 3 or nano-C 60 promoted biogas production by anaerobic production from chicken manure containing different concentrations of SMX, and the cumulative biogas production in Fe 2 O 3 and nano-C 60 increased by 35.4% and 130.7%, respectively. The final cumulative biogas productions in different groups were as follows: 3,712(CK), 4,281(S1), 3,968(S2), 4,061(S3), 4,498(S4), and 4,639(S5) mL and the final concentration of SMX residues varied between 99.79% and 99.94%; (2) Bacterial abundance at the phylum level: on day 1, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the main dominant bacterial phyla, with relative abundances of 45.13–68.53% and 26.12–48.32%, respectively. The addition of nanoparticles increased the abundance of Bacteroidota in S4 and S5 significantly. The abundance of Bacteroidota was slightly higher in the group added with nanoparticles than in S2. On day 50, Firmicutes became the dominant bacterial phylum, and its relative abundance varied little across the groups, ranging from 90.87% to 94.54%; (3) At different stages, the bacterial community structure at the genus level was dramatically affected by substrates. As nutrients were being depleted, some bacterial communities lost their original competitive advantages. On day 5, the relative abundance of Prevotella increased. Especially, the relative abundances of Prevotella in S4 and S5 added with nanoparticles were lower than that in S2 by 8–10%. On day 15, the relative abundance of Prevotella in S2 decreased compared with the control group CK. A decrease was also observed in S4 and S5, although to a smaller extent than in S2.

Bromate–thiourea coordinated leaching of gold sulfide ore for gold sulfide ore as leaching object. The effects of leaching reagent, stirring speed, and leaching time on gold leaching were investigated in this article. The results showed that the optimum leaching conditions were potassium bromate 0.1 M, thiourea 0.6 g·L −1 , hydrochloric acid 0.2 M, agitation speed 250 rpm, ratio of liquid to solid 4, and leaching time 10 min. Under these conditions, high efficiency and rapid leaching of gold can be achieved, and reagent consumption is reduced. The research results have theoretical and practical significance for expanding new green gold extraction technology.

This groundbreaking study explores the eco-friendly production of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) to investigate their impact on health. TiO 2 NPs were synthesized utilizing a plant extract from Fagonia cretica , acting as both stabilizers and reducers. Various techniques, including energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were employed to analyze the synthesized TiO 2 NPs. FT-IR revealed functional groups crucial for nanoparticle (NP) formation. SEM confirmed the particle size of synthesized TiO 2 NPs, ranging from 20 to 80 nm. XRD analysis highlighted the rutile phase crystalline structure, and EDX determined the elemental composition of TiO 2 NPs. These NPs displayed potent antimicrobial properties, proving toxic to bacterial and the fungal strains at 50 µg·mL −1 concentration. Impressively, TiO 2 NPs showcased significant antidiabetic effects in adult male albino mice, effectively reducing Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia by the improvement in behavior via random blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoprteins, very low density lipoproteins, and GTT pathway at 100 and 200 µL. Furthermore, they exhibited a remarkable impact on human liver cancer cell lines, with a 43.2% reduction in cell viability at 100 µg·mL −1 concentration. In essence, the study highlights TiO 2 NPs as a safe, natural therapeutic agent with immense potential in diabetes treatment. The MTT assay was utilized to assess their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, affirming their promising role in healthcare. Graphical abstract

The present study highlights the true potential of Rhizopus oligosporus IIB-08 to produce lipase enzyme under solid-state fermentation and focuses on improving the properties of lipase by immobilizing it on biogenic aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al-NPs) for better resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol. For this purpose, almond meal substrate showed 10.44 ± 0.36 U·g −1 lipase activity. The immobilization of lipase on biogenic Al-NPs prepared using Mentha spicata leaf extract led towards improved stability and catalytic efficiency, resulting in a 9.3% increase in activity compared to free enzyme. This study also examined the potential of the immobilized lipase in the effective resolution of 2-octanol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of lipase-catalysed fatty acids, such as linolenic acid (C18:3), linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid, and oleic acid (C18:1), with palmitic acid exhibiting the highest concentration (142 μg·ml −1 ) at a retention time of 23.2 min. This study concludes that R. oligosporus IIB-08 is a promising source for lipase production and demonstrates the significant potential of nanoparticle-immobilized lipase in resolving pharmaceutically important organic chemicals, thereby making it a promising approach for different industrial applications. However, further scaling up is needed for better implementation in the industry.

Breast cancer affects millions of women worldwide. This study explores the potential of combining pentoxifylline (PTX) and simvastatin (SIM) as a treatment for breast cancer. We aimed to develop six sustainability tools using green and white metrics to evaluate the environmental impact of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods for analyzing and separating PTX and SIM in their pure forms. The tools include analytical GREEnness, green analytical procedure index, Complexgreen analytical procedure index, analytical greenness metric for sample preparation, blue applicability grade index, and the RGB 12 algorithm. For the separation, we used a Novapack C8 column (15 × 0.46 cm, 5 µm) at 25°C. The injection volume was 5.0 µL, the wavelength was set to 210 nm, and the total runtime was 5 min. We identified optimal chromatographic conditions efficiently using the Box–Behnken design with minimal trials. We investigated the effects of three factors on retention time and resolution: acetonitrile ratio, pH, and flow rate. We used overlay plots with a 60:40 ratio (v/v) of acetonitrile and bi-distilled water to forecast the most effective mobile phase. The calibration curves for PTX and SIM showed a correlation value of over 0.999 within the range of 5–60 µg·mL −1 . The recovery rates ranged from 99.9% to 100.2%, indicating high accuracy. Our RP-HPLC technique proves to be reliable and efficient for the simultaneous estimation of multiple anticancer drugs. We evaluated the environmental sustainability of this approach using green and white metrics, and the recommended method has been thoroughly validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, making it highly reliable for analyzing new formulations. Graphical abstract

In this research, cockleshell waste from food processing is developed into a humidity adsorbent using a simple technique. Cockleshells were first heated at 1,000°C. The crystal structure, functional group, and morphology of cockleshells before and after heat treatment were investigated. Cockleshells before heat treatment had the aragonite phase of CaCO 3 compound, but it transformed into the CaO phase after heat treatment. Next, fried fish crackers, Keropok, were selected for humidity testing. The behavior of the humidity adsorbent and fried fish crackers was investigated for 0–180 days. After humidity testing, the CaO phase of the humidity adsorbent reacted with the humidity or water molecules and transformed into the Ca(OH) 2 phase. The amount of crack and roughness on the humidity adsorbent surface increased with the increase in humidity testing time. The humidity adsorbent underwent a high humidity reaction and transformed into Ca(OH) 2 after 30 days. The water activity, crispness, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) of fried fish crackers were analyzed. The water activity of fried fish crackers rapidly decreased, whereas the crispness slowly decreased in the range of 0–30 days. The humidity adsorbent controlled the TBARS value by increasing slowly. Based on these results, cockleshell waste can be developed as a humidity adsorbent and used to prolong the shelf-life of local food products to at least 90 days.

Several chalcones and their pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized using traditional methods under microwave (MW) and ultrasonic (US) irradiation. The latter were synthesized using US-assisted and MW-assisted one-pot techniques. The use of this technology led to a reduction in reaction time and energy consumption, as well as an increase in the yield of the final products, which means more efficient synthesis. An in silico study was conducted and the plant growth-stimulating effects of the synthesized compounds were revealed. To study the growth-regulating activity of the synthesized compounds, a study of aqueous suspensions at a concentration of 50 and 25 mg·L −1 was carried out on the viability, germination, and growth of seeds. Graphical abstract

The risks and challenges of the NEOM project on water bodies can be somehow resolved by using Cystoseria sp., a brown-green macroalga, and natural renewable resource species, which are appealing due to their sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Lipid was extracted from Cystoseria sp. collected from Sharma beach, Neom, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was treated with different solvents, petroleum ether, methanol, and petroleum ether:methanol (1:1), to obtain biofuel. Petroleum ether and methanol were the most significant solvents for extractions of six different hydrocarbon compounds, followed by methanol. Tetrahydradecane 5-methyl 60.03% in petroleum ether, 59.51% in methanol, and 51.39% in petroleum ether:methanol is obtained. Removal of 10 mg·L −1 methylene blue (MB) by alga using 0.2 g·L −1 of Cystoseria sp. and its residues after methanol extract was achieved in 120 min. Zeta potential analysis of alga confirms that different negative charges on adsorbent surfaces undergo conformational change with different solvents and adsorb the positively charged MB via electrostatic interaction force. The production of bioethanol efficiency percentage from Cystoseria sp. ranges from 5% to 68.97%. Hence, Cystoseria sp. can be a renewable resource to yield biodiesel and bioethanol and eliminate MB from wastewater, maintaining environmental sustenance and economic development.

An improved, greener synthesis of motexafin gadolinium (MGd), a promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent that has the potential to treat or diagnose cancer, has been developed. Notably, this study addresses critical difficulties related to MGd synthesis and analysis of possible approaches, minimizing hazardous reagents/solvents, without column chromatography. The synthesis has been improved to enhance the overall yield and purity of MGd. The process changes outlined in this study are intended to lower production costs and time while maintaining the compound’s characteristics. This synthesis of MGd is an important step toward attaining its full potential in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Graphical abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are extensively studied as potent antibacterial agents targeting antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Cellular damage induced through various mechanisms that can affect multiple cell components like the outer membrane, enzymes, and proteins is closely linked to their chemical and morphological characteristics. We investigated the impact of AgNPs’ size on their antibacterial effectiveness using two differently sized nanoparticles: silver nanoparticle- Citrus limon (AgCL) with an average size of 21 nm and silver nanoparticle- Citrus sinensis (AgCS) with an average size of 13 nm, derived from C. limon and C. sinensis through environmentally friendly methods. The study evaluated their antibacterial effects by assessing morphology changes via scanning electron microscopy, metabolic alterations using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and oxidative stress responses through biochemical markers in Klebsiella pneumoniae cells exposed to AgNPs. The results showed that both AgCL and AgCS exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity, evidenced by inhibition zones of 14 ± 1.5 and 16 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. Morphological changes in K. pneumoniae cells treated with AgNPs were size dependent, with notable alterations noted. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed size and concentration-dependent biochemical changes, particularly in shifts in functional groups involved in the fluidity of cell wall lipid, and protein structure. Exposure to AgNPs led to increased oxidative stress markers like lipid peroxides and reduced levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, more prominently observed with smaller AgCS nanoparticles (13 nm). AgNPs induce oxidative stress and morphological changes in K. pneumoniae strains, with smaller nanoparticles demonstrating greater efficacy. These findings underscore the importance of nanoparticle size in optimizing the antibacterial properties against pathogens.

In the realm of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoparticles using environmentally benign methods, such as using plant extracts, has garnered significant attention. This work reports a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) utilizing microwave irradiation in the presence of lemon peel extract as a green reducing agent and Ni(CH 3 COO) 2 ·2H 2 O as a precursor. Numerous analytical techniques were employed to determine the optical, morphological, and structural properties of the green-synthesized NiO NPs. The findings revealed that the resulting NiO NPs are pure, with an average size of 34 nm and a spherical geometry, possessing a face-centered-cubic crystalline structure. The antibacterial activities of the NiO NPs were preliminarily investigated against Gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium ). The morphological changes in B. subtilis and S. typhimurium were also evaluated by FE-SEM analysis, which showed that some cells were partially damaged and distorted in shape upon treatment with NiO NPs, thus demonstrating their promising antibacterial activities.

The global emergence and tenacity of multidrug-resistant microbes have raised new challenges for the management of diseases associated with infections. Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received special attention as a prospective alternate for existing chemical antibiotics because of their extensive antibacterial potency and low toxicity. Herein, copper nanoparticles (CuONPs) were prepared by using an aqueous extract of aerial parts Rhus microphylla (RM) aerial parts. The obtained RM-CuONPs were characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential against various human pathogens. The formed RM-CuONPs were well dispersed with a uniform spherical shape and an average size of 32.45 nm. Numerous functional moieties found in the FTIR spectra confirmed that the phytocomponents of the RM-extract were in charge of the synthesis synthesis, capping, and stabilization of RM-CuONPs. The biogenic RM-CuONPs demonstrated superior antibacterial effectiveness towards Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter cloacae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 48.5 µg·mL −1 . Remarkable antifungal activity of RM-CuONPs was noted against C. tropicalis (MIC = 97 µg·mL −1 ). Also, the biosynthesized RM-CuONPs demonstrated notable potential in reducing biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. These inferences offer an insight into the plausible for utilizing plant extracts for the biosynthesis of CuONPs with enhanced biological activity and could offer promising effective substitutes to traditional antimicrobials for the treatment of biofilms and drug-resistant bacteria.

This research focuses on converting Red Sea seawater into environmentally friendly hydrogen (H 2 ) gas by developing an innovative photocathode termed MoS 3 –MoO 3 /PA2MB. Fabricated through a single-step process, this photocathode demonstrates impressive performance, achieving an H 2 production rate of 6.0 µmol/10 cm²·h with a current density ( J ph ) of −0.7 mA·cm⁻². The effectiveness of this photocathode is highlighted by its favorable morphological properties, characterized by semi-spherical shapes measuring 130 nm in width and 170 nm in length. Moreover, the MoS 3 –MoO 3 /PA2MB photocathode exhibits excellent light absorbance across a wide spectrum, benefiting from a small bandgap of 1.6 eV, which significantly enhances its efficiency in converting light energy into hydrogen gas. The photocathode’s performance is rigorously tested under various optical conditions, with photon energies ranging from 3.6 to 1.7 eV. As the photon energies decrease from 3.6 to 1.7 eV, the J ph values decrease from −0.53 to −0.43 mA·cm⁻², demonstrating the photocathode’s adaptability to different optical environments. Overall, the successful synthesis of the MoS 3 –MoO 3 /PA2MB photocathode marks a significant advancement in H 2 gas production directly from seawater. This technology shows potential for commercial applications, particularly in remote and economically disadvantaged areas where access to conventional energy sources is limited, offering a promising solution for sustainable energy generation.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a C1 building block to synthesize 2-oxazolidinones is an environmental and sustainable approach. In this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of novel heterogeneous catalysts by immobilizing homogeneous phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) onto magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 , which could realize the cycloaddition of CO 2 and a range of aziridines into 2-oxazolidinones under mild conditions of 90°C and 1 atm CO 2 pressure. The immobilized IL Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @PILCeCl 4 demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity in the CO 2 transformation, leading to high to excellent yields (87–95%) as well as excellent selectivities (98–99.2%) in the absence of solvent at reaction times of 8–10 h, from alkyl- or aryl-substituted and N -alkyl-substituted aziridines. The heterogeneous and magnetic nature of the catalyst facilitated effortless recovery and efficient reusability, which could be easily separated and reused up to five consecutive cycles without considerable decrease in catalytic activity. This protocol provides a novel and efficient strategy for producing 2-oxazolidinones, with potential applications in chemical transformation of CO 2 into value-added chemicals. Graphical abstract

Silver sulfide (Ag 2 S) nanomaterials are important chalcogenides and have potential applications in photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric sensors, solar cell batteries, and infrared detectors. However, the biological properties of green synthesized silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag 2 S-NPs) have been rarely explored as compared to the extensively studied silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The current study thus investigates and compares Fagonia arabica synthesized Ag 2 S-NPs and AgNPs for multiple biological properties. Biosynthesis of the NPs is achieved using an aqueous extract of F. arabica , whereas physicochemical, structural, morphological, and optical characterization of the materials was undertaken using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and pH-responsive dispersion studies. Our result reveals that both the NPs exhibit excellent biological properties, yet Ag 2 S-NPs exhibit relatively enhanced antioxidant and in vitro anticancer potential against MCF-7 cells. However, AgNPs possess comparatively better antibacterial, antileishmanial, and antifungal properties. Most importantly, both the synthesized NPs are exceptionally well compatible with human blood cells, ensuring their safe and non-toxic properties. Being highly potent and compatible antimicrobial and anticancer materials, the F. arabica synthesized G-Ag 2 S-NPs and G-AgNPs can be further explored in in vivo studies. Graphical abstract

This study investigated the antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs), which were synthesized using Aegle marmelos extract. CeO 2 NPs were characterized by different spectroscopy methods such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The shape and elemental analysis of synthesized CeO 2 NPs were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Further, the size and stability of the synthesized CeO 2 NPs were characterized by ZETA potential and dynamic light scattering analysis. Further, the photocatalytic efficiency of synthesized NPs was verified by 98% of methylene blue dye degradation exhibited within 180 min at the visible region and the first-order kinetic value was 0.2038 min −1 . The green synthesized CeO 2 NPs were found to have significant antibacterial activity against bacterial organisms. The effective antibacterial activity of E. coli (30 ± 0.02) , P. aeruginosa (30 ± 0.07) , S. aureus (24 ± 0.04), and S. epidermis (29 ± 0.04) at 100 µg·mL −1 . Therefore, Aegle marmelos CeO 2 NPs were used as a photocatalytic and antimicrobial therapeutic agent. The synthesized CeO 2 NPs also displayed enhanced anticancer efficacy with higher concentrations against MCF-7 cells. Thus, CeO 2 NPs have antibacterial, anticancer, and photocatalytic properties, according to this study.

Spheroidal particles constitute the primary particulate signature within coal gasification fine slag (FS) residues. This research endeavor is centered on elucidating the physical configuration and intrinsic attributes of these spheroidal particles and deducing their primary genesis mechanisms through the application of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Notably, the spheroidal particles prevalent in FS predominantly comprise inorganic constituents like aluminum, silicon, and calcium. These particles exhibit a relatively uniform morphology with smooth exteriors and a spectrum of sizes. They predominantly manifest in encapsulated, adhered, and dispersed structural forms. The formation trajectory of these spheroidal particles encompasses multiple phases, encompassing the melting of the ash matrix derived from coal, the coalescence of the liquid phase, internal nucleation processes, layer-by-layer deposition, the bridging and aggregation of minute particles, and growth via precursor-mediated pathways.

Magnetic biochar is a newly discovered novel material synthesized by adding an external magnetic field to conventional biochar. It exhibits dynamic properties like large surface area, porous cavities, ductility, and many functional groups on the surface. Due to the presence of these features, magnetic biochar has tremendous applications in various fields. The magnetic separation property is particularly beneficial for removing contaminants from soil. Much research has been done in this field, and positive results have been shown in the remediation of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organic contaminants from soil. Removal of these environmental contaminants is essential because they degrade the soil quality by alternating the physico-chemical activity and microbial diversity. Later, it makes the soil unfavorable for the growth of crops. Although much research has been done in this field and succeeded, little attention has been paid to the effect of magnetic biochar on plant growth. Therefore, in this research, we have synthesized the magnetic biochar from tea dust and applied it to the PAH-contaminated soil to explore the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on the growth of barley plants.

Graphic abstract Abstract To overcome the shortcomings of traditional water treatment technology, ultrafiltration (UF) technology has become a widely used process in the advanced treatment of drinking water, but the existing process has low flux, surface hydrophobicity, easy compaction and other shortcomings. In this study, green chitosan (CS) crosslinking modified UF membrane strategy is adopted to improve its anti-fouling and sustainable reuse in water treatment applications. In addition, modified UF achieved much better separation performances in treating natural surface water. By regulating the crosslinking reaction between CS and glutaraldehyde (GA), modified membranes with different concentrations of CS were prepared, and their structures and chemical properties were characterized. Humic acid was used as the model foulant to study the antifouling behaviors of the CS-coated UF membrane, and the anti-fouling mechanism was analyzed the crosslinking modification strategy of CS-GA provides a new way to alleviate the pollution of UF membrane.

To address organic dye pollution and agricultural waste comprehensive utilization, the biochar (ZB) was prepared using Rosa roxburghii residue as the material for preparation. Three modified biochars (ZBO, ZBS, and ZBH) were created using NaOH, Na 2 S, and H 3 PO 4 as modifying agents. The morphology, structure, pore size, and elemental composition of biochars were characterized and analyzed by a combination of FTIR, SEM-EDS, and N 2 adsorption–desorption techniques. Furthermore, the adsorption performance of the as-prepared biochars was investigated in the adsorption of RhB and MB dye process. The experimental findings showed that adsorption equilibrium for these dyes was achieved in 180 min. Moreover, the dye adsorption on biochars followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. For the biochar (ZB), the Langmuir equation proved to be more appropriate than the Freundlich equation. In contrast, the Freundlich equation was more apt for the modified biochars. More importantly, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the adsorption rate and capacity of RhB positively correlated with the specific pore volume, t-plot micropore area, and BET surface area, but a negative one with the pore size. The MB adsorption showed the opposite correlations. This study reveals a novel biochar for adsorbing organic dyes, which provides a strategy for the treatment of Rosa roxburghii residue.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key factors in cellular damage and disease development. Nanoparticles (Nps) have demonstrated significant potential in medicine due to their unique properties, encapsulation of bioactive compounds within Np enhances their stability and efficacy. Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens (OBP) is a plant characterized by its richness in bioactive antioxidant compounds. This investigation focused on encapsulating an OBP extract (OBPE) within zein nanoparticles (NpZ) and evaluating the preservation of its bioactivity and antioxidant potential. The encapsulation process successfully maintained bioactivity and efficiently extracted bioactive compounds. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of OBPE-loaded NpZ was performed, including FTIR, DLS, ζ-potential, SEM microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, revealing high antioxidant capacity in OBPE-loaded NpZ. Results revealed the influence of zein concentration on Np characteristics, such as size, charge, and morphology. The extraction method proved effective in preserving bioactive compounds from OBP. Successful OBPE encapsulation within the zein matrix demonstrated NpZ potential as an effective carrier for bioactive compounds. This study highlights the effective extraction and encapsulation of OBPE, emphasizing the importance of NpZ in bioactive antioxidant delivery. Further research on therapeutic efficacy and targeted delivery of OBPE-loaded NpZ in biological models is warranted.

In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized using green methods. The structural morphological and optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the SEM analysis, spherical NPs with a size distribution in the range of 50–70 nm were simulated with slight variations in shapes, and the corresponding XRD was calculated. The calculated XRD patterns were then averaged. Well-defined crystalline structure of a single-phase spinel structure and a spherical shape of IONPs were observed. The in vitro and in vivo biological activities of IONPs synthesized with the hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia milii ’s aerial parts were studied. The antibacterial effects were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus , and the enzyme inhibitory effects of the IONPs and E. milii extract on various enzymes were assessed. The IONPs demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against urease (89.09% inhibition), α-glucosidase (72.87% inhibition), carbonic anhydrase II (87.09% inhibition), and xanthine oxidase (85.09% inhibition). The E. milii extract also exhibited considerable inhibition of these enzymes. The IC 50 values for urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase II, and xanthine oxidase inhibition by IONPs were 26.09, 59.09, 0.18, and 7.71 µg·mL −1 , respectively. The anticancer activity of the IONPs and crude extract was also evaluated. The minimum IC 50 values were recorded against MDR 2780AD, i.e., 0.85 (extract) and 0.54 (IONPs). Both of the tested samples were found to be significant ( p < 0.001) analgesic and anti-inflammatory. In contrast, the IONPs were found sedative at all tested doses, and the extract showed a significant ( p < 0.01) sedative effect at higher doses only.

Recently, microwave-based cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS) of domperidone (DOM) for their solubility and dissolution improvement have been studied. However, microwave-based CDNS for the dual-loading of cinnarizine (CIN) and DOM have not been documented. Therefore, this research concentrates explicitly on the concurrent loading of two drugs employing these nanocarriers, namely CIN and DOM, both categorized under Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. A green approach involving microwave synthesis was employed to fabricate these nanocarriers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of CDNS, while scanning electron microscopy scans illustrated their porous nature. X-ray diffraction studies established the crystalline structure of the nanocarriers. Differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR analyses corroborated the drugs’ loading and subsequent amorphization. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated an enhanced solubility of the drugs, suggesting a potential improvement in their bioavailability. The in vivo pharmacokinetic investigation emphatically substantiated this hypothesis, revealing a 4.54- and 2.90-fold increase in the bioavailability of CIN and DOM, respectively. This enhancement was further supported by the results of the pharmacodynamic study utilizing the gastrointestinal distress/pica model, which indicated a significantly reduced consumption of kaolin. Conclusively, this study affirms the adaptability of microwave-based CDNS for the concurrent loading of multiple drugs, leading to improved solubility and bioavailability. Graphical Abstract

The fabrication of a Bi( iii ) oxide-Bi( iii ) oxychloride/poly- m -methyl aniline (Bi 2 O 3 –BiOCl/P m MA) nanocomposite thin-film optoelectronic device capable of light-sensing across a broad spectrum, spanning both visible and ultraviolet wavelengths, has been accomplished. The synthesis of the composite has been achieved using a one-pot technique involving the direct oxidation of m -methyl aniline with ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) in the presence of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO 3 ) 3 5H 2 O). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the composite’s high crystallinity and compact size of 41 nm, indicative of excellent optical properties and a narrow bandgap of 2.35 eV. The optical analysis of the synthesized core–shell composite is performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and XRD analysis characterize the fabricated composite’s crystalline structure. The composite has been tested electrically using the CHI608E device, demonstrating its potential for efficient light absorption and photon trapping, making it a promising candidate for advanced light sensing applications.

Green synthesis has become an alternative to replace chemical synthesis in nanotechnology because of its low cost and toxicity. The synthesis of nanocomposite (NC) has attracted the attention of researchers, as its synergistic effect might enhance its effectiveness in anticancer to overcome multidrug resistance. In this study, copper oxide/zinc oxide (CuO/ZnO) NC was green synthesized from the crude extract of Musa acuminata leaves with Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O as precursors. CuO/ZnO NC was characterized via UV-Vis analysis with a peak detected at 365 nm with a bandgap energy of 3.43 eV. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis showed an agglomerated, irregular shape with a size ranging from 31.8 to 85.7 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis depicted the crystallite size of 24.78 nm with hexagonal wurtzite of ZnO and monoclinic of CuO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of functional groups, including hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, amines, alkanes, aromatic amines, Cu–O, and Zn–O. The cytotoxic effect of CuO/ZnO NC toward the colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998) was evaluated by the MTT assay and found to be dose-dependent. The results showed a significant cell mortality at 100 µg·mL −1 CuO/ZnO NC with 45.79% cell death at 24 h. The findings of the present study suggest the potential of CuO/ZnO NC to be utilized as an anticancer agent.

Materials-based drug delivery approaches have garnered substantial attention in recent years due to their potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical interventions. This abstract provides a concise overview of recent advancements and future prospects in this rapidly evolving field. Materials such as nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, and hydrogels have emerged as versatile carriers for drug delivery. These materials facilitate precise control over drug release kinetics, enabling targeted and sustained therapeutic effects. Smart materials with responsiveness to external stimuli or physiological conditions have further enhanced drug delivery precision. Personalized medicine approaches are gaining traction, tailoring drug delivery systems to individual patient profiles and needs. The horizon for materials-based drug delivery is bright. Ongoing research is focused on refining material design, streamlining production processes, and ensuring safety profiles. Collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders are crucial for translating these advancements into clinical practice. Additionally, the convergence of drug delivery with diagnostics and imaging holds immense potential for personalized and efficient healthcare solutions. As materials-based drug delivery continues to evolve, it stands poised to reshape the landscape of pharmaceuticals, offering the promise of more effective and patient-centered therapies for a wide range of medical conditions.

Bamboo, one of the richest non-timber resources, thrives in vast tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The surge of interest in bamboo materials stems from their profound contributions to polymer matrix composites, lauded for their environmental sustainability, mechanical properties, and recyclability. However, the inherent hydrophilicity of bamboo poses a challenge to achieve optimal compatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrices, impede interfacial bonding, and reduce the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced composites. To address these hurdles, economical and environmentally sustainable heat treatment methods have emerged as pivotal tools for enhancing the surface properties of bamboo. Delving into the depths of thermal treatment research, this article meticulously summarizes the influences of varying temperatures, time, and medium on the structure of bamboo. Moreover, it reviews the mechanical properties and surface moisture content of bamboo after heat treatment, providing insights crucial for advancing the frontier of bamboo-based materials.

One of the most significant biotic constraints that wheat production faces is weed infestation. Wheat is infested with different weeds that cause yield losses (up to 100%) that vary based on the type of weed, their density, and the environmental conditions. Chemical weed control is the most common method to control weeds in wheat. However, widespread herbicide resistance (>365 cases worldwide) has challenged the sustainability of this method. Use of nanoherbicides is a promising strategy to cope with the issue of herbicide resistance. To achieve weed control conditions during the whole growing season, nanoformulations of herbicides are a delivery strategy that involves covering an active component with various materials that vary in size from nano to nanoscale and then releasing the substance in a controlled manner. Nanoherbicides prevent leaching and volatilization of active components and premature degradation through photolysis, hydrolysis, and biodegradation. According to studies, nanoencapsulation of herbicides produces more targeted and less hazardous agricultural formulations. Using nanoherbicides in lower concentrations is beneficial. It lessens the long-term impacts of herbicide residues in wheat fields and the toxicity of these herbicides to the environment. It is also beneficial in eliminating the weeds without ever interacting with the crop plants, which eventually results in a greater wheat yield. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) in herbicides for effective weed management in wheat crops. This article explores the novel approach of integrating NPs with herbicidal agents, highlighting their potential benefits and challenges. The review also addresses the current state of research, recent advancements, and potential future directions in this evolving area of agricultural science.

As carbon-based nanomaterials have such remarkable physical, chemical, and electrical capabilities, they have become a major focus of materials science study. A thorough examination of several carbon nanomaterial varieties, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanodiamonds, is given in this review work. These materials all have distinctive qualities that qualify them for particular uses. This work starts by examining the synthesis processes of these nanomaterials, outlining the ways by which they are made and the variables affecting their ultimate characteristics. The specific features of each kind of carbon nanomaterial will then be briefly discussed in this study, along with their size, structure, and special physical and chemical properties. These materials have a wide range of possible uses in several fields. They are employed in the electronics industry to fabricate sensors, high-speed transistors, and other devices. Their high surface area and electrical conductivity make them useful in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries. They are applied to environmental remediation and water purification in environmental science. They are employed in biomedicine for biosensing, bioimaging, and medication delivery. Notwithstanding the encouraging uses, the large-scale synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials present several difficulties. This review discusses the importance of carbon nanomaterials by studying their multifaceted properties and potential applications in industries. The novelty of this work lies in its detailed examination of the degradation and toxicity of these materials, which is essential for their safe integration into various technological and biomedical applications. By thoroughly analysing recent experimental results, this review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing agricultural wastes as plant extracts to improve environmental benignity and also economic value added is the highlight of this research. The mature pseudostem of Alpinia nigra is an unbeneficial raw material discarded from several food ingredients and medicinal formulas. Therefore, this research focused on condition optimization for AgNP synthesis with ecofriendly techniques using A. nigra mature-pseudostem extracts and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and toxicity with brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The optimal reaction conditions were achieved by using 5 mM silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) solution with a volume ratio of 2:8 for the extract to AgNO 3 at pH 12 under room temperature. The morphology and crystalline phase of the generated AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectrophotometry, field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) techniques. The FE-SEM analysis exposed spherical shapes with an average diameter of approximately 49 nm. The XRD analysis indicated their face center cubic structure, and the FTIR spectra confirmed that phytochemicals from A. nigra extract promoted the synthesis of AgNPs. In particular, the biosynthesized AgNPs presented potential antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and effective antioxidant capacity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Additionally, non-toxic desired AgNPs were confirmed with BSLA.

This study presents a sustainable method for producing iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) using aqueous extracts from coffee seeds. Characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed non-spherical NPs ranging from 30 to 50 nm. The XRD analysis confirmed that the face-centred cubic structure and the Debye–Scherrer’s crystalline size support the FeO particle size confirmed from TEM. The synthesized NPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , as well as antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger . Additionally, they exhibited potent antioxidant properties, effectively inhibiting DPPH, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase compared to acarbose and coffee extract. The findings suggest that these FeO NPs hold promise as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and potentially antidiabetic agents.

Over the past few decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum because of its potential to create a safer and healthier living environment using eco-friendly approaches. This study describes a safer, more dependable, and ecologically friendly technique of biologically synthesizing Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus as the reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized trimetallic NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet–visible analysis and were evaluated for their potential applications, which included antioxidant properties and catalytic dye degradation. The result suggests that the antioxidant properties of Cu/Fe/Ag NPs are more significant than those of ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant, at lower doses (10 µg·ml −1 ) while a higher dose of 1,000 µg·ml −1 gives a 69.81% scavenging activity. The impact of Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic NPs on the catalytic degradation of hazardous dyes such as phenol red (PR) and eosin yellow (EY) was also studied in this work. For PR and EY, the corresponding percentages of degradation were 76% and 48.6%, respectively.

Consumers now have access to synthetic natural organic nanofoods with tailored properties. These nanofoods use organic or inorganic nanostructured ingredients to enhance bioavailability, making them more effective than traditional supplements. Common materials include metals like iron, silver, titanium dioxide, magnesium, calcium, selenium, and silicates. Modifying the surface of these nanoparticles can provide unique benefits such as improved preservation, mechanical strength, moisture control, and flavor enhancement. Nanocarriers, such as polymeric, lipid, and dendrimer-based carriers, are used in food production. Common polymers include polyglycolic acid, poly (lactic acid), chitosan, and sodium alginate. Lipid carriers have a hydrophobic outer layer and a hydrophilic core, while dendrimer carriers are made from materials like polyethylene glycol and polyamidoamine. These nanocarriers can encapsulate up to 99% of active ingredients, ensuring precise delivery and stability. The nanocarriers in commercial foods are emulsions, inorganic coatings, and fiber coatings. For instance, cucumbers coated with nano emulsions show up to 99% antimicrobial effectiveness. Inorganic coatings, such as potassium sorbate, calcium caseinate, and titanium dioxide, significantly extend the shelf life of packaged foods. Lipid and protein-encapsulated nanosystems offer complete gas barrier protection. This review highlights the exclusive use of nanoparticles in food processing and packaging to enhance quality, safety, and shelf life. Graphical abstract