Home Physical Sciences Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
Article Open Access

Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis

  • Viswanathan Kaliyaperumal EMAIL logo , Raedah Ibrahim Alharbi , Hariprasath Rajendhran , Dhinakar Raj Gopal and Fatimah Oleyan Al-Otibi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 2, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

This study presents a new approach for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilizing an emulsion of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. When synthesized, the particles were around 90 ± 5 nm in size. The zeta potential investigation yielded a value of −27.1 mV. The generated ZnONPs exhibited 83.70% anti-oxidant activity as well as good radical scavenging capabilities. The catalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated using rhodamine B dye, and they displayed that maximum photocatalytic degradation was found to be 90.32% when exposed to UV light and 50.5% when not exposed to UV light. The kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation employs pseudo-first-order rate kinetics, with a rate constant of 2.5 × 10−2 under UV irradiation and 1.1 × 10−2 without irradiation. Anti-bacterial tests against Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated the particles’ anti-bacterial characteristics. Anti-cancer studies were carried out using KB-31 cancer cells at varying particle concentrations. The studies confirmed that the particles produced are anti-cancer. In conclusion, this study reports a new green synthesis method to fabricate ZnONPs with high anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties and suitable for various biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: emulsion; nanoparticles; beta-cyclodextrin; zinc oxide; Phyllanthus emblica ; biomaterials

1 Introduction

Green synthesized nanoparticles have been created in recent years for therapeutic molecule distribution with low cytotoxicity. Nanoparticles have the advantage of overcoming drug resistance because they attach to cell surfaces and efficiently distribute drug molecules. Several organic and inorganic nanocarriers have been created for drug delivery applications, including micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, vesicles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, and polymers [1,2,3]. Because of its encapsulating qualities, beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is used as a solubilizing and stabilizing agent in many industries, including cosmetics, medicines, textiles, and food [4,5]. Based on host–guest chemistry, the β-CD forms the inclusion complex, and their glycosidic oxygen atoms provide binding space for additional functional molecules [6]. Several research groups have reported on the synthesis of plant extract-based nanoparticles in recent years [7,8,9,10]. Phyllanthus emblica is a well-known medicinal herb that is widely used in Asian countries. Tannins, polyphenols, gallic acid, flavonoids, vitamin C, and emblicol are abundant in the plant extract [11]. The high organic acid content quickly reduces metal ions and aids in the formation of nanoparticles at room temperature [12]. Previously, silver [13,14], magnesium oxide [15], gold [16], selenium [17], palladium nanoparticles [18], and iron oxide nanoparticles [19] based on P. emblica fruit extract were described. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been used in a variety of applications, including sunscreens, toothpaste, and cosmetics, due to their ability to absorb UV radiation. ZnO is also used in human medicine as an astringent (to cure wounds), as well as to treat hemorrhoids, eczema, and excoriation [20,21,22]. It is employed in veterinary research as a wound healing aid, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-neoplastic, and antigenic agents. ZnONPs are widely employed in biological labeling, sensing, medication and gene delivery, and nanomedicine. ZnONPs are therefore widely used in restorative dentistry, endodontics, regenerative endodontics, prosthetic dentistry, orthodontics, preventative dentistry, implantology, and periodontology [23,24].

In this study, we synthesized ZnONPs using P. emblica fruit extract-based emulsion approach. We devised a unique emulsion technique for the production of nanoparticles with rich plant extract labeling for the first time. The β-CD was coupled with P. emblica fruit extract, mixed with Triton X-100, and zinc nitrate to generate nanoparticles. The reduction reaction was catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. Triton X-100 is a non-ionic surfactant that we used for this experiment. It has the benefits of solubility and ecological safety in addition to being non-toxic. Triton X-100 exhibits resistance against sedimentation and aggregation. As a result, using these emulsions for titration with plant extracts becomes convenient. The β-CD backbones-controlled nanoparticle size and forms, preventing aggregation. Combining plant extract with β-CD enhances fruit extract stability and protects them against light, air, and inorganic salts. The combination of β-CD with P. emblica fruit extract successfully encapsulates and generates bio-functional ZnONPs in the emulsion medium. Centrifugation was performed to extract the nanoparticles from the solution. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, zinc ion release, and physical interactions with cells frequently combine to produce ZnONPs. ROS, which effectively degrade the dye molecules, are known to be produced by ZnONPs when they are exposed to UV or even ambient light. ZnONPs can physically interact with microbial and cancer cells due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio. Physical contact has the potential to release zinc ions (Zn2+), rupture cell membranes, cause cellular stress reactions that lead to cell death, and impede cellular absorption systems. This investigation also examined the nanoparticles’ in vitro scavenging and anti-oxidant properties.

2 Materials and method

2.1 Reagents

Zinc nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide (Merck Life Science Pvt., Ltd.), β-cyclodextrin, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), trypsin (Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis), Luria broth (LB), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Hi-Media Laboratories Ltd., Mumbai), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (SRL) were used in this study.

2.2 Preparation of plant extract

The plant extract was prepared following the previous publication [25], with minor modifications. The fresh fruit of P. emblica (250 g) was cleaned, chopped into small pieces (3–5 mm size), and ground with blinders before being mixed with 100 ml of 50:50 ethanol:water solution and slightly heated up to 60°C for 30 min. It was then allowed to cool at room temperature, filtered with filter paper, and 50 ml was collected and stored at 4°C for later use.

2.3 Optimizing Phyllanthus emblica concentrations

About 50 ml of plant extract containing different concentrations of phenolic compound (250 mg/g serially diluted up to 25 mg/g is used) was added to a conical flask containing 2.4 g of β-CD, 2 ml of Triton X-100, 11.84 g of zinc nitrate, and 80 ml of KOH. The mixture was stirred at room temperature, and the supernatant was used for phenolic compound concentration estimations. A spectrometer was used to evaluate the phenolic compound concentration using Folin–Ciocalteu, and the plant extract encapsulation efficiency was also tested. The following formula was used to compute the encapsulation efficiency. Maximum Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) = [(Total amount of phenolic compound in Phyllanthus emblica extract − Amount of free phenolic compound in the supernatant)]/Total amount of phenolic compound × 100.

2.4 Emulsion-based plain nanoparticle synthesis

For the green ZnO synthesis, 50 ml of 2.43 g of β-CD was mixed with 2 ml of Triton X-100 for 30 min, then 11.84 g of zinc nitrate was added and properly mixed, followed by five drops of 1 N NaOH solution. Finally, after 4 h of mixing, the synthesized particles were collected using centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 5 min.

2.5 Emulsion-based synthesis of nanoparticles

For the green ZnO synthesis, 50 ml of 2.43 g of β-CD was mixed with 50 ml of P. emblica fruit extract (phenolic compound concentration – 250 mg/g), 2 ml of Triton X-100 for 30 min, and then 11.84 g of zinc nitrate was added and properly mixed, followed by five drops of 1 N NaOH solution. Finally, after 4 h of mixing, the synthesized particles were collected using centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 5 min. The particles were washed twice with ethanol before drying at 70°C. Established methods such as transmission electron microscopy (S-3400 N model, Hitachi), scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy (Quanta 200 FEG), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer Spectrum1 FTIR instrument), Raman spectra (Bruker RFS 27: Stand-alone FT-Raman Spectrometer), and X-ray diffraction (Bruker) were used to study the morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure, and thermal properties of ZnO particles at the Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai.

2.6 DPPH radical scavenging assay

The absorbance shift at 517 nm is commonly used to measure the DPPH radical scavenging capacity in organic solvents like methanol or ethanol. Based on prior research [26,27], UV–vis spectrophotometer analyses were carried out. To achieve this goal, a freshly manufactured stock solution of 10−3 M DPPH radicals in ethanol or methanol was prepared prior to analysis. The DPPH solution was prepared by diluting 3 ml of the stock solution to 50 ml of methanol in a volumetric flask and covering it from light with aluminum foil. The absorbance value of 1.00 ± 0.200 was chosen. After that, 0.5 ml of ascorbic acid was combined with 3 ml of DPPH working solution, sealed, and left in the dark for half an hour. When ascorbic acid is present in the reaction media, the purple color disappears. Similarly, a reference sample with 0.5 ml of solvent was prepared. A freshly prepared DPPH radical solution has maximum absorption at 517 nm. Three duplicates of each analysis were performed, and the absorbance at 517 nm was measured. For the quantification of free radicals content in nanoparticles, DPPH was chosen as a substrate to investigate the radical scavenging characteristics. Initially, a 0.1 mM solution of DPPH was produced in methanol. For the experiment, 2.4 ml of the DPPH solution was mixed with 1.6 ml of nanoparticles at various concentrations (25–1,000 g/ml) and kept in the dark for 30 min. The decreased DPPH was collected by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm, and its absorbance at 517 nm was measured. Ascorbic acid was utilized as a reference in the comparison. The radical scavenging activity of DPPH was determined as a percentage (%) scavenging activity = (A 0 − A 1)/A 0 × 100%, where A 0 is the control absorbance and A 1 is the absorbance of the nanoparticles/standard. The percentage of inhibition was then plotted against concentration. At each concentration, the experiment was performed three times.

2.7 Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity

The hydroxyl radical scavenging capability of ZnONPs was investigated using a previously reported method [28] with minor modifications. To summarize, 200 µl of EDTA (1 mmol/l), 200 µl of FeCl3 (1 mmol/l), and 200 µl of 2-deoxy-d-ribose (28 mmol/l) were combined with 800 µl of PBS buffer before 200 µl of nanoparticles at various concentrations were added. The mixtures were kept in a water bath at 37°C for the reaction, and then 200 µl of ascorbic acid (2 mmol/l) and 200 µl of H2O2 (10 mmol/l) were added. After 1 h, 1.5 ml of cold thiobarbituric acid (1% solution) and 1.5 ml of HCL (30%) were added to the reaction mixture. The sample was then heated to 100°C for 15 min before being cooled with water. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the absorbance of the solution at 532 nm. We employed BHT as a control. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was computed as Percentage (%) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity = [A 0 − (A 1 − A 2)] × 100/A 0, where A 0 is the absorbance of the control, A 1 is the absorbance after introducing the nanoparticles and 2-deoxy-d-ribose, and A 2 is the absorbance of the nanoparticles in the absence of 2-deoxy-d-ribose.

2.8 Photocatalytic activity studies

Based on our previous publications [29], photocatalytic activity was investigated. For this study, 5 ml of 10 mg/l rhodamine B dye was mixed with 500 mg of nanoparticles at room temperature (C), and another set of samples was irradiated with a mercury vapor lamp (40 W, 40 cm long, wavelength 253.7 nm). The sample was placed in a 10 ml tube. At regular intervals, the emission spectra were tested.

The dye degradation was calculated as A t /A 0. The initial concentration is A 0, the reaction concentration is A t , and the curve was plotted as A t /A 0 vs irradiation time.

2.9 Anti-microbial studies

The anti-microbial experiments were carried out in accordance with our previously published reports [30,31]. In brief, previously maintained E. coli stains were mixed with 10 ml of nutritional broth and cultured for 18–24 h (overnight). After 24 h, 1 ml of each suspension was combined with 5 ml of sterile saline. The optical density (OD) of the vial was then compared to the McFarland standard OD of 2 × 106 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. The bacteria were smeared with a sterile glass rod in the Mueller-Hinton Agar plate, and the loading well was manually made. Following that, various dilutions of 50 μl nanoparticles were added to the well, which was then incubated at 37°C for 18 h before the diameters of the inhibited zones were measured, and the results were compared with standard antibiotics.

The bacterial growth inhibition test based on OD at 600 nm also employed E. coli. In this work, 10 ml of LB were used to incubate the bacteria, which were then allowed to grow to 0.5 OD. Next, serially diluted nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 10 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml were added to the bacterial contain tubes, and the tubes were left to incubate for an additional 12 hours. At 600 nm in, the turbidity of the nanoparticles-added and control tubes (without any nanoparticles) was evaluated to determine the antibacterial efficiency. (Absorption after incubation − Absorption before incubation)/(Absorbance of negative control × 100) yields the survival percentage.

2.9.1 Cell viability testing using the MTT assay

Cancer cells KB-31 (human mouth epidermal carcinoma) cell line and vero cell line (MCF-10A) were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS) in Pune, India. Stock cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 IU/ml), streptomycin (100 g/ml), and amphotericin B (5 g/ml) until confluent in a humidified 5% CO2 environment at 37°C. Trypsin phosphate versene glucose solution (0.2% trypsin, 0.02% EDTA, 0.05% glucose in PBS) was used to dissociate the cells. All studies were conducted in 96-well microtiter plates (Tarsons India Pvt., Ltd., Kolkata, India), with stock cultures grown in 25 cm2 culture flasks.

Based on earlier research [32], an anti-cancer investigation was conducted. To conduct cytotoxicity tests, various concentrations of ZnONPs were combined with RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2% inactivated FBS to create a stock solution of 1 mg/ml. The MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. DMEM with 10% FBS was used to trypsinize the monolayer cell culture and adjust the cell count to 1.0 × 105 cells/ml. About 0.1 ml of the diluted cell suspension (about 10,000 cells) was put into each well of the 96-well microtiter plate. When a partial monolayer formed after 24 h, the supernatant was removed, the monolayer was rinsed once with media, and 100 µl of nanoparticles were added to the partial monolayer in microtiter plates. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h in a 5% CO2 environment, with microscopic examination and observations performed at every 24 h. After 72 h, the well solutions were removed, and 50 µl of MTT in PBS was added to each well. The plates were gently shaken and incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 environment for 3 h. The supernatant was removed, and to dissolve the produced formazan, 100 μl of propanol was added before gently shaking the plates. At 540 nm, the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Synthesis and characterizations

In this study, P. emblica fruit extract was mixed with β-CD to form an emulsion with Triton X-100, which was used to produce a novel green approach for ZnONPs. We chose P. emblica L. for this study because it is inexpensive, readily available all year round, and a main element in herbal medications used in Indian medicine’s ayurvedic system [33]. Aside from that, P. emblica is well-known for its high concentrations of polyphenols and vitamin C, as well as a range of physiological effects, including the ability to fight cancer, reduce inflammation, fight bacteria, fight obesity, fight diabetes, and protect the liver [34,35]. Specifically, it has been suggested that the hydrolyzable tannin-derived chemicals, flavonoid quercetin and gallic, ellagic, chebulagic, corilagin, and pyrogallol, may be responsible for the anti-cancer activity in P. emblica. Nevertheless, no research has been conducted on the multi-functional ZnONPs produced with an emulsion based on P. emblica extract as of yet. Previous research suggested that the plant extract was high in ascorbic acid and phytochemicals [36]. Previously published findings [37,38] showed that the β-CD can form inclusion complexes with chemicals and medicinal molecules due to its hydrophobic characteristics. So, in this study, β-CD was mixed with plant extract to produce emulsion and also inclusion complex owing to band-to-band recombination. It then binds with zinc nitrate and undergoes reduction with sodium hydroxide to form bimolecular recombination, resulting in ZnONPs. The synthesis mechanism is shown in Figure 1. Based on their size and charge, the physicochemical characterization was validated. The size and shape of the ZnONPs were confirmed using SEM and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer. The SEM images confirmed that the produced particles were bar-shaped, as illustrated in Figure 1a. According to the SEM examination, the mean diameter values were around 90–95 nm. The diameters were also assessed in DLS, and the size was around 90–100 nm, which was strongly consistent with the SEM measurement. The surface functional groups were determined using FTIR spectroscopy, and the results are displayed in Figure 1b. The results showed that the O–H group’s β-CD stretching and deformation bands were measured at 3,398 and 1,154 cm−1. The peak at 2,921 cm−1 confirmed the presence of a C–H group on the surface of the nanoparticles due to β-CD. At 654 cm−1, the Zn-O characteristic peak was detected. Furthermore, peaks at 1,627, 1,223, 1,039, and 878 cm−1 correspond to HOH, C–O, C–O–C, and C–O–C of P. emblica fruit extract rings. The nanoparticles were used in Raman spectroscopy studies, and the results are shown in Figure 1c. The entire spectrum of ZnONPs revealed six modes at 436,572, 1,125, 1,666, 2,029, 2,180, and 2,903 cm−1. According to Raman spectra, the single crystalline modes E2 and A1 (LO) modes were recorded at 436 and 572 cm−1, indicating that the synthesized nanoparticles are nonpolar and Raman active, and the peak recorded at 436 appeared very narrow and sharp due to its high purity. The purity and elemental content of the ZnONPs were determined using EDX spectra. Figure 1d depicts the results. The findings supported the existence of a ZnONP consisting of Zn (88.65%) and O (11.35%). Figure 1e shows the zeta potential value of ZnONPs, which is around −27.1 mV. The ZnONPs’ zeta potential measurements revealed how charged the nanoparticles’ surface was in that specific medium. The ZnONPs’ surface appears to be negatively charged when they are distributed in the solvent, based on the observed negative zeta potential of −27.1 mV. In biological systems, interactions between this charge and other particles or cells may be affected. This new method used an emulsion approach to form double encapsulation. Cyclodextrins encapsulated plant extract mixed with Triton X-100, which was then coated with ZnO. The cyclodextrin is called ready encapsulation material because it is highly biocompatible and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe for humans. The complex formation of amala extract and cyclodextrins improves the water solubility of phenolic compounds, and the complex’s stability is maintained by hydrophobic forces, van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonding. As a result, encapsulating the bioactive molecule with cyclodextrin alters the physicochemical properties of both agents and produces highly uniform nanoparticles. The formed nanoparticles’ surface contained a higher concentration of plant extract compounds, as confirmed by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The results showed that the nanoparticle surface contained 160 mg/g of phenolic compound concentrations, and there was size uniformity, as determined by dynamic light scattering and SEM studies. The resulting particles are rod-shaped. Previously reported studies directly mixed the plant extract with zinc precursor to form nanoparticles, but none of them mentioned the concentration of phenolic or plant-active materials on the nanoparticles’ surface. This is the first report to use an emulsion approach to prepare double-encapsulate plant extract nanoparticles with high-concentration phenolic compound materials.

Figure 1 Mechanism of nanoparticles synthesis and physicochemical characterization of ZnONPs (a). The SEM and particle size measurement results of ZnONPs (b). Surface characterization of FTIR spectra (c). Results of Raman spectra (d). The results of an elemental composition analysis based on EDX. (e) Zeta possible outcomes.
Figure 1

Mechanism of nanoparticles synthesis and physicochemical characterization of ZnONPs (a). The SEM and particle size measurement results of ZnONPs (b). Surface characterization of FTIR spectra (c). Results of Raman spectra (d). The results of an elemental composition analysis based on EDX. (e) Zeta possible outcomes.

3.2 Anti-oxidant properties

The antioxidative and hydroxy radical scavenging characteristics of the generated nanoparticles were investigated, and the findings are shown in Figure 2. The experiments used 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a substrate to study the radical scavenging assay through an electron transfer mechanism. The P. emblica fruit extract included citric acid, which was preserved after forming the inclusion complex with beta cyclodextrin and then coated on the surface of the nanoparticles during synthesis. So, the scavenging activity was examined, and the findings were compared to conventional ascorbic acid (Figure 2a). According to the findings, ascorbic acid and nanoparticles had dose-dependent activity. However, when compared to ascorbic acid, the nanoparticles demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging. We tested seven different nanoparticle concentrations (10–400 g/ml), with the zinc nanoparticles having the maximum scavenging activity at 400 g/ml, with a value of around 83.70%. The nanoparticles’ hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity revealed that the scavenging fraction varied with nanoparticle concentration. At a concentration of 100 μg/ml, the scavenging activity was 61.00 ± 1.57, while the control had the same value, 61.59 ± 0.23% (Figure 2b). The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of produced zinc nanoparticles was comparable to that of BHT (standard).

Figure 2 (a) The comparison of nanoparticles scavenging activity with standard ascorbic acid and (b) The comparative results of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of nanoparticles with standard BHT.
Figure 2

(a) The comparison of nanoparticles scavenging activity with standard ascorbic acid and (b) The comparative results of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of nanoparticles with standard BHT.

3.3 Photocatalytic studies

The photocatalytic degradation study was investigated using rhodamine B dye and it was studied in different time intervals. The ZnONPs can act as a catalyst and accept electrons, facilitating the strong oxidizing electron hole and subsequent transfer of trapped electrons to the absorbed O2. As a result, more molecules are adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles, increasing the photoexcited electron transfer to the conduction band while also increasing electron transfer to the adsorbed O2. The potential chemistry is

ZnO NPs + hν → ZnO NPs ( e CB − + h VB + )

(h+ VB) + Rhodamine B dye → Rhodamine B dye˙ + → oxidation of rhodamine

( h VB + ) + H 2 O → H + HO ˙

( h VB + ) + HO − → HO ˙

HO˙ + Rhodamine B dye → degradation of dye molecules

The photodegradation was studied in both the presence and absence of UV radiation. Figure 3 shows the outcomes. Based on that, a maximum of 9 mg/ml of rhodamine dye was absorbed by ZnO NPs under UV irradiation, and the spectral changes shown in Figure 3a, and Figure 3b indicated spectral changes without applying the UV, and a maximum of 5 mg/ml of rhodamine dye was absorbed by ZnO NPs without UV irradiation. Figure 3c shows a comparison of degradation rates under UV irradiation. For many photocatalytic reactions, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model has been employed. One way to express the reaction rate is as follows:

r = d C / d t d t = kKC / 1 + KC ,

where r is the rate of the reactant (mg/l min), C is the concentration of the reactant (mg/l), t is the illumination time, k is the reaction rate constant (mg/l min), and K is the adsorption coefficient of the reactant (l/mg).

Figure 3 Effect of irradiation time on photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine dye, and the dye concentration is 10 mg/l, the ZnO concentration is 500 mg, and the maximum irradiation time is 150 min. (a) Spectra changes under UV irradiation. (b) Spectra changes without UV irradiation. (c) Results of dye degradations. (d) Pseudo-first-order kinetics for photocatalytic degradation in the absence of UV and (e) with UV.
Figure 3

Effect of irradiation time on photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine dye, and the dye concentration is 10 mg/l, the ZnO concentration is 500 mg, and the maximum irradiation time is 150 min. (a) Spectra changes under UV irradiation. (b) Spectra changes without UV irradiation. (c) Results of dye degradations. (d) Pseudo-first-order kinetics for photocatalytic degradation in the absence of UV and (e) with UV.

When the chemical concentration C is small, the above equation can be simplified to an apparent first-order equation

ln C 0 / C i = k t

The apparent pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant, k, is given as follows:

k = ln C o / C t t

A plot of ln C o/C t versus time results in a straight line, the slope of which upon linear regression equals the apparent first-order rate constant k. Figure 3d and e show a plot of ln C o/C t versus time at different concentrations of dye. As shown in the figure, the plot is fitted with a straight line using linear regression techniques. The slope corresponds to the apparent pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant. The calculated rate constants and corresponding correlation constants are given in Table 1. Based on that, the K value was 0.025 for UV irradiation and 0.01192 without UV irradiation. The closeness of the correlation constants to unity indicates that the degradation process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and this is well represented by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

Table 1

Pseudo-first-order rate constant of rhodamine B for photocatalytic degradation

Irradiations Amount of ZnONPs (mg) Concentration of dye (mg/ml) Rate constant (k) min−1 Linear equation
With UV 500 10 0.025 0.9962
Without UV 500 10 0.011 0.9942

3.4 Anti-bacterial activity

The anti-bacterial test was performed on Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. As shown in Figure 4, the nanoparticles had a larger inhibitory zone value than the standard antibiotic disc. The nanoparticles inhibited the same as the ciprofloxacin standard disc and five times more than gentamycin and erythromycin in inhibitory assays. In the OD-based inhibitory experiment, several concentrations were also employed. The nanoparticles inhibited 80% of the E. coli at a lower dose (10 g/ml). Because the surface charge of the bacteria influences the NPs binding rate, we hypothesized that nanoparticles would easily penetrate the cell wall of E. coli and cause cell death. According to our findings, the ZnONPs derived from β CD-Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract emulsion were quite effective against Gram-negative microorganisms. We also hypothesized that Gram-negative bacteria had a single peptidoglycan layer that allowed ZnONPs to enter easily, and these green nanoparticles were more efficient against E. coli than regular medicines [39,40].

Figure 4 Anti-microbial action of ZnONPs against E. coli.
Figure 4

Anti-microbial action of ZnONPs against E. coli.

3.5 Anti-cancer activity

The anti-cancer effect of ZnONPs was examined using the cancer KB-3-1 cell line, which was grown with varying nanoparticle concentrations for 24 h. To get the IC50 value, the viability was tested using an MTT reagent against various concentrations of nanoparticles. The MTT assay findings show a gradual drop in cell viability as the concentration of nanoparticles rises, as seen in Figure 5. The results showed that the generated zinc nanoparticles had a substantial anti-cancer impact, killing 43.63 ± 0.5% at a dose of 1.56 mg/ml. At 25 mg/ml, a maximum of 91% ± 1.0 of killing was recorded. Previous studies have shown that ascorbic acid-coated nanoparticles promote hydrogen peroxide production in cancer cells because cancer cells have a higher concentration of copper than normal cells, resulting in ascorbic acid and copper ion interaction, which generates more ROS and leads to cell death via oxidative stress. We investigated whether green synthesized nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity in normal cells. As a result, the cytotoxicity of green-produced ZnO nanostructures was assessed in non-cancerous normal cell lines such as vero cells. For 24 h, the cells were exposed to various doses (1.56–100 mg/ml) of ZnONPs (Figure 5a). In normal cells, anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase react with H2O2 to generate H2O and O2, but in cancer cells, the produced H2O2 is not reduced, causing cell damage and death. Continuous flow techniques are reliable for producing nanoparticles on a large scale, as shown in Figure 5c). The green nanostructures were cytocompatible. Ascorbic acid found in plant extracts that enabled the green synthesis of ZnONPs may protect normal cell lines from their negative effects. Figure 5b depicts one probable process. After interacting with metal proteins, the surface of ZnONPs coated with plant extract initiates the active oxygen molecules. Continuous flow approaches have been found to be a reliable way to produce nanoparticles for large-scale production; the flow design is depicted in Figure 5c. The tiny diameters of the flow passages in the mixing tanks and the dosing flow rate (5 ml/min) provided excellent reaction control (mixing) for the synthesis of huge volumes of nanomaterials. Solution A (5-l tank contained β-CD-plant extract, Triton X-100 mixed with NaOH up to pH 8) and solution B contained zinc nitrate. In continuous-flow reactors, diffusive mass transport and conductive heat transfer predominate. The squares of the characteristic channel size, flow rate, and reaction kinetics determine these transfer rates. Parallelization enables the continuous flow reactors to be built up to a truly advanced manufacturing technology while also resolving any problems with the conventional approach.

Figure 5 The effect of different ZnONP doses on the viability of the cancer KB-31 cell line. (a) Viability research results of ZnONPs on vero cell lines. (b) Mechanism outlined for ZnONP anti-cancer effects. (c) Diagram of ZnONPs large-scale production.
Figure 5 The effect of different ZnONP doses on the viability of the cancer KB-31 cell line. (a) Viability research results of ZnONPs on vero cell lines. (b) Mechanism outlined for ZnONP anti-cancer effects. (c) Diagram of ZnONPs large-scale production.
Figure 5

The effect of different ZnONP doses on the viability of the cancer KB-31 cell line. (a) Viability research results of ZnONPs on vero cell lines. (b) Mechanism outlined for ZnONP anti-cancer effects. (c) Diagram of ZnONPs large-scale production.

4 Conclusion

ZnONPs were effectively produced using β-CD/P. emblica fruit extract through an emulsion process. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated significant scavenging and free radical capabilities, as well as anti-microbial and anti-cancer activity, as a result of the presence of ascorbic acid on the surface and the effective inclusion of complex formation product, vitamin activity. Separately, the photocatalytic and scavenging capabilities of the nanoparticles were investigated, and the nanoparticles improved catalytic activity under UV. Finally, the simple novel approach outlined here is ideally suited for biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications.

tel: +91-8754960627
tel: +966-118055970

Acknowledgements

The Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R114) of King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is acknowledged with gratitude from the authors.

  1. Funding information: The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R114), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Viswanathan Kaliyaperumal – methodology, software, validation, original draft preparation, review and editing supervision, visualization, and project in charge. Fatimah Oleyan Al-Otibi – project administration, report preparation, overall supervision, and funding acquisition. Hariprasath Rajendhran and Raedah Ibrahim Alharbi. formal analysis, data curation, and investigation. Dhinakar Raj Gopal – study director and review and editing the reports. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Cai K, Wang AZ, Yin L, Cheng J. Bio-nano interface: The impact of biological environment on nanomaterials and their delivery properties. J Control Rel. 2017;263:211–22.10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.034Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Peng Q, Mu H. The potential of protein-nanomaterial interaction for advanced drug delivery. J Control Rel. 2016;225:121–32.10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.041Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Zhu M, Nie G, Meng H, Xia T, Nel A, Zhao Y. Physicochemical properties determine nanomaterial cellular uptake, transport, and fate. Acc Chem Res. 2013;46:622–31.10.1021/ar300031ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Varan G, Varan C, Erdoğar N, Hıncal AA, Bilensoy E. Amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2017;531:457–69.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Shelley H, Babu RJ. Role of cyclodextrins in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci. 2018;107:1741–53.10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Saha S, Roy A, Roy K, Roy MN. Study to explore the mechanism to form inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with vitamin molecules. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35764.10.1038/srep35764Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Basnet P, Inakhunbi Chanu T, Samanta D, Chatterjee S. A review on bio-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts as reductants and stabilizing agents. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2018;183:201–21.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Adeyemi JO, Oriola AO, Onwudiwe DC, Oyedeji AO. Plant extracts mediated metal-based nanoparticles: synthesis and biological applications. Biomolecules. 2022;12:627.10.3390/biom12050627Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Singh AK. A review on plant extract-based route for synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles: Photocatalytic, electrochemical sensing and antibacterial applications. Current Research in Green and Sustainable. Chemistry. 2022;5:100270.10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100270Search in Google Scholar

[10] Nguyen NT, Nguyen LM, Nguyen TT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DT, Tran TV. Formation, antimicrobial activity, and biomedical performance of plant-based nanoparticles: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2022;20:2531–71.10.1007/s10311-022-01425-wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Kaur M, Sharma A, Bhardwaj P, Kaur H, Uppal SK. Evaluation of physicochemical properties, nutraceuticals composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal potential of waste amla seed coat (Phyllanthus emblica, variety Neelam). Food Measure. 2021;15:1201–12.10.1007/s11694-020-00721-9Search in Google Scholar

[12] Dauthal P, Mukhopadhyay M. Noble metal nanoparticles: plant-mediated synthesis, mechanistic aspects of synthesis, and applications. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2016;55:9557–77.10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00861Search in Google Scholar

[13] Masum MMI, Siddiqa MM, Ali KA, Zhang Y, Abdallah Y, Ibrahim E, et al. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and its inhibitory action against the pathogen Acidovorax oryzae strain RS-2 of rice bacterial brown stripe. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:820.10.3389/fmicb.2019.00820Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[14] Ramesh PS, Kokila T, Geetha D. Plant mediated green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Emblica officinalis fruit extract. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015;142:339–43.10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.062Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Ramanujam K, Sundrarajan M. Antibacterial effects of biosynthesized MgO nanoparticles using ethanolic fruit extract of Emblica officinalis. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2014;141:296–300.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Wang R, Xu X, Puja AM, Perumalsamy H, Balusamy SR, Kim H, et al. Gold nanoparticles prepared with Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis can induce apoptosis via mitochondrial impairment with inhibition of autophagy in the human gastric carcinoma cell line AGS. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:1260.10.3390/nano11051260Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Gunti L, Dass RS, Kalagatur NK. Phytofabrication of selenium nanoparticles from Emblica officinalis fruit extract and exploring its biopotential applications: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:931.10.3389/fmicb.2019.00931Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Dinesh M, Roopan SM, Selvaraj CI, Arunachalam P. Phyllanthus emblica seed extract mediated synthesis of PdNPs against antibacterial, heamolytic and cytotoxic studies. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017;167:64–71.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Thoidingjam S, Tiku AB. Therapeutic efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in A549 lung cancer cell line. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019;14:2355–71.10.2217/nnm-2019-0111Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Islam F, Shohag S, Uddin MJ, Islam MR, Nafady MH, Akter A, et al. Exploring the journey of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward biomedical applications. Materials. 2022;15:2160.10.3390/ma15062160Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Anjum S, Hashim M, Malik SA, Khan M, Lorenzo JM, Abbasi BH, et al. Recent advances in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for cancer diagnosis, target drug delivery, and treatment. Cancers. 2021;13:4570.10.3390/cancers13184570Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Akintelu SA, Folorunso AS. A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and its biomedical applications. BioNanoScience. 2020;10:848–63.10.1007/s12668-020-00774-6Search in Google Scholar

[23] Pushpalatha C, Suresh, Gayathri J, Sowmya VS, Augustine SV, Alamoudi D, A, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A review on its applications in dentistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:917990.10.3389/fbioe.2022.917990Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Moradpoor H, Safaei M, Mozaffari HR, Sharifi R, Imani MM, Golshah A, et al. An overview of recent progress in dental applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2021;11:21189–206.10.1039/D0RA10789ASearch in Google Scholar

[25] Dhar SA, Chowdhury RA, Das S, Nahian MK, Islam D, Gafur MA. Plant-mediated green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. Mater Today: Proc. 2021;42:1867–71.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.222Search in Google Scholar

[26] Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. USA: Oxford university press; 2015.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

[27] Pyrzynska K, Pękal A. Application of free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to estimate the antioxidant capacity of food samples. Anal Methods. 2013;5:4288–95.10.1039/c3ay40367jSearch in Google Scholar

[28] Lateef A, Ojo SA, Elegbede JA, Azeez MA, Yekeen TA, Akinboro A. Evaluation of some biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, anticoagulant and thrombolytic activities. J Clust Sci. 2017;28:1379–92.10.1007/s10876-016-1146-0Search in Google Scholar

[29] Viswanathan K, Divya Bharathi B, Premalatha V, Vimal M, Raman M, Raj GD. Beta cyclodextrin-based zinc oxide-silver hybrid nanoparticles: a study on antibacterial activity of its effect on treatment against bacterial skin disease. Mater Res Express. 2019;6:085040.10.1088/2053-1591/ab19ceSearch in Google Scholar

[30] Viswanathan K, Priyadharshini MLM, Nirmala K, Raman M, Raj GD. Bactericidal paper trays doped with silver nanoparticles for egg storing applications. Bull Mater Sci. 2016;39:819–26.10.1007/s12034-016-1202-2Search in Google Scholar

[31] Viswanathan K, Bharathi BD, Karuppannan C, Sanjeevi T, Nithiyanantham M, Arul Kumar K, et al. Studies on antimicrobial and wound healing applications of gauze coated with CHX-Ag hybrid NPs. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2020;14:14–8.10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0187Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Viswanathan K, Hong Dg, Chu W-C, Lee YC. Fabrication of 105Y, alpha 1-anti trypsin peptide conjugated hybrid nanoparticles for biological applications. Jnl Chin Chem Soc. 2013;60;400–6.10.1002/jccs.201200358Search in Google Scholar

[33] Mirunalini S, Krishnaveni M. Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the ayurvedic wonder. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;21:93–105.10.1515/JBCPP.2010.21.1.93Search in Google Scholar

[34] Priya FF, Islam MS. Phyllanthus emblica Linn.(Amla)—a natural gift to humans: an overview. J Dis Med Plants. 2019;5:1–9.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Ruhela G, Dhama P, Shanker K, Ding X, Sharma A. Exploration of metabolomics of Phyllanthus emblica: From Ayurveda food to modern prospectives in quality control. Food Chem Adv. 2023;3:100330.10.1016/j.focha.2023.100330Search in Google Scholar

[36] Gul M, Liu ZW, Rabail R, Faheem F, Walayat N, Nawaz A, et al. Functional and nutraceutical significance of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11:816.10.3390/antiox11050816Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Gadade DD, Pekamwar SS. Cyclodextrin based nanoparticles for drug delivery and theranostics. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020;10:166–83.10.34172/apb.2020.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Adeoye O, Cabral-Marques H. Cyclodextrin nanosystems in oral drug delivery: A mini review. Int J Pharm. 2017;531:521–31.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.050Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[39] Gudkov SV, Burmistrov DE, Serov DA, Rebezov MB, Semenova AA, Lisitsyn ABA. Mini Review of Antibacterial Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles. Front Phys. 2021;9:641481.10.3389/fphy.2021.641481Search in Google Scholar

[40] Gupta M, Tomar RS, Kaushik S, Mishra RK, Sharma D. Effective Antimicrobial Activity of Green ZnO Nano Particles of Catharanthus roseus. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2030.10.3389/fmicb.2018.02030Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2024-03-12
Accepted: 2024-07-23
Published Online: 2024-09-02

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2024-0056
Keywords for this article
emulsion; nanoparticles; beta-cyclodextrin; zinc oxide; Phyllanthus emblica; biomaterials
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 20.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2024-0056/html
Scroll to top button