Startseite Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
Artikel Open Access

Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract

  • Mei Hsuan Heng , Yip Foo Win , Eddy Seong Guan Cheah , Yu Bin Chan , Md. Khalilur Rahman , Sabiha Sultana , Lai-Hock Tey , Ling Shing Wong EMAIL logo , Sinouvassane Djearamane , Md. Akhtaruzzaman EMAIL logo und Mohammod Aminuzzaman EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 18. November 2024
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Green Processing and Synthesis
Aus der Zeitschrift Green Processing and Synthesis Band 13 Heft 1

Abstract

In the realm of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoparticles using environmentally benign methods, such as using plant extracts, has garnered significant attention. This work reports a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) utilizing microwave irradiation in the presence of lemon peel extract as a green reducing agent and Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O as a precursor. Numerous analytical techniques were employed to determine the optical, morphological, and structural properties of the green-synthesized NiO NPs. The findings revealed that the resulting NiO NPs are pure, with an average size of 34 nm and a spherical geometry, possessing a face-centered-cubic crystalline structure. The antibacterial activities of the NiO NPs were preliminarily investigated against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium). The morphological changes in B. subtilis and S. typhimurium were also evaluated by FE-SEM analysis, which showed that some cells were partially damaged and distorted in shape upon treatment with NiO NPs, thus demonstrating their promising antibacterial activities.

Keywords: green synthesis; biowaste; NiO nanoparticles; antibacterial activity; antibacterial mechanism

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field for the development of advanced materials with exceptional properties and diverse applications. Among these materials, metal oxide nanoparticles have drawn the most interest because of their fascinating optical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, biological, and magnetic properties. These properties render metal oxide nanoparticles suitable for numerous applications in agriculture, electronics, food processing, catalysis, textile, environmental remediation, cosmetics, and biomedical fields [1,2]. Among the metal oxides, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) have gained special attention because of their distinctive electronic, magnetic, electrochromic, optical, catalytic, and electrochemical properties. These properties make NiO NPs promising candidates for various applications, including gas sensors, energy storage devices, and antimicrobial agents [3]. In the literature, a variety of synthetic approaches, including sol–gel [4], chemical precipitation [5], hydrothermal [6], thermal decomposition [7], and solvothermal [8], have been reported to obtain NiO NPs, which often involve toxic chemicals, hazardous organic solvents, and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental concerns. In order to reduce these negative impacts, plant extract-mediated green synthesis has emerged as a promising alternative, harnessing the inherent reducing and stabilizing properties of phytochemicals. Plant extracts, which are abundant in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, sugars, proteins, and terpenoids, have demonstrated the capability to reduce metal ions, leading to the formation of nanoparticles of various sizes and shapes. This green synthesis route not only provides a sustainable and cost-effective solution but also ensures the biocompatibility and biosafety of the resulting nanoparticles, making them suitable for numerous biomedical applications. The green synthesis of NiO NPs by using different plant parts, such as Monsonia burkeana (leaf) [9], Aegle marmelos (leaf) [10], Rhamnus virgate (leaf) [11], Berberis balochistanica (stem) [12], Raphanus sativushave (root) [13], and Clitoria ternatea (flower) [14], has been reported. However, there are limited studies on utilizing fruit peel bio-waste in synthesizing NiO NPs [15–17]. The classical heating method that depends on heat transmission was employed in most reported plant extract-mediated green syntheses of NiO NPs and frequently resulted in incomplete reactions, ineffective heating, and extended reaction times, thereby reducing the yield of nanoparticles. The interest in microwave-assisted synthesis has gained attention in the past few years due to its ability to provide rapid and controlled conditions for nanoparticle synthesis, leading to enhanced yields and precise control over particle size and morphology. When compared to traditional heating methods, the synthesis process is more efficient and sustainable when microwaves are used as the energy source since they shorten reaction times and use less energy. When coupled with green synthesis principles, which emphasize the use of natural, renewable resources and environmentally benign processes, this methodology becomes a powerful tool for sustainable nanomaterial synthesis.

Lemons (Citrus limon), belonging to the Rutaceae family, are among the world’s most popular citrus fruits. Lemons are nutritious fruits with an excellent source of ascorbic acid, which can provide a number of health benefits, such as lowering the risks of heart disease and cancer. Lemon peel, a common agricultural waste product, is a rich source of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acids, which can facilitate the green synthesis of nanoparticles [18,19]. These phytochemicals not only contribute to the distinctive aroma and flavor of lemons but also possess inherent reducing and capping capabilities. Hence, the choice of lemon peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent is not only economically viable but also addresses the issue of waste valorization, transforming an agricultural by-product into a valuable resource for nanomaterial synthesis. This study focuses on the green synthesis of NiO NPs by using lemon peel extract as a renewable reducing agent and Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O as a precursor coupled with the microwave irradiation technique. Various analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were utilized to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the NiO NPs. Furthermore, this study delved into the potential applications of these lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs, particularly in addressing the pressing issue of antibacterial resistance. The antibacterial activity assessment aimed to explore the nanoparticles’ efficacy in inhibiting bacterial growth, potentially offering a sustainable alternative to conventional antibacterial agents.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Fresh lemon fruits were purchased from a local market in the Kampar town of Perak state in Malaysia. Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Deionized (DI) water was used to prepare all aqueous solutions.

2.2 Preparation of lemon peel extract

After being repeatedly washed under tap water to remove debris, fresh lemon peels were sliced into small pieces. Then, 100 g of lemon peels were added to 100 mL of DI water in a 250 mL beaker and heated at 80°C for 30 min. After that, the extract was cooled before being subjected to vacuum filtration. The obtained pale-yellow filtrate was used to synthesize NiO NPs.

2.3 Green synthesis of NiO NPs

A total of 2 g of Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O was added to 50 mL of peel extract, and the mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature. Then, 20 mL of the mixture was transferred into a pressure-sealed tube and irradiated with 250 W at 80°C for 10 min in a commercial microwave oven (CEM DISCOVER-SP W/ACTIVENT 909155 Tokyo, Japan), resulting in a light green solution. Next, the solution was cooled, followed by vacuum drying (Binder, VD 23) in order to obtain a dark green paste. Finally, the paste was transferred to a crucible cup and calcinated at 450°C for 2 h in a muffle furnace to obtain fine, black NiO NP powder. Figure 1 shows the overall procedure of green synthesis of NiO NPs.

Figure 1 The overall procedure for the green synthesis of NiO NPs using lemon peel extract.
Figure 1

The overall procedure for the green synthesis of NiO NPs using lemon peel extract.

2.4 Characterization of NiO NPs

The optical properties of the green-synthesized NiO NPs were evaluated using UV-visible absorption spectra, which were recorded using a GENESYS 180 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). The FT-IR spectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer RX1 FT-IR spectrophotometer with KBR pellet in transmittance mode over the range of 400–4,000 cm⁻¹ for collecting functional group data. The XPS spectra were recorded using a Perkin Elmer PHI5600 (ULVAC-PHI, Inc.). XRD analysis was conducted using a Shimadzu XRD 6000 X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The morphological characteristics, including particle size and shape, were assessed using FESEM-EDX (JEOL JSM-6701F, Japan combined with EDX, X-max 150, Oxford Instruments) and HRTEM (JEOL JEM 3010).

2.5 Antibacterial screening

2.5.1 Antibacterial activity of NiO NPs using agar well diffusion assay

The potential antibacterial activities of the lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs were evaluated by the agar well diffusion assay against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-1026, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 [20,21]. The procedures were adopted from the study of Selvanathan et al. (2022) with slight modifications, in which 50 μL of positive control (1 mg·mL−1 chloramphenicol in saline), negative control (saline), and different concentrations of NiO NPs (1, 5, and 10 mg·mL−1 in saline), respectively, were used.

2.5.2 Antibacterial activity of NiO NPs using the broth microdilution method

This was performed on the four test bacteria on the 96-well plates by the resazurin microplate assay with some minor modifications [22–25]. First, each of the wells was filled with 75 μL of Mueller–Hinton broth, followed by the addition of the lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NP suspension in saline in two-fold serial dilution from 16 to 62.5 μg·mL−1 and chloramphenicol in saline in two-fold serial dilution from 16 to 0.0625 μg·mL−1. The latter was used as the positive control, while 0.85% saline was used as the negative control. A volume of 75 μL of the test bacterial suspension in saline (5 × 105 CFU·mL−1) was added to each well, and the 96-well plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. About 10 μL of resazurin (0.22 mg·mL−1 in saline) was then added to each well. The plates were left at room temperature for 3 h, and the presence of viable cells in the wells was indicated by color change from blue to pink. Each test was performed in triplicate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest concentration of the test compound at which no color change was observed.

2.5.3 Assessment of the effect of NiO NPs on bacterial cell morphology by FE-SEM analysis

A total of 10 mL of the test bacterial suspension was treated with 16 mg·mL−1 lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs for 24 h. An untreated control was also performed. The bacterial suspensions were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min, and the resulting pellets were resuspended in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for overnight fixation. The bacterial suspensions were then centrifuged as before and washed three times with 0.01 M PBS, followed by distilled water. The samples were then dehydrated using a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol (25, 50, 75, 95, and 100%) [26,27]. The dehydrated samples were freeze-dried, subjected to sputter-coating, and then observed at low voltage by FE-SEM (JOEL JSM 6710F, Japan). B. subtilis and S. typhimurium were tested as representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Optical, structural, and morphological properties of lemon peel extract-derived NiO NPs

The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the lemon peel extract, Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O solution, and lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs are shown in Figure 2. A strong absorption peak at 272 nm and a weak absorption peak at 324 nm were observed in the lemon peel extract, which was probably caused by the π → π* transition, indicating the occurrence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenols in the lemon peel extract. The Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O solution showed an absorption band at 272 nm, which was missing in the spectra of NiO NPs during the bioreduction process, indicating the formation of NiO NPs. NiO NPs were absorbed at 320 nm because of the electronic transition from the valence band to the conduction band. Using the Tauc plot approach, the band gap energy (E g) of the synthesized NiO NPs was calculated using Eq. 1.

(1) A ( h ν – E g ) n = α h ν

where α is the absorption coefficient, hν is the energy of a photon, A is the proportionality constant, and n is the electronic transition with an exponent factor (n = ½ for indirect transition or 2 for direct transition).

Figure 2 UV-Vis absorption spectra of (a) lemon peel extract, (b) Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O solution, and (c) lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.
Figure 2

UV-Vis absorption spectra of (a) lemon peel extract, (b) Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O solution, and (c) lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.

As shown in Figure 3(a) and (b), E g was calculated by plotting (αhν) n versus the energy axis (hυ), and the E g values of NiO NPs in this investigation are 2.79 and 3.31 eV, indicating the indirect and direct transitions, respectively. These values are in agreement with those reported in other NiO NP studies [15,17] and are lower compared to those of the bulk NiO NPs (E g = 4.0 eV) as reported [28].

Figure 3 The band gap energy (E g) of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) indirect transition and (b) direct transition.
Figure 3

The band gap energy (E g) of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) indirect transition and (b) direct transition.

Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectra of the lemon peel extract and NiO NPs with projecting absorption bands from 4,000 to 400 cm−1.

Figure 4 FTIR spectra of the (a) lemon peel extract and (b) lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs with prominent absorption bands from 4,000 to 400 cm−1.
Figure 4

FTIR spectra of the (a) lemon peel extract and (b) lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs with prominent absorption bands from 4,000 to 400 cm−1.

FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify the functional groups of phytochemicals present in the lemon peel extract that play a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of NiO NPs. Based on the FTIR spectra of the lemon peel extract, the bands centering at 3,285, 2,928, and 2,085 cm−1 are assigned to the stretching vibrations of υ(O–H), υ(C–H), and υ(C≡C), respectively. The absorption bands occurring at 1,631, 1,413, 1,240, and 1,076 cm−1 were attributed to υ(C═O), υ(C═C), υ(C═O), and υ(C–O–C), respectively. In addition, the occurrence of bands at 919 and 629 cm−1 was attributed to the υ(C–H) out-of-plane bend of aromatics, which indicated the presence of phytochemicals from the lemon peel extract. Compared with the FTIR spectra of the NiO NPs, the occurrence of a distinct medium intensity band at 452 cm−1 was attributed to υ(Ni–O), which confirmed the formation of NiO NPs [15,19,29]. The proposed mechanisms for the formation of NiO nanospherical particles with phytochemicals in the lemon peel extract are illustrated in Figure 5. One of the mechanisms proposed is by the chelation of Ni2+ ions with phytochemicals such as phenols in the peel extract and formed coordinated complexes that would undergo calcination to form NiO NPs. Moreover, another proposed mechanism is that the Ni2+ ions are reduced to a zero-valence state by using bioreducing agents such as phytochemicals in the lemon peel extract. Then, the reduced Ni atoms react with the dissolved oxygen and are converted to NiO [30–32]. In this study, NiO NPs were obtained only by using the lemon peel extract without any organic solvent, which makes the synthesis process greener, cost-effective, and sustainable.

Figure 5 The proposed mechanisms for the formation of NiO nanospherical particles with phytochemicals.
Figure 5

The proposed mechanisms for the formation of NiO nanospherical particles with phytochemicals.

The overall crystal structure and phase purity of the lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs are determined by the XRD patterns (Figure 6). The diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 37.24°, 43.28°, 62.88°, 75.42°, and 79.40° correspond to the hkl values of (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), and (2 2 2), respectively. This peak indexing matches with the International Centre for Diffraction Data: Entry number 01-078-4374, confirming the face-centered cubic crystalline phase of NiO NPs. Moreover, the NiO NPs obtained exhibit high crystallinity and purity, as evidenced by the absence of significant foreign peaks in the XRD patterns. All the observed peaks and their positions matched well with those reported in the literature [9,10,13], confirming the accuracy and consistency of the synthesis method. The crystallite size of NiO NPs was calculated from the X-ray diffractogram by using the Debye–Scherrer’s equation and description:

D = 0.9 λ β cos θ

where D is the crystalline size, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray, β is the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the peak, and θ is the diffraction angle [14]. The crystallite sizes of the synthesized NiO NPs are in the range of 17–23 nm, as listed in Table 1.

Figure 6 XRD patterns of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.
Figure 6

XRD patterns of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.

Table 1

Crystallite size distribution of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs based on Debye–Scherrer’s equation

2θ (°) Miller’s index FWHM (°) β (rad) D (nm)
37.24 (1 1 1) 0.48 0.0084 17.47
43.28 (2 0 0) 0.52 0.0091 16.43
62.88 (2 2 0) 0.48 0.0084 19.39
75.42 (3 1 1) 0.68 0.0119 14.77
79.40 (2 2 2) 0.44 0.0077 23.44

To investigate the electronic structures of the NiO NPs, XPS analysis was performed. Figure 7 shows the XPS spectra of the Ni and O regions of NiO NPs. Two notable peaks in the Ni region of NiO were found at 855.3 and 873.5 eV, as shown in Figure 7(a). These peaks are attributed to Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2, respectively, and are indicative of the Ni2+ state in the NiO NPs [33,34]. Furthermore, the peak at 860.8 eV was associated with the Ni 2p3/2 satellite peak, whereas the peak at 880.1 eV was linked to the Ni 2p1/2 satellite peak [35]. Additionally, the peak at 530.0 eV in Figure 7(b) can be ascribed to the binding energy of O 1s, which is linked to the O2− in the NiO [33,34,36]. All these data clearly demonstrate that pure NiO NPs were formed.

Figure 7 XPS spectra of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) Ni region and (b) O region.
Figure 7

XPS spectra of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) Ni region and (b) O region.

The morphological characteristics of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs were analyzed using FE-SEM, revealing that the NiO NPs occur as spherical nanostructures (Figure 8). Furthermore, the elemental compositions of the NiO NPs were determined by EDX analysis, which showed intense peaks of Ni (74.8%) and O (25.2%) by weight (Figure 9). This indicates that the nanoparticles are composed exclusively of nickel and oxygen, thus confirming the successful formation of highly pure NiO NPs using the lemon peel extract and Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O as precursors.

Figure 8 FE-SEM image of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) 60,000× and (b) 100,000×.
Figure 8

FE-SEM image of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs: (a) 60,000× and (b) 100,000×.

Figure 9 EDX analysis of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.
Figure 9

EDX analysis of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs.

The size and shape of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs were confirmed and detailed by HRTEM analysis. Based on the HRTEM images (Figure 10), the diameters of nanospherical NiO NPs are predominantly in the range of 20–40 nm. As shown in the histogram (Figure 10), the average particle size is found to be 34 nm with a standard deviation (SD) of 12 nm. The particle size obtained from the HRTEM analysis was slightly larger than the crystallite size (17–23 nm) from XRD, demonstrating that the single NiO NPs are composed of several small crystallites. Table 2 summarizes the comparison of morphological properties of NiO NPs synthesized in this study with those reported in the recent literature. The green-synthesized NiO NPs in this study show a more uniform size and shape with less deviation. The calcination process plays a crucial role in producing high-purity and consistent nanomaterials by the removal of residual biomolecules present in the plant extracts and precursor materials during initial synthesis, ensuring that the NiO NPs are composed mainly of Ni and O atoms. Additionally, calcination boosts crystallization and phase transformation, which are essential for producing nanoparticles with well-defined crystal structures, increased purity, and reduced particle size [28,38–40].

Figure 10 (a) and (b) HRTEM images of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs. (c) Histogram of the particle size distribution of NiO NPs.
Figure 10

(a) and (b) HRTEM images of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs. (c) Histogram of the particle size distribution of NiO NPs.

Table 2

Comparison of morphological properties of NiO NPs synthesized in previous studies

Plant extract Temperature (°C) and reaction time Size (nm) Shape Reference
Monsonia burkeana 80 for 1 h 20 Spherical [9]
Cassia fistula 90 for 1 h 60–80 Cotton flower [32]
Calotropis gigantea 60 for 4 h 20–100 Regular hexahedral [37]
Commelina benghalensis 80 for 48 h 30–120 Spherical [38]
Lantana camara 70 for 2 h 40–50 Oval [39]
Limonia acidissima 500 for 15 min 20–25 Spherical [40]
Euphorbia heterophylla 30 for 24 h 12–15 Rhombohedral [41]
Cydonia oblonga 80 for 24 h 74 Cubic [42]
Nigella sativa 60 for 24 h 10 and 50 Spherical and oval [43]
Citrus limon 80 for 15 min 34 Spherical Present work

Bold values are used to emphasize the data specific to our study.

3.2 Antibacterial activities of NiO NPs

Although several studies have been carried out on the green synthesis and antibacterial activities of NiO NPs, none has been reported using the lemon peel and its biogenic investigation by FE-SEM. Table 3 summarizes the antibacterial activities of NiO NPs reported in several previous studies.

Table 3

Antibacterial activities of NiO NPs reported in previous studies

Plant Part Test bacteria Reference
Monsonia burkeana Leaf E. coli, S. aureus, P.s aeruginosa, Enterobacter faecalis [9]
Aegle marmelos Leaf S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia hermannii, E. coli [10]
Berberis balochistanica Stem Proteus vulgaris, S. aureus [11]
Raphanus sativus Root P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis [13]
Clitoria ternatea Flower S. aureus, E. coli [14]
Solanum trilobatum Leaf S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. hermannii, E. coli [44]
Aloe vera Leaf E. coli, Pasturella multocida, B. subtilis, S. aureus [45]
Citrus sinensis Leaf S. aureus, E. coli [46]
Citrus limon Peel B. subtilis, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium Present work

Bold values are used to emphasize the data specific to our study.

In the agar well diffusion assay, the concentrations of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs at 1, 5, and 10 mg·mL−1 were confirmed to have no effect against the tested bacteria (Figure 11). Tests with higher concentrations (50 and 100 mg·mL−1) of NiO NPs also showed no effect (data not shown). At 1 mg·mL−1, chloramphenicol (positive control) exhibited strong inhibition against the tested bacteria, yielding inhibition zones of 30 mm (B. subtilis), 25 mm (S. aureus), 24 mm (K. pneumoniae), and 27 mm (S. typhimurium) (Figure 11).

Figure 11 Antibacterial screening of NiO NPs and controls by the agar well diffusion method: (a) B. subtilis, (b) S. aureus, (c) K. pneumoniae, and (d) S. typhimurium.
Figure 11

Antibacterial screening of NiO NPs and controls by the agar well diffusion method: (a) B. subtilis, (b) S. aureus, (c) K. pneumoniae, and (d) S. typhimurium.

Due to the lack of antibacterial effect for the NiO NPs synthesized from the lemon peel extract using the agar well diffusion method, further investigation was carried out using the resazurin microplate method. As shown in Table 4, lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs showed better activities against the test Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis and S. aureus with MICs of ∼4.0 ± 0.0 and ∼4.7 ± 3.1 mg·mL−1, respectively, compared to the test Gram-negative bacteria K. pneumoniae and S. typhimurium. This indicates that Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to the synthesized NiO NPs compared to Gram-positive bacteria, and this finding corresponds to those reported in several studies [10,44,46]. This might be due to the presence of teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids that chelate Ni2+ ions and transport them into the cell, leading to an interruption in cell metabolism [13]. This is despite the fact that the cell wall of the former is denser and thicker compared to that of Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, although NiO NPs showed inhibition against the target bacteria, it was weaker relative to that of chloramphenicol (positive control) with MICs in the range of 2–4 µg·mL−1. In the resazurin microplate assay, the color change from blue to pink is due to the ability of viable cells to reduce resazurin to resorufin (Figure 12) [22].

Table 4

MICs of NiO NPs and controls on four bacteria via the resazurin microplate method

Bacterial species NiO NPs (mg·mL−1) Chloramphenicol (µg·mL−1)
Range Average ± SD Range Average ± SD
B. subtilis 4 4 ± 0.0 2–4 3.3 ± 1.2
S. aureus 4–8 4.7 ± 3.1 4 4.0 ± 0.0
K. pneumoniae 4–8 6.7 ± 2.3 2 2.0 ± 0.0
S. typhimurium 8–16 10.7 ± 4.6 2 2.0 ± 0.0

Positive control: chloramphenicol; negative control: saline.

Figure 12 Resazurin microplate assay on B. subtilis and S. aureus in 96-well plates. Yellow box: S. aureus treated with NiO NPs at concentrations ranging from 16 to 62.5 μg·mL−1. Orange box: B. subtilis treated with NiO NPs at concentrations ranging from 16  to 62.5 μg·mL−1. A2–A10 and H2–H10: S. aureus and B. subtilis treated with chloramphenicol at concentrations ranging from 16 to 0.0625 μg·mL−1, respectively. Other wells: negative and viability controls.
Figure 12

Resazurin microplate assay on B. subtilis and S. aureus in 96-well plates. Yellow box: S. aureus treated with NiO NPs at concentrations ranging from 16 to 62.5 μg·mL−1. Orange box: B. subtilis treated with NiO NPs at concentrations ranging from 16  to 62.5 μg·mL−1. A2–A10 and H2–H10: S. aureus and B. subtilis treated with chloramphenicol at concentrations ranging from 16 to 0.0625 μg·mL−1, respectively. Other wells: negative and viability controls.

By comparing the antibacterial test methods, the effects of the NiO NPs were only demonstrated in the broth microdilution assay. In the well diffusion assays, the NiO NPs (dispersion phase – solid) in a suspension form could be entrapped in the agar (dispersion medium – solid) matrix, thus perturbing their ability to diffuse and interact effectively with the bacterial cells, thus limiting their antibacterial action [21]. However, in the broth micro-dilution assay, the NiO NPs were suspended in the Mueller–Hinton broth (dispersion medium – liquid) in which they were directly in contact with the test bacterial cells. Moreover, due to the liquid nature of this assay, the interaction of Ni2+ ions in a solution form will alter the biochemical conditions of the environment, thereby enhancing their antibacterial activities [13]. In conclusion, the antibacterial activity of NiO NPs was observed only in the resazurin microplate assay, highlighting the influence of the testing medium on the observed efficacy of the nanoparticles. This comparison emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate testing methods when evaluating the antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles.

The effects of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs (16 mg·mL−1) on morphological changes in B. subtilis and S. typhimurium were also assessed by FE-SEM analysis (Figures 13 and 14). The FE-SEM images for the untreated controls of B. subtilis and S. typhimurium show smooth rod-shaped cells with intact cell walls. For B. subtilis and S. typhimurium treated with NiO NPs (16 mg·mL−1), both showed the attachment of NiO NPs on their cell surface, with most of the cells partially damaged as well as distorted in shape when viewed at 25,000× magnification. Hence, this confirmed that the attachment of lemon peel extract-mediated NiO NPs on the bacterial cell surface will disrupt their cell wall and membrane integrity and distort their shape. In addition, increasing the concentration of NiO NPs enhances their antibacterial activity. This is because a higher concentration provides more NiO NPs to interact with bacterial cells, which increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the possibility that NiO NPs will adhere to the membrane of the bacterial cell [14,41].

Figure 13 FE-SEM images of NiO NP-treated and untreated B. subtilis: (a) healthy B. subtilis (25,000×); (b)–(d) distorted and nanoparticle-coated B. subtilis (25,000×).
Figure 13

FE-SEM images of NiO NP-treated and untreated B. subtilis: (a) healthy B. subtilis (25,000×); (b)–(d) distorted and nanoparticle-coated B. subtilis (25,000×).

Figure 14 FE-SEM images of NiO NP-treated and untreated S. typhimurium: (a) healthy S. typhimurium (25,000×); (b)–(d) distorted (red arrows) and nanoparticle-coated (yellow arrows) S. typhimurium (25,000×).
Figure 14

FE-SEM images of NiO NP-treated and untreated S. typhimurium: (a) healthy S. typhimurium (25,000×); (b)–(d) distorted (red arrows) and nanoparticle-coated (yellow arrows) S. typhimurium (25,000×).

In general, the particle size, shape, morphology, concentration, specific surface area, stability, methodology, and treatment of the NPs are crucial factors influencing their antibacterial activities [10,21]. The increase in NiO NP concentration is likely to elevate the production of H2O2 and subsequently affect the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, thus causing cell leakage and death. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of NiO NPs may be attributed to their accumulation on the bacterial cell surface, formation of Ni2+ and their interaction with the bacterial cell wall, as well as generation and actions of ROS. The generated ROS has the ability to damage various components within the bacterial cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, mitochondria, DNA, and proteins, as well as interrupt electron transport, leading to cell death [10,13,14,44–46]. Figure 15 shows the proposed inactivation mechanisms of bacteria by NiO NPs.

Figure 15 Proposed mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by NiO NPs. (a) Increase in NiO NP concentration leads to higher H2O2 production, resulting in bacterial death. (b) The accumulation of NiO NPs and the formation of Ni2+ on the cell surface trigger the generation of ROS. (c) and (d) ROS cause damage to bacterial nucleic acids and proteins, leading to cell death. (e) The breakdown of the cell wall and leakage of cellular contents further contribute to bacterial inactivation.
Figure 15

Proposed mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by NiO NPs. (a) Increase in NiO NP concentration leads to higher H2O2 production, resulting in bacterial death. (b) The accumulation of NiO NPs and the formation of Ni2+ on the cell surface trigger the generation of ROS. (c) and (d) ROS cause damage to bacterial nucleic acids and proteins, leading to cell death. (e) The breakdown of the cell wall and leakage of cellular contents further contribute to bacterial inactivation.

4 Conclusions

NiO NPs were successfully synthesized using an eco-friendly green synthesis approach that utilizes waste lemon peel extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The optical, morphological, and structural properties of the synthesized NiO NPs were thoroughly characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. XRD results revealed that the lemon peel extract-mediated NiO has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure and exhibits high crystallinity. The nanospherical shape of NiO NPs with an average size of 34 nm was confirmed through FE-SEM and HRTEM analyses. Moreover, assessment using EDX and XPS demonstrated the high purity of the synthesized NiO NPs. Notably, these green-synthesized NiO NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against several bacterial species, including B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, with an MIC of 4 mg·mL−1. Overall, this work highlights an effective and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing NiO NPs, which could find diverse potential applications, particularly in agriculture and biomedicine, to control and prevent various bacterial infections. Further studies involving a broader range of bacteria coupled with the determination of minimum bactericidal concentration would provide a deeper comprehensive understanding of the antibacterial properties of the NiO NPs.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to UTAR for providing research facilities to carry out this work.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Mei Hsuan Heng: methodology, data collection, formal analysis, writing – original draft; Yip Foo Win: validation, formal analysis, writing – review and editing; Eddy Seong Guan Cheah: validation, formal analysis, writing – review and editing; Yu Bin Chan: formal analysis, writing – review & editing; Md. Khalilur Rahman: conceptualization, formal analysis, and funding acquisition; Sabiha Sultana: conceptualization, methodology, and formal analysis; Lai-Hock Tey: writing – review and editing; Ling Shing Wong: writing – review and editing and funding acquisition; Sinouvassane Djearaman: conceptualization and funding acquisition; Md. Akhtaruzzaman: conceptualization, methodology, and formal analysis; Mohammod Aminuzzaman: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, and visualization.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author(s) on reasonable request.

References

[1] Chavali MS, Nikolova MP. Metal oxide nanoparticles and their applications in nanotechnology. SN Appl Sci. 2019;1(6):607–36. 10.1007/s42452-019-0592-3.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Medhi R, Marquez MD, Lee TR. Visible-light-active doped metal oxide nanoparticles: review of their synthesis, properties, and applications. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2020;3(7):6156–85. 10.1021/acsanm.0c01035.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Narender SS, Varma VVS, Srikar CS, Ruchitha J, Varma PA, Praveen BVS. Nickel oxide nanoparticles: a brief review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications. Chem Eng Technol. 2022;45(3):397–409. 10.2002/ceat.202100442.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Danial AS, Saleh MM, Salih SA, Awad MI. On the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles by sol–gel technique and its electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. J Power Sources. 2015;293:101–8. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.024.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Deshpande MP, Patel KN, Gujarati VP, Patel K, Chaki SH. Structural, thermal and optical properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles synthesized by chemical precipitation method. Adv Mater Res. 2016;1141:65–71. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1141.65.Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Lett JA, Sagadevan S, Weldegebrieal GK, Fatimah I. Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic activity of NiO nanoparticles under visible light illumination. Bull Chem React Eng. 2022;17(2):340–9. 10.9767/bcrec.17.2.13680.340-349.Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Khalaji AD, Jarosova M, Machek P, Chen K, Xue D. Facile synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of nickel oxide nanoparticles prepared by thermal decomposition. Scr Mater. 2020;181:53–7. 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.015.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Xu J, Wang M, Liu Y, Li J, Cui H. One-pot solvothermal synthesis of size-controlled NiO nanoparticles. Adv Powder Technol. 2019;30(4):861–8. 10.1016/j.apt.2019.01.016.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Kganyago P, Mahlaule-Glory LM, Mathipa MM, Ntsendwana B, Mketo N, Mbita Z, et al. Synthesis of NiO nanoparticles via a green route using Monsonia burkeana: the physical and biological properties. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2018;182:18–26. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.03.016.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Ezhilarasi AA, Vijaya JJ, Kaviyarasu K, Kennedy LJ, Ramalingam RJ, Al-Lohedan HA. Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract for the evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2018;180:39–50. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.01.023.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Uddin S, Safdar LB, Iqbal J, Yaseen T, Laila S, Anwar S, et al. Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Berberis balochistanica: Characterization, and diverse biological applications. Microsc Res Tech. 2021;84(9):2004–16. 10.1002/jemt.23756.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Uddin S, Safdar LB, Anwar S, Iqbal J, Laila S, Abbasi BA, et al. Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles from Berberis balochistanica stem for investigating bioactivities. Molecules. 2021;26(6):1548. 10.3390/molecules26061548.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Haq S, Dildar S, Ali MB, Mezni A, Hedfi A, Shahzad MI, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of biosynthesized of NiO nanoparticles using Raphanus sativus (R. sativus) extract. Mater Res Express. 2021;8(5):055006. 10.1088/2053-1591/abfc7c.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Prabhu S, Thangadurai TD, Bharathy PV, Kalugasalam P. Synthesis and characterization of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea flower extract: Photocatalytic dye degradation under sunlight and antibacterial activity applications. Results Chem. 2022;4:100285. 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100285.Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Aminuzzaman M, Chong CY, Goh WS, Phang YK, Lai-Hock T, Chee SY, et al. Biosynthesis of NiO nanoparticles using soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit peel green waste and their photocatalytic performance on crystal violet dye. J Clust Sci. 2021;32:949–58. 10.1007/s10876-020-01859-8.Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Yuvakkumar R, Suresh J, Nathanael AJ, Sundrarajan M, Hong SI. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel extract assisted biomimetic synthesis of nickel oxide nanocrystals. Mater Lett. 2014;128:170–4. 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.04.112.Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Mandal BK, Mandal R, Sikdar S, Sarma S, Srinivasan A, Chowdhury SR, et al. Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticle using Punica granatum peel extract and its characterization for methyl orange degradation. Mater Today Commun. 2023;34:105302. 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105302.Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Jiang H, Zhang W, Xu Y, Chen L, Cao J, Jiang W. An advance on nutritional profile, phytochemical profile, nutraceutical properties, and potential industrial applications of lemon peels: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci. 2022;124:219–36. 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.019.Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Nair AK, Mukherjee M, Nag S, Pandimadevi M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of citrus lemon peels encapsulated in PVA. Carpathian J Food Sci. 2019;11(2):111–26. 10.34302/crpjfst/2019.11.2.9.Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;45(4):493–6.10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Selvanathan V, Aminuzzaman M, Tan LX, Win YF, Cheah ESG, Heng MH, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary in vitro antibacterial evaluation of ZnO nanoparticles derived from soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf extract as a green reducing agent. J Mater Res Technol. 2022;20:2931–41. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.028.Suche in Google Scholar

[22] Elshikh M, Ahmed S, Funston S, Dunlop P, McGaw M, Marchant R, et al. Resasurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination on minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants. Biotechnol Lett. 2016;38:1015–9. 10.1007/s10529-016-2079-2.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Chakansin C, Yostaworakul J, Warin C, Kulthong K, Boonrungsiman S. Resasurin rapid screening for antibacterial activities of organic and inorganic nanoparticles: Potential, limitations and precautions. Anal Biochem. 2022;637:114449. 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114449.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Begum JPS, Manjunath K, Pratibha S, Dhananjaya N, Sahu P, Kashaw S. Bioreduction synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Delonix regia leaf extract (Gul Mohar) and its agromedicinal applications. J Sci: Adv Mater. 2020;5:468–75. 10.1016/j.jsamd.2020.07.009.Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Suvaitha SP, Sridhar P, Divya T, Palani P, Venkatachalam K. Bio-waste eggshell membrane assisted synthesis of NiO/ZnO nanocomposite and its characterization: Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Inorg Chim Acta. 2022;536:120892. 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120892.Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Hussain A, Oves M, Alajmi MF, Hussian I, Amir S, Ahmed J, et al. Biogenesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Pandanus odorifer leaf extract: anticancer and antimicrobial activities. RSC Adv. 2019;9(27):15357–69. 10.1039/c9ra01659g.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Djearamane S, Loh ZC, Lee JJ, Wong LS, Rajamani R, Luque PA, et al. Remedial aspect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus faecalis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:891304. 10.3389/fphar.2022.891304.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Varunkumar K, Hussain R, Hegde G, Ethiraj AS. Effect of calcination temperature on Cu doped NiO nanoparticles prepared via wet-chemical method: Structural, optical and morphological studies. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2017;66:149–56. 10.1016/j.mssp.2017.04.009.Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Makarov VV, Love AJ, Sinitsyna OV, Makarova SS, Yaminsky IV, Taliansky ME, et al. “Green” nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Nat. 2014;6:35–44.10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-35-44Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Din MI, Rani A. Recent advances in the synthesis and stabilization of nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles: a green adeptness. Int J Anal Chem. 2016;2016:3512145. 10.1155/2016/3512145.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Singh J, Dutta T, Kim KH, Rawat M, Samddar P, Kumar P. ‘Green’ synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: Applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol. 2018;16:1–24. 10.1186/s12951-018-0408-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Sankar AUR, Kiran YB, Mohan VM, Kumar ABVK, Varalakshmi MV. Green synthesis of cotton flower shaped nickel oxide nanoparticles: Anti-bacterial and tribological studies. Inorg Chem Commun. 2023;157:111239. 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111239.Suche in Google Scholar

[33] García-Cerda LA, Romo-Mendoza LE, Quevedo-López MA. Synthesis and characterization of NiO nanoparticles and their PMMA nanocomposites obtained by in situ bulk polymerization. J Mater Sci. 2009;44:4553–6. 10.1007/s10853-009-3690-6.Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Thema FT, Manikandan E, Gurib-Fakim A, Maaza M. Single phase Bunsenite NiO nanoparticles green synthesis by Agathosma betulina natural extract. J Alloy Compd. 2016;657:655–61. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.09.227.Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Thi TV, Rai AK, Gim J, Kim J. High performance of Co-doped NiO nanoparticle anode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2015;292:23–30. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.029.Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Salavati-Niasari M, Mohandes F, Davar F, Mazaheri M, Monemzadeh M, Yavarinia N. Preparation of NiO nanoparticles from metal-organic frameworks via a solid-state decomposition route. Inorg Chim Acta. 2009;362:3691–7. 10.1016/j.ica.2009.04.025.Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Roopan SM, Elango G, Priya DD, Asharani IV, Kishore B, Vinayprabhakar S, et al. Sunlight mediated photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by statistical optimization of green synthesized NiO NPs as catalyst. J Mol Liq. 2019;293:111509. 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111509.Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Mathekga K, Hintsho-Mbita NC. Synthesis of C. Benghanlensis NiO NPs for the degradation of malachite green and the removal of bacteria. Chem Phys Impact. 2023;7:100277. 10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100277.Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Mahadevaswamy M, Paniyadi SR, Lakshmikanthan A, Swamirayachar SA, Chandrashekarappa MPG, Giasin K, et al. Plant-mediated synthesis of NiO(II) from Lantana camara flowers: a study of photo-catalytic, electrochemical, and biological activities. J Mater Res Technol. 2022;19:4543–56. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.166.Suche in Google Scholar

[40] Kumar MSS, Soundarya TL, Udayabhanu, Nagaraju G, Raghu GK, Rekha ND, et al. Multifunctional applications of Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles synthesized by facile green combustion method using Limonia acidissima natural fruit juice. Inorg Chim Acta. 2021;515:120059. 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120059.Suche in Google Scholar

[41] Lingaraju K, Naika HR, Nagabhushana H, Jayanna K, Devaraja S, Nagaraju G. Biosynthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles from Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) and their biological application. Arab J Chem. 2020;13930:4712–9. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.11.003.Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Ghazal S, Akbari A, Hosseini HA, Sabouri Z, Forouzanfar F, Khatami M, et al. Sol-gel biosynthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Cydonia oblonga extract and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activities. J Mol Struct. 2020;17:128378. 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128378.Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Boudiaf M, Messai Y, Bentouhami E, Schmutz M, Blanck C, Ruhlmann L, et al. Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Nigella sativa extract and their enhanced electro-catalytic activity for the 4-nitrophenol degradation. J Phys Chem Solids. 2021;153:110020. 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110020.Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Ezhilarasi AA, Vijaya JJ, Kaviyarasu K, Zhang X, Kennedy LJ. Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Solanum trilobatum extract for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic studies. Surf Interfaces. 2020;20:1000553. 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100553.Suche in Google Scholar

[45] Ahmad B, Khan MI, Naeem MA, Alhodaib A, Fatima M, Amami M, et al. Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aloe vera gel extract and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Mater Chem Phys. 2022;288:126363. 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126363.Suche in Google Scholar

[46] Khodair ZT, Ibrahim NM, Kadhim TJ, Mohammad AM. Synthesis and characterization of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly method, and their biomedical applications. Chem Phys Lett. 2022;797:139564. 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139564.Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-04-23
Accepted: 2024-09-04
Published Online: 2024-11-18

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2024-0071
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
green synthesis; biowaste; NiO nanoparticles; antibacterial activity; antibacterial mechanism
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 29.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2024-0071/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen