Home Physical Sciences Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
Article Open Access

Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments

  • Buthenia Abd Al hamza Hasoon , Bassam Shaker Mahmood , Erieg Abdulwahab Mohamed , Majid Sakhi Jabir , Kareem Hussein Jawad , Nehia Neama Hussein , Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman EMAIL logo , Yaser Hassan Dewir EMAIL logo and Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki
Published/Copyright: October 1, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

The utilization of plant bioactive composites has concerned substantial attention due to their possible use in the development of novel antibiotics, containing the environmentally sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles. In the current study, a green and eco-friendly process was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and to evaluate their anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer potentials. The characterization of the Ag-NPs involved UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-vis spectrum of Ag-NPs was 437 nm. The FTIR absorption peaks detected at 685.48 cm−1 confirmed their characteristics. The FESEM displayed that Ag-NPs have an average size of 30 nm. The TEM revealed that the Ag-NPs have an irregular spherical shape with 16 nm size distribution. The XRD results provided a strong indication that the green synthesized Ag-NPs was of high purity with crystalline nature. The anti-bacterial properties were investigated at different concentrations for both the ethanolic tangerine peel extract and Ag-NPs. The results of anti-bacterial activity showed that 100 µg·mL−1 was potent concentration, but the Ag-NPs were more effective than the ethanolic tangerine peel extract. For the ethanolic extract, the inhibition zone was 17.50 ± 0.20 mm for K. pneumoniae and 14.40 ± 0.20 mm for B. cereus. For the Ag-NPs, the inhibition zone was 25.50 mm for K. pneumoniae and 20.50 mm for B. cereus. Furthermore, the antioxidant examination revealed more potent free radical scavenging activity of the Ag-NPs than the ethanolic peel extract alone. The ethanolic extract ranged 46–77% while the Ag-NPs ranged 57–88%. Additionally, the anti-proliferative of the Ag-NPs against the lung cancer cell line (A549) was more potent than the ethanolic extract alone. The cytotoxic activity was 90.03% and 78.50%, respectively. The anti-proliferative effect of Ag-NPs is attributed to cell death, induced apoptosis, and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings highlight the potential and further utilization of Ag-NPs in medicinal applications particularly for cancer therapeutics.

Keywords: Ag-NPs; antibacterial; antioxidant; anticancer; apoptosis; ROS

1 Introduction

The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has an area of intense investigation due to their unique physical and chemical properties and wide range of applications in various fields, for instance, drug, catalysis, and microelectronics. Usually, NPs have been synthesized by physical and chemical approaches, which often include the usage of toxic chemicals, high temperatures, and energy-intensive actions [1]. However, the rising concern for environmental sustainability has led to the examination of more ecofriendly methods, i.e., green synthesis of NPs [2]. Green synthesis refers to the fabrication of NPs by natural, renewable, and biodegradable precursors, often derived from plants, microbes, or other biological bases [3]. Green synthesis typically includes mild reaction conditions, usages non-toxic reagents, and generates minimal waste produces. Conventional physical and chemical approaches for NP synthesis can be energy intensive, generate dangerous by-products, and rely on the usage of harsh chemicals [4]. Synthesis of Ag-NPs offer significant therapeutic and biological possible [1]. Their ecofriendly synthesis by plant extracts is a supportable option and endows them with unique biological actions [5]. The continued exploration of their properties and optimization of their formulations will pave the way for advanced therapeutic solutions and innovative applications in medicine and environmental science. The hypothesis for the green synthesis of NPs by plant extracts typically revolves about the idea that plant extracts can act as reducing, capping, scalability, and stabilizing mediators [6]. As compared to physical and chemical approaches, green synthesis offers some advantages. It often uses renewable and readily available natural resources as forerunners, reducing the need on non-renewable and possibly toxic chemicals. Additionally, the mild reaction conditions, for instance room temperature and atmospheric pressure, require less energy input, making the process more sustainable [7]. The biologically resulting capping and stabilizing agents used in green synthesis can enhance the bio-compatibility and stability of the resulting NPs [8]. Despite these benefits, green synthesis also has some tests. The synthesis procedure can be more compound and less controlled than the traditional approaches, leading to differences in NP size, shape, and possessions [9]. In contrast to bulk materials, a significant proportion of the physical and chemical properties of NPs are substantially influenced by their size. Besides, inorganic NPs have single features due to their small size and large surface-to-mass ratio. Varied kinds of metallic NPs have been prepared, such as gold (Au) and Ag-NPs that have gained substantial care due to their high exhibition in many practical fields, e.g., optics, bio-sensing, and catalysis [10]. Geranium leaf extract was used to create Ag-NPs by the fast reduction of silver ions in an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The particles produced quasilinear superstructures ranging from 16 to 40 nm size, which were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found to be very stable and crystalline [11]. Singh et al. [12,13] employed Panax ginseng leaf and root extract to produce Au-NPs and Ag-NPs using medicinal plants as sources of raw materials and their biological activities. Saifuddin et al. [14] reported a novel combinational synthesis strategy for the creation of Ag-NPs using a combination of culture supernatant of B. subtilis and microwave irradiation in water. It should be noted that some investigations have demonstrated the toxicity of Ag-NPs in respect to cells, including those involving rat hepatocytes and neuronal cells, mouse stem cells, and human lung epithelial cells [15,16,17,18]. Utilizing both in vitro and in vivo models, the research on toxicity is crucial in this regard [19]. Consequently, the mechanisms of Ag-NPs production by plants and their interactions are the focus of our study, which leads to the numerous applications of Ag-NPs. Ag-NPs have been used as an excellent antibacterial for hastening some chemical reactions [20]. A possibly viable approach includes producing Ag-NPs from green synthesis and mixing them with extracts that are biologically benign [21]. Plant extracts cover a variety of bioactive composites, for instance, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and proteins, which can efficiently decrease metal ions to form NPs. These phytochemicals provide stabilization and capping, important for the development of NPs with shapes and sizes. Thus, the use of plant extracts can replace conventional chemical methods, reducing environmental and health hazards associated with NP synthesis. The organic synthesis of NPs by plant extracts signifies an important progression over physical and chemical approaches. It offers an ecofriendly, maintainable, and cost-effective approach, with improved bio-compatibility and scalability [1,22,23,24]. The use of plant extracts, such as tangerine peel, exemplifies the potential of utilizing natural resources and agricultural waste for high-value NP production, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and sustainability. Tangerines are small, easy-to-peel citrus fruits that are native to China and South Asia. They have a deep orange color, a sweet citrusy taste, and are packed with nutrients that can benefit our health in many ways [25]. Tangerine peels are rich in a naturally super-flavonoid, or antioxidant that possesses numerous pharmacological properties that are beneficial to human health [26]. These properties include anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effects [27]. Tangerine peel contains a variety of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and essential oils [28]. The special ability of tangerine fruit peel lies in its unique combination and high concentration of specific bioactive compounds, such as hesperidin, naringin, tangeritin, and limonene, coupled with its rich polysaccharide content, and it simply acts as a readily available natural resource [29]. These compounds are known for their reducing and capping properties, which are essential for the synthesis of NPs, offering advantages in terms of stability, biological activity, and sustainability [30]. Citrus species belong to the family Rutaceae and constitute some of the most commercially important crops grown in tropical and subtropical climates [31]. Citrus peel is an important raw material for producing oils that are essential. Such oils have been used by humans since prehistoric times. Today, these oils are used in the scents, food, and beverage. Similarly, these oils have been used in folk and traditional remedies [32].

Ag-NPs have been utilized in large scale in many applications in biomedicine such as new antimicrobial mediators, nanomaterials for tissue regeneration and repair, coatings for biomaterials and medical devices, drug delivery system, platforms for detection and diagnosis for cancers, and therapeutic alternatives with developed performance. Ag-NPs could potentially be utilized in cancer, antiviral, and antibiotic therapies. Furthermore, Ag-NPs are suitable for usage as additives in a broad range of medical equipment and components, such as membranes, dentures, dental implants, and bone cement hydrogels, bases, broken bones, and catheters, to prevent or lessen the growth of biofilm or other pathogenic microorganisms, as well as to encourage and hasten the process of gum, wound, and bone growth healing [33]. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a persistent problem as a result of the body developing an effective resistance to antibiotics [34]. Consequently, in order to combat resistant microbial infections, it is imperative to utilize and create novel inhibitory substances. In this regard, the current work demonstrates that ethanolic peel extract was employed as an agent to the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs. Ethanolic peel extract and Ag-NPs were used to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential in vitro.

2 Experimental methods

2.1 Chemicals materials

Silver NP was synthesized from high-purity silver nitrate (AgNO3, 98% purity at 1 mM, sourced from Sigma Aldrich). The tangerine plant peel used in this research was collected from local market. Muller–Hinton agar (MHA) and nutrient broth (NB) medium were obtained via Hi-Media, India. DPPH stain utilized in the study were obtained from Acino-Pharma AG. Ascorbic acid, and DPPH were obtained by Sigma-Aldrich. Antibiotic disks were obtained from Liofilchem, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy.

2.2 Preparation of the plant extract

The peel of the tangerine plant employed in this study was sourced from a local market. The plant’s peel was subsequently subjected to a drying process at room temperature for several days, followed by grinding. A quantity of 150 g of the plant’s peel was carefully placed within a wide weave cotton canvas bag, which was then inserted into a Soxhlet apparatus for extraction. The extraction process involved the use of 850 mL of ethanol (70%) and extended over a period of 7 h distributed across three days. The resulting extract was then spread out on a glass plate and allowed to dry in an oven. Subsequently, the dried extract was collected using a blade and transferred into a tube. The preparation of the extract entailed weighing 1 g of the plant extract, softening it in 10 mL of distilled water (100%), and conducting a series of decimal dilutions as required [22,23,24].

2.3 Synthesis of Ag-NPs

We weighed 0.034 mg of a 1 millimolar solution of silver nitrate, and dissolved it in 100 mL of distilled water. Subsequently, 90 mL of the silver nitrate solution were combined with 10 mL of plant extract (100% concentration). This mixture was subjected to heating in a water bath until a noticeable change in color occurred (Figure 1). A series of decimal dilutions was performed as necessary [23,24].

Figure 1 Steps for preparation of Ag-NPs mediated tangerine peel extract.
Figure 1

Steps for preparation of Ag-NPs mediated tangerine peel extract.

2.4 Characterization of Ag-NPs

UV Visible Spectroscopy (UV-1900, Shimadzu, Japan) was utilized to examine the spectral range of 200–800 nm [35]. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted using a Bruker instrument in Billerica, MA, USA, covering the range of 400–4,000 cm−1 to identify various functional groups [36]. The Department of Applied Sciences at the University of Technology, Iraq, conducted FTIR and UV-is investigations [37]. The shape and size distribution were investigated utilizing a German-made ZEISS LEO 912 AB TEM device [38]. A Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer with Cu K radiation (0.154 nm) was employed for analyzing crystalline samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), producing diffraction patterns between 20°C and 70°C [39]. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis was conducted using a JEM-1400 instrument located in Peabody, MA, USA [40].

2.5 Microorganisms activation

The microorganisms used in antimicrobial assays, such as K. pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus, were utilized as bacterial models. Microorganisms were activated by culturing them in Brain Heart Infusion agar and subsequently placing them in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h, followed by assessing the turbidity of bacteria by comparing it to the 0.4–0.5 McFarland standard. These microbial isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory within the Biotechnology Branch, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Iraq.

2.6 Anti-microbial assay

The assessment of the antimicrobial activity of tangerine peel extract and its conjugated Ag-NPs with ethanolic peel extract was conducted using the well-diffusion agar method. The four types of bacteria mentioned earlier were cultured using MHA for activation. Each inoculum was adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland standard and applied onto the surface of MHA using a sterilized cork borer, creating 5 mm wells in each plate. Subsequently, different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg·mL−1) of the extract and NPs were added into each well, and the plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The inhibition zone was measured, and all experiments were conducted in duplicate [41].

2.7 Antioxidant activity

The DPPH radical activity was performed using the stated methodology [38,39]. The extract and the NPs were prepared by diluted in distilled water at various concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg·mL−1). DPPH was prepared by dissolving 0.004 mg in 100 mL of ethanol. Ascorbic acid was prepared by adding 0.05 g to 100 mL of ethanol and water solution (1:1; v/v). Approximately 750 µL of DPPH were added to 750 µL of various concentrations of the extract and the NPs. The final volume was 1,500 µL and the reaction mixture was mixed and kept for 30 min at room temperature. The optical density (OD) was assessed at 517 nm. The samples’ ability to block the DPPH was estimated using Eq. 1 [36,37]:

(1) Antioxidant activity % = Control OD − Sample OD / Control OD × 100

2.8 Cytotoxic activity

To determine the cytotoxic effect of synthesized Ag-NPs, cell culture medium (RPMI-1640) was used to maintain A549 cells, and supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 units·mL–1 of Penicillin, and 100 g·mL–1 of Streptomycin. Trypsin-EDTA was employed to decease the cells. Twice a week, at 80% confluence, the cells were reseeded and were stored at 37°C [29]. Ag-NPs and MTT assay was used in 96-well plates. 1 × 104 of A549 cells were seeded per well. The cells were exposed to various concentrations of tested compound for 72 h. MTT stain of 28 µL of 2 µg·mL−1 was added to the sample. It was kept within 37°C for 2.5 h. 100 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to the wells and kept at 37°C with shaking for 15 min. The measurement of absorbency (Abs.) were measured in triplicate using a microplate reader set to 492 nm [41,42]. The samples’ ability to block the cytotoxic effect was estimated using Eq. 2 [43,44]:

(2) Cytotoxic effect % = Abs . of control − Abs . of sample / Abs . of control × 100

2.9 Measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release

LDH investigation was performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Cells were cultured without the presence of phenol red marker. Next cells were treated with Ag-NPs at numerous concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg·mL−1) for a duration of 24 h. As a positive control, triton-X was employed. Samples were kept for 2 hours at 37°C. Once the time for incubation has elapsed, 75 µL of samples were moved to a new 96-well plate from every test and control well. Following that, 50 µL of the Cyto-Tox 96VR ingredient was mixed with each aliquot of the substance. The plate was kept at room temperature for 30 min and protected from light by foil. For 1 h, add 50 µL of the stopping solution. At optical density (OD) at 490 nm was measured. The results were determined using Eq. 3 [45,46,47,48].

(3) LDH release % = OD Sample LDH release / OD Control LDH release × 100

2.10 Acridine Orange@Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB)

The compound-induced death in A549 cells was evaluated through the application of the AO/EB (Sigma–Aldrich, USA) staining technique. A549 cells were seeded on 24-well plates, treated with Ag-NPs and plant extract at an IC50 concentration, and then allowed for incubation for a further 20 h. Two treatments of phosphate-buffered saline were carried out on the cells. For 2 min, the wells were then filled with an identical volume of cells and treated with 10 μL of double fluorescent dyes. Finally, a fluorescent microscope was employed to show the cells [49].

2.11 Determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Utilizing a FACSCalibur flow cytometer, the making of ROS in cells was evaluated. On the six-well plates, SKOV-3 cells were placed at a cell density of 1 × 106. During an overnight keep period, cells received treatment for 10 h with Ag-NPs and plant extract at an IC50 level. After that, a new medium was added with ROS probes diacetyldichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA) (15 μM) and kept for 30 min in the dark. A flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) was employed to determine the fluorescence intensity of the obtained cells [50,51,52].

2.12 Statistical analysis

With the use of Graph Pad Prism 6, the acquired data were analyzed statistically. For this investigation, the unpaired t-test was employed. The mean value ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments are expressed [53].

3 Results and dissection

3.1 Phytofabrication of Ag-NPs

The production of Ag-NPs from plant extracts includes three stages. In the first stage, metal ions (Ag+) are reduced to metal atoms (Ag°). In the second stage, small nearby Ag-NPs accumulate into bigger particles, increasing thermodynamic stability. In the third stage, the end of phase, defines the final morphology of the NPs (Figure 1). Plants are ideal for Ag-NPs synthesis because they contain a wide range of biomolecules, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, which operate as potent reducing agents, as noted by Sabry et al. [28].

3.2 Characterization of Ag-NPs

3.2.1 UV visible spectrophotometer

Using a UV visible spectrophotometer, the combination and stability of reduced Ag-NPs, which is in the form of solution, were investigated. The absorbance increase was between 430 and 450 nm. Color change is one of the rapid and easily observable tests that indicate the formation of NPs. This color change is attributed to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR involves the oscillation of conduction electrons at the surface of the NPs in resonance with the incident light. When Ag-NPs are formed, the interaction between the positive and negative charges on their surface results in distinctive absorption bands in the visible light spectrum, causing a visible color change in the solution. For instance, the formation of Ag-NPs typically results in a light-orange to dark-orange color shift due to SPR. SPR designs are frequently used as tests for the production of NPs, since SPR is dependent on a number of variables, for instance, size and substrate dielectric values [54]. The extracellular reduction of Ag+ ions indicated the production of Ag-NPs (Figure 2).

Figure 2 UV-vis for Ag-NPs synthesized by tangerine peel from 1 M solution of AgNO3.
Figure 2

UV-vis for Ag-NPs synthesized by tangerine peel from 1 M solution of AgNO3.

3.2.2 FTIR assay

The FTIR analysis of the Ag-NPs solution, which was reduced and covered with subordinate metabolites from tangerine peel, exhibited important absorption peaks at 3,527.97, 3,197.39, 2,049.41, 1,624.73, 1,358.81, and 685.48 cm−1, as seen in Figure 3. The presence of alkanes was indicated by the appearance of the absorption band at 3,197.39 cm−1 (C–H), while the band at 2,049.41 cm−1 confirmed the existence of alkynes. The absorption band at 1,624.73 cm−1 exposed the presence of N–C and N═C groups, and the presence of ═CH in aromatic compounds was indicated by the C–O group at 685.48 cm−1 in the biosynthesized Ag-NPs [55]. FTIR analysis of the Ag–NP solution revealed the presence of various functional groups, including alkanes, alkynes, N–C, N═C, and aromatic C–O groups. These findings suggest that the Ag-NPs were coated or capped by secondary metabolites from the tangerine peel extract used in the green synthesis. These results are in agreement with previous studies [56,57]. Elemental mapping was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and the elemental structures of Ag-NPs were examined. The Ag-NPs’ EDX ranges reveal that the three primary elements in Figure 4 are Ag, oxygen (O), and potassium (K). Additionally, the amount of Ag was highest at 58.20%, O at 41.10%, and K at 0.70%.

Figure 3 FTIR spectroscopy for Ag-NPs synthesized by Tangerine fruit peel extract.
Figure 3

FTIR spectroscopy for Ag-NPs synthesized by Tangerine fruit peel extract.

Figure 4 EDX and mapping of Ag-NPs.
Figure 4

EDX and mapping of Ag-NPs.

3.2.3 FESEM assay

FESEM examination was carried out to study the surface shape and particle size of Ag-NPs. Figure 5 shows the FE-SEM image and particle size distribution of Ag-NPs. The size of the Ag-NPs, as observed in Figure 5a and b, was determined to be 30 nm. These images were captured as part of a study on Ag-NPs prepared using a green synthesis technique, which involved combining Ag-NPs with ethanolic extract. The results indicate that the Ag-NPs are coated with ethanolic peel extract, providing an encapsulating layer on the outside. This finding aligns with the results obtained from UV and TEM analysis. The TEM image of Ag-NPs was examined, along with a histogram displaying the particle sizes obtained from a set of TEM images. Measurements were performed on 100 particles using Image J program. These images were captured to study Ag-NPs prepared through a green synthesis method, which involved the combination of Ag-NPs and their bonding with ethanolic peel extract. Figure 6a demonstrates the TEM image of Ag-NPs in the form of an asymmetrical spherical particle. The average size of the Ag-NPs, as determined by the size distribution analysis, is approximately 16 nm, as depicted in Figure 6b. The FESEM and TEM results are consistent, confirming that synthesized Ag-NPs using the green method with ethanolic tangerine peel extract have an average size in the range of 16–30 nm and are coated/capped by the extract components, forming a protective layer around the NPs.

Figure 5 (a) FESEM image and (b) size distribution of Ag-NPs.
Figure 5

(a) FESEM image and (b) size distribution of Ag-NPs.

Figure 6 (a) TEM image of Ag-NPs. (b) Size distribution (Histogram).
Figure 6

(a) TEM image of Ag-NPs. (b) Size distribution (Histogram).

3.2.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluation

The crystalline nature of Ag-NPs was further confirmed by XRD analysis (Figure 7). XRD is used to characterize the crystallographic structure, grain size, and preferred orientation in polycrystalline or powder solid samples. Ag-NPs display diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 38.64°, 44.54°, 69.38°, and 78.28°, which are corresponding to levels (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes of face centered cubic (fcc) crystal, respectively [40,58]. Utilizing typical data (JCPDSile No. 84-0713; JCPDS No. 89-3722), every peak was properly matched with the hexagonal arrangement of Ag-NPs. After 5 min, we observed that the peaks’ strength had dropped due to the ethanolic peel extract’s reduction of silver ions by green synthesis. Following that, we are left with isolated Ag-NPs that are free of the other organic substances in the fluid. A fresh peak of NPs was seen to arise (Figure 7), revealing that the synthesized Ag-NPs are composed of pure crystalline silver and the particle size is approximately 33.5 nm. The peak corresponding to (111) plane is more intense than the other planes, suggesting that the (111) plane is in the predominant orientation. In addition, the pattern indicated that Ag-NPs were mainly present in the nanocomposites with no contamination peaks.

Figure 7 XRD for Ag-NPs synthesized by ethanolic extract from Tangerine peel.
Figure 7

XRD for Ag-NPs synthesized by ethanolic extract from Tangerine peel.

3.3 Antibacterial test

This study highlights the superior antibacterial properties of the tangerine peel-derived Ag-NPs compared to the ethanolic extract. The assay was conducted at concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg·mL−1) of the ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. The results showed that the antibacterial activities increased with increasing concentrations for both the ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs. The results showed highest inhibition zone on K. pneumoniae (17.50 ± 0.20 mm) and B. cereus (14.40 ± 0.20 mm) at a concentration of 100 μg·mL−1 for ethanolic extract peel, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 8. While the highest inhibition zone on K. pneumoniae (25.50 mm) and B. cereus (20.50 mm) for the Ag-NPs at a concentration of 100 μg·mL−1 is shown in Table 2 and Figure 9. When we tested the antibacterial activity at concentrations of 20 µg·mL−1 and 40 µg·mL−1 of the ethanolic extract on B. cereus, the result was negative, but positive results were obtained when these concentrations were tested with Ag-NPs. The study under distilled water showed no zone of inhibition against the bacteria as shown in Figures 8 and 9. Therefore, in the present study, it is observed that the Ag-NPs synthesized by ethanolic extract of tangerine peel, exerted a significant antibacterial action against the tested bacteria. The zone of inhibition against tested bacteria for Ag-NPs is 25.50 mm which shows excellent antibacterial activity with large zone of inhibition. Our study concludes that Ag-NPs synthesized from tangerine peel extract have significant antibacterial action. Ag-NPs have demonstrated notable antibacterial properties, which are superior to those of many traditional antimicrobial agents, including certain plant extracts. Nanomaterials like Ag-NPs have been extensively researched for their ability to combat bacteria by inhibiting their growth and survival [59]. The following factors are part of the mechanism of action: The integrity of the bacterial cell membrane may be compromised by Ag-NPs adhering to the cell surface. The cellular equilibrium may be disturbed by the uncontrollable flow of molecules into and out of the cell as a result of the NPs’ increased membrane permeability [60]. Ag-NPs release silver ions (Ag⁺), which are highly reactive and contribute significantly to their anti-bacterial properties. This can inhibit important cellular procedures, e.g., respiration and cell division [61]. Silver ions can also interrelate with bacterial DNA, producing injury and stopping replication. Ag-NPs can persuade the creation of ROS inside bacterial cells [61,62]. Ag-NPs can penetrate the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix of biofilms, affecting cell permeability, thus ultimately leading to cell lysis [63,64]. The NPs can work synergistically with other anti-bacterial properties to improve their efficiency [65].

Table 1

Anti-bacterial activity of Tangerine peel ethanolic extract

Microorganism Inhibition zone of Tangerine peel ethanolic extract (mm) ± SD
Concentrations (µg·mL−1)
Control 20 40 60 80 100
K. pneumoniae 6.00 ± 0.01 15.50 ± 0.12 16.30 ± 0.03 16.40 ± 0.10 16.50 ± 0.21 17.50 ± 0.20
B. cereus 6.00 ± 0.01 7.66 ± 0.12 9.50 ± 0.03 9.60 ± 0.10 12.33 ± 0.21 14.40 ± 0.20
Figure 8 Antibacterial activity of peel extract against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. A = control, (B = 20 µg·mL−1, C = 40 µg·mL−1, D = 60 µg·mL−1, E = 80 µg·mL−1, F = 100 µg·mL−1). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 8

Antibacterial activity of peel extract against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. A = control, (B = 20 µg·mL−1, C = 40 µg·mL−1, D = 60 µg·mL−1, E = 80 µg·mL−1, F = 100 µg·mL−1). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Table 2

Anti-bacterial activity of Ag-NPs

Microorganism Inhibition zone of Ag-NPs (mm) ± SD
Concentrations (µg·mL−1)
Control 20 40 60 80 100
K. pneumoniae 6.00 ± 0.01 15.50 ± 0.03 18.80 ± 0.12 20.50 ± 0.10 22.50 ± 0.21 25.33 ± 0.20
B. cereus 6.00 ± 0.01 15.50 ± 0.03 17.50 ± 0.12 17.80 ± 0.10 18.50 ± 0.21 20.33 ± 0.20
Figure 9 Antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. A = control, (B = 20 µg·mL−1, C = 40 µg·mL−1, D = 60 µg·mL−1, E = 80 µg·mL−1, F = 100 µg·mL−1). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 9

Antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. A = control, (B = 20 µg·mL−1, C = 40 µg·mL−1, D = 60 µg·mL−1, E = 80 µg·mL−1, F = 100 µg·mL−1). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

3.4 Antioxidant properties

The antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract, and Ag-NPs were evaluated by DPPH assay. The results presented that the radical scavenging increased with increasing concentrations for the ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs concentrations at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg·mL−1. The radical scavenging rate of the ethanolic extract were at 46%, 57%, 67%, 71%, and 77%, respectively. The radical scavenging rate of the Ag-NPs were at 57%, 64%, 77%, 85%, and 88%, respectively, as shown in Figure 10. The results showed that the highest scavenging activity of 88% was obtained for the Ag-NPs at a concentration of 100 µg·mL−1. Ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, displayed strong antioxidant properties and had higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than both the ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs at the same concentration range. The antioxidant actions of the Ag-NPs were measured at 100 µg·mL−1. At room temperature, DPPH is a potent free radical that produces a darkening violet color when it is dissolved in organic solvents. A positive control in the same concentration range, ascorbic acid, was utilized. The antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract or Ag-NPs were concentration dependent, but it remains lower as compared to ascorbic acid alone [37,63,64].

Figure 10 Antioxidant activity of peel extract, Ag-NPs, and ascorbic acid. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 10

Antioxidant activity of peel extract, Ag-NPs, and ascorbic acid. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

The DPPH free radical scavenging is thought to be involved in the reduction of the stable DPPH radical, which has a characteristic violet color which change to the yellow color. This changing is due to the electron/hydrogen donation from the antioxidant compounds [36]. The presence of phenolic O–H groups and other bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract, as detected by FTIR, is believed to contribute to the observed antioxidant activity. Ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs were observed to reduce the stability of DPPH, and the violet color altered to yellow due to the occurrence of phenolic O–H groups [23,24]. The DPPH assay is regarded as a reliable, easy and cost-effective technique for assessing the radical scavenging capacity of antioxidants. The idea behind this approach relies on the electron transport responsible for the violet color, when the stable free radicals will react with an antioxidant chemical resulting in electron transfer from the latter compound, which leads to loss of color [36,37]. The results demonstrated that the synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit superior antioxidant activity compared to the ethanolic extract of tangerine peel, as evidenced by the higher DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The findings highlight the potential of the Ag-NPs as a potent antioxidant agent, which could have valuable applications in various fields, including biomedicine and pharmaceuticals.

3.5 Ag-NPs induce release of LDH

The conversion of lactate to pyruvate, required cellular energy for the synthesis, is regulated by an enzyme called LDH. The cytotoxic properties of plant extract and Ag-NPs on lung tumor cell lines were assessed using LDH. Damaged A549 cells subjected to Ag-NPs release LDH from the cytoplasm, which forms formazan from tetrazolium salt. The percentage of LDH released in dying cells is established through the measurement of production of formazan at a wavelength of 490 nm. Based on the facts obtained, it is possible that Ag-NPs can enter treated cells by penetrating them and causing vesicle growth. Figures 11 and 12 show how the concentration affects the potential for LDH release by plant extract and Ag-NPs. The assays conducted for ethanolic extract peel and Ag-NPs displayed that cytotoxic properties were LDH released proportionally to the concentrations i.e., at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg·mL−1 of Ag-NPs, the percentage of LDH released in a A549 cells were 8.90%, 28.60%, 42.67%, 68.00%, and 82.53%, respectively. The percentage of LDH released in a A549 cells of the ethanolic extract peel were 6.35%,17.90%, 30.03%, 48.53%, and 76.00%, respectively. The highest percentage of LDH released in the lung was obtained for Ag-NPs. The exact mechanism of how Ag-NPs induce the release of LDH is not completely known or understood yet. However, several studies have reported that exposure to Ag-NPs can lead to the release of LDH [65,66,67].

Figure 11 Peel extract induces LDH release in A549 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 11

Peel extract induces LDH release in A549 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Figure 12 Ag-NPs induces LDH release in A549 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 12

Ag-NPs induces LDH release in A549 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

3.5.1 Anticancer activity of Ag-NPs

The anti-proliferative action of the plant extract and Ag-NPs was confirmed to estimate their ability to prevent cell proliferation. The results of the present study established that the treatment of ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs inhibits the development of cancer cells in a dose-dependent way, as seen in Figures 13 and 14. Also, the integration of ethanolic extract and Ag-NPs progresses anti-proliferative result against lung cancer cells. Ag-NPs have special properties that make them principally promising for cancer therapy, for instance, their high surface area to volume ratio and capacity to penetrate cell membranes. It has been found that the Ag-NPs have anticancer properties in different types of cancer cells via induction of apoptosis, and other mechanisms like drug delivery strategies are developed using hybrid molecular structures, such as Ag-NPs [53,68]. Drug delivery technique based on Ag-NPs now makes it possible to distribute medications like doxorubicin and alendronate inside cancer cells. When administered in this way, the anticancer therapeutic qualities of both medications were demonstrated and improved [69]. Moreover, Ag-NPs’ cytotoxicity causes mitochondrial damage in cancer cells. Mitochondrial disturbances related to heterogeneity in regulatory mechanisms include oxidative damage, autophagy, and energy imbalance. Investigation of the harmful effects of Ag-NPs on mitochondria reveals that in A549 and MCF7 cells shows that the role of Ag-NPs interaction disrupts mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis [70]. There are several advantages of using NPs in the treatment of cancer than those of chemotherapeutic drugs. NPs may be able to further upsurge the delivery of cancer targeted drugs by changing the surface of the NP with typical cancer and tumor cells that are focused on ligands. Examples of these ligands include antibodies, biotin, and folic acid. In addition, NPs have the capability to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells and enable prolonged drug release through a variety of mechanisms [52,55]. One example of this is the mixture of a chemotherapeutic drug and a chemo-sensitizer, which produces synergistic anticancer effects [56,57]. Moreover, NPs facilitate the consistency and solubility of therapeutic drugs to obtain site-specific targeting due to their function of enhancing permeability and retention characteristics. The results established that the Ag-NPs have extremely cytotoxic result against A549 cell line than plant extract. The mechanism of act of Ag-NPs any anticancer activity is not completely known but demonstration by [52,53,71]. These potentials make Ag-NPs a promising candidate for the development of effective anticancer therapies.

Figure 13 Anti-proliferative properties of peel extract in A549 cells. IC50 = 29.36 µg·mL−1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 13

Anti-proliferative properties of peel extract in A549 cells. IC50 = 29.36 µg·mL−1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Figure 14 Anti-proliferative properties of Ag-NPs in A549 cells. IC50 = 23.91 µg·mL−1. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Figure 14

Anti-proliferative properties of Ag-NPs in A549 cells. IC50 = 23.91 µg·mL−1. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

3.5.2 Ag-NPs induce programmed cell death

The present study proposes that the Ag-NPs can induce programmed cell death of lung cancer cells. The decrease in cell development often includes the change in several significant signaling pathways, which is produced through the induction of a apoptosis mechanism that touches gene expression stages. Furthermore, the nuclear shape of treated cells was assessed by Acridine Orange (AO) and Ethidium Bromide (EB) double staining. Apoptotic cells were assessed based on DNA destruction. In our study, the effectiveness of the plant extract and Ag-NPs was also examined. AO@EB staining was used to study the changed apoptotic features of the nuclear modifications. Non-apoptotic cells seemed green in color, and apoptotic cells seemed orange or red in color subsequent to staining with AO@EB, as shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15 Ag-NPs induces apoptosis in A549 cells. (a) Control cells. (b) A549 cell line after treatment with plant extract, and (c) A549 cell line after treatment with Ag-NPs.
Figure 15

Ag-NPs induces apoptosis in A549 cells. (a) Control cells. (b) A549 cell line after treatment with plant extract, and (c) A549 cell line after treatment with Ag-NPs.

3.5.3 Ag-NPs induce ROS generation in A549 cells

ROS generation is important in cellular signaling pathways, are complicated in signal transduction and sustaining cellular redox homeostasis in aerobic creatures. In addition to being collections of tumors cells, ROS are effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. In the present investigation, a DCFH DA probe was used to detect the production of intracellular ROS in the A549 cell line. Resulting treatment with Ag-NPs for 24 h, the flowcytometry showed that Ag-NPs importantly increased ROS group as indicated in Figure 16. These findings are in agreement with previous studies [72,73,74].

Figure 16 Ag-NPs induces ROS generation in A549. (a) Control cells, (b) extract plant treatment cells, and (c) Ag-NPs treatment cells.
Figure 16

Ag-NPs induces ROS generation in A549. (a) Control cells, (b) extract plant treatment cells, and (c) Ag-NPs treatment cells.

4 Conclusion

Successful green synthesis of Ag-NPs as a reducing and capping agent was established using tangerine fruit peel extract. The synthesized Ag-NPs were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, revealing their spherical morphology, nano-scale size range, and chemical composition. The Ag-NPs demonstrated superior antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties compared to the tangerine peel extract alone. The Ag-NPs induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells (A549) through the generation of ROS, suggesting their potential as an anticancer agent. The potential of Ag-NPs has a powerful antibacterial activity due to their multifaceted mechanisms of action. This study provided a green and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing Ag-NPs from tangerine fruit peel extract. This research addresses the need for the development of environmentally sustainable and biocompatible nanomaterials, such as Ag-NPs, for various biomedical applications. This offers promising solutions for addressing global health challenges related to communicable diseases and tumor. While the general potentials of Ag-NPs are well-known, the unique characteristics and biological activities of the Ag-NPs synthesized using tangerine peel extract provide new insights and expand the understanding of these nanomaterials. Taken together, AgNPs were used in biomedical applications. So, modern biomedicine’s use of nanostructured biomaterials and technologies may consider the use of AgNPs.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the University of Technology, Baghdad, for their support. The authors acknowledge Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2024R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2024R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization: B.A.A.H., B.S.M., and E.A.M.; methodology: B.A.A.H., B.S.M., E.A.M., M.S.J., and N.N.H.; data curation: M.S.J., K.H.J., N.N.H., and G.M.S.; writing – original draft preparation: B.A.A.H., B.S.M., E.A.M., M.S.J., K.H.J., N.N.H., and G.M.S.; writing – review and editing: B.A.A.H., M.S.J., K.H.J., N.N.H., G.M.S., Y.H.D., and N.M.-D.; validation: BSM, EAM and NM-D; visualization: E.A.M., M.S.J., and K.H.J.; project administration: G.M.S. and Y.H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Ying S, Guan Z, Ofoegbu PC, Clubb P, Rico C, He F, et al. Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Current developments and limitations. Environ Technol Innov. 2022;1:102336.10.1016/j.eti.2022.102336Search in Google Scholar

[2] Hussein NN, Al-Azawi K, Sulaiman GM, Albukhaty S, Al-Majeed RM, Jabir M, et al. Silver-cored Ziziphus Spina-Christi extract-loaded antimicrobial nanosuspension: overcoming multidrug resistance. Nanomedicine. 2023. 10.2217/nnm-2023-0185 C.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem. 2019;12:908–31.10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011Search in Google Scholar

[4] Arshad F, Naikoo GA, Hassan IU, Chava SR, El-Tanani M, Aljabali AA, et al. Bioinspired and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for medical applications: A green perspective. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2024;196:3636–69.10.1007/s12010-023-04719-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Makarov VV, Love AJ, Sinitsyna OV, Makarova SS, Yaminsky IV, Taliansky ME, et al. "Green" nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Nat. 2014;6:35–44.10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-35-44Search in Google Scholar

[6] Husen A, Siddiqi KS. Carbon and fullerene nanomaterials in plant system. J Nanobiotechnol. 2014;12(1):1–10.10.1186/1477-3155-12-16Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Ruban P, SJ LJR, Manickam R, Rathinam R, Rajkumar S, Sharma S, et al. Green synthesis, characterizations, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from Themeda quadrivalvis, in conjugation with macrolide antibiotics against respiratory pathogens. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2023;62(1):20220301. 10.1515/rams-2022-0301.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Cozzi R, Ricordy R, Aglitti T, Gatta V, Perticone P, De Salvia R. Ascorbic acid and beta-carotene as modulators of oxidative damage. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(1):223–8. 10.1093/carcin/18.1.223.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Kang HJ, Chawla SP, Jo C, Kwon JH, Byun MW. Studies on the development of functional powder from citrus peel. Bioresour Technol. 2006;97(4):614–20. 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2018;13:20. 10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Shankar SS, Ahmad A, Sastry M. Geranium leaf assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biotechnol Prog. 2003;19:1627–31. 10.1021/bp034070w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Singh P, Kim YJ, Wang C, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC. The development of a green approach for the biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by using Panax ginseng root extract, and their biological applications. Artif Cell Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44:1–8. 10.3109/21691401.2015.1011809.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Singh P, Kim YJ, Yang DC. A strategic approach for rapid synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by Panax ginseng leaves. Artif Cell Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44:1949–57. 10.3109/21691401.2015.1115410.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Saifuddin N, Wong CW, Nur Yasumira AA. Rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using culture supernatant of bacteria with microwave irradiation. E-J Chem. 2009;6:61–70.10.1155/2009/734264Search in Google Scholar

[15] El Mahdy MM, Eldin TA, Aly HS, Mohammed FF, Shaalan MI. Evaluation of hepatotoxic and genotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles in albino rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2015;67(1):21–9. 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Pinzaru I, Coricovac D, Dehelean C, Moacă EA, Mioc M, Baderca F, et al. Stable PEG-coated silver nanoparticles - A comprehensive toxicological profile. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;111:546–56. 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Vandebriel RJ, Tonk ECM, de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn LJ, Gremmer ER, Verharen HW, van der Ven LT, et al. Immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in an intravenous 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study in rats. Fibre Toxicol. 2014;11:21. 10.1186/1743-8977-11-21.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Boudreau MD, Imam MS, Paredes AM, Bryant MS, Cunningham CK, Felton RP, et al. Differential effects of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on tissue accumulation, distribution, and toxicity in the Sprague Dawley rat following daily oral gavage administration for 13 weeks. Toxicol Sci. 2016;150:131–60. 10.1093/toxsci/kfv318.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Raies AB, Bajic VB. In silico toxicology: Computational methods for the prediction of chemical toxicity. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Mol Sci. 2016;6:147–72. 10.1002/wcms.1240.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Jackson LK, Futch SH. Osceola Citrus Hybrid: HS180/CH071, rev. 4/2018. EDIS. 2018;3:1–2.10.32473/edis-ch071-1993Search in Google Scholar

[21] Altammar KA. A review on nanoparticles: characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1155622. 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155622.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Sharba ZA, Hasoon BA, Maeah RK, Hussein NN. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of crude extract of quercus infectoria plant. Plant Arch. 2020;20:227–30.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Al-Saadi HK, Awad HA, Saltan ZS, Hasoon BA, Abdulwahab AI, Al-azawi KF, et al. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Allium sativum ethanol extract and silver nanoparticles. Trop J Nat Product Res. 2023;6(7):3105–10. 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i6.5.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Hasan DMA, Hasoon BA, Abdulwahab AI, Jawad KH. Olfactory dysfunction in incidental Lewy body disease and Parkinson's disease: An update. Revis Bionatura. 2022;7(2):19–23. 10.21931/RB/2022.07.02.19.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Vinay CH, Goudanavar P, Acharya A. Development and characterization of pomegranate and orange fruit peel extract based silver nanoparticles. J Manmohan Meml Inst Health Sci. 2018;4(1):72–85.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Minke S, Qihan G, Zhewen X, Sarengaowa S. Recent advances in the health benefits and application of tangerine peel (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium): A review. Foods. 2024;13(13):1978. 10.3390/foods13131978.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Rafiq S, Kaul R, Sofi SA, Bashir N, Nazir F, Nayik GA. Citrus peel as a source of functional ingredient: A review. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018;17:351–8. 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.07.006.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Sabry BA, Badr AN, Mohammed DM, Desoukey MA, Farouk A. Validating the protective role of orange and tangerine peel extracts foramending food safety against microorganisms' contamination using molecular docking. Heliyon. 2024;10(6):27737. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27737.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Saini RK, Ranjit A, Sharma K, Prasad P, Shang X, Gowda KGM, et al. Bioactive Compounds of Citrus Fruits: A Review of Composition and Health Benefits of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Limonoids, and Terpenes. Antioxidants. 2022;11(2):239. 10.3390/antiox11020239.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Thatyana M, Dube NP, Kemboi D, Manicum AE, Mokgalaka-Fleischmann NS, Tembu JV. Advances in phytonanotechnology: A plant-mediated green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using phyllanthus plant extracts and their antimicrobial and anticancer applications. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(19):2616. 10.3390/nano13192616.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Bora H, Kamle M, Mahato DK, Tiwari P, Kumar P. Citrus essential oils (CEOs) and their applications in food: An overview. Plants. 2020;9:357. 10.3390/plants9030357.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Yosif HM, Hasoon BA, Jabir MS. Laser ablation for synthesis of hydroxyapatite and Au NP conjugated cefuroxime: Evaluation of their effects on the biofilm formation of multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumonia. J Plasmon. 2023;3:1085–99. 10.1007/s11468-023-02053-y.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Meher A, Tandi A, Moharana S, Chakroborty S, Mohapatra SS, Mondal A, et al. Silver nanoparticle for biomedical applications: A review. Hybrid Adv. 2024;6:100184.10.1016/j.hybadv.2024.100184Search in Google Scholar

[34] Jawad KH. Laser ablation mediated ZnO nanoparticles inhibit growth and biofilm forming potential of urinary tract bacterium Proteus mirabilis. Adv Nat Sci: Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2023;14(1):015002. 10.1088/2043-6262/aca607.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Sabah T, Jawad KH, Al-Attar N. Synthesis and biomedical activity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation technique. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023;16(3):1267–73.10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00209Search in Google Scholar

[36] Mohammed AA, Jawad KH, Çevik S, Sulaiman GM, Albukhaty S, Sasikumar P. Investigating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of Elettaria cardamomum seed extract conjugated to green synthesized silver nanoparticles by laser ablation. J Plasmon. 2024;19(3):1187–200. 10.1007/s11468-023-02067-6.Search in Google Scholar

[37] Hasoon BA, Jawad KH, Abdulsahib SS. Synthesis of ciprofloxacin-conjugated gold nanoparticles and their study antibacterial effects on growth biofilm formation through Nebulizer mask against respiratory infection. J Plasmon. 2024;19:1875–89.10.1007/s11468-023-02108-0Search in Google Scholar

[38] Jawad KH, Marzoog TR, Hasoon BA, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS, Ahmed EM, et al. Antibacterial activity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles compared to amikacin against acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus. J Nanomaterials. 2022;1:8511601.10.1155/2022/8511601Search in Google Scholar

[39] Jawad KH, Jamagh FK, Sulaiman GM, Hasoon BA, Albukhaty S, Mohammed H, et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of amikacin-conjugated gold nanoparticles: A promising formulation for contact lens preservation. Inorg Chem Commun. 2024;162:112286.10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112286Search in Google Scholar

[40] Mohammed IS, Hammoud D, Alkhazraji SH, Jawad KH, Hasoon BA, Issa AA, et al. Biosynthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles: In-vitro comparative study for biomedical applications. J Plasmon. 2024;1–15. 10.1007/s11468-024-02433-y.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Mahdi LH, Hasoon BA, Sulaiman GM, Mohammed HA, Jawad KH, Al-Dulimi AG, et al. Anti-microbial efficacy of L-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Antibiotics. 2024;77(2):111–9.10.1038/s41429-023-00678-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Abbas ZS, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS, Mohammed SA, Khan RA, Mohammed HA, et al. Galangin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex as a drug-delivery system for improved solubility and biocompatibility in breast cancer treatment. J Molecules. 2022;27(14):4521.10.3390/molecules27144521Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] Ashok K, Usha P, Thotakura R, Kumar NP, Sulaiman GM. Multifunctional characterization and anticancer properties of magnetic zinc ferrite nanoparticles by modified ultrasonic assisted co-precipitation method. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol. 2024;13(8):083011. 10.1149/2162-8777/ad71f2.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Jawad KH, Hasoon BA, Ismail RA, Shaker SS. Preparation of copper oxide nanosheets by pulsed laser ablation in liquid for anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. J Indian Chem Soc. 2022;99(11):100773. 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100773.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Al-Salman HNK, Ali ET, Jabir M, Sulaiman GM, Al-Jadaan SA. 2-Benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide-Na extracted from fig as a novel cytotoxic and apoptosis inducer in SKOV-3 and AMJ-13 cell lines via P53 and caspase-8 pathway. Eurpean Food Res Technol. 2020;246:1591–608.10.1007/s00217-020-03515-xSearch in Google Scholar

[46] Al-Ziaydi AG, Al-Shammari AM, Hamzah MI, Kadhim HS, Jabir MS. Newcastle disease virus suppress glycolysis pathway and induce breast cancer cells death. Virus Dis. 2020;31(3):341–8.10.1007/s13337-020-00612-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Al-Musawi S, Albukhaty S, Al-Karagoly H, Sulaiman GM, Jabir M, Naderi-Manesh H. Dextran-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles modified with folate for targeted drug delivery of camptothecin. Adv Nat Sci: Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2020;11(4):045009.10.1088/2043-6254/abc75bSearch in Google Scholar

[48] Sameen AM, Jabir MS, Al-ani MQ. Therapeutic combination of gold nanoparticles and LPS as cytotoxic and apoptosis inducer in breast cancer cells. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 2213, No. 020215, 2020. p. 020215–6. 10.1063/5.0000161.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Mohsin MH, Khashan KS, Sulaiman GM, Mohammed HA, Qureshi KA, Aspatwar A. A novel facile synthesis of metal nitride@ metal oxide (BN/Gd2O3) nanocomposite and their antibacterial and anticancer activities. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):22749.10.1038/s41598-023-49895-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Ibrahim AA, Kareem MM, Al-Noor TH, Al-Muhimeed T, AlObaid AA, Albukhaty S, et al. Pt(II)-thiocarbohydrazone complex as cytotoxic agent and apoptosis inducer in Caov-3 and HT-29 cells through the P53 and caspase-8 pathways. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(6):509.10.3390/ph14060509Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[51] Al Rugaie O, Jabir MS, Mohammed MK, Abbas RH, Ahmed DS, Sulaiman GM, et al. Modification of SWCNTs with hybrid materials ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au for enhancing bactericidal activity of phagocytic cells against Escherichia coli through NOX2 pathway. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):17203.10.1038/s41598-022-22193-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[52] Alsaedi II, Taqi ZJ, Hussien AMA, Sulaiman GM, Jabir MS. Graphene nanoparticles induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through mitochondrial damage and NF-KB pathway. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(9):095413.10.1088/2053-1591/ab33afSearch in Google Scholar

[53] Fadhil WA, Jabbar II, Ali EH, Sulaiman GM, Khan RA, Mohammed HA. Freshly prepared graphene oxide nanoparticles’ wound-healing potential and antibacterial activity specifically against staphylococcus aureus: In vivo efficacy and clinical isolate evaluation. J Plasmon. 2024;1–11. 10.1007/s11468-024-02296-3.Search in Google Scholar

[54] Ashour AA, Raafat D, El-Gowelli HM, El-Kamel AH. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cranberry powder aqueous extract: characterization and antimicrobial properties. Int J Nanomed. 2015;1:7207–21.10.2147/IJN.S87268Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[55] Al-Yousef HM, Amina M, Alqahtani AS, Alqahtani MS, Malik A, Hatshan MR, et al. Pollen bee aqueous extract-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities. Processes. 2020;8(5):524.10.3390/pr8050524Search in Google Scholar

[56] Vidhu VK, Aromal SA, Philip D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Macrotyloma uniflorum. Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011;83(1):392–7.10.1016/j.saa.2011.08.051Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[57] Mude N, Ingle A, Gade A, Rai M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using callus extract of Carica papaya – a first report. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol. 2009;18:83–6.10.1007/BF03263300Search in Google Scholar

[58] Kokila T, Ramesh PS, Geetha DJ. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cavendish banana peel extract and its antibacterial and free radical scavenging assay: a novel biological approach. Appl Nanosci. 2015;5:911–20. 10.1007/s13204-015-0401-2.Search in Google Scholar

[59] Srinivasan R, Santhakumari S, Poonguzhali P. Bacterial biofilm inhibition: A focused review on recent therapeutic strategies for combating the biofilm mediated infections. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:12. 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676458.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[60] Stokes JM, Lopatkin AJ, Lobritz MA, Collins JJ. Bacterial metabolism and antibiotic efficacy. Cell Metab. 2019;30:251–9. 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[61] Vinay CH, Goudanavar P, Acharya A. Development and characterization of pomegranate and orange fruit peel extract based silver nanoparticles. J Manmohan Meml Inst Health Sci. 2018;4(1):72–85.10.3126/jmmihs.v4i1.21146Search in Google Scholar

[62] Rafi AA, Mahkam M, Davaran S. The accessible information standard: Action and reaction. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016;93:64–73.10.3399/bjgp16X683545Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[63] Hussein NN, Zghair ZM, Hussein RJ, Hameed AZ, Abdul-Jabbar AM, Hasoon BA, et al. Evaluation of the synergistic effects of synthesized silver nanoparticles conjugated tetracycline. Eng Technol J. 2024;42(4):437–445.10.30684/etj.2024.147316.1706Search in Google Scholar

[64] Farj AS, AL-Azawi KF. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of novel mannich Bases. AIP Conf Proc. 2022;2437:020090.10.1063/5.0092314Search in Google Scholar

[65] Hasoon BA, Jawad KH, Mohammed IS, Hussein NN, Al-azawi KF, Jabir MS. Silver nanoparticles conjugated amoxicillin: A promising nano-suspension for overcoming multidrug resistance bacteria and preservation of endotracheal tube. Inorg Chem Commun. 2024;165:112456.10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112456Search in Google Scholar

[66] Yosif HM, Hasoon BA, Jabir MS, Yaqoob SH, Samir H, Swelum AA. Antibacterial Activity of Laser Ablated Gold and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Conjugated Cefuroxime against Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Pak Vet J. 2024;44(1):38–46. 10.29261/pakvetj/2024.138.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Gurunathan S, Han JW, Eppakayala V, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:535796.10.1155/2013/535796Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[68] Jensen SA, Day ES, Ko CH, Hurley LA, Luciano JP, Kouri FM, et al. Spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates as an RNAi-based therapy for glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(209):209ra152.10.1126/scitranslmed.3006839Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[69] Lee JS, Lytton-Jean AK, Hurst SJ, Mirkin CA. Silver nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates based on DNA with triple cyclic disulfide moieties. Nano Lett. 2007;7(7):2112–5.10.1021/nl071108gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[70] Çınar Ayan İ, Güçlü E, Vural H, Dursun HG. Piceatannol induces apoptotic cell death through activation of caspase-dependent pathway and upregulation of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2022;49(12):11947–57.10.1007/s11033-022-08006-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[71] Rupa EJ, Nahar J, Al-Amin M, Park JK, Murugesan M, Awais M, et al. Cissus antractica-ZnO NPs induce apoptosis in A549 cells through ROS-generated p53/Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Coatings. 2023;13(12):2077.10.3390/coatings13122077Search in Google Scholar

[72] Oh SJ, Kim H, Liu Y, Han HK, Kwon K, Chang KH, et al. Incompatibility of silver nanoparticles with lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay for cellular viability test is attributed to protein binding and reactive oxygen species generation. Toxicol Lett. 2014;225(3):422–32.10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[73] Liu F, Mahmood M, Xu Y, Watanabe F, Biris AS, Hansen DK, et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles on human and rat embryonic neural stem cells. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:1–9.10.3389/fnins.2015.00115Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[74] Nasrin T, Patra M, Rahaman SM, Das TK, Shaikh S. Biosynthesized CdS nanoparticle induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem. 2022;22(11):2156–65.10.2174/1871520621666211115113226Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2024-06-06
Accepted: 2024-09-03
Published Online: 2024-10-01

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2024-0126
Keywords for this article
Ag-NPs; antibacterial; antioxidant; anticancer; apoptosis; ROS
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Green polymer electrolyte and activated charcoal-based supercapacitor for energy harvesting application: Electrochemical characteristics
  3. Research on the adsorption of Co2+ ions using halloysite clay and the ability to recover them by electrodeposition method
  4. Simultaneous estimation of ibuprofen, caffeine, and paracetamol in commercial products using a green reverse-phase HPTLC method
  5. Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
  6. Functionalized gold nanoparticles coated with bacterial alginate and their antibacterial and anticancer activities
  7. Comparative analysis of bio-based amino acid surfactants obtained via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic anhydrides
  8. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings
  9. Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction
  10. Manganese and copper-coated nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Carica papaya leaf extract induce antimicrobial activity and breast cancer cell death by triggering mitochondrial caspases and p53
  11. Insight into heating method and Mozafari method as green processing techniques for the synthesis of micro- and nano-drug carriers
  12. Silicotungstic acid supported on Bi-based MOF-derived metal oxide for photodegradation of organic dyes
  13. Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
  14. Synthesis of Lawsonia inermis-encased silver–copper bimetallic nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity
  15. Facile, polyherbal drug-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their potent biological applications
  16. Zinc oxide-manganese oxide/carboxymethyl cellulose-folic acid-sesamol hybrid nanomaterials: A molecularly targeted strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  17. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biogenically synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles against targeted bacterial and fungal pathogens
  18. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Uncaria tomentosa L.: Insight into characterization, antibacterial activities combined with antibiotics, and effect on Triticum aestivum germination
  19. Membrane distillation of synthetic urine for use in space structural habitat systems
  20. Investigation on mechanical properties of the green synthesis bamboo fiber/eggshell/coconut shell powder-based hybrid biocomposites under NaOH conditions
  21. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal strain to improve the growth, metabolic activities, yield traits, and phenolic compounds content of Nigella sativa L.
  22. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice and annual upland crops in Red River Delta of Vietnam using the denitrification–decomposition model
  23. Synthesis of humic acid with the obtaining of potassium humate based on coal waste from the Lenger deposit, Kazakhstan
  24. Ascorbic acid-mediated selenium nanoparticles as potential antihyperuricemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents
  25. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Illicium verum extract: Optimization and characterization for biomedical applications
  26. Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application
  27. Optimising coagulation/flocculation using response surface methodology and application of floc in biofertilisation
  28. Green synthesis and multifaceted characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Senna bicapsularis for enhanced in vitro and in vivo biological investigation
  29. Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
  30. Trachyspermum copticum aqueous seed extract-derived silver nanoparticles: Exploration of their structural characterization and comparative antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  31. Microwave-assisted ultrafine silver nanoparticle synthesis using Mitragyna speciosa for antimalarial applications
  32. Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical structure Ag/Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite using acacia in the presence of neem and tulsi oils
  33. Green quantitative methods for linagliptin and empagliflozin in dosage forms
  34. Enhancement efficacy of omeprazole by conjugation with silver nanoparticles as a urease inhibitor
  35. Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam
  36. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaf extract: Comparative preliminary in vitro antibacterial study
  37. Simultaneous determination of lesinurad and febuxostat in commercial fixed-dose combinations using a greener normal-phase HPTLC method
  38. A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies
  39. Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation
  40. Thermal treatment impact on the evolution of active phases in layered double hydroxide-based ZnCr photocatalysts: Photodegradation and antibacterial performance
  41. Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials
  42. Preparation and characterization of composite-modified PA6 fiber for spectral heating and heat storage applications
  43. Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution of bimetallic phosphates (NiFe)2P/NF
  44. Rod-shaped Mo(vi) trichalcogenide–Mo(vi) oxide decorated on poly(1-H pyrrole) as a promising nanocomposite photoelectrode for green hydrogen generation from sewage water with high efficiency
  45. Green synthesis and studies on citrus medica leaf extract-mediated Au–ZnO nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous media
  46. Cellulosic materials for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments
  47. The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology
  48. The effect of modified oily sludge on the slurry ability and combustion performance of coal water slurry
  49. Eggshell waste transformation to calcium chloride anhydride as food-grade additive and eggshell membranes as enzyme immobilization carrier
  50. Synthesis of EPAN and applications in the encapsulation of potassium humate
  51. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential
  52. Enhancing mechanical and rheological properties of HDPE films through annealing for eco-friendly agricultural applications
  53. Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater
  54. Sodium titanium oxide/zinc oxide (STO/ZnO) photocomposites for efficient dye degradation applications
  55. Effect of ex situ, eco-friendly ZnONPs incorporating green synthesised Moringa oleifera leaf extract in enhancing biochemical and molecular aspects of Vicia faba L. under salt stress
  56. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens
  57. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)
  58. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of green-synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells using Terminalia chebula
  59. Chlorine-free synthesis of phosphinic derivatives by change in the P-function
  60. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsions based on water-in-olive oil and loaded on biogenic silver nanoparticles
  61. Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan
  62. Synthesis and stabilization of anatase form of biomimetic TiO2 nanoparticles for enhancing anti-tumor potential
  63. Microwave-supported one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 5-alkyl/arylidene-2-(morpholin/thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives over MgO solid base
  64. Screening the phytochemicals in Perilla leaves and phytosynthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles for potential antioxidant and wound-healing application
  65. Graphene oxide/chitosan/manganese/folic acid-brucine functionalized nanocomposites show anticancer activity against liver cancer cells
  66. Nature of serpentinite interactions with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions
  67. Multi-objective statistical optimisation utilising response surface methodology to predict engine performance using biofuels from waste plastic oil in CRDi engines
  68. Microwave-assisted extraction of acetosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and electrospinning of lignin/PEO nanofibres for carbon fibre production
  69. Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of cytotoxic activities of selenium nanoparticles utilizing Limosilactobacillus fermentum
  70. Highly photocatalytic materials based on the decoration of poly(O-chloroaniline) with molybdenum trichalcogenide oxide for green hydrogen generation from Red Sea water
  71. Highly efficient oil–water separation using superhydrophobic cellulose aerogels derived from corn straw
  72. Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis
  73. Assessment of antimicrobial activity and methyl orange dye removal by Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated silver nanoparticles
  74. Influential eradication of resistant Salmonella Typhimurium using bioactive nanocomposites from chitosan and radish seed-synthesized nanoselenium
  75. Antimicrobial activities and neuroprotective potential for Alzheimer’s disease of pure, Mn, Co, and Al-doped ZnO ultra-small nanoparticles
  76. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bauhinia variegata and their biological applications
  77. Synthesis and optimization of long-chain fatty acids via the oxidation of long-chain fatty alcohols
  78. Eminent Red Sea water hydrogen generation via a Pb(ii)-iodide/poly(1H-pyrrole) nanocomposite photocathode
  79. Green synthesis and effective genistein production by fungal β-glucosidase immobilized on Al2O3 nanocrystals synthesized in Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.) leaf extracts
  80. Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride
  81. Green synthesis of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites using Charybdis natator for DNA binding, cytotoxic, catalytic, and luminescence applications
  82. Eco-friendly drugs induce cellular changes in colistin-resistant bacteria
  83. Tangerine fruit peel extract mediated biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assessments
  84. Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil
  85. A highly sensitive β-AKBA-Ag-based fluorescent “turn off” chemosensor for rapid detection of abamectin in tomatoes
  86. Green synthesis and physical characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from the methanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) with enhanced biosafe applications
  87. Detection of morphine and data processing using surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor
  88. Effects of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion properties of sulfamethoxazole-containing chicken manure and analysis of bio-enzymes
  89. Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore
  90. Green chemistry approach to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Fagonia Cretica extract, novel strategy for developing antimicrobial and antidiabetic therapies
  91. Green synthesis and effective utilization of biogenic Al2O3-nanocoupled fungal lipase in the resolution of active homochiral 2-octanol and its immobilization via aluminium oxide nanoparticles
  92. Eco-friendly RP-HPLC approach for simultaneously estimating the promising combination of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in therapeutic potential for breast cancer: Appraisal of greenness, whiteness, and Box–Behnken design
  93. Use of a humidity adsorbent derived from cockleshell waste in Thai fried fish crackers (Keropok)
  94. One-pot green synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico study of pyrazole derivatives obtained from chalcones
  95. Bio-sorption of methylene blue and production of biofuel by brown alga Cystoseira sp. collected from Neom region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  96. Synthesis of motexafin gadolinium: A promising radiosensitizer and imaging agent for cancer therapy
  97. The impact of varying sizes of silver nanoparticles on the induction of cellular damage in Klebsiella pneumoniae involving diverse mechanisms
  98. Microwave-assisted green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles obtained from lemon peel extract
  99. Rhus microphylla-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy
  100. Harnessing trichalcogenide–molybdenum(vi) sulfide and molybdenum(vi) oxide within poly(1-amino-2-mercaptobenzene) frameworks as a photocathode for sustainable green hydrogen production from seawater without sacrificial agents
  101. Magnetically recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2 supported phosphonium ionic liquids for efficient and sustainable transformation of CO2 into oxazolidinones
  102. A comparative study of Fagonia arabica fabricated silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with distinct antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties
  103. Visible light photocatalytic degradation and biological activities of Aegle marmelos-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles
  104. Physical intrinsic characteristics of spheroidal particles in coal gasification fine slag
  105. Exploring the effect of tea dust magnetic biochar on agricultural crops grown in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil
  106. Crosslinked chitosan-modified ultrafiltration membranes for efficient surface water treatment and enhanced anti-fouling performances
  107. Study on adsorption characteristics of biochars and their modified biochars for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution
  108. Zein polymer nanocarrier for Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens extract: Potential biomedical use
  109. Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biological screening of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) generated with hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia milii
  110. Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation
  111. Bi2O3–BiOCl/poly-m-methyl aniline nanocomposite thin film for broad-spectrum light-sensing
  112. Green synthesis and characterization of CuO/ZnO nanocomposite using Musa acuminata leaf extract for cytotoxic studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCC2998)
  113. Review Articles
  114. Materials-based drug delivery approaches: Recent advances and future perspectives
  115. A review of thermal treatment for bamboo and its composites
  116. An overview of the role of nanoherbicides in tackling challenges of weed management in wheat: A novel approach
  117. An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity
  118. Special Issue: Emerging green nanomaterials for sustainable waste management and biomedical applications
  119. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mature-pseudostem extracts of Alpinia nigra and their bioactivities
  120. Special Issue: New insights into nanopythotechnology: current trends and future prospects
  121. Green synthesis of FeO nanoparticles from coffee and its application for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidation activity
  122. Dye degradation activity of biogenically synthesized Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles
  123. Special Issue: Composites and green composites
  124. Recent trends and advancements in the utilization of green composites and polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing food quality and sustainable processing
  125. Retraction
  126. Retraction of “Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential”
  127. Retraction of “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and biological potentials of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the polar extract of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Cyperaceae)”
  128. Retraction to “Green synthesis on performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using sandbox seed oil”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 20.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2024-0126/html
Scroll to top button