Home Prognostic evaluation of system immune-inflammatory index and prognostic nutritional index in double expressor diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
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Prognostic evaluation of system immune-inflammatory index and prognostic nutritional index in double expressor diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

  • Fang Su ORCID logo and Ke Lian ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 17, 2023

Abstract

Predicting MYC and BCL2 double-expressor lymphoma prognosis using the system immune-inflammatory index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) (DEL). From January 2015 to December 2021, 281 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) wax blocks were used to make tissue chips. Screening double expressor lymphoma (DEL) instances involved immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Academic analysis used clinicopathological characteristics and follow-up data. SII, PNI, and DEL prognosis were correlated using univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis. The median age of 78 DEL patients is 60 (range: 43–74). SII and PNI cut-off values of 603.5, 3.07, and 144 predict PFS and OS well. Lower SII is associated with longer PFS (HR for SII = 0.34, 95% CI 0.15–0.76, P = 0.006; HR for NLR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.99, P = 0.048; HR for PLR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.94, P = 0.025; LMR = 0.39, 95%, CI 0.17–0.94, P = 0.025) and OS (HR for SII = 0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.51, P = 0.005; HR for PNI = 0.20, 95% CI 0.06–0.62, P = 0.002). SII and PNI are promising predictors for twofold expressor DLBCL. Combining these increase prediction accuracy.

1 Introduction

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is highly aggressive and heterogeneous [1,2], and there are still many deficiencies in accurate diagnosis and treatment. Double expressor lymphoma (DEL) accounts for 19–34% of DLBCL [35], and Myc expression ≥40% and Bcl-2 expression ≥50% in immunohistochemistry were used as criteria, but there are differences in the cut-off values defined by different studies [68]. Since the diagnostic criteria (MYC and BCL-2 positive thresholds) and the prognostic relevance of DEL remain controversial and there is a lack of uniform and effective treatment options, DEL is currently not classified as a separate diagnostic type [9].

However, DEL is characterized by aggressiveness and a low response rate to the interventions used in the first treatment; it still has a poor overall prognosis and is prone to develop relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL) [10]. According to one study [11], DEL is also heterogeneous; some patients with DEL can achieve remission after treatment, and their prognosis treatment result is not different from non-DEL patients (DEL patients are still needed to screen out the truly high-risk patients while also reducing overtreatment of low-risk patients).

At present, there is no comprehensive understanding of the prognostic factors affecting DEL patients, and the correlation between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and the prognosis of DEL has not been reported yet. In this study, we collected a group of newly treated DEL cases and analyzed the influence of SII and PNI on the prognosis of DEL through immunohistochemistry and chemical staining, clinicopathological data collection, and follow-up, in order to provide the basis for treatment and further stratify the diagnosis and treatment of DEL cases.

2 Materials and methods

This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Oncology performed from January 2015 to December 2021. The Institutional Review Board and the local ethical committee have approved the study after registration with the Research Centre of Shanxi Medical University (protocol SMU # RC/IRB/2015/1067). This study followed the criteria as according to declaration. All participants signed and provided written informed consent after a full explanation of the process’s procedure and safety. According to the set criteria, those who were not ready or failed to report were excluded from the study.

2.1 Patient characteristics

2.1.1 Retrospective analysis

Between January 2015 and December 2021, 281 patients with histopathology-diagnosed DLBCL underwent surgical removal in our hospital, underwent a second examination by two expert pathologists, and selected the appropriate wax blocks to create tissue chips. The corresponding markers were detected by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and a total of 83 DEL cases were screened, of which 5 were lost to follow-up and 78 patients had complete data. Inclusion criteria are: (1) patients with newly diagnosed double-expressing lymphoma, (2) age 18 years or older, (3) receiving a first-line R-CHOP or R-CHOP-like regimen for at least three cycles, and (4) complete medical records and follow-up data. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with double- or triple-hit lymphoma confirmed by FISH in pathological tissue, (2) combining other malignant tumors, (3) lost to follow-up within 12 months after diagnosis, (4) DLBCL patients with known histological transformations, and (5) those who cannot accept the first-line standard CHOP or R-CHOP regimen due to infection, poor physical fitness, etc. (Figure 1).

Figure 1 
                     Study flow diagram: immunohistochemistry.
Figure 1

Study flow diagram: immunohistochemistry.

The complete DLBCL paraffin tissue preserved in the pathology department was collected, and serial sections with a thickness of 4 μm were prepared for immunohistochemical detection. The clinical data of patients was collected, including gender, age, clinical stage, ECOG score, and absolute value of neutrophils, absolute value of lymphocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin levels.

2.1.2 Calculations

The optimal cut-off values for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte count/monocyte count (LMR), and SII were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve as follows: NLR = absolute value of neutrophils/absolute value of lymphocytes; PLR = absolute value of platelets/absolute value of lymphocytes, LMR = absolute value of lymphocytes/absolute value of monocytes, SII = absolute number of platelet × absolute number of neutrophil/absolute value of lymphocytes, PNI = 10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × lymphocyte count/µL. In order to enhance the precision and consistency of DEL prognostic prediction, two additional factors, namely COSII and PNI, were included.

2.2 Immunohistochemical staining and interpretation of results

Antibodies such as Myc, Bcl2, Bcl-6, CD10, MUM-1, Ki-67, and P53 were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd, and related reagents such as secondary antibodies were purchased from Ventana Medical Systems, United States. A Roche Bench Mark XT automated immunohistochemistry instrument was applied, using the EnVision two-step method. Myc proteins are localized in the nucleus and are classified according to the percentage of positive cells as grade 0 (0), grade 1 (1–25%), grade 2 (26–50%), grade 3 (51–75%), and grade 4 (76–100%) [12]. Bcl-2 positivity was defined as the presence of brownish-yellow granules in the cytoplasm/membrane of ≥50% of tumor cells. Bcl-6 positivity was defined as the presence of brownish-yellow granules in the nucleus of ≥50% of tumor cells [13,14]. CD10 positivity is defined as the presence of brownish-yellow granules in the cytoplasm of ≥30% of tumor cells and MUM-1 positivity is defined as the presence of brownish-yellow granules in the nucleus of ≥30% of tumor cells. According to the number of positive cells, P53 is graded as grade 0 (no positive cells), grade 1 (5%), grade 2 (6–10%), grade 3 (11–40%), and grade 4 (41%). Grades 2–4 are considered overexpression [15]. The above test results were re-interpreted by two experienced lymphopoietic pathologists for all sections to obtain accurate immunohistochemical results. In addition, immunohistochemical results of MYC, BCL-2, CD10, BCL-6, and MUM-1 proteins were analyzed by using the Hans method [16], and COO typing was performed to determine the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and non-GCB subtypes.

2.2.1 The FISH method

The tumor areas were selected according to HE staining, and C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6 gene disruption probes (all purchased from Guangzhou LBP Medicine Science & Technology Co., Ltd) were used for the experiments. The experimental procedures were carried out strictly according to the kit instructions. Signals from at least 100 tumor nuclei were recorded by using the Zeiss Axioimager fluorescence microscope at high power (100×). The probes are composed of two parts: a red fluorescent probe and a green fluorescent probe. Normal cells exhibit two yellow fusion signals or two adjacent red and green signals, whereas gene translocation exhibits one yellow signal and two adjacent red and green separation signals. When the proportion of isolated signals is greater than 10%, it is considered positive, and three yellow fusion signals in the same nucleus are considered multiple gene copies.

2.2.2 Follow-up

The follow-up methods were telephone and outpatient follow-up methods until December 31, 2021. The follow-up time was from the date of diagnosis to the end of follow-up or the date of death. The median follow-up was 52 (22–88) months. Five of the 83 patients (6%) were lost to follow-up. Patients lost to follow-up were included in the survival analysis as censored data. Progression-free survival (PFS) time was defined as the time from diagnosis to relapse, patient death, or the end of follow-up; overall survival (OS) time was from diagnosis to the end of follow-up, and death was calculated from diagnosis to death.

2.3 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software. Univariate analysis of variance and multivariate cox regression analysis were used to explore the correlation between SII, PNI, and DEL prognosis. The risk factors for DEL were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The model prediction accuracy is calculated as (true negative + true positive)/total number of subjects.

  1. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

3 Results

3.1 Clinical and pathological features of patients

There were a total of 78 patients, and the median age was about 67 (21–89) years, of which 44 (69.8%) were ≥60 years; there were 40 males (51.2%); 33 (42.3%) had intranodal lymphoma, 18 (28.6%) had Ann Arbor stage I–II, and 45 (71.4%) had Ann Arbor stage III–IV; 21 (33.3%) had pathological GCB and 42 (66.7%) had non-GCB; 16 (25.4%) had B symptoms; 29 (46%) had an ECOG score of 2; and 24 (38%) had two extra-nodal involvements. Fifty-eight had more than three NCCN-IPI, 12 (19%) had large masses (>7.5 cm), 30 cases (47.6%) had elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, 31 (49.2%) had β2-MG exceeding the upper limit of normal, and 31 (49.2%) had β2-MG exceeding the upper limit of normal. Fifty cases (79.4%) had serum albumin <40 g/L), 12 (19%) had P53 grades 1–2 and 51 (81%) had grades 3–4, 3 (4.8%) had Myc positivity, 0 (0%) had Bcl-2 positivity), and 6 (9.5%) had Bcl-6 positivity in the FISH test (Table 1).

Table 1

Patient demographics and baseline evaluation

Clinical feature Numbers n (%)
Age ≥60 44 69.8
<60 34 30.2
Gender M 40 51.2
F 38 26.8
Part Intranodal lymphoma 33 42.3
Extranodal lymphoma 45 71.4
Ann Arbor stage I–II 18 28.6
III–IV 45 71.4
Cellular origin GCB 21 33.3
Non-GCB 57 66.7
B symptoms Yes 16 25.4
No 62 74.6
ECOG ≥3 29 46
<2 71 54
NCCN-IPI ≤3 20 25.7
>3 58 74.3
Large lumps Yes 12 19
No 54 59
LDH ≤250 30 47.6
>250 48 52.4
B2-MG ≤1.8 31 49.2
>1.8 31 49.2
Serum albumin <40 g/L 50 79.4
>40 g/L 28 20.6
FISH test
P53 Grade 1–2 12 19
Grade 3–4 51 81
Myc positivity Positive 3 4.8
Bcl-2 positivity Positive 0 0
Bcl-6 positivity Positive 6 9.5

Note: NCCN-IPI: improved International Prognostic Index; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; GCB: germinal center; non-GCB: non-germinal center.

3.2 Determination and grouping of boundary values of NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, and PNI

Based on the ROC curve (Figure 2), with PFS and OS as study endpoints, the optimal NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII cut-off values were computed as 1.73 (AUC: 0.693, sensitivity: 0.483, specificity: 0.853), 306.494 (AUC: 0.622, sensitivity: 0.897, specificity: 0.382), 4.867 (AUC: 0.622, sensitivity: 0.862, specificity: 0.412), and 304.2 (AUC: 0.519, sensitivity: 0.345, specificity: 0.794).

Figure 2 
                  ROC curves: optimal NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII cut-off values.
Figure 2

ROC curves: optimal NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII cut-off values.

3.3 Relationship between SII, PNI, and PFS in DEL patients

The relationship between SII, PNI, and PFS in DEL patients was analyzed via Cox univariate and multivariate analysis (Table 2). The grouping was low SII–high PNI, high SII–low PNI, low SII–low PNI, and high SII–high PNI. Considering that SII and PNI are two-dimensional composite parameters, they have their own predictive value. To improve the accuracy and stability of DEL prognosis prediction, we further combined these two parameters, namely COSII and PNI. COSII indicators are PCR-based markers derived from single-copy conserved orthologous genes, and PNI is prognostic nutritional index. Elevated SII and decreased PNI were recorded as 0, simultaneous increases or decreases in SII and PNI were recorded as 1, and decreased SII and elevated PNI were recorded as 2. By Kaplan-Meier curve calculation and the log-rank test, DELT patients were divided into three groups according to their COSII–PNI value (P < 0.001). We found that the prognosis of patients in the COSII–PNI = 1 and COSII–PNI = 2 subgroups was better than that in the COSII–PNI = 0 subgroup (P < 0.001).

Table 2

One-way analysis of variance and chi-square test of influencing factors of DEL prognosis (PFS)

Variable Adverse factors One-way ANOVA Chi-square test
Eta p x 2 p
Age ≥60 0.003 0.001 21.14 0.024
Gender M 0.003 0.015 8.95 0.001
Part Extranodal lymphoma 0.024 0.002 17.01 0.016
Origin non-GCB 0.006 0.034 10.23 0.003
P53 ≥50% 0.042 0.002 21.13 0.022
Ki67 ≥80% 0.005 0.004 16.23 0.015
LDH (IU/L) ≥250 0.047 0.035 34.12 0.037
Serum albumin (g/L) ≥40 0.035 0.004 26.54 0.025
Stage III, IV 0.025 0.003 32.33 0.033
β2-MG ≥3 0.035 0.018 45.12 0.045
Extranodal amount ≥2 0.059 0.026 22.53 0.019
ECOG ≥2 0.002 0.037 19.15 0.012
NLR ≥1.73 0.001 0.001 11.54 0.011
PLR ≥306.494 0.015 0.039 10.68 0.018
SII ≥304.2 0.021 0.022 9.56 0.012
LMR ≥4.867 0.018 0.014 31.98 0.031
Origin Non-GCB 0.034 0.031 44.21 0.044
B symptoms Yes 0.027 0.005 21.59 0.021
Large lumps Yes 0.004 0.021 8.67 0.001

4 Discussion

With the promotion and popularity of R-CHOP regimens, the cure rate of DLBCL has reached 60%, but there are still 30–40% of patients who present with initial refractory or relapse resistance [4,6], and it is a current research hotspot on how to screen this group of patients more effectively. Studies found that the double expression status was a poor prognosis factor that was independent of the IPI index in DLBCL [5,7,16]. However, some DEL patients can be relieved after treatment, and the prognosis is not different from that of non-DEL patients. As a result of DEL’s heterogeneity, it is necessary to screen out truly high-risk patients in newly diagnosed DEL patients in order to provide a theoretical basis for precise treatment.

The previous studies have reported that there are several poor prognostic factors in patients with DEL, including elderly age, late disease stage, poor functional status, multiple extra-nodal sites, a high proliferation index [17], and elevated serum LDH [18]. With the increasing understanding of the disease, new prognostic factors have been reported, such as P53 protein overexpression [8,1921] and CD5 protein overexpression [22,23]. The indicators reflecting systemic inflammatory responses are NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, etc. Clinical prognostic significance is rarely reported.

In an inflammatory response, especially in the process of chronic inflammation, the tumor microenvironment composed of inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory signaling molecules participates in tumor growth, infiltration, and metastasis through complex regulatory mechanisms [24,25]. Based on these studies, some scholars propose to use inflammation-related markers as evaluation indicators for tumor disease assessment and prognosis prediction [24]. In 2014, Hu et al. [24] first defined SII as a new immune evaluation index based on a study on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and its formula is SII = P × N/L (P, N, L platelet count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count in routine blood tests). Subsequent studies have also confirmed that SII is expected to become an independent prognostic factor for tumor patients after surgery, which can help with the stratified management of risk groups. Ren et al. [26] examined the relationship between the preoperative SII and the PNI and the prognosis of patients with alveolar hydatid disease in 2021. SII and PNI can be regarded as independent risk factors that indicate the prognosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Patients have a more favorable prognosis when their preoperative PNI and SII are greater and lesser, respectively. In addition, the concurrent use of SII and PNI prior to surgery has the potential to improve the accuracy of prognostication. The prognostic value of the SII and the PNI in medulloblastoma patients undergoing surgical resection was reported by Zhu et al. [27] in 2021. They emphasized the relationship between progression of cancer, metastasis, systemic immune inflammation, and nutritional dysfunction. They identified preoperative SII, albumin-bilirubin grade, and combined SII and PNI (COSII-PNI) as reliable prognostic indicators for patients undergoing surgical resection for malignant brain tumors.

5 Conclusion

Both the SII and the PNI are promising indicators for patients with double expressor DLBCL, and the combination of these two increases the accuracy of prediction.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: F.S.: concept and designed the study; K.L.: analyzed the data and drafting of the manuscript; F.S. and K.L.: collected the data and helped in data analysis.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Received: 2023-05-08
Revised: 2023-09-19
Accepted: 2023-09-20
Published Online: 2023-10-17

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  30. circ_0014736 induces GPR4 to regulate the biological behaviors of human placental trophoblast cells through miR-942-5p in preeclampsia
  31. Monitoring of sirolimus in the whole blood samples from pediatric patients with lymphatic anomalies
  32. Effects of osteogenic growth peptide C-terminal pentapeptide and its analogue on bone remodeling in an osteoporosis rat model
  33. A novel autophagy-related long non-coding RNAs signature predicting progression-free interval and I-131 therapy benefits in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  34. WGCNA-based identification of potential targets and pathways in response to treatment in locally advanced breast cancer patients
  35. Radiomics model using preoperative computed tomography angiography images to differentiate new from old emboli of acute lower limb arterial embolism
  36. Dysregulated lncRNAs are involved in the progress of myocardial infarction by constructing regulatory networks
  37. Single-arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of baclofen in treatment of intractable hiccup caused by malignant tumor chemotherapy
  38. Genetic polymorphisms of MRPS30-DT and NINJ2 may influence lung cancer risk
  39. Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with KRAS-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective analysis
  40. Pyroptosis-based risk score predicts prognosis and drug sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma
  41. Upregulation of lncRNA LANCL1-AS1 inhibits the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer via the miR-3680-3p/GMFG axis
  42. CircRANBP17 modulated KDM1A to regulate neuroblastoma progression by sponging miR-27b-3p
  43. Exosomal miR-93-5p regulated the progression of osteoarthritis by targeting ADAMTS9
  44. Downregulation of RBM17 enhances cisplatin sensitivity and inhibits cell invasion in human hypopharyngeal cancer cells
  45. HDAC5-mediated PRAME regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  46. The association between sleep duration, quality, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study
  47. Myostatin silencing inhibits podocyte apoptosis in membranous nephropathy through Smad3/PKA/NOX4 signaling pathway
  48. A novel long noncoding RNA AC125257.1 facilitates colorectal cancer progression by targeting miR-133a-3p/CASC5 axis
  49. Impact of omicron wave and associated control measures in Shanghai on health management and psychosocial well-being of patients with chronic conditions
  50. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of young patients aged ≤45 years old with non-small cell lung cancer
  51. TMT-based comprehensive proteomic profiling identifies serum prognostic signatures of acute myeloid leukemia
  52. The dose limits of teeth protection for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing radiotherapy based on the early oral health-related quality of life
  53. miR-30b-5p targeting GRIN2A inhibits hippocampal damage in epilepsy
  54. Long non-coding RNA AL137789.1 promoted malignant biological behaviors and immune escape of pancreatic carcinoma cells
  55. IRF6 and FGF1 polymorphisms in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Polish population
  56. Comprehensive analysis of the role of SFXN family in breast cancer
  57. Efficacy of bronchoscopic intratumoral injection of endostar and cisplatin in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients underwent conventional chemoradiotherapy
  58. Silencing of long noncoding RNA MIAT inhibits the viability and proliferation of breast cancer cells by promoting miR-378a-5p expression
  59. AG1024, an IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, ameliorates renal injury in rats with diabetic nephropathy via the SOCS/JAK2/STAT pathway
  60. Downregulation of KIAA1199 alleviated the activation, proliferation, and migration of hepatic stellate cells by the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  61. Exendin-4 regulates the MAPK and WNT signaling pathways to alleviate the osteogenic inhibition of periodontal ligament stem cells in a high glucose environment
  62. Inhibition of glycolysis represses the growth and alleviates the endoplasmic reticulum stress of breast cancer cells by regulating TMTC3
  63. The function of lncRNA EMX2OS/miR-653-5p and its regulatory mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma
  64. Tectorigenin alleviates the apoptosis and inflammation in spinal cord injury cell model through inhibiting insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6
  65. Ultrasound examination supporting CT or MRI in the evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with irradiation-treated head and neck cancer
  66. F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells by degrading delta-like ligand 1 to block Notch signaling pathway
  67. Knockdown of circ_0005615 enhances the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer by regulating the miR-665/NOTCH1 axis
  68. Long noncoding RNA Mhrt alleviates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy phenotypes by mediating the miR-765/Wnt family member 7B pathway
  69. Effect of miR-499-5p/SOX6 axis on atrial fibrosis in rats with atrial fibrillation
  70. Cholesterol induces inflammation and reduces glucose utilization
  71. circ_0004904 regulates the trophoblast cell in preeclampsia via miR-19b-3p/ARRDC3 axis
  72. NECAB3 promotes the migration and invasion of liver cancer cells through HIF-1α/RIT1 signaling pathway
  73. The poor performance of cardiovascular risk scores in identifying patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies at high cardiovascular risk
  74. miR-2053 inhibits the growth of ovarian cancer cells by downregulating SOX4
  75. Nucleophosmin 1 associating with engulfment and cell motility protein 1 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell chemotaxis and metastasis
  76. α-Hederin regulates macrophage polarization to relieve sepsis-induced lung and liver injuries in mice
  77. Changes of microbiota level in urinary tract infections: A meta-analysis
  78. Identification of key enzalutamide-resistance-related genes in castration-resistant prostate cancer and verification of RAD51 functions
  79. Falls during oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies – (lessons learned from) a prospective study
  80. Outcomes of low-risk birth care during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cohort study from a tertiary care center in Lithuania
  81. Vitamin D protects intestines from liver cirrhosis-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway
  82. Integrated transcriptome analysis identifies APPL1/RPS6KB2/GALK1 as immune-related metastasis factors in breast cancer
  83. Genomic analysis of immunogenic cell death-related subtypes for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes in glioblastoma multiforme
  84. Circular RNA Circ_0038467 promotes the maturation of miRNA-203 to increase lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes
  85. An economic evaluation of fine-needle cytology as the primary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy
  86. Midazolam impedes lung carcinoma cell proliferation and migration via EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling pathway
  87. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and experimental validation to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of naringin against renal fibrosis
  88. PTPN12 down-regulated by miR-146b-3p gene affects the malignant progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
  89. miR-141-3p accelerates ovarian cancer progression and promotes M2-like macrophage polarization by targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway
  90. lncRNA OIP5-AS1 attenuates the osteoarthritis progression in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes
  91. Overexpression of LINC00607 inhibits cell growth and aggressiveness by regulating the miR-1289/EFNA5 axis in non-small-cell lung cancer
  92. Subjective well-being in informal caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic
  93. Nrf2 protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission
  94. Unfolded protein response inhibits KAT2B/MLKL-mediated necroptosis of hepatocytes by promoting BMI1 level to ubiquitinate KAT2B
  95. Bladder cancer screening: The new selection and prediction model
  96. circNFATC3 facilitated the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the miR-520h/LDHA axis
  97. Prone position effect in intensive care patients with SARS-COV-2 pneumonia
  98. Clinical observation on the efficacy of Tongdu Tuina manipulation in the treatment of primary enuresis in children
  99. Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates cerebral I/R injury in rats via regulating VWF and autophagy-mediated SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway
  100. Knockdown of circ_0113656 assuages oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced vascular smooth muscle cell injury through the miR-188-3p/IGF2 pathway
  101. Low Ang-(1–7) and high des-Arg9 bradykinin serum levels are correlated with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with COVID-19
  102. Effect of maternal age and body mass index on induction of labor with oral misoprostol for premature rupture of membrane at term: A retrospective cross-sectional study
  103. Potential protective effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction against COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: A network-based pharmacological and molecular docking study
  104. Clinical significance of serum MBD3 detection in girls with central precocious puberty
  105. Clinical features of varicella-zoster virus caused neurological diseases detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing
  106. Collagen treatment of complex anorectal fistula: 3 years follow-up
  107. LncRNA CASC15 inhibition relieves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through down-regulating SP-A by sponging to miR-424
  108. Efficacy analysis of empirical bismuth quadruple therapy, high-dose dual therapy, and resistance gene-based triple therapy as a first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen – An open-label, randomized trial
  109. SMOC2 plays a role in heart failure via regulating TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway-mediated autophagy
  110. A prospective cohort study of the impact of chronic disease on fall injuries in middle-aged and older adults
  111. circRNA THBS1 silencing inhibits the malignant biological behavior of cervical cancer cells via the regulation of miR-543/HMGB2 axis
  112. hsa_circ_0000285 sponging miR-582-3p promotes neuroblastoma progression by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  113. Long non-coding RNA GNAS-AS1 knockdown inhibits proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma cells via the microRNA-433-3p/Rab3A axis
  114. lncRNA UCA1 regulates miR-132/Lrrfip1 axis to promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
  115. Twenty-four-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for minimal residual disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia
  116. Hsa-miR-223-3p participates in the process of anthracycline-induced cardiomyocyte damage by regulating NFIA gene
  117. Anti-inflammatory effect of ApoE23 on Salmonella typhimurium-induced sepsis in mice
  118. Analysis of somatic mutations and key driving factors of cervical cancer progression
  119. Hsa_circ_0028007 regulates the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through the miR-1179/SQLE axis
  120. Variations in sexual function after laparoendoscopic single-site hysterectomy in women with benign gynecologic diseases
  121. Effects of pharmacological delay with roxadustat on multi-territory perforator flap survival in rats
  122. Analysis of heroin effects on calcium channels in rat cardiomyocytes based on transcriptomics and metabolomics
  123. Risk factors of recurrent bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional study
  124. Alkbh5 plays indispensable roles in maintaining self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells
  125. Study to compare the effect of casirivimab and imdevimab, remdesivir, and favipiravir on progression and multi-organ function of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
  126. Correlation between microvessel maturity and ISUP grades assessed using contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasonography in prostate cancer
  127. The protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in the nephrotoxicity induced by α-cypermethrin
  128. Norepinephrine alleviates cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing the expression of SFRP1
  129. Effect of RUNX1/FOXP3 axis on apoptosis of T and B lymphocytes and immunosuppression in sepsis
  130. The function of Foxp1 represses β-adrenergic receptor transcription in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer through STAT3 activity
  131. Risk model and validation of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in patients with cerebrovascular disease in the ICU
  132. Calycosin protects against chronic prostatitis in rats via inhibition of the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway
  133. Pan-cancer analysis of the PDE4DIP gene with potential prognostic and immunotherapeutic values in multiple cancers including acute myeloid leukemia
  134. The safety and immunogenicity to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with hyperlipemia
  135. Circ-UBR4 regulates the proliferation, migration, inflammation, and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced vascular smooth muscle cells via miR-515-5p/IGF2 axis
  136. Clinical characteristics of current COVID-19 rehabilitation outpatients in China
  137. Luteolin alleviates ulcerative colitis in rats via regulating immune response, oxidative stress, and metabolic profiling
  138. miR-199a-5p inhibits aortic valve calcification by targeting ATF6 and GRP78 in valve interstitial cells
  139. The application of iliac fascia space block combined with esketamine intravenous general anesthesia in PFNA surgery of the elderly: A prospective, single-center, controlled trial
  140. Elevated blood acetoacetate levels reduce major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events risk in acute myocardial infarction
  141. The effects of progesterone on the healing of obstetric anal sphincter damage in female rats
  142. Identification of cuproptosis-related genes for predicting the development of prostate cancer
  143. Lumican silencing ameliorates β-glycerophosphate-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by attenuating the inhibition of APOB on KIF2C activity
  144. Targeting PTBP1 blocks glutamine metabolism to improve the cisplatin sensitivity of hepatocarcinoma cells through modulating the mRNA stability of glutaminase
  145. A single center prospective study: Influences of different hip flexion angles on the measurement of lumbar spine bone mineral density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
  146. Clinical analysis of AN69ST membrane continuous venous hemofiltration in the treatment of severe sepsis
  147. Antibiotics therapy combined with probiotics administered intravaginally for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Construction of a ceRNA network to reveal a vascular invasion associated prognostic model in hepatocellular carcinoma
  149. A pan-cancer analysis of STAT3 expression and genetic alterations in human tumors
  150. A prognostic signature based on seven T-cell-related cell clustering genes in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  151. Pepsin concentration in oral lavage fluid of rabbit reflux model constructed by dilating the lower esophageal sphincter
  152. The antihypertensive felodipine shows synergistic activity with immune checkpoint blockade and inhibits tumor growth via NFAT1 in LUSC
  153. Tanshinone IIA attenuates valvular interstitial cells’ calcification induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein via reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress
  154. AS-IV enhances the antitumor effects of propofol in NSCLC cells by inhibiting autophagy
  155. Establishment of two oxaliplatin-resistant gallbladder cancer cell lines and comprehensive analysis of dysregulated genes
  156. Trial protocol: Feasibility of neuromodulation with connectivity-guided intermittent theta-burst stimulation for improving cognition in multiple sclerosis
  157. LncRNA LINC00592 mediates the promoter methylation of WIF1 to promote the development of bladder cancer
  158. Factors associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients
  159. Mechanisms by which spinal cord stimulation intervenes in atrial fibrillation: The involvement of the endothelin-1 and nerve growth factor/p75NTR pathways
  160. Analysis of two-gene signatures and related drugs in small-cell lung cancer by bioinformatics
  161. Silencing USP19 alleviates cigarette smoke extract-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in BEAS-2B cells by targeting FUNDC1
  162. Menstrual irregularities associated with COVID-19 vaccines among women in Saudi Arabia: A survey during 2022
  163. Ferroptosis involves in Schwann cell death in diabetic peripheral neuropathy
  164. The effect of AQP4 on tau protein aggregation in neurodegeneration and persistent neuroinflammation after cerebral microinfarcts
  165. Activation of UBEC2 by transcription factor MYBL2 affects DNA damage and promotes gastric cancer progression and cisplatin resistance
  166. Analysis of clinical characteristics in proximal and distal reflux monitoring among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
  167. Exosomal circ-0020887 and circ-0009590 as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of short-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in STEMI patients
  168. Upregulated microRNA-429 confers endometrial stromal cell dysfunction by targeting HIF1AN and regulating the HIF1A/VEGF pathway
  169. Bibliometrics and knowledge map analysis of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia
  170. Knockdown of NUPR1 inhibits angiogenesis in lung cancer through IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathways
  171. D-dimer trends predict COVID-19 patient’s prognosis: A retrospective chart review study
  172. WTAP affects intracranial aneurysm progression by regulating m6A methylation modification
  173. Using of endoscopic polypectomy in patients with diagnosed malignant colorectal polyp – The cross-sectional clinical study
  174. Anti-S100A4 antibody administration alleviates bronchial epithelial–mesenchymal transition in asthmatic mice
  175. Prognostic evaluation of system immune-inflammatory index and prognostic nutritional index in double expressor diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  176. Prevalence and antibiogram of bacteria causing urinary tract infection among patients with chronic kidney disease
  177. Reactive oxygen species within the vaginal space: An additional promoter of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and uterine cervical cancer development?
  178. Identification of disulfidptosis-related genes and immune infiltration in lower-grade glioma
  179. A new technique for uterine-preserving pelvic organ prolapse surgery: Laparoscopic rectus abdominis hysteropexy for uterine prolapse by comparing with traditional techniques
  180. Self-isolation of an Italian long-term care facility during COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison study on care-related infectious episodes
  181. A comparative study on the overlapping effects of clinically applicable therapeutic interventions in patients with central nervous system damage
  182. Low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Long-term follow-up
  183. The diagnostic accuracy of touch imprint cytology for sentinel lymph node metastases of breast cancer: An up-to-date meta-analysis of 4,073 patients
  184. Mortality associated with Sjögren’s syndrome in the United States in the 1999–2020 period: A multiple cause-of-death study
  185. CircMMP11 as a prognostic biomarker mediates miR-361-3p/HMGB1 axis to accelerate malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
  186. Analysis of the clinical characteristics and prognosis of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia (none APL) with PTPN11 mutations
  187. KMT2A maintains stemness of gastric cancer cells through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling-activated transcriptional factor KLF11
  188. Evaluation of placental oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy in relation to ultrasound maturation grade in physiological term pregnancies
  189. The role of ultrasonographic findings for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative breast cancer
  190. Construction of immunogenic cell death-related molecular subtypes and prognostic signature in colorectal cancer
  191. Long-term prognostic value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
  192. Establishing a novel Fanconi anemia signaling pathway-associated prognostic model and tumor clustering for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients
  193. Integrative bioinformatics analysis reveals STAT2 as a novel biomarker of inflammation-related cardiac dysfunction in atrial fibrillation
  194. Adipose-derived stem cells repair radiation-induced chronic lung injury via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad 3 signaling pathway
  195. Real-world practice of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Results from a 2000–2016 cohort
  196. lncRNA LENGA sponges miR-378 to promote myocardial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation
  197. Diagnostic value of urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein and 24 h urine osmolality for recurrent calcium oxalate stones of the upper urinary tract: Cross-sectional study
  198. The value of color Doppler ultrasonography combined with serum tumor markers in differential diagnosis of gastric stromal tumor and gastric cancer
  199. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces inflammation and EMT of lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts through the upregulation of GADD45A
  200. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide plus in patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: Efficacy and safety analysis
  201. MiR-1278 targets CALD1 and suppresses the progression of gastric cancer via the MAPK pathway
  202. Metabolomic analysis of serum short-chain fatty acid concentrations in a mouse of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease after dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids
  203. Cimifugin inhibits adipogenesis and TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells
  204. Predictors of gastrointestinal complaints in patients on metformin therapy
  205. Prescribing patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atrial fibrillation
  206. A retrospective analysis of the effect of latent tuberculosis infection on clinical pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization–fresh embryo transferred in infertile women
  207. Appropriateness and clinical outcomes of short sustained low-efficiency dialysis: A national experience
  208. miR-29 regulates metabolism by inhibiting JNK-1 expression in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD
  209. Clinical features and management of lymphoepithelial cyst
  210. Serum VEGF, high-sensitivity CRP, and cystatin-C assist in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetic retinopathy complicated with hyperuricemia
  211. ENPP1 ameliorates vascular calcification via inhibiting the osteogenic transformation of VSMCs and generating PPi
  212. Significance of monitoring the levels of thyroid hormone antibodies and glucose and lipid metabolism antibodies in patients suffer from type 2 diabetes
  213. The causal relationship between immune cells and different kidney diseases: A Mendelian randomization study
  214. Interleukin 33, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, interleukin 27, and galectin 3 as predictors for outcome in patients admitted to intensive care units
  215. Identification of diagnostic immune-related gene biomarkers for predicting heart failure after acute myocardial infarction
  216. Long-term administration of probiotics prevents gastrointestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in septic mice partly by upregulating the 5-HT degradation pathway
  217. miR-192 inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells by targeting Rictor
  218. Diagnostic and prognostic value of MR-pro ADM, procalcitonin, and copeptin in sepsis
  219. Review Articles
  220. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal defects and its implications on the delivery mode
  221. Electromagnetic fields exposure on fetal and childhood abnormalities: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  222. Characteristics of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae
  223. Saddle pulmonary embolism in the setting of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review of case reports and case series
  224. Vitamin C and epigenetics: A short physiological overview
  225. Ebselen: A promising therapy protecting cardiomyocytes from excess iron in iron-overloaded thalassemia patients
  226. Aspirin versus LMWH for VTE prophylaxis after orthopedic surgery
  227. Mechanism of rhubarb in the treatment of hyperlipidemia: A recent review
  228. Surgical management and outcomes of traumatic global brachial plexus injury: A concise review and our center approach
  229. The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges
  230. METTL16 in human diseases: What should we do next?
  231. New insights into the prevention of ureteral stents encrustation
  232. VISTA as a prospective immune checkpoint in gynecological malignant tumors: A review of the literature
  233. Case Reports
  234. Mycobacterium xenopi infection of the kidney and lymph nodes: A case report
  235. Genetic mutation of SLC6A20 (c.1072T > C) in a family with nephrolithiasis: A case report
  236. Chronic hepatitis B complicated with secondary hemochromatosis was cured clinically: A case report
  237. Liver abscess complicated with multiple organ invasive infection caused by hematogenous disseminated hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: A case report
  238. Urokinase-based lock solutions for catheter salvage: A case of an upcoming kidney transplant recipient
  239. Two case reports of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 caused by the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α gene mutation
  240. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pancreatitis: What is known and what is not
  241. Does total hip arthroplasty result in intercostal nerve injury? A case report and literature review
  242. Clinicopathological characteristics and diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome caused by Tusanqi – Case report and literature review
  243. Synchronous triple primary gastrointestinal malignant tumors treated with laparoscopic surgery: A case report
  244. CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation combined with bone cement injection for the treatment of transverse metastases: A case report
  245. Malignant hyperthermia: Report on a successful rescue of a case with the highest temperature of 44.2°C
  246. Anesthetic management of fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty: A case report
  247. Rapid Communication
  248. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic levels during pregnancy: A retrospective analysis
  249. Erratum
  250. Erratum to “Inhibition of miR-21 improves pulmonary vascular responses in bronchopulmonary dysplasia by targeting the DDAH1/ADMA/NO pathway”
  251. Erratum to: “Fer exacerbates renal fibrosis and can be targeted by miR-29c-3p”
  252. Retraction
  253. Retraction of “Study to compare the effect of casirivimab and imdevimab, remdesivir, and favipiravir on progression and multi-organ function of hospitalized COVID-19 patients”
  254. Retraction of “circ_0062491 alleviates periodontitis via the miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis”
  255. Retraction of “miR-223-3p alleviates TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix deposition by targeting SP3 in endometrial epithelial cells”
  256. Retraction of “SLCO4A1-AS1 mediates pancreatic cancer development via miR-4673/KIF21B axis”
  257. Retraction of “circRNA_0001679/miR-338-3p/DUSP16 axis aggravates acute lung injury”
  258. Retraction of “lncRNA ACTA2-AS1 inhibits malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells”
  259. Special issue Linking Pathobiological Mechanisms to Clinical Application for cardiovascular diseases
  260. Effect of cardiac rehabilitation therapy on depressed patients with cardiac insufficiency after cardiac surgery
  261. Special issue The evolving saga of RNAs from bench to bedside - Part I
  262. FBLIM1 mRNA is a novel prognostic biomarker and is associated with immune infiltrates in glioma
  263. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part III
  264. Development of a machine learning-based signature utilizing inflammatory response genes for predicting prognosis and immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer
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