Startseite Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
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Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash

  • Patrick Ehi Imoisili und Tien-Chien Jen EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. November 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

In this study, we prepared a silica nanoparticle from South African fly ash (SAFA), using a facile microwave (MW)-assisted sol–gel template free syntheses method. Prepared silica nanoparticles (SNPMW) were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transition electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (S BET) surface area analysis, and ultraviolet visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy. XRF analysis suggests SAFA as fly ash class F. The XRD pattern reveals the structural composition of SAFA and the amorphous nature of extracted SNP, while the FTIR assay shows the presence of silanol and siloxane groups. SEM and TEM analyses revealed primary silica nanoparticles were roughly spherical with sizes of about <200 nm. EDX spectra confirm the presence of SiO2. The optical bandgap of SNPMW was established to be 4.67 eV. The application of SNPMW demonstrated that it can be used to remove Pb2+ from an aqueous solution. Test results show the optimum treatment time as 60 minutes, while removal efficiency increases from 66.76 to 96.64% as the pH rises from 3 to 5, but as the pH rises above 5, the efficiency decreases. The use of an MW-assisted sol–gel preparation method gave rise to an elevated reaction rate with minimal contamination and thinner particle size SNPMW, which was utilized for the removal of Pb2+ in an aqueous solution.

Keywords: microwave; extraction; fly ash; sol–gel; silica; nanoparticles

1 Introduction

Coal is used across the globe as a major energy source [1,2,3]. Coal provided 29% of the world’s electricity in 2015; the share of coal is still projected to be 24% by 2035, reflecting rises in the use of renewables. However, global energy demand is projected to rise by 28% between 2015 and 2040 [4]. Coal burning has historically been connected with environmental pollution, and soil degradation concerns, extending from water and air pollution to human health concerns [5,6,7]. The sweltering of coal in a power plant at high temperatures and pressures produces multiple ash types [8,9,10,11,12,13]. The “fine” ash portion is transported together with the flue gases upwards and collected by highly powerful electrostatic precipitators before meeting the atmosphere. This substance is referred to as fly ash. It is primarily made of very fine, glassy spheres which look like clay. The coarse ash fraction slides under the boilers onto the grates, where it is combined and pumped with water and into lagoons [5]. Depending on the oxide content of Al, Fe, and Si, ASTM C618 has graded fly ash into two groups [14]. Those fly ash rich in silica material is graded as class F, while class C fly ash is considered to have higher calcium content [14]. Nevertheless, because of its heterogeneous structure and physical characteristics, it becomes more difficult to classify the character of coal fly ash (CFA). However, the differing composition of CFA differs on the coal source, type of boiler, working state, post-combustion technology, and technology of the power plant [15]. South Africa’s electricity power company (Eskom) absorbs over 120 million tons of coal per year, producing over 34 million tons of CFA. Just about 5% of this fly ash is exploited, mainly in building and cement industries [16]. In many applications, CFA is used to replace naturally occurring minerals and aggregates. Around 40–65% of the total ash is silica, so one of the primary benefits of modern technologies is the possibility of silica recovery and refining into silicate products is one of the main advantages of modern developments [17].

Microwave (MW) synthesis provides benefits that are accomplished in a small reaction time cycle [17,18,19,20]. MW irradiation is an in-situ way of energy conversion, which differs dramatically from conventional heating methods; MW-assisted sol–gel synthesis is a comparatively novel approach for processing metal oxide nanoparticles [19]. More recently, due to its various advantages of generating compact, the MW-assisted sol–gel process has piqued attention due to its ordered particle size, high specific surface area, precise morphology, and higher purity due to shorter reaction time. Phase simplicity, energy saving, high yield, clean, and inexpensive are some of the advantages of MW processing [21]. Researchers have reported the use of MW sol–gel synthesis methods for silica nanoparticle preparation [22,23]. Mily et al. prepared silica nanoparticles using MW-assisted sol–gel reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and reported that this technology as opposed to ordinary heating allows for smaller particle size distribution with a quicker response time [24]. Inada et al. prepared submicrometer spheres of SiO2 and SiO2–TiO2 using MW-assisted sol–gel reaction of TEOS and Ti(OC2H5)4 using stearyltrimethylammonium chloride (C18TAC) as a template and reported a quicker response time with smaller particle size distribution [25].

When acceptable levels of heavy metals like Pb2+ in the aqueous environment are exceeded, they have the potential to harm both human physiology and biological systems [26]. Metal pollutants have been removed from water using a variety of methodologies, including precipitation, adsorption, membrane filtration, and ion exchange [27]. On the other hand, adsorption has been demonstrated to be a cost-efficient and resourceful method of eradicating heavy metals, organic pollutants, and dyes from contaminated waters [27,28,29,30]. Various adsorbents, such as activated carbon, have greater adsorption capability but cannot be used on an industrial scale for wastewater treatment due to their high cost. The development of inexpensive adsorbents that can effectively eliminate organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals from wastewater is always in demand [30]. From previous research, agrarian derivatives and agricultural products are utilized as affordable adsorbents to remove metal ions from aqueous streams [31]. Applications of silica particles are common in industry, nanotechnology, and medicine [30]. From previous research, silica nanoparticles have been utilized for the elimination of Pb2+ from aqueous solution [31,32,33,34,35].

Preparation of South African fly ash silica nanoparticles is limited to a single analysis by Mathibela et al., synthesizing silica nanoparticles using H2SO4 as catalyst and polyethylene glycol as surfactant through a sol–gel process and achieving a 99.3% SiO2 purity and 26% yield [36]. Chinese fly ash yield was estimated at 37.3% [37] and approximately 62% purity of SiO2 [38]. To the author’s best knowledge, there has been no exposition of the MW-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis method for SAFA. In this analysis, the MW-assisted sol–gel technique was employed for the synthesis of amorphous nano-silica from South African fly ash (SAFA). X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), S BET, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized for the characterization of the isolated nano-silica. The extracted SNPMW was utilized for the elimination of Pb2+ in an aqueous solution.

2 Experimental

2.1 Extraction of silica

Samples of CFA were collected from a South African thermal power plant. The samples were pre-treated by froth floatation to remove unburned carbon and floating beads [39]. Silica extraction from SAFA was carried out using the MW-assisted sol–gel, template-free method; 50 g of SAFA (Figure 1a) was added to a 500 mL solution of 3 M NaOH and boiled for 60 min using a water bath with incessant agitation to dissolve SiO2 present in SAFA and generate a solution of sodium silicate (NaSiO3). The residue was rinsed with hot deionized water, thereafter the hot solution was filtered using ash-free filter paper. The filtrate solution was then allowed to cool before being titrated with 1 M HCl to a pH of 7.0–7.5. The resulting solution was left to stand for 30 min to allow for the formation of aqua gel (Figure 1b). The silica aqua gel was placed in an MW oven (LG Electronics Model No. MS2596OB) with 1,000 W power and 2,450 MHz for 90 s. The MW equipment was pre-set at 80°C with on–off cycle (20 s on–40 s off) [18]. The samples were cool and centrifuged. The resulting white xerogel (Figure 1c) was dried at 80°C and subjected to successive washing cycles using warm water (40°C), and finally dried at 105oC to constant weight (Figure 1d). This way, minerals and impurities are easily separated from the silica. This is because it is more effective to wash the dried silica (xerogel) with deionized water than to wash the silica gel (aqua gel) before drying, to extract the silica minerals [31,32,40,41]. The material mass was reported to estimate the yield of silica nanoparticles and the purity of the extracted SNPMW.

Figure 1 (a) South African fly ash, (b) aqua gel, (c) xerogel, and (d) extracted SNPMW.
Figure 1

(a) South African fly ash, (b) aqua gel, (c) xerogel, and (d) extracted SNPMW.

2.2 Materials characterizations

Elemental composition was determined by “MagiX PRO” wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometer from PANalytical. XRD analysis of crystal structure was analysed using powdered sample by a Philips/PANalytical X´Pert Powder Diffractometer at 40 kV acceleration voltage, 40 mA current from two theta (2θ) 15–55°. Surface morphology was analysed using a TESCAN VEGA3 SEM microscope attached with Oxford X-Max for EDX analysis. The samples were first placed on a carbon substrate in the sample holder and then sputter coated with carbon and placed in the SEM chamber, and the samples were analysed under vacuum. The samples for the TEM analysis were first sonicated in absolute ethanol for 5 min, and a few drops of the sample solution were placed on a carbon-coated copper grid (Sample holder) and used for the analysis in a JEM-2100 JEOL electron attached with EDX. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (S BET) was utilized for surface area analysis, fine powdered samples were first placed in 6 mm cells and degassed before analysis using a micrometric Trista II Plus. Absorption/desorption was carried out in N2 at 77 K, using powdered samples. Particle size was examined using Scanning Probe Image Processor (MountainsSPIP 8). The optical bandgap was determined by the Tauc plot employing UV-Vis DRS (Cary 5000).

2.3 Application of extracted SiO2 nanoparticle in removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution

The influence of reaction time and pH on the removal efficiency of Pb2+ in an aqueous solution was investigated. Five Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL) were filled with 100 mL of a solution containing 10 mg/L Pb2+ and adjusted to pH 4, pH 5, pH 6, pH 7, and pH 8, respectively, with 0.01 N HNO3 and NaOH. About 0.1 g of SNPMW was weighed, filled into each Erlenmeyer flask, and then agitated at 200 rpm for 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min, respectively. The remaining Pb2+ concentration in the solution was determined using an ICP-OES iCAP 6000 machine. The effect of Pb2+ initial concentration (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mg/L) and SNPs absorbent dosage (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L) at pH of 5 was also studied. The adsorption equilibrium data of Pb2+ on silica nanoparticles obtained from South Africa CFA were computed using Langmuir isotherm models.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 XRF analysis

XRF analysis of SAFA and extracted silica nanoparticles using MW-assisted sol–gel (SNPMW) are shown in Table 1. SAFA contains mainly Al2O3 CaO, Fe2O3 SiO2, and other minor elements. After extraction, the SNPMW yield was 30.35%. This can be attributed to the synthesis method employed in the extraction process. This was slightly higher than the 26% yield previously reported by SAFA [36]. As per ASTM C618, this SAFA is classified as fly ash class F because of its high silica and alumina concentration [10,14].

Table 1

Chemical composition of SAFA and SNPMW using XRF analysis

Mineral composition Concentration (wt%)
SAFA SNPMW
Al2O3 32.66 0.11
BaO 0.13 0.00
CaO 0.93 0.02
Cr2O3 0.06 0.00
Fe2O3 2.42 0.04
K2O 0.43 0.03
MgO 1.53 0.00
Na2O 4.30 0.01
P2O5 0.61 0.00
SiO2 52.63 98.91
SO3 0.35 0.00
TiO2 1.72 0.00
LOI 2.23 0.88
Total 100 100

3.2 XRD analysis

XRD Analysis for both fly ash and SNPMW samples is displayed in Figure 2. SAFA samples consist of crystalline phases of Anhydrite [CaSO4], Mullite (Al6Si2O13), Quartz (SiO2), and Hydrosodalite [Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2·nH2O]. These data were consistent with those of previously published literature [42,43,44]. A broad diffraction peak was observed for SNPMW at 2θ = 19–25o, which confirms the extracted silica nanoparticles to be amorphous [21,22,30,36,37]; this was consistent with ICDD database PDF # 01-089-8935.

Figure 2 XRD Analysis of SAFA and extracted SNPMW.
Figure 2

XRD Analysis of SAFA and extracted SNPMW.

3.3 FTIR analysis

FTIR Spectra are shown in Figure 3. Broadband observed at 3450.34–2925.25 cm−1 is owing to O–H bond stretching vibration from the Si–OH silanol groups, which is due to silica surface adsorbed H2O molecules [21,31,32,36]. It was observed that SAFA contains more absorbed water molecules than SNPMW. Banding vibration at 1650.37–1420.24 cm−1 is the result of O–H bond bending vibration, suggesting that the samples consist of absorbed water. However, absorbed water shows a reduction after silica extraction [45–47]. FTIR spectral that is typical of silica nanoparticles was observed at 1070.48 cm−1; this is due to intermittent stretch vibration caused by Si–O–Si [36,48,49]. Si–O–Si symmetric stretching vibration network was assigned to 805.43 cm−1 [50]. The O–Si–O vibrational modes characteristic peak was detected at 580.24–471.64 cm−1 [51].

Figure 3 FTIR Spectra of SAFA and SNPMW.
Figure 3

FTIR Spectra of SAFA and SNPMW.

3.4 SEM-EDX analysis

The morphology of SAFA particles is shown in Figure 4. From the SEM illustration Figure 4(a), SAFA appears like a group of ellipsoidal and spheroidal bodies of differing dimensions as well as fragments of peculiar forms. Similar results were published by Kutchko et al. [15] and Zhu et al. [52]. These earlier studies revealed that the length of SAFA particles is not constant and that small particles do cling to the surfaces of certain spheroidal particles, as was also detected in this research. Figure 4(b) displays the EDX of SAFA. SiO2 was observed as the most prominent element present followed by Al2O3; these results correlate with the XRF analysis of SAFA. SEM image of extracted SNPMW is shown in Figure 5(a). It was revealed that primary silica nanoparticles formed agglomeration. The SNPMW particle size diameter ranges from 48 to 87 nm and an average particle size diameter of 67 nm, according to the scanning probe image processor (MountainsSPIP 8) analysis. EDX spectral 5(b) shows negligible impurities that are usually associated with the process of sol–gel extraction.

Figure 4 Morphology of SAFA: (a) SEM and (b) EDX.
Figure 4

Morphology of SAFA: (a) SEM and (b) EDX.

Figure 5 Morphology of SNPMW: (a) SEM and (b) EDX.
Figure 5

Morphology of SNPMW: (a) SEM and (b) EDX.

3.5 TEM–EDX analysis

The TEM image of SNPMW is displayed in Figure 6(a). Primary SiO2 nanoparticles were discovered to be approximately spherical with diameters of around <200 nm and accumulated to create an agglomeration of nanoparticles. TEM–EDX is also displayed in Figure 6(b), indicating the presence of SiO2 with negligible impurities, while the presence of C and Cu in the spectral is from the carbon-coated copper grids used in the TEM analysis.

Figure 6 TEM image (a) EDX (b) of SNPMW.
Figure 6

TEM image (a) EDX (b) of SNPMW.

3.6 BET analysis

Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of extracted SNPMW prepared from SAFA are displayed in Figure 7. The isotherm displayed an apparent type IV isotherm and hysteresis curve type H1, with a well-defined peak at high P/P0, which are typical of mesoporous materials [53,54,55].

Figure 7 Adsorption/desorption isotherms of prepared SNPMW.
Figure 7

Adsorption/desorption isotherms of prepared SNPMW.

Figure 8 exhibits the Pore size distributions of produced SNPMW. As observed, the average pore diameter ranging between 7.56 and 92.68 nm exhibited a bimodal distribution. BET surface area was 1,865 m2/g.

Figure 8 Pore size distributions of prepared SNPMW.
Figure 8

Pore size distributions of prepared SNPMW.

3.7 Optical bandgap

Figure 9 shows the energy bandgap of the SNPMW sample as measured using UV–DRS spectrophotometer. The linear intercept of the curve of (αhυ)2 versus energy (hυ) was used to evaluate the optical bandgap energy of the material [56]. SNPMW optical bandgap was discovered to be 4.67 eV, indicating that the produced sample is insulating, and similar results have been recorded previously [57].

Figure 9 Energy band gap of SNPMW.
Figure 9

Energy band gap of SNPMW.

3.8 Removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution using prepared SNPMW

As shown in Figure 10, the efficiency rises quickly in the first 20 min after treatment, reaching 91.87%. After 60 min, the treatment efficiency has increased to 96.64%, with a residual Pb2+ concentration of 0.336 mg Pb2+/L. However, after 90 min, practically all the Pb2+ has been adsorbed, leaving a concentration of 0.122 mg Pb2+/L. As a result, the ideal time frame is between 60 and 90 min. Similar rests were previously reported [58].

Figure 10 Effect of Pb2+ concentration and removal efficiency at different times.
Figure 10

Effect of Pb2+ concentration and removal efficiency at different times.

The consequence of pH on the removal efficiency was demonstrated in Figure 11. When the pH is between 5 and 6, the treatment efficiency does not change much. The efficiency reaches 96.64% at pH = 5. According to previous research, SiO2 hydroxyl groups occur at acid-base balance as shown in equations (1) and (2) [59].

(1) > SiOH 2 + ↔ p K a 1 SiOH + H + ,

(2) > SiOH ↔ p K a 2 SiO − + H + .

Equations (1) and (2) demonstrate that as pH rises, the balance shifts towards a more negative charge on the SiO2 (>SiO−) surface. This increases the capacity and adsorption efficiency by causing a strong electrostatic attraction between the positive charge Pb2+-adsorbed material and the negatively charged SiO2 adsorbent. When pH is lower, the balance shifts due to an increase in the positively charged SiO2 ( >SiOH 2 + ), lowering the capacity and adsorption efficiency. However, when the pH is greater than 5, the higher concentration of OH− ions causes the reaction to take longer. The SiO 3 2 − ion has a lower absorption capacity than nano-silica (SiO2). This is because the SiO 3 2 − ion's ability to treat Pb2+ decreases. As a result, when pH exceeds 8, efficiency begins to decline (equation (3)).

(3) SiO 2 + 2 OH − → SiO 3 2 − + H 2 O .

Figure 12 demonstrates that treatment efficiency improves after adding SNPMW. When SNPMW concentration reaches 1 g/L, almost Pb2+ concentration is removed at efficiency 96.64%, and Pb2+ remaining concentration is 0.482 mg Pb2+/L. SNPMW concentration in the range of 1–2.0 g/L leads to a negligible change in Pb2+ treatment efficiency. From Figure 13, the findings suggest that increasing the concentration of Pb2+ reduces its removal. It could be due to metal ions occupying active sites in the adsorbent. Additional ions are produced as the metal ion concentration rises, and at a certain point, the adsorbent sites can no longer pick up more ions from the solution.

Figure 11 Effect of Pb2+ concentration and removal efficiency at different pH.
Figure 11

Effect of Pb2+ concentration and removal efficiency at different pH.

Figure 12 Effect of SNPMW absorbent concentration on Pb2+ treatment efficiency.
Figure 12

Effect of SNPMW absorbent concentration on Pb2+ treatment efficiency.

Figure 13 Effect of Pb2+ initial concentration on treatment efficiency.
Figure 13

Effect of Pb2+ initial concentration on treatment efficiency.

The relationship between the amount of solute adsorbed and the concentration of the solute in the liquid phase is expressed by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation.

(4) C e Q e = 1 b θ + C e θ ,

where Q e is the volume of metal ions adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), C e is the equilibrium concentrations of metal ions in aqueous solution (mg/L), θ is the measure of monolayer adsorption capacity under the experimental conditions and b is the Langmuir adsorption constant related to the energy of adsorption. The plot of C e/Q e against (C e) can be used to derive these values (Figure 14) [60]. The correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.9985) for SNPMW adsorbents indicated that the Langmuir model fitted the experimental data very well.

Figure 14 Langmuir’s adsorptive isotherm equation on Pb2+ removal by SNPMW.
Figure 14

Langmuir’s adsorptive isotherm equation on Pb2+ removal by SNPMW.

4 Conclusions

SNPMW was successfully prepared from SAFA, using an MW-assisted sol–gel method. The findings indicate that after preparation, SNPMW yield was 31.35 with 98.81% purity recorded. The occurrence of silica in SAFA and derived silica have been discovered using XRF studies. FTIR data show the primary chemical group present in the samples, crystalline phase of SAFA, and the amorphous nature of SNPMW was determined using XRD analysis. SEM of SAFA showed ellipsoidal and spheroidal particles of various sizes and unusual forms, while SEM of extracted SNPMW shows agglomerations, and TEM revealed primary silica nanoparticles were roughly spherical with sizes of about <200 nm. EDX confirmed the presence of SiO2. SNPMW particle size varies between 48 and 87 nm in diameter, with 67 nm as the average diameter, while S BET surface area was 1,865 m2/g. The average pore diameter ranges between 7.56 and 92.68 nm exhibiting a bimodal distribution. The optical bandgap of SNPMW was established to be 4.67 eV. SiO2 nanoparticles can be produced with a faster reaction rate, smaller particle size, 98.81%, pure, and negligible impurities utilizing an MW-assisted sol–gel preparation technique, as demonstrated in this work. The potential application of prepared SNPMW for the elimination of Pb2+ in an aqueous solution has been demonstrated. Results show that treatment efficiency increases with time and the optimum time obtained were 60 min. An increase in pH from 3 to 5 increases the removal efficiency from 66.76 to 96.64%. However, at pH above 5, efficiency decreases. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the adsorption data perfectly, according to the isotherm analysis. This research suggests that there will be more innovation in the use of South African CFA for high-tech and sophisticated materials preparation and applications.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to appreciate funding of URC the University of Johannesburg, and NRF of South Africa.

  1. Funding information: The authors would like to appreciate funding from URC the University of Johannesburg and NRF of South Africa.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-03-03
Revised: 2022-05-16
Accepted: 2022-07-10
Published Online: 2022-11-08

© 2022 Patrick Ehi Imoisili and Tien-Chien Jen, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0476
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
microwave; extraction; fly ash; sol–gel; silica; nanoparticles
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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Heruntergeladen am 8.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0476/html
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