Startseite Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
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Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers

  • Hui Sun , Zichao Que , Huinan Wei , Ao Zhou EMAIL logo , Xuan Peng , Wei Cui EMAIL logo und Xi Wang
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. April 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

With the growing demand for sustainability and rapid development of nanotechnology, nanocellulose materials extracted from natural plants have attracted great attention. The incorporation of nanocellulose materials leads to a change in viscosity and yield stress on ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Rheological parameters affect the mechanical strength and steel fiber distribution of UHPC significantly. Therefore, it is essential to adjust the matrix rheology within an appropriate range through nanocellulose materials. This study aims to propose a novel method to optimize steel fiber distribution and mechanical properties of UHPC by adjusting the matrix rheology with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) suspensions. The relationship among CNF concentration, steel fiber distribution, and the mechanical properties of UHPC was established. Test results showed that the failure mode of UHPC containing CNFs changed from single cracking to multiple cracking, accompanied by 11–23% enhancement in tensile strength. With the increase of CNF concentrations, the probability density distribution functions of steel fiber orientation showed the trend toward the distribution with a larger inclination. The addition of CNF suspensions effectively reduced the number of steel fibers settling to the bottom of the specimens. Scanning electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that the nanoscale reinforcement by CNFs was conducive to improving the mechanical properties of UHPC.

Keywords: ultra-high performance concrete; matrix rheology; fiber distribution; cellulose nanofiber; tensile performance

1 Introduction

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its ultra-high compressive strength, high compactness, and good durability. According to the curing method and the type of raw materials, UHPC is classified into two categories, that is, UHPC200 and UHPC800. UHPC200 with a compressive strength ranging from 120 to 230 MPa can meet the strength requirement in most constructions [1]. These excellent properties arise from the large amounts of steel fibers inside the UHPC [1,2]. The incorporated steel fibers effectively bridge the cracks of the matrix, allowing the damaged matrix to continue to carry the load [3,4,5]. However, the crack-bridging effect of the steel fibers is closely related to the fiber distribution [6,7,8]. A poor fiber distribution will not only reduce the utilization efficiency of steel fibers but also create aggregation or vacancies inside the UHPC matrix, resulting in internal defects of the material [9,10,11]. Therefore, it is important to fully consider the influencing factors of the fiber distribution in the optimization of the mechanical properties of UHPC. Numerous studies have shown that matrix rheology has a significant effect on the orientation and uniform dispersion of steel fibers [12,13]. Too high plastic viscosity and yield stress are not conducive to the translation and rotation of steel fibers and adversely affect the mechanical properties of UHPC, while too low plastic viscosity and yield stress cause the steel fibers to settle significantly under gravity [14]. Based on the above analysis, it is essential to maintain the rheological properties of the UHPC matrix within an appropriate range to obtain a uniform fiber dispersion and better mechanical properties.

Concrete technology is moving towards sustainability with the increasing demand for green development, in the context of which plant fiber concrete has rapidly emerged [15,16,17]. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) extracted from plants are characterized by low toxicity, low environmental risk, low health risk, and biodegradability [18,19], allowing them to outperform most nanomaterials in terms of sustainability and garner extensive attention from researchers worldwide [20]. The existing literature shows that the incorporation of nanocellulose materials in cementitious composites can significantly improve their mechanical properties [21], such as flexural strength and fracture energies, and increase the degree of cement hydration. The flexural strength of normal concrete with CNFs improved by 169.7% compared to that of concrete without CNFs [22]. CNFs also contribute to the freezing-thawing resistance of normal concrete. The mass loss of concrete with CNFs after 100 freezing-thawing cycles was measured as 0.02%, which was 58 times lower than that of the control group [23]. In view of their hydrophilicity and hygroscopicity, cellulose materials can act as an internal water source for cementitious composites [24,25], reducing the number of microcracks and the autogenous shrinkage during the hydration and curing process [26]. In addition, after being incorporated, cellulose fibers can improve the consistency and uniformity of the fresh mixture and enhance the stability of the mixture due to their flexibility and entanglement. This influence can be regarded as the effect of a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) [27,28].

At present, cellulose materials are mostly used in ordinary and self-consolidating concrete to adjust the plastic viscosity and enhance the stability of concrete [21,22]. However, there are few studies in the literature on the application of CNF as VMA in UHPC. The relationship among CNF concentration, steel fiber distribution, and mechanical properties of UHPC remains uncertain. On the one hand, the effective combination of CNFs and UHPC can not only adjust the rheology of the UHPC matrix but also improve the steel fiber distribution. On the other hand, as a kind of nanofiber, CNFs can work together with steel fibers for multiscale reinforcement of matrix cracks to optimize the mechanical properties of UHPC at low steel fiber contents.

This study aims to reveal the influence of matrix rheology on the mechanical properties of UHPC from the perspective of steel fiber distribution. The rheological properties, mechanical performance, and steel fiber distribution were investigated experimentally. In this study, the rheological properties of the UHPC matrix were adjusted by CNF suspension with various concentrations. The steel fiber distribution was evaluated using X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning and cross-sectional image processing techniques. The results of this study can provide a basis for the use of CNFs as a VMA for UHPC, highlighting the comprehensive relationship among the CNF concentration, steel fiber distribution, and mechanical properties of UHPC.

2 Experiment program

2.1 Raw materials

The cement used was Ordinary Portland cement (P.O 42.5 R) with a specific surface area of 358.6 m2/kg in this study. Silica fume (SF) was also utilized and the specific surface area was 21,000 m2/kg. The chemical compositions of cement and SF were listed in Table 1. Fine aggregate is an important part of UHPC, and its fineness affects the steel fiber distribution in the UHPC matrix. Thus, natural river sand with a maximum particle size of 1.18 mm was used. Two types of fibers were applied in UHPC mixtures, including steel fiber and CNF. Straight steel fiber was used with a diameter of 0.2 mm and a length of 13 mm. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of steel fibers are 2,850 MPa and 210 GPa, respectively. CNF with 300–400 nm in length and 20–50 nm in diameter was incorporated in UHPC mixtures. A polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (SP) with a greater than 25% water reduction ratio was added to blend mixtures.

Table 1

Chemical compositions of the cement and SF (wt%)

Compound CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O SO3 Loss of ignition
Cement 60.26 15.43 7.99 5.36 1.91 0.34 0.13 0.58 3.53
SF 1.20 92.74 1.12 0.79 0.27 — 0.56 — 2.10

2.2 Mix ratio design

The mixture design of UHPC complied with the modified Andreasen and Andersen packing model [1,3]. The mixture proportions are listed in Table 2. According to previous studies, cellulose products are used to adjust the viscosity of cement-based material at low concentrations [21]. At high concentrations, cellulose materials tend to cause entanglement. For this reason, the suspension concentration range was set from 0.05 to 0.25%. In the table, the label “R” refers to UHPC without a CNF suspension, the number 0.05% in “0.05% CNF” indicates that the mass of CNFs in the prepared suspension accounted for 0.05% of the mass of the cementitious material, and the label “CNF” refers to the UHPC incorporating CNF suspension. The other labels were defined similarly.

Table 2

Mix design of UHPC mixtures in this study (kg/m3)

Notation Cement SF Sand Water SP Steel fiber CNFs
R (control) 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 0
0.05% CNF 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 0.539
0.10% CNF 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 1.079
0.15% CNF 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 1.618
0.20% CNF 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 2.157
0.25% CNF 863 215.7 1078.5 169.5 32.4 156 2.697

2.3 Cellulose nanofiber suspension preparation

Due to its high efficiency, ultrasonic dispersion is considered a promising approach to nanomaterial dispersion [29,30,31]. An ultrasonic disperser with 250 W in output powder and 20 kHz in standard frequency was utilized to prepare the CNF suspensions in this study. The CNF suspension preparation process is shown in Figure 1. First, the CNFs were sampled according to Table 2. Second, the CNF suspension was pre-dispersed using a magnetic stirrer with the temperature-controlled at 25°C and stirring at a speed of 1,000 rpm for 5 min. After the magnetic stirring, the stirring rotor was removed from the container and the suspension was ultrasonically dispersed using an ultrasonic disperser in work-stop-work mode with a total working time of 15 min and a single working time of 1 min (with the work continuing after stopping for 30 s). The purpose of this procedure was to reduce the heat build-up and water evaporation due to a long ultrasonic dispersion time. The CNF suspension was obtained at the end of ultrasonic dispersion.

Figure 1 Flow chart of CNF suspension preparation.
Figure 1

Flow chart of CNF suspension preparation.

2.4 Rheological test

The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the fresh UHPC matrix (without steel fibers) were measured using an RM100 rheometer. First, pre-shear was conducted for 10 s at a rate of 10 s−1, after which the changes in the rheological parameters of the UHPC matrix were measured at 15 different shear rates. In the shearing stage, the shear rate increase from 0 to 50 s−1 was divided into 10 stages. After reaching 50 s−1, the shear rate increased from 50 to 100 s−1 at increments of 10 s−1 every 4 s, and then decreased from 100 to 0 s−1 according to the same variation pattern. The rheological testing protocol is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Protocol for rheology test of UHPC matrix.
Figure 2

Protocol for rheology test of UHPC matrix.

To better describe the nonlinear behavior of UHPC with CNFs, the modified Bingham model was employed to determine the rheological parameters of the UHPC matrix [21,27,32]. The equation is described as follows:

(1) τ = τ 0 + μ p γ ′ + c γ ′ 2 ,

where τ 0 is the yield stress (Pa), μ p is the plastic viscosity (Pa·s), c is the quadratic coefficient of the modified Bingham model (Pa·s2), γ ′ is the shear rate (s-1).

2.5 Mechanical test

The compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted using 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm prismatic specimens according to the European standard 196-1:2016. The flexural strength test was carried out using three-point mid-span loading with a span of 100 mm between the supports [33,34]. The flexural toughness test complied with American Society for Testing Materials C1018, and the corresponding value obtained from the integration of load-defection curves up to 6 mm was considered the flexural toughness of specimens. The UHPC tensile strength was measured by a direct tensile test using dog bone-shaped specimens, each of which had a total length of 300 mm, a width of 50 mm, a thickness of 30 mm, and a direct tensile section length of 100 mm. The two ends of each specimen were connected to the direct tensile section by an arc with a radius of 100 mm. Before testing, the clamps for the direct tension were fixed first [35], and then the frame of linear variable differential transformers was installed. During the direct tensile test, the strain contours of each group of specimens in the direct tension direction were measured by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique [36], and the time history of the strain along the crack development path was analyzed.

2.6 Evaluation of steel fiber distribution

In order to quantitatively analyze the distribution characteristics of steel fibers, the distribution characteristics of steel fibers in UHPC were divided into fiber orientation and dispersion. A Tomoscope L 300 microtomography (X-ray CT) with a 260 kV/250 μA tube was employed to obtain the binary images of UHPC specimens. The samples for the X-ray CT scan were taken from the cross-section near the fracture position of tensile specimens after the direct tensile test [37]. 2D slices with pixel sizes of 1,024 × 1,024 were provided for each sample. Based on the obtained CT images, the minor axis, main axis, number, and sectional areas of the fiber cross-section were recognized by the image processing software [38,39]. The fiber inclination θ paralleled to the direction of tensile load can be calculated by equation (2) [37].

(2) θ = arccos d f a ,

where d f is the minor axis of fiber cross-section. Since the steel fiber contour on the cross-section of the samples is oval or circular, the measured minor axis of fiber cross-section d f is the fiber diameter. a is the main axis of fiber cross-section.

The corresponding probability density function p(θ) of steel fiber inclination can be expressed as follows [13].

(3) p ( θ ) = { sin θ } 2 r − 1 { cos θ } 2 q − 1 ∫ θ min θ max { sin θ } 2 r − 1 { cos θ } 2 q − 1 d θ ,

where r and q are the shape parameters.

Taking the steel fiber number and sectional areas into consideration during the fiber dispersion evaluation, the cross-section of samples was divided into four even rectangular regions. The number and area of fibers in each rectangular part were counted, respectively. The fiber local dispersion coefficient γ i is given by equation (4).

(4) γ i = n i ⋅ S i ∑ i = 1 4 n i ⋅ S i ,

where n i is the fiber number in the i-th part, and S i is the fiber sectional area in the i-th part.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Rheological properties

The CNF suspensions were prepared to improve the matrix rheology of the UHPC. Figure 3 depicts the rheological curves of the UHPC matrix with various concentrations of CNF suspensions. The measured rheological properties of the UHPC matrix with different CNF suspension concentrations are summarized in Table 3. The rheological curves incorporated with CNF suspensions were in good agreement with the modified Bingham model [13].

Figure 3 Rheological curves of the UHPC matrix with various concentrations of CNF suspensions.
Figure 3

Rheological curves of the UHPC matrix with various concentrations of CNF suspensions.

Table 3

Rheological parameters of the UHPC matrix

Notation Plastic viscosity (Pa·s) Yield stress (Pa) R 2
R 13.90 314.68 0.982
0.05% CNF 17.35 368.61 0.994
0.10% CNF 18.97 457.20 0.978
0.15% CNF 20.24 492.97 0.980
0.20% CNF 22.08 554.20 0.976
0.25% CNF 25.44 663.17 0.970

The comparison of the changes in rheological properties of the UHPC matrix after incorporating CNF suspensions with concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25% showed that five different concentrations of CNF suspensions led to an increase in the yield stress of the UHPC matrix from 314.68 Pa to 368.61, 457.20, 492.97, 554.20, and 663.17 Pa, respectively, and plastic viscosity from 13.90 Pa·s to 17.35, 18.97, 20.24, 22.08, and 25.44 Pa·s, respectively. The above results indicate that CNF suspension significantly affected the rheological properties of the UHPC matrix and the influence was greater on the yield stress than plastic viscosity in terms of the variation range. This experimental phenomenon was consistent with the observations by other researchers [13]. Figure 3 also shows that the UHPC matrix containing CNF suspensions exhibited a high viscosity at low shear rates but the apparent viscosity of the matrix decreased as the shear rate continued to increase. Such rheological behavior is called shear thinning. A similar phenomenon has also been reported before [27]. It is found that CNFs have the trend of self-assembly, allowing CNFs to form a network [19,27]. The increase in viscosity when the UHPC was at a low shear rate was attributed to the network formed by CNFs, which means more external force was required to break the CNFs network [40]. When a high shear rate was adjusted, enough shear force pulverized the CNFs network and the viscosity began to decrease [19,27].

3.2 Mechanical strength

The influence of CNF content on the basic mechanical strength of the UHPC is shown in Figure 4. The incorporation of CNFs had little influence on the compressive strength of UHPC at 28 days. For the compressive performance of UHPC, the existence of steel fiber played a significant role, while CNFs played an insignificant role. The compressive strength of UHPC mainly depends on the aspect ratio and volume ratio of steel fibers. The flexural strength of the UHPC at 28 days was significantly affected by the incorporation of CNFs, showing a trend of first increase and then decrease. As illustrated in Figure 4, the highest flexural strength was measured as 39.17 MPa for 0.15% CNF. Under a CNF suspension concentration of 0.25%, the UHPC had a flexural strength of 31.67 MPa, which was 19.15% lower than that of 0.15% CNF. The reason is that a large number of air voids were difficult to be removed and form pores within the matrix, reducing the flexural strength of UHPC.

Figure 4 Compressive and flexural strength of UHPC specimens.
Figure 4

Compressive and flexural strength of UHPC specimens.

3.3 Flexural ductility

Ductility refers to the energy absorption capacity of material during plastic deformation and fracture [41,42], and it is a comprehensive index of ductility and strength. Flexural ductility is one of the important reference indices for evaluating the performance of fiber-reinforced concrete [43]. Figure 5 shows the effect of CNF suspensions with various concentrations on flexural performance. As shown in Figure 5(a), the load-deflection curve of the UHPC was roughly divided into three stages: a pre-crack elastic stage, a crack development stage, and a post-crack softening stage. As illustrated in Figure 5(b), at the pre-crack elastic stage, a linear increase in flexural load with deflection was observed. After the flexural load reached the first cracking load, the UHPC specimens were at the crack development stage and the load increased nonlinearly with deflection. At the post-crack softening stage, the curve exhibited a sudden drop after the peak value, which was attributed to the pullout of steel fibers [11].

Figure 5 Effect of CNF suspensions with various concentrations on flexural performance: (a) load–deflection curves of UHPC; (b) three typical stages of load-deflection curves; (c) flexural toughness of UHPC.
Figure 5

Effect of CNF suspensions with various concentrations on flexural performance: (a) load–deflection curves of UHPC; (b) three typical stages of load-deflection curves; (c) flexural toughness of UHPC.

Furthermore, the incorporation of CNFs significantly improved the crack-bridging effect of fibers. The calculated results of the flexural toughness of each group of specimens are shown in Figure 5(c). The flexural toughness of UHPC with CNFs tended to increase first and then decrease. The maximum increase in flexural toughness was 66.77% under a CNF suspension concentration of 0.15%, which agreed with the trend of flexural strength of UHPC. The reason is that when the CNF suspension concentration was less than 0.15%, CNFs improved the transition zone of the steel fiber/matrix interface at the nanoscale by reinforcing the UHPC matrix, which effectively bridged the microcracks and formed multi-scale reinforcement with the steel fibers. Therefore, flexural toughness increased with CNF concentrations. However, as the CNF concentration continued to increase, the increase rate of flexural toughness started to decrease. Relative to that of 0.15% CNF, the flexural toughness of 0.20% CNF and 0.25% CNF decreased by 19.62 and 25.80%, respectively but the values were still higher than that of R.

3.4 Tensile performance

The stress-strain curves of UHPC with different CNF contents are shown in Figure 6. All the UHPC specimens exhibited strain hardening behavior. In the elastic stage, the tensile stress increased linearly with tensile strain when in the range of 0.02–0.04%. In the strain-hardening stage, the specimen reached the ultimate tensile strength ( σ pt ) during the process from the first cracking strain ( ε ft ) to the ultimate tensile strain ( ε pt ). After this, the stress decreased nonlinearly with the increase in tensile strain in the strain-softening stage. The peak value of tensile stress increased with the increase in the CNF content. To compare the energy absorption capacity of UHPC during the direct tensile test, the energy absorption before strain softening (G a) was calculated, which refers to the area of the stress-strain curve up to ε pt .

Figure 6 Tensile stress–strain curves of UHPC specimens.
Figure 6

Tensile stress–strain curves of UHPC specimens.

The results of the direct tensile tests are summarized in Table 4 based on the stress-strain curves of each group of the UHPC specimens. The tensile strength ( σ pt ) of the UHPC showed a trend of increase first and then decrease with the increase in the CNF suspension concentration. The σ pt of 0.15% CNF was 8.96 MPa, which increased by 23.25% compared to that of the control group. In addition, the incorporation of CNFs had little influence on the ε ft and ε pt UHPC. The first cracking strength ( σ ft ) and energy absorption before strain softening ( G a ) showed a similar trend of first increasing and then decreasing. For 0.10% CNF, the σ ft and G a were 8.22 MPa and 26.81 kJ/m3, which improved by 60.86 and 25.05%, respectively.

Table 4

Test results of specimens with various concentrations of CNF suspensions

Notation σ pt (MPa) ε pt (%) σ ft (MPa) ε ft (%) G a (kJ/m3)
R 7.27 0.34 5.11 0.02 21.44
0.05% CNF 8.38 0.31 8.15 0.02 25.54
0.10% CNF 8.44 0.30 8.22 0.03 26.81
0.15% CNF 8.96 0.33 7.59 0.03 26.51
0.20% CNF 8.14 0.31 6.87 0.03 21.83
0.25% CNF 8.10 0.32 6.40 0.03 21.43

Three typical DIC results of UHPC with different CNF contents are plotted in Figure 7. The strain in the ε yy direction was measured by the DIC technique to reveal the changes in the crack propagation of specimens. When the CNF suspension was not incorporated into UHPC, the control group R tended to have a straight crack propagation path and exhibited a single crack. When the CNF suspension with a concentration of 0.15% was incorporated, the UHPC specimens presented double cracks, and the crack propagation path tended to be tortuous. When the CNF suspension concentration increased to 0.25%, the specimens also showed a failure mode of double cracking and the crack propagation path became more tortuous than that of 0.15% CNF.

Figure 7 Evolution of the crack during the direct tensile test of (a) R; (b) 0.15% CNF; (c) 0.25% CNF.
Figure 7

Evolution of the crack during the direct tensile test of (a) R; (b) 0.15% CNF; (c) 0.25% CNF.

Figure 8 shows the timeline of the strain along the crack development path for three typical groups of UHPC. In ascending order, the matrix cracking times were ranked as follows: 0.20%, 0.25%, R, 0.15%, 0.10%, and 0.05%. When the concentration was in the range of 0.05–0.15%, CNFs delayed the cracking time and strain development rate of the matrix. When the concentration increased to 0.20–0.25%, CNFs accelerated the cracking and strain growth rate of the matrix. This is attributed to the fact that when CNF suspension concentration was in the range of 0.05–0.15%, the multiscale reinforcement of the matrix by CNFs and steel fibers played a dominant role, thus delaying the cracking time and strain development rate of the matrix but such an effect decreased with an increase in the suspension concentration. When the suspension concentration increased to 0.25%, the deterioration of the fiber distribution caused by the thickening of the matrix played a dominant role, thus accelerating the cracking and strain development of the matrix.

Figure 8 Average strain of specimens with various matrix rheology along the cracking path.
Figure 8

Average strain of specimens with various matrix rheology along the cracking path.

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the following. Significant cracks between the steel fibers and the UHPC matrix were observed in the control group R, as shown in Figure 9(a). In Figure 9(b), it was observed that the incorporation made the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the steel fiber and UHPC matrix denser. This phenomenon coincided with the previous literature [23]. The dense microstructure was attributed to the filling effect of CNFs. In addition, CNFs were hydrophilic and closely bonded with the UHPC matrix to enhance the bonding of various components within UHPC, improving the transition zone of the steel fiber-matrix interface.

Figure 9 Morphologies of UHPC specimen without CNF and with 0.15% CNF. (a) ITZ between steel fiber and matrix of UHPC without CNF. (b) ITZ between steel fiber and matrix of UHPC with 0.15% CNF.
Figure 9

Morphologies of UHPC specimen without CNF and with 0.15% CNF. (a) ITZ between steel fiber and matrix of UHPC without CNF. (b) ITZ between steel fiber and matrix of UHPC with 0.15% CNF.

The role of fibers in fiber-reinforced cement-based materials is to bridge cracks in the matrix and prevent the further development of cracks [44]. Cracks existing in UHPC can be classified into two categories, that is, macrocracks and microcracks. CNFs can effectively inhibit the propagation of microcracks, whereas steel fibers exhibit better performance in the prevention of macrocracks [45]. Figure 10 presents the SEM image of 0.15% CNF. Several fine filaments bridging cracks within the matrix were observed, indicating that CNFs as a type of fiber can effectively bridge macrocracks through nanoscale reinforcement of the matrix. Moreover, CNFs can also interact with hydration products containing hydrogen atoms through the OH- groups, improving the bonding between CNFs and matrix [46,47]. The above results reveal that the incorporation of CNFs can optimize the mechanical properties of UHPC by enhancing the compactness of ITZ and bridging the cracks within the UHPC matrix.

Figure 10 SEM image of 0.15% CNF. The image shows that CNFs bridged the crack within UHPC matrix.
Figure 10

SEM image of 0.15% CNF. The image shows that CNFs bridged the crack within UHPC matrix.

3.5 Fiber distribution

In an ideal orientation distribution of steel fibers, all the steel fibers are parallel to the longitudinal direction of specimens, resulting in the largest bridging efficiency of fibers [37,39]. To further explore the variation of steel fiber distribution of UHPC after adding CNF suspensions with various concentrations, three groups of specimens (R, 0.15% CNF, and 0.25% CNF) were selected for X-ray CT scanning. The steel fibers' spatial distribution of UHPC is shown in Figure 11. It is worth noting that the distribution density of steel fibers located at the bottom of specimens decreased with the increase of CNF contents, implying that the increased plastic viscosity reduced the number of sinking steel fibers under gravity.

Figure 11 Steel fibers spatial distribution of UHPC specimens with various matrix rheology. The distribution density of steel fibers at the bottom of specimens decreased with the increase in CNF concentrations.
Figure 11

Steel fibers spatial distribution of UHPC specimens with various matrix rheology. The distribution density of steel fibers at the bottom of specimens decreased with the increase in CNF concentrations.

The probability density distribution functions of steel fiber inclination of UHPC specimens with different CNF concentrations are shown in Figure 12. The fiber orientation of R and 0.15% CNF specimens tended to be symmetrically distributed, while the fiber orientation of 0.25% CNF specimens tended to have a right-skewed distribution. When the CNF suspension with a concentration of 0.15% was incorporated, the probability of steel fibers in the range of 0.4–0.8 rad had a higher degree of aggregation than that of R. When the CNF suspension concentration increased to 0.25%, the probability density distribution curve of the steel fiber orientation tended to shift toward larger inclinations. The above analyses indicated that CNF suspension with a concentration of less than 0.15% improved the orientation of steel fibers in UHPC to a certain extent. Compared to the control R and 0.15% CNF specimens, when the suspension concentration continued to increase, the thickening of the UHPC matrix was not conducive to the orientation arrangement of steel fibers in UHPC, resulting in an overall shift of the curve of 0.25% CNF specimens toward large inclinations.

Figure 12 Probability density distribution of steel fiber inclination. The increase of steel fiber distribution probability in the inclined angle interval ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 rad indicates that the orientation has been optimized after adding CNF suspensions.
Figure 12

Probability density distribution of steel fiber inclination. The increase of steel fiber distribution probability in the inclined angle interval ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 rad indicates that the orientation has been optimized after adding CNF suspensions.

The changes in the rheological properties of the UHPC matrix affected not only the orientation arrangement but also the uniform dispersion of the steel fibers in UHPC. To further investigate the role of matrix rheology in the local dispersion of steel fibers, the local fiber dispersion coefficient γ i for each part of the specimens was calculated. Figure 13 shows the steel fiber local distribution on the cutting cross-section of samples. The aggregation and vacancy of steel fibers are distinguished by the depth of blue colors. The γ i value approaching 0.25 means that steel fibers tend to disperse uniformly. Based on the color depth of different regions of investigated UHPC, it was found that the control group R exhibited significant fiber aggregation at S4. The 0.15% CNF specimens had a consistent fiber dispersion in each region, while the 0.25% CNF specimens showed slight fiber vacancies at S3. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of CNFs suspensions effectively reduced the number of steel fibers sinking to the bottom of specimens under gravity by adjusting the matrix rheology. The effect of CNF suspensions on steel fiber distribution can explain the variation of σ ft and G a in Section 3.4.

Figure 13 Steel fiber local distribution on the cutting cross-section of UHPC. The aggregation and vacancy of steel fibers are distinguished by the depth of blue colors. The darker color indicates that large amounts of steel fibers are dispersed in the region.
Figure 13

Steel fiber local distribution on the cutting cross-section of UHPC. The aggregation and vacancy of steel fibers are distinguished by the depth of blue colors. The darker color indicates that large amounts of steel fibers are dispersed in the region.

4 Conclusion

In this study, the rheological parameters of UHPC were adjusted by adding CNF suspensions at a low concentration. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness of UHPC containing CNFs were investigated. Tensile strength, energy absorption before strain softening, and timelines of the strain along the cracking path were used to evaluate the tensile performance of UHPC. The morphologies of UHPC containing CNFs and steel fiber spatial distribution were characterized by SEM and CT, respectively. Test results showed that CNF can significantly increase the plastic viscosity and yield stress of UHPC. With the increase in CNF concentration, the flexural strength and toughness of UHPC increased first and then decreased. For UHPC with 0.15% CNF, the corresponding flexural toughness increased by 66.77%. The direct tensile failure mode of the UHPC changed from single cracking to multiple cracking after adding CNFs. CNFs at low concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.15% can delay the cracking time of matrix and strain development rate on the cracking path. The microscopic results showed that the addition of the CNF suspension improves the compactness of the internal structure of UHPC, and the CNFs bridge and fill the microcracks of the matrix. The quantitative analyses of the fiber distribution indicate that UHPC with CNFs obtained more uniform steel fiber dispersion, which was attributed to the reduction in the number of steel fibers settling to the bottom of specimens. Owing to the increased viscosity caused by CNF suspensions, the probability density distribution curves of steel fiber orientation were observed to show the trend toward the distribution with a larger inclination.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 51908167); Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (Grant Number: 2019B111107001); and Shenzhen Science and Technology Programs (Grant Number: RCBS20200714114819352).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-12-31
Revised: 2022-02-14
Accepted: 2022-03-21
Published Online: 2022-04-08

© 2022 Hui Sun et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0099
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
ultra-high performance concrete; matrix rheology; fiber distribution; cellulose nanofiber; tensile performance
Creative Commons
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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