Startseite Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
Artikel Open Access

Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites

  • Jinghang Xu , Long Chen EMAIL logo , Xue Yang , Zhanqiang Liu und Qinghua Song
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. November 2022
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

4D printing is a new technology to fabricate active smart materials, which can change the configuration according to environmental stimuli. To obtain shape memory graphene oxide/bisphenol A epoxy acrylate (GO/Bis-A EA) composites with outstanding shape memory properties and significant thermal conductivity, GO was introduced into Bis-A EA to prepare shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites by light curing. Through the shape recovery and heat transfer experiments, the shape recovery rate and heating rate were tested to characterize the shape memory and heat transfer performance. The relationship between various influencing factors and the properties of composites were investigated, and the optimal fitting model was established to optimize the preparation process by setting shape recovery rate and heating rate as response values. The results showed that when the content of diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide was 4.4%, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate/Bis-A EA was 0.6, curing power was 40 W, GO content was 0.05%, and curing time was 14 s, the shape recovery rate of the experiments was 87.22% with the heating rate being 0.1532°C/s. The predicted values of shape recovery rate and heating rate inferred by the response surface optimization model were 86.35% and 0.1520°C/s, respectively, which were within 2% error. Through the process optimization research, the 4D-printed shape memory GO/Bis-A EA can achieve excellent shape recovery and heat transfer performance to meet the application of shape memory composites in extreme environments.

Keywords: 4D printing; shape memory; polymer; graphene oxide; RSM

1 Introduction

3D printing technology is a rapid prototyping technology, which refers to the process of fabricating 3D objects by stacking the “printing materials” in the printer layer by layer through computer control. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, it has unique advantages, such as simplifying the manufacturing process [1], synthesis of special materials [2,3], reducing production cost, increasing design freedom, reducing weight, etc.

In recent years, in order to fulfill the preparation needs of some special materials, 4D printing technology has been paid more and more attention. This kind of 4D printing material can change its shape, function, and structure under the stimulation of some special environment (such as water [4], electricity [5], light [6], and heat [7,8]), to achieve the target state, complete the required actions, and finally return to a certain shape to complete the response to the outside environment. It is equivalent to adding a time dimension to the original 3D. The product from 4D printing is no longer static but can respond to changes in the external environment, Raviv et al. [9] successfully synthesized a self-deformable structure that can expand 200% in water through a variety of material inkjet printers. Compared with ordinary 3D printing products, 4D printing is more powerful and can meet the needs of multiple scenes. Due to its wide application prospects in different fields, such as aerospace [10,11], medical devices [12,13], and electronic products [14], it has attracted the interest of more and more researchers.

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is one of the most widely studied active materials at present. Generally, SMP is composed of a stationary phase and a reversible phase. Its shape change and recovery properties caused by external stimulation are determined by the reversible phase, and the stationary phase depends on the fixed tissue in the preparation process [15]. SMP will change into a highly elastic rubber state after being heated above the glass phase transition temperature. After cooling, the rubber state of the material will change into a glass state and maintain the deformed shape. After being heated above the glass phase transition temperature again, the reversible phase molecules will release the crosslinking point and the material will return to its original shape [16,17]. Epoxy resin (EP) is a common SMP, which is widely used in coating, composite, and other fields due to its high mechanical strength, high adhesion, excellent chemical resistance, and good thermal properties [18,19]. In recent years, many people have noticed the excellent shape memory properties of EP [20,21], which make EP a reliable 4D printing material.

However, due to the inherent brittleness and other bad characteristics of EP, authors of ref. [22] suggested the need to adjust the process parameters before it can be used as 4D printing materials, such as by introducing new polymers, modifying EP molecules, or adjusting curing agents. For example, Revathi et al. [23] introduced rubber-carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitri (CTBN) into the system to improve the mechanical properties of SMP. Wu et al. [24] synthesized a new EP 9,9-bis [4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl] fluorine, which shows that it has excellent processability, mechanical strength, and toughness. Yang et al. [25] found that after immersing ether-based polyurethane SMP in water, it significantly enhanced its hardness after long-time immersion. Huang et al. [26] introduced the tetrapod ZnO whisker (T-ZnO) in the carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy composite which significantly improved the bending strength and modulus. Zhou et al. [27] discussed the effects of shape memory EP (SMER) dosage, loading rate, and deformation recovery temperature on the deformation recovery performance of asphalt mixture. When SMER dosage, loading rate, and deformation recovery temperature were 3%, 18 mm/min, and 70°C, respectively, the final deformation recovery rate reached 97%. Kuang et al. [28] controlled the gray value and adjusted the shape memory performance of different parts. The glass transition temperature crossed about 60°C to realize sequential shape recovery. The double-layer film prepared by Wang et al. [29] can realize programmable deformation with high deformation accuracy, and realize the deformation of any deployable surface by designing fiber tracks to obtain composite materials that meet the application scenarios.

Meanwhile, due to the increasingly complex use environment and high requirements for material properties, the mainstream thermosetting ring resin has a long forming time and harsh forming conditions, which limits the application range of materials and increases the production cost. At present, light-curing has attracted the attention of researchers because of its fast curing speed and high precision. Generally, the photopolymer is composed of a mixture of multifunctional monomers, oligomers, and photoinitiators. The reaction principle is the UV-curing reaction of liquid photopolymer under irradiation. Light curing can be initiated by free radicals and ionic groups. Epoxides and oxyalkanes are the most widely used cationic photochemical compounds [30]. Wu et al. [31] prepared a new acrylate-based photosensitive resin for digital light processing, which showed a good shape recovery rate. Choong et al. [32] printed photopolymers with high shape fixation and shape recovery through stereolithography equipment. However, the research in this field is still relatively rare compared with a thermosetting resin.

Graphene is an effective reinforcing material because of its versatility and superior properties. Even at very low content, graphene can greatly improve the properties of polymer and metal matrix composites [33,34,35]. For thermal conductivity, Haeri et al. [36] prepared cerium-based metal–organic framework oriented graphene oxide (GO/Ce-TA-MOF), which increased the heat resistance of EP composites by 30% and tensile strength by 60%. Zhao et al. [37] prepared matrix composites by grafting hyperbranched polymer, which increased the thermal conductivity of the composites by 80%. Depaifve et al. [38] revealed the effect of the graphene nanoplatelet aspect ratio on thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE) and the relationship between the dispersion state of filler and TCE. The research shows that the aggregation of filler increases the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites in a certain range without void encapsulation. Punetha et al. [39] prepared bisphenol A diglycidyl ether functionalized graphene oxide based polyurethane (PU)/EP nanocomposites, indicating that graphene network reinforced the shape memory property of composites. Zhang et al. [40] prepared a significant reinforcement of PU/EP composites synthesized in situ on functionalized graphene. The composites have 96% shape fixation, 94% shape recovery, and enhanced shape recovery. However, most studies only analyze from one aspect, and there are few reports on the improvement of comprehensive properties of the materials.

In this study, the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were prepared. In order to obtain materials with excellent shape memory and thermal conductivity, taking shape recovery and heating rate as the best response value, the process parameters of light-curing of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were optimized based on the response surface optimization method (RSM), The mechanical recovery performance and heat transfer characteristics of 4D printing material were investigated through shape memory and heat transfer characteristic experiments. The fitting model between influencing factors and response value was established, and the main factors affecting its performance were determined. Finally, the experimental results were compared with the optimization results of the model to verify the accuracy of the optimization model.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The monolayer GO (diameter 3–5 μm) used in this work was supplied by Suzhou Hengqiu Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and 2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO) were supplied by Shanghai Yichang New Material Co., Ltd. Bis-A EA was provided by DSM (China) Co., Ltd. The basic characters of the main materials used are shown in Table 1. All materials have not been further purified.

Table 1

Basic characters of materials

Chemical composition Functionality Viscosity at 25°C (cps) Acid value (mg KOH/g) Appearance
Bis-A EA 2 21,000–30,000 ≤5 Transparent liquid, white or yellowish
HDDA 2 5–12 ≤1 Transparent liquid

2.2 Sample preparation

The sample preparation process is shown in Figure 1. A mass proportion (0.6–1) of HDDA as diluent and BIS-A EA was added into the beaker. The mixture was stirred at 40°C for 2 h in the water bath magnetic mixer to ensure even dispersal in the matrix resin. TPO with different proportions (4–6%) of matrix resin as photoinitiator were weighed, then added to the matrix resin and stirred in the water bath at 40°C for 2 h. After mixing evenly, different proportions (0–0.1%) of GO were mixed with the matrix resin, 0.02 g silane coupling agent KH-550 was then added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Finally, the mixed solution was dispersed in the ultrasonic disperser for 10 min, the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were stand still and stored away from light for use.

Figure 1 Sample preparation process.
Figure 1

Sample preparation process.

The polytetrafluoroethylene mold of size 100 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm was selected, the prepared mixed resin was poured into the mold, and sent it to the ultraviolet curing lamp box (supplied by Zhongshan Zigu Lighting Appliance Factory). The power of the ultraviolet lamp curing lamp box was adjusted to 35–45 W by setting the ultraviolet irradiation time to 10–20 s, and the cured resin was irradiated through ultraviolet light.

2.3 Experimental design

In this work, the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were prepared by mixing method. The RSM based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the shape memory properties and thermal conductivity of the composites. The RSM can better analyze the factors affecting the performance of multiple factors. According to the influencing factors of shape memory performance and thermal conductivity, the results show that the parameters of the curing process, the content of the base material, and the GO content have an influence on the shape memory property and the thermal conductivity [41,42]. Five independent parameters were studied: TPO content, Bis-A EA/HDDA mass ratio, UV lamp power, single-layer GO content, and UV lamp curing time.

In order to characterize the shape memory performance and thermal conductivity, two influencing factors, recovery rate and thermal rate, were determined, and design experiment parameters were determined by using the software Design-Expert. The design of each parameter and its range level are given in Table 2. The final experimental data and optimization results are shown in Table 3.

Table 2

Response surface analysis factor level

Code number TPO content (wt%) HDDA/EA (g:g) Curing power (W) GO content (wt%) Curing time (s)
−1 4 0.6 35 0 10
0 5 0.8 40 0.05 15
1 6 1 45 0.1 20
Table 3

BBD matrix and results

Run Factor1: TPO content (wt%) Factor 2: HDDA/EA (g:g) Factor3: Power (W) Factor4: GO content (wt%) Factor5: Curing time (s) Shape recovery ratio (%) Heating rate (°C/s)
1 5 1 45 0.05 15 84.3 0.1033
2 5 0.8 45 0.1 15 81.0 0.1165
3 4 0.8 45 0.05 15 81.7 0.1158
4 5 0.8 40 0 20 76.8 0.1135
5 5 0.8 40 0 10 81.0 0.1101
6 5 0.8 40 0.1 20 81.5 0.1175
7 5 0.8 35 0.1 15 82.1 0.1205
8 5 0.8 35 0.05 20 84.9 0.1205
9 5 0.6 35 0.05 15 81.6 0.1431
10 4 0.8 40 0 15 82.9 0.1025
11 6 0.8 40 0.05 10 78.2 0.1158
12 6 0.8 40 0.05 20 78.2 0.1152
13 5 0.8 45 0 15 80.1 0.1112
14 5 1 40 0.05 10 84.3 0.0971
15 4 1 40 0.05 15 88.0 0.1063
16 5 1 40 0.05 20 84.8 0.1042
17 6 1 40 0.05 15 80.8 0.1203
18 5 0.6 40 0 15 80.4 0.1372
19 5 0.8 35 0.05 10 81.7 0.1218
20 5 0.6 40 0.1 15 78.8 0.1405
21 5 0.6 40 0.05 10 81.8 0.1574
22 5 1 40 0 15 80.1 0.0853
23 5 0.8 40 0.05 15 86.7 0.1323
24 6 0.8 40 0 15 76.6 0.0965
25 6 0.8 40 0.1 15 79.7 0.1312
26 4 0.6 40 0.05 15 88.5 0.1453
27 4 0.8 40 0.05 20 83.7 0.1152
28 6 0.6 40 0.05 15 79.0 0.1528
29 5 0.8 45 0.05 10 83.5 0.1185
30 4 0.8 40 0.1 15 85.6 0.1076
31 5 0.6 40 0.05 20 82.3 0.1566
32 5 0.8 40 0.1 10 82.2 0.1072
33 5 1 35 0.05 15 83.9 0.1047
34 5 0.8 45 0.05 20 79.8 0.1212
35 4 0.8 35 0.05 15 90.2 0.1162
36 5 1 40 0.1 15 81.1 0.0887
37 4 0.8 40 0.05 10 88.1 0.1163
38 6 0.8 35 0.05 15 79.1 0.1292
39 5 0.8 35 0 15 77.2 0.1016
40 5 0.6 45 0.05 15 82.7 0.1535
41 6 0.8 45 0.05 15 79.4 0.1206
42 5 0.8 40 0.05 15 86.7 0.1323
43 5 0.8 40 0.05 15 86.7 0.1323

The general form of the second-order model is used to optimize the process conditions as follows:

(1) Y = β 0 + ∑ i = 1 k β i X i + ∑ i = 1 k β i i X i 2 + ∑ i = 1 2 ∑ j = i + 1 3 β i j X i X j + ε ,

where Y is the response value (i.e., shape memory recovery rate and heat rate), β 0 , β i , β i i and β i j are the coefficients calculated through the regression algorithm. In addition, X i and X j are independent factors and ε is the error [43].

2.4 Characterization and morphology

The cross-sectional morphology of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphology and distribution of GO in the sample were analyzed by SEM to explain the effect of GO on the properties of the material. First, the samples were made to undergo rapid freezing with liquid nitrogen, and then the brittle fracture is carried out under the mechanical action to obtain the ideal cross-sectional morphology. The working voltage of the electron microscope is 10 kV. The Raman spectroscopy was characterized by Japan-Horiba scientific LabRAM HR evolution. The X-ray diffraction (XDR) was characterized by Japan-Science Smartlab.

2.5 Shape memory experiments

The shape recovery rate of the sample under different processes can be obtained by the bending recovery test, which reflects the shape memory performance of the sample. The sample with the size of 100 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm was placed in a blast heating box at a certain temperature (>the glass transition temperature +10°C) for heating for 20 min, then take it out and finish the work, bend the sample into a U-shape, and record the bending angle of 180°. Maintain the deformation force of the sample until it is cooled to room temperature. During the recovery process, heat the sample in a 95°C water bath, as shown in Figure 2, take photos of the test sample, and record the bending angle every 10 s. The recovery process lasts for 60 s, and the final bending angle is recorded as θ i . The shape recovery rate is determined by the following formula:

(2) R f = ( θ max − θ i ) / θ max ∗ 100 % .

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of shape memory performance test.
Figure 2

Schematic diagram of shape memory performance test.

2.6 Heat transfer experiments

The heat transfer properties of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites prepared by different processes can be obtained by electric heating. As shown in Figure 3, electric heating plate was laid on the test bench, iron sheets were pressed at the left and right ends to fix it, and then the sample was pasted to the electric heating plate. The K-type thermocouple was then adhered to the surface of the prepared sample with double-sided adhesive. The thermal sensitivity of the thermocouple is 0.10°C and the measurement error is ±1°C. Reduce the ambient temperature of the refrigerator below −10°C and close the door to measure the heating rate of GO/Bis-A EA composite to reflect the heat transfer capacity of the coating sample. It is connected to the electric heating line through a DC power supply (maxonms 605d, rated power 300 W). All measurements are carried out in DC mode. When the thermocouple reading is −10°C, heating and timing were started. The thermocouple reading is counted every 20 s for a total of 480 s. Finally, the temperature rise curve is obtained from the computer.

Figure 3 Schematic of heat transfer experiments.
Figure 3

Schematic of heat transfer experiments.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization and morphology analysis

The disappearance of the characteristic diffraction peak of GO can be used as the basis for judging the better exfoliation degree of GO in the composites. The XRD spectra of GO and 0–0.1 wt% GO/Bis-A EA composite are shown in Figure 4(a). GO has a carbon diffraction peak at 11.2°. According to the Bragg’s equation, d = 0.789 can be calculated, which corresponds to the (001) crystal plane of graphite. This is due to the surface layer of GO containing hydrophilic functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and hydrogen bonds lead to orderly accumulation along the base plane. For pure Bis-A EA, the scattering of cured molecules produces 12–48° large diffraction, showing its amorphous nature. After the introduction of GO, its characteristic peak is similar to the diffraction mode of pure Bis-A EA, while the characteristic diffraction peak of GO disappears, indicating that GO has a high degree of exfoliation in the epoxy matrix.

Figure 4 (a) XRD results and (b) Raman spectra.
Figure 4

(a) XRD results and (b) Raman spectra.

Figure 4(b) shows the Raman spectra of GO and 0–0.1 wt% GO/Bis-A EA composite. There are two peaks D and G in GO at about 1,348 and 1,588 cm−1, corresponding to the SP3 vibration of disordered carbon structure and the SP2 vibration of perfect graphitized structure, respectively. The I D/I G value is 1, which is about 0.1 compared with the original graphite, indicating that the reduction of in-plane SP2 domain size caused by extensive oxidation may lead to the distortion of bonds and the destruction of symmetry. In the composites, the original D and G peaks disappear, indicating that they are well dispersed in the epoxy matrix.

The photos of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites with different GO contents under the SEM are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that GO was evenly and stably dispersed in Bis-A EP, and there is no interface separation between GO and the polymer. The layered structure of GO is intact, which can better improve the shape memory and heat transfer performance of the composite.

Figure 5 SEM photos of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites: (a) 0.05% of GO content and (b) 0.1% of GO content.
Figure 5

SEM photos of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites: (a) 0.05% of GO content and (b) 0.1% of GO content.

3.2 RSM analysis

In the experimental design, each factor was divided into three levels (−1, 0, and +1) from low to high, Five factors including TPO content (A), HDDA/Bis-A EA mass ratio (B), UV lamp power (C), GO content (D), and UV lamp curing time (E) were selected to study the shape memory and heat transfer properties of the materials. For the optimization based on the BBD method, 43 experiments were carried out to analyze the changes in various independent variables and their interactions on the shape memory performance and heat transfer performance of the materials. The interaction effects of TPO content (4–6 wt%), HDDA/Bis-A EA mass ratio (0.6–1 g:g), UV lamp power (35–45 W), monolayer GO content (0–0.1 wt%), and UV lamp curing time (10–20 s) were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experiment was conducted according to the Design-Expert experiment matrix and the experiment was repeated three times. The experimental design and experimental results are shown in Table 3.

3.2.1 Shape memory performance analysis

A multiple regression analysis method was used to investigate the relationship between the influencing factors and shape recovery rate. The response surface regression analysis is carried out on the experimental results illustrated in Table 3. The best regression model obtained from the experimental data is as follows:

(3) Y = 86.7 − 3.61 ∗ A + 0.7625 ∗ B − 0.5125 ∗ C + 1.06 ∗ D − 0.55 ∗ E + 2.2 ∗ A C + 1.1 ∗ A E + 0.65 ∗ B D − 1 ∗ C D − 1.73 ∗ C E + 0.875 ∗ D E − 1.66 ∗ A 2 − 1.43 ∗ B 2 − 2.2 ∗ C 2 − 4.38 ∗ D 2 − 2.23 ∗ E 2 .

The synergistic effect coefficient of the variable is positive and the antagonistic effect coefficient of the variable is negative. The state of the mathematical model is studied by determining the coefficient, and R 2, predicted-R 2, and adjusted-R 2 values were 0.9021, 0.8419, and 0.6784, respectively, as illustrated in Table 4. The larger the R 2 values, the better the fitting effect of the model. At the same time, the difference between predicted-R 2 and adjusted-R 2 is required to be within 0.2, and the R 2 value >0.9, indicating that under the condition of 90.21%, the experimental data can be explained by the fitting equation, Therefore, there is a good agreement between the experimental and predicted shape recovery rate of the quadratic model.

Table 4

Variance analysis of response surface experiment of shape recovery rate

Source Sum of squares Df Mean square F-value p-value
Model 417.77 16 26.11 14.98 <0.0001 Significant
A-TPO content 208.08 1 208.08 119.39 <0.0001 Significant
B-HDDA/EA 9.30 1 9.30 5.34 0.0291 Significant
C-Power 4.20 1 4.20 2.41 0.1326
D-Go content 17.85 1 17.85 10.24 0.0036 Significant
E-Curing time 4.84 1 4.84 2.78 0.1076
AC 19.36 1 19.36 11.11 0.0026 Significant
AE 4.84 1 4.84 2.78 0.1076
BD 1.69 1 1.69 0.9697 0.3338
CD 4.00 1 4.00 2.30 0.1418
CE 11.90 1 11.90 6.83 0.0147 Significant
DE 3.06 1 3.06 1.76 0.1965
A 2 17.60 1 17.60 10.10 0.0038 Significant
B² 13.15 1 13.15 7.54 0.0108 Significant
C² 30.98 1 30.98 17.77 0.0003 Significant
D² 122.50 1 122.50 70.29 <0.0001 Significant
E² 31.92 1 31.92 18.32 0.0002 Significant
Residual 45.31 26 1.74
Lack of fit 45.31 24 1.89
Pure error 0.0000 2 0.0000
Cor total 463.09 42
R 2 Adj R 2 Pred R 2 Adeq precision CV
0.9021 0.8419 0.6784 15.8494 1.60

In this model, where Y is the shape recovery rate (%), A, B, C, D, and E are independent variables, representing TPO content, HDDA/EA, power, GO content, and curing time, respectively. AC, AE, BD, CD, CE, and DE are interaction terms between the variables, whereas A 2, B 2, C 2, D 2, and E 2 are the squared terms. According to the data obtained from the analysis of variance as shown in Table 4, the higher P value and the lower F value are used to evaluate the significance of these variables. The significance F value of the model is 14.89 and the error probability p value is <0.001, indicating that the model is significant. When the confidence interval is 95%, the low P value (<0.05) indicates that the parameters in the model are significant, so that the actual value can be well explained by the model. Therefore, A, B, and D are important parameters affecting the performance of shape memory, and A, B, D, AC, CE, A 2, B 2, C 2, D 2, and E 2 are significant. The Adeq precision value is 15.8494, much higher than 4, indicating that the model signal is adequate. In addition, optimizing not significant fitting items can improve the accuracy of model prediction. The coefficient of variation (CV) can also be used to illustrate the accuracy of the model, and its value is 1.6%, less than 5%, indicating that the model can be well coordinated with the experimental data.

The actual and predicted values of the shape recovery rate are shown in Figure 6(a). The actual and predicted values are basically distributed along a straight line, showing a little difference. Figure 6(b) shows the distribution table of residuals to determine whether the experimental data residuals conform to the normal distribution to evaluate the adequacy of the model. First, the residuals were normalized according to their standard deviation (studentized). The normal distribution function was fitted to the studentized residual. Then, the studentized residual predicted by the best-fit normal distribution was plotted against the experimentally obtained studentized [44]. The data are roughly normal distribution, which proves that the experimental data have high accuracy. The relationship between the studentized residual and the predicted shape recovery rate is shown in Figure 6(c). The data are randomly distributed, indicating that the change in the observed value is independent of the response value, and the model can well describe the experimental process. Figure 6(d) plots the outlier t for all runs of the shape recovery rate operation, which is used to show the size of the residual of each run and determine whether there is a particularly large residual affecting the model. Theoretically, most residuals should be between +3.66568 and −3.66568. If there are outliers beyond this interval, it indicates that there are potential errors in the model or operation errors in the experimental data. In this model, the residuals are within this interval, indicating that the model has good compatibility with all data.

Figure 6 (a) Predicted vs experimental ratio; (b) normal % probability and externally studentized residual plot; (c) externally studentized residuals vs the predicted ratio; and (d) outlier t plot.
Figure 6

(a) Predicted vs experimental ratio; (b) normal % probability and externally studentized residual plot; (c) externally studentized residuals vs the predicted ratio; and (d) outlier t plot.

3.2.2 Effect of operating parameters on shape memory performance

The 3D surface plots the contour map and response surface of the interaction between the shape memory performance and two factors. For each image, three independent variables remain unchanged (intermediate level).

TPO content is one of the important initial factors affecting the shape memory recovery rate. Figure 7(a) and (b) shows the effect of TPO content on shape recovery rate, which shows the increase in shape memory performance with the reduction in TPO content. Because too high TPO content will quickly cure the surface resin and affect the deep curing. Then, the shape memory performance of the whole sample decreased. When the TPO content is 4%, the maximum shape recovery rate is 90.2%. When the TPO content is constant, the shape recovery rate first increases and then decreases with the curing time as shown in Figure 7(b). The effect is more obvious when the TPO content is low. On the contrary, the effect of curing time is lower when the TPO content was high, which indicates that there is interaction between the two and has a significant impact on the overall model.

Figure 7 Response surface plots (a)–(f) showing interaction effects of shape recovery rate.
Figure 7

Response surface plots (a)–(f) showing interaction effects of shape recovery rate.

TPO plays the role of promoting initiation in the curing process. It is a key component of UV curing products. It is excited by absorbing radiation energy to produce active factors with polymerization ability such as free radicals or cations to react with prepolymers. The low concentration of TPO has limited ability to initiate polymerization and low curing rate. When the initiator concentration exceeds a certain value, the polymerization rate cannot catch up with the initiation rate, causing too many active free radicals to combine with each other such as reducing the effective free radical concentration, reducing the cross-linking network, and increasing the strain of the matrix material during deformation. Therefore, its ability to restore its original shape is reduced.

As shown in Figure 7(c), for HDDA/EA, the resin cannot fulfill the requirements of the UV curing printer due to too high viscosity. Too low viscosity will reduce the gel content of the cured material and affect the material performance. When HDDA/EA is 0.85, the maximum shape recovery rate is 88.2%.

The effect of 35–45 W power on shape memory performance is plotted in Figure 7(d) and (e). Under 39 W power, the shape recovery rate is the highest with 88%. In the condition of constant GO content or curing time, the shape memory recovery rate first increases and then decreases with the increase in power. In the previous paper, it was reported that when the power is a single factor, its influence is not significant, but it has a coupling effect with the curing time. Especially when the power is at a high level, the curing time has a great influence on the shape recovery rate. When both of them take the middle level, the shape recovery rate is the highest.

The influence of GO content on shape memory performance is also significant. As shown in Figure 7(f), when TPO content is 5%, power is 40 W and HDDA/EA is 0.8, the shape recovery rate first increases and then decreases with GO content. The introduction of GO and the hydrogen bond interaction between epoxy molecular chains provide more physical crosslinking for Bis-A EA matrix. GO cannot be stretched and deformed. Under the action of the intermolecular force between GO and Bis-A EA around GO, the molecular distance of Bis-A EA around GO will not increase, and the intermolecular force will promote the contraction of Bis-A EA molecular chain. It leads to the increase in the fixed phase used for shape recovery in shape memory composite system, which improves the shape recovery rate of the composite.

Moreover, the UV absorption ability of the composite is affected by GO. Low concentration GO has a certain ability to absorb UV, which can increase the crosslinking degree of the composite, but high concentration GO will hinder the UV irradiation and the absorption of the matrix, reduce the crosslinking degree of the composite, and make the shape memory recovery rate of the material increase first and then decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to control the content of GO. It can be seen from Figure 7(f) that when the GO content is 0.06%, the maximum shape recovery rate is 88.2%.

3.2.3 Heat transfer performance analysis

The heat transfer performance of the material is characterized by testing the heating rate of the sample. The experimental data of the heating rate are fitted by multiple linear regression analysis methods, and the experimental data in Table 3 are analyzed by response surface analysis. The fitting regression equation of the heating rate is as follows, where Y represents the heat transfer rate:

(4) Y = + 0.1323 + 0.0035 × A − 0.0235 × B + 0.0002 × C + 0.0045 × D + 0.0012 × E − 0.0021 × A C + 0.0074 × A D − 0.0029 × B C + 0.002 × B E − 0.0034 × C D + 0.0017 × D E − 0.0064 × A 2 + 0.0011 × B 2 − 0.0054 × C 2 − 0.0163 × D 2 − 0.0063 × E 2 .

As a statistical method, analysis of variance is used to evaluate the significance of data. The main reference factor is whether the p value is less than 0.05, indicating 95% confidence. It is generally believed that any p value less than 0.05 will have a significant impact. Normally, if the p value is greater than 0.05, it is considered that the impact is not significant. In this case, from Table 5, the linear terms (A, B, and D) have a significant impact on the heat transfer rate. Specially, B (HDDA/EA) has a large F value and a p value of <0.0001, and the p value of the interaction term (AD) is small, which indicates the interaction between the two variables. The square terms (A 2, C 2, D 2, and E 2) also have a significant impact on the heat transfer rate, and its F value is greater than its linear term, indicating that the square terms have a greater impact on the model.

Table 5

Variance analysis of response surface experiments of heating rate

Source Sum of squares Df Mean square F-value p-value
Model 0.0121 16 0.0008 21.56 <0.0001 Significant
A-TPO content 0.0002 1 0.0002 5.66 0.0249 Significant
B-HDDA/EA 0.0089 1 0.0089 252.44 <0.0001 Significant
C-Power 5.625 × 10−7 1 5.625 × 10−7 0.0160 0.9002
D-Go content 0.0003 1 0.0003 9.18 0.0055 Significant
E-Curing time 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.6911 0.4133
AC 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.4790 0.4950
AD 0.0002 1 0.0002 6.24 0.0191 Significant
BC 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.9919 0.3285
BE 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.4446 0.5108
CD 0.0000 1 0.0000 1.32 0.2615
DE 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.3391 0.5653
A² 0.0003 1 0.0003 7.44 0.0113 Significant
B² 7.367 × 10−6 1 7.367 × 10−6 0.2099 0.6506
C² 0.0002 1 0.0002 5.39 0.0284 Significant
D² 0.0017 1 0.0017 48.56 <0.0001 Significant
E² 0.0003 1 0.0003 7.19 0.0126 Significant
Residual 0.0009 26 0.0000
Lack of fit 0.0009 24 0.0000
Pure error 0.0000 2 0.0000
Cor total 0.0130 42
R 2 Adj R 2 Pred R 2 Adeq precision CV
0.9299 0.8868 0.8022 17.6034 4.94

Normally, the relevance of the model is determined by R 2. The general range should be between 90 and 100%, The R 2 value is 0.9299 as shown in Table 5, indicating that the experimental data are highly correlated with the model data. The Predicted-R 2 and Adjusted-R 2 values were 0.8868 and 0.8022. The difference between them is less than 0.2, indicating that the established model can fully predict the data. The Adeq precision value is 17.6034, far greater than 4. The model has sufficient prediction accuracy, and the coefficient of variation CV value is 4.94%, less than 5%, indicating that the model has good coordination with the data.

The actual heating rate and predicted heating rate are as shown in Figure 8(a). Obviously, the actual value which was measured in the experiment and the predicted value which was calculated according to the model described above can be fitted into a straight line, indicating that the difference between them is small and the prediction is accurate. As shown in Figure 8(b), the studentized residual forms a straight line, indicating that its standardized residual follows the normal distribution. If the residual does not follow the normal distribution, it will form an S-shaped curve, which is generally caused by the wrong use of the model and needs to be replaced. Figure 8(c) plots the relationship between the studentized residual and the predicted heating rate. It is generally believed that they are randomly distributed. If they are funnel-shaped, it means the change in the original observation value is related to the response value, and the accuracy of the model is low. In this study, the studentized residuals are randomly distributed, which shows that the model is reasonable and correct. The outlier t of all heating rate runs was plotted in Figure 8(d), only showing the studentized residual size of each run, in which each data point is between +3.66568 and −3.66568, indicating that the error between the data and the model is small and the model has high compatibility.

Figure 8 (a) Predicted vs experimental temperature; (b) normal % probability and externally studentized residual plot; (c) externally studentized residuals vs the predicted temperature; and (d) outlier t plot.
Figure 8

(a) Predicted vs experimental temperature; (b) normal % probability and externally studentized residual plot; (c) externally studentized residuals vs the predicted temperature; and (d) outlier t plot.

3.2.4 Effect of operating parameters on heat transfer performance

Response surface and contour map can reflect the heating rate by the degree of interaction between different factors. TPO content is a basic factor of resin. The TPO content ranges from 4 to 6%, with the increase in TPO content, the heating rate first increases and then decreases as shown in Figure 9(a) and (b). For the interaction between TPO content and power, the effect is not significant. When the TPO content is 5.25%, the maximum heating rate is 0.1335°C/s. According to the above, the interaction between TPO content and GO content is significant, especially when the TPO content is low, the heating rate first increases and then decreases with the increase in GO content. When the TPO content is 5.5% and the GO content is 0.045%, the maximum heating rate is 0.1342 °C/s.

Figure 9 Response surface plots (a)–(f) showing interaction effects of heating rate.
Figure 9

Response surface plots (a)–(f) showing interaction effects of heating rate.

HDDA/EA is considered to be the factor that has the most significant impact on the heat transfer performance. Figure 9(c) and (d) plotted the effect of HDDA as the diluents, whose ratio ranges from 0.6 to1.When other factors are medium, the heating rate decreases with the increase in HDDA/EA. When the value of HDDA/EA is 0.6, the maximum heating rate is 0.1553 °C/s. Diluents can not only dissolve and dilute oligomers and adjust the viscosity of the system, but also participate in the crosslinking reaction of prepolymers and become a part of the crosslinking structure of cured products. When the ratio of HDDA/EA is low, the viscosity of the system is high so that it is difficult to mix, and some matrices cannot form a cross-linking network, thus reducing the gel content of the composite. When the ratio of HDDA/EA is high, the dilution degree is high, the dilution is high and the concentration of active free radicals is low, which is not conducive to the formation of Bis-A EA matrix crosslinking network under the action of TPO. The density of crosslinking network decreases leading to the decrease in crosslinking points. The length of chain segment increases, and the intermolecular interaction decreases, indicating that the thermal conductivity of the material decreases. The influence caused by the change in power and curing time is relatively limited.

The influence of curing power and GO content is shown in Figure 9(e). Under the conditions of TPO content of 5%, HDDA/EA of 0.8, and curing time of 15 s, the heating rate first increases and then decreases with the increase in power and GO content, but the absolute value of change is not significant, and the coupling effect of the two is weak. When the power is 39 W, the heating rate of 0.1325 °C/s can be obtained, which belongs to a low level.

GO content is an important factor in this study, and its influence on heating rate is shown in Figure 9(f). The thermal conductivity of GO is much higher than that of Bis-A EA matrix. GO can enhance the thermal conductivity of the matrix to a certain extent. At the same time, the interface interaction with Bis-A EA matrix is enhanced, so that the thermal resistance of the interface is reduced, a good thermal conduction path is built, which provides an effective path for heat transfer and improves the thermal conductivity of the composite. On the other hand, the introduction of GO greatly increases the viscosity of the system, thus affecting the crosslinking degree of the composite. Under high viscosity, the active factors and diluents produced by TPO cannot react well with the prepolymer, and GO is prone to agglomeration, block its thermal conduction path and reduce its thermal conductivity. Moreover, GO will make the resin more viscous, which does not fulfill the needs of light curing printing and is difficult to clean. When the curing time is low, the influence of GO content on the heating rate first increases and then decreases. When the GO content is 0.06%, the maximum heating rate is 0.1372 °C/s.

3.3 Optimization of preparation parameters of UV curing resin

The RSM numerical method is used to optimize the parameters within the research range by considering the standard error (Std Err) in the model. The highest and lowest limits of the factor range and their optimal values are shown in Figure 10(a). The optimization objectives of the shape recovery rate and heating rate are set as the maximum value by the Design-Expert optimization module, and the important level of the five factors is set as “+++.” Since the shape recovery rate is less affected by the independent variables, the important level of the shape recovery rate is set as “++++,” and the important level of the heating rate is set as “+++++,” and the optimal parameters and their corresponding optimal shape recovery rate and optimal heating rate are obtained, which are seen in Figure 10(b). In order to verify the correctness of the optimized process parameters, from Table 6, a group of experiments was carried out. The best shape recovery rate and the best heating rate under the optimal process parameters were obtained. Each experiment was repeated three times and the average value was taken. According to the experimental measurement, under the best conditions, as shown in Figure 11, the maximum value of shape recovery rate is 87.22%, based on the heating process as shown in Figure 12, the heating rate is 0.1532°C/s, the experimental data are in good agreement with the predicted data, and the relative error is less than 2%. It is considered that the comprehensive optimization of process parameters is reliable.

Figure 10 (a) The highest and lowest limits of all factors and their optimal values. (b) The optimal shape recovery rate and the optimal heating rate corresponding to the optimal parameters.
Figure 10

(a) The highest and lowest limits of all factors and their optimal values. (b) The optimal shape recovery rate and the optimal heating rate corresponding to the optimal parameters.

Table 6

Comprehensive optimization of optimal process parameters

Run Factor 1: TPO content (wt%) Factor 2: HDDA/EA (g:g) Factor 3: Power (W) Factor 4: GO content (wt%) Factor 5: Curing time (s) Shape recovery ratio (%) Heating rate (°C/s)
44 4.41 0.6 39.4 0.052 14.2 86.35 0.1520
45 4.4 0.6 40 0.05 14 87.22 0.1532
Figure 11 Shape recovery process of optimized composites.
Figure 11

Shape recovery process of optimized composites.

Figure 12 Optimized heating process of composites.
Figure 12

Optimized heating process of composites.

4 Conclusion

In this study, the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were successfully prepared by UV curing, and the shape memory and heat transfer performance of the composites were studied. GO was evenly distributed in mixed resin, there was no agglomeration, and the layered structure of GO was intact. The experimental results showed that the introduction of GO improves the memory and heat transfer performance of the composites.

In order to obtain the optimal process parameters, the process parameters of the shape memory GO/Bis-A EA composites were evaluated and modeled based on BBD and RSM. A total of 43 samples were tested, and two fitting models were proposed to effectively study the relationship between the process parameters and material properties, and the accuracy of the model and optimized parameters were verified by experiments. In the optimization process, the shape recovery rate and heating rate were taken as the response values. The TPO content, HDDA/Bis-A EA mass ratio, UV lamp power, GO content, and UV lamp curing time were taken as factors. When the TPO content was 4.4%, HDDA/EA was 0.6, power was 40 W, GO content was 0.05%, and curing time was 14 s, the best compromise between shape memory performance and heat transfer performance, and shape recovery rate was 87.22% and heating rate was 0.1532°C/s which were in good agreement with the predicted values of the model. Therefore, multifunctional composites with good shape memory and heat transfer properties can be prepared within the range of important process parameters.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing of CARDC (Grant no. IADL20210407), Natural Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant no. ZR2019BEE068), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant no. 2020A1515111208). The authors thank the referees of this article for their valuable and very helpful comments.

  2. Author contributions: Jinghang Xu: conceptualization, data curation, writing-review & editing, and methodology. Long Chen: formal analysis, methodology, and writing-original draft. Xue Yang: conceptualization and supervision. Zhanqiang Liu: formal analysis and methodology. Qinghua Song: data curation and writing-review and editing. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Chen S, Fu S, Liang D, Chen X, Mi X, Liu P, et al. Preparation and properties of 3D interconnected CNTs/Cu composites. Nanotechnol Rev. 2020;9(1):146–54.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0013Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Mao L, Hu S, Gao Y, Wang L, Zhao W, Fu L, et al. Cellulose hydrogel skeleton by extrusion 3D printing of solution. Nanotechnol Rev. 2020;9(1):345–53.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0025Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Zhang L, Zheng T, Wu L, Han Q, Chen S, Kong Y, et al. Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed gellan gum/starch composite scaffold for Schwann cells growth. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):50–61.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0004Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Han Y, Hu J, Chen X. A skin inspired bio-smart composite with water responsive shape memory ability. Mater Chem Front. 2019;3:1128–38.10.1039/C9QM00114JSuche in Google Scholar

[5] Liang F, Sivilli R, Gou J, Xu J, Mabbott B. Electrical actuation and shape recovery control of shape-memory polymer nanocomposites. Int J Smart Nano Mater. 2013;4(3):167–78.10.1080/19475411.2013.837846Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Xu Z, Ding C, Wei D, Bao R, Ke K, Liu Z, et al. Electro and Light-Active Actuators Based on Reversible Shape-Memory Polymer Composites with Segregated Conductive Networks. ACS Appl Mater & Interfaces. 2019;11:30332–40.10.1021/acsami.9b10386Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Jian W, Wang X, Lu H, Lau D. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermodynamics and Shape Memory Effect in CNT-Epoxy Nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2021;211(4):108849.10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108849Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Wan X, He Y, Liu Y, Leng J. 4D printing of multiple shape memory polymer and nanocomposites with biocompatible, programmable and selectively actuated properties. Addit Manuf. 2022;53:102689.10.1016/j.addma.2022.102689Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Raviv D, Zhao W, McKnelly C, Papadopoulou A, Kadambi A, Shi B, et al. Active printed materials for complex self-evolving deformations. Sci Rep. 2014;4(1):1–8.10.1038/srep07422Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Fan J, Xu X, Niu S, Zhou Y, Li X, Guo Y, et al. Anisotropy management on microstructure and mechanical property in 3D printing of silica-based ceramic cores. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2022;42(10):4388–95.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.03.059Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Margoy D, Gouzman I, Grossman E, Bolker A, Eliaz N, Verker R. Epoxy-based shape memory composite for space applications. Acta Astronautica. 2021;178:908–19.10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.08.026Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Zühlke A, Gasik M, Vrana NE, Muller CB, Barthes J, Bilotsky Y, et al. Biomechanical and functional comparison of moulded and 3D printed medical silicones. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021;122:104649.10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104649Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Haleem A, Javaid M. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and its manufacturing of customised 3D printed dentistry parts using additive manufacturing. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019;7(4):654–60.10.1016/j.cegh.2019.03.001Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Tan HW, Chua CK, Uttamchand M, Tran T. Fully 3D printed horizontally polarised omnidirectional antenna. Industry 4.0–Shaping The Future of The Digital World. London: CRC Press; 2020. p. 161–6.10.1201/9780367823085-29Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Lendlein A, Schmidt AM, Schroeter M, Langer R. Shape‐memory polymer networks from oligo (ϵ‐caprolactone) dimethacrylates. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem. 2005;43(7):1369–81.10.1002/pola.20598Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Sydney Gladman A, Matsumoto EA, Nuzzo RG, Mahadevan L, Lewis JA. Biomimetic 4D printing. Nat Mater. 2016;15(4):413–8.10.1038/nmat4544Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Xie T. Tunable polymer multi-shape memory effect. Nature. 2010;464(7286):267–70.10.1038/nature08863Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Jin BH, Jang J, Kang DJ, Yoon S, Im HG. Epoxy-based siloxane composites for electronic packaging: Effect of composition and molecular structure of siloxane matrix on their properties. Compos Sci Technol. 2022;224:109456.10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109456Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Wu H, Han X, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Zhao A, Xia J. Mechanical and electrochemical properties of UV-curable nanocellulose/urushiol epoxy acrylate anti-corrosive composite coatings. Ind Crop Products. 2022;181:114805.10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114805Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Jian W, Wang X, Lu H, Lau D. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermodynamics and Shape Memory Effect in CNT-Epoxy Nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2021;211(4):108849.10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108849Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Sun F, Wang D, Wang H, et al. Synergistic effect of lignin and ethylene glycol crosslinked epoxy resin on enhancing thermal, mechanical and shape memory performance. Int J Biol Macromolecules. 2021;192:516–24.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.035Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Abdullah SI, Ansari MNM. Mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy composites. Hbrc J. 2015;11(2):151–6.10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.06.001Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Kavitha A, Revathi A, Rao S, Srihari S, Dayananda GN. Characterization of shape memory behaviour of CTBN-epoxy resin system. J Polym Res. 2012;19(6):1–7.10.1007/s10965-012-9894-5Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Wu X, Yang X, Zhang Y, Huang W. A new shape memory epoxy resin with excellent comprehensive properties. J Mater Sci. 2016;51(6):3231–40.10.1007/s10853-015-9634-4Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Yang B, Huang WM, Li C, Li L. Effects of moisture on the thermomechanical properties of a polyurethane shape memory polymer[J]. Polymer. 2006;47(4):1348–56.10.1016/j.polymer.2005.12.051Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Huang X, Zeng L, Li R, Xi Z, Li Y. Manipulating conductive network formation via 3D T-ZnO: A facile approach for a CNT-reinforced nanocomposite. Nanotechnol Rev. 2020;9(1):534–42.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0043Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Zhou X, Ma B, Wei K, Wang X. Deformation recovery properties of asphalt mixtures with shape memory epoxy resin. Constr Build Mater. 2021;268:121193.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121193Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Kuang X, Wu J, Chen K, Zhao Z, Ding Z, Hu F, et al. Grayscale Digital Light Processing 3D Printing For Highly Functionally Graded Materials. Sci Adv. 2019;5(5):Eaav5790.10.1126/sciadv.aav5790Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Wang Q, Tian X, Lan H, Li D, Malakhov A, Palilov A. Programmable Morphing Composites With Embedded Continuous Fibers By 4D Printing. Mater & Des. 2018;155:404–13.10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.027Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Yu R, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Wu X, Zhao T, et al. Three-dimensional printing of shape memory composites with epoxy-acrylate hybrid photopolymer. ACS Appl Mater & Interfaces. 2017;9(2):1820–9.10.1021/acsami.6b13531Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Wu H, Chen P, Yan C, Cai C, Shi Y. Four-dimensional printing of a novel acrylate-based shape memory polymer using digital light processing. Mater & Des. 2019;171:107704.10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107704Suche in Google Scholar

[32] Choong YYC, Maleksaeedi S, Eng H, Wei J, Sun P. 4D printing of high performance shape memory polymer using stereolithography. Mater & Des. 2017;126:219–25.10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.049Suche in Google Scholar

[33] Mittal G, Rhee K. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene on basalt fiber for composite applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):158–65.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0011Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Liang S, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Tian B, Geng Y, Liu Y, et al. Effect of in situ graphene-doped nano-CeO2 on microstructure and electrical contact properties of Cu30Cr10W contacts. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):385–400.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0031Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Sagadevan S, Shahid MM, Yiqiang Z, Oh WC, Soga T, Anita Lett J, et al. Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for smart optoelectronic applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):605–35.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0043Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Haeri Z, Ramezanzadeh M, Ramezanzadeh B. Ce-TA MOF assembled GO nanosheets reinforced epoxy composite for superior thermo-mechanical properties. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2021;126:313–23.10.1016/j.jtice.2021.07.002Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Zhao Y, Wu Z, Guo S, Zhou Z, Miao Z, Xie S, et al. Hyperbranched graphene oxide structure-based epoxy nanocomposite with simultaneous enhanced mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and superior electrical insulation. Compos Sci Technol. 2022;217:109082.10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109082Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Depaifve S, Hermans S, Ruch D, Laachachi A. Combination of micro-computed X-ray tomography and electronic microscopy to understand the influence of graphene nanoplatelets on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. Thermochim Acta. 2020;691:178712.10.1016/j.tca.2020.178712Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Punetha VD, Ha YM, Kim YO, Jung YC, Cho JW. Interaction of photothermal graphene networks with polymer chains and laser-driven photo-actuation behavior of shape memory polyurethane/epoxy/epoxy-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites. Polymer. 2019;181:121791.10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121791Suche in Google Scholar

[40] Zhang L, Jiao H, Jiu H, Chang J, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of polyurethane/(3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane functionalized graphene/epoxy resin interpenetrating shape memory polymer composites. Compos Part A. 2016;90:286–95.10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.017Suche in Google Scholar

[41] Hu XQ, Liu ZK, Hou YX, Gao Y. Recent advances and future perspectives for graphene oxide reinforced epoxy resins. Mater Today Commun. 2020;23:100883.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100883Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Liu X, Chen L, Liu Z, Song Q, Liu C. Optimization of thermal and hydrophobic properties of GO-doped epoxy nanocomposite coatings. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):1236–52.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0078Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Alim MA, Lee JH, Akoh CC, Choi MS, Jeon MS, Shin JA, et al. Enzymatic transesterification of fractionated rice bran oil with conjugated linoleic acid: Optimization by response surface methodology. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2008;41(5):764–70.10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.003Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Körbahti BK, Rauf MA. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of photoinduced decoloration of toludine blue. Chem Eng J. 2008;136(1):25–30.10.1016/j.cej.2007.03.007Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-06-20
Revised: 2022-08-24
Accepted: 2022-09-14
Published Online: 2022-11-25

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0487
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
4D printing; shape memory; polymer; graphene oxide; RSM
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 7.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0487/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen