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3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application

  • Yanlong Han , Haoyuan Lei , Habaxi Kaken , Wei Zhao , Wei Wang , Aikebaier Wumanerjiang , Wei Peng , Likun Guo , Linxia Gu , Qingquan Kong , Changchun Zhou and Li Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 28, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has the advantages of fast design and fabrication in clinical orthopedics. This study proposed the application of 3D-printed personalized reverse shoulder prosthesis in a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for a patient with tuberculosis of the shoulder joint. Traditional and personalized shoulder prostheses were compared and studied. The mechanical simulation analysis was conducted on the individualized prosthesis and scapula. A personalized reverse total shoulder prosthesis was fabricated by 3D printing technology. Finite element analyses were conducted for implantation of traditional and personalized prostheses. The numerical results show that the maximum equivalent stress of screws inserted into bone tissue is 43.23 MPa in the personalized prosthesis. But in traditional prostheses, the maximum equivalent stress of screws performing the same function is 246.50 MPa. The structural advantages of the personalized prosthesis effectively reduce the local pressure of the screws to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the material during service. At the same time, the scapula paired with the personalized prosthesis also shown a smaller mean equivalent stress that can reduce patient stress. The postoperative evaluation of implant stability and patient status was good. The results indicated that 3D printing technology has important application value in orthopedic surgery.

Keywords: 3D printing; bone tissue implant; personalized design; finite element analysis

1 Introduction

Bone tuberculosis (TB) is a destructive disease caused by the invasion of bone or joints by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is generally divided into two types of articular and spinal TB. The location of the formation of articular TB includes the hip, knee, foot, elbow, etc., among which TB of the shoulder joint is a rare disease with an incidence of only 0.9–1.7%, and it is difficult to cure [1]. There is no standard treatment plan for TB of the shoulder joint at present. Traditional treatment methods include surgery and anti-TB drug therapy [2]. However, in some specific serious cases, joint transplantation or shoulder replacement implants are required to reconstruct shoulder function. Especially, for the end-stage shoulder diseases, the treatment of artificial shoulder replacement is quite challenge for clinician [3]. The shoulder joint has a complex anatomical structure, which is very difficult to operate in the replacement process. Unsuitable implants are at a high risk of instability and dislocation. It may lead to joint infections, loosening of the prosthesis, and fractures in adjacent bones [4,5,6,7].

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a type of rapid prototyping technology, also known as additive manufacturing, which builds 3D entities by stacking printable materials layer by layer based on computer digital models. In recent years, with the rapid development of 3D printing technology, the shapes of implant can be personalized design according to the characteristics of the patient’s disease data and match the bone tissue defect of the host. 3D printing provides a new solution for the orthopedic implantation and artificial prosthesis [8,9,10,11]. Personalized design of human bone tissue implant based on 3D printing technology is conducive to rapid diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases [12,13]. In some special orthopedic diseases, the conventional standardized products cannot meet the clinical needs and need to customize the personalized tissue repair implants to treat. Traditional equal-material manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing are suitable for small batch processing of simple components, but difficult to produce complex medical implant devices with high precision requirements. In contrast, 3D printing can produce high-precision, high-quality complex shape parts, shorten the manufacturing cycle, save materials, and reduce costs, especially for the preparation of medical implants with precision requirements. In addition, titanium alloy has become the main choice for orthopedic implant materials because of its excellent mechanical and biological properties [14,15,16,17], such as high strength, good corrosion resistance, good heat resistance, and good biocompatibility. Titanium implants are usually fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing technology. SLM is a main technique in additive manufacturing of metal materials. This technology uses laser as the energy source and scans the metal powder bed layer by layer according to the path set in the 3D CAD slice model, so as to melt and solidify the metal powder and finally form a complete 3D entity. In this study, the titanium alloy artificial shoulder prosthesis was customized design based on the SLM technology, and the structure of traditional prosthesis was innovatively improved. The finite element analysis technology was used to simulate the force of both prostheses after implantation, and it was confirmed that the mechanical properties of the customized prosthesis were optimized compared with the traditional prosthesis, and it could play a better role in mechanical support and damage repair. Similar scientific research usually simulates the local stress distribution after shoulder prosthesis implantation through finite element analysis, and its research generally focuses on the influence of the fine-tuning of prosthesis structure or implantation mode on the simulation results. However, this fine-tuning, such as screw size and angle, basically does not change the gross structure of the prosthesis and is only applicable to the general situation of total shoulder joint replacement surgery. When facing patients with special symptoms such as large bone defects, the traditional prosthesis is no longer suitable. It is necessary to redesign the prosthesis structure according to the characteristics of disease lesions and evaluate its theoretical effectiveness through simulation analysis, which is the innovation of this research.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Customized requirements for shoulder joint prosthesis design

The requirements for personalized customization of shoulder prosthesis come from the clinical diagnosis of this patient. Imaging and pathological examinations were performed on the patient.

Imaging findings revealed a thickened acromion and the wall of the slip capsule of patient’s left shoulder joint. The smoothness of the articular surface appeared reduced, accompanied with narrow articular space. Uneven and obvious enhancement was appeared around persistent central necrosis in the posterior lower soft tissue of shoulder joint. Pathological findings showed coagulation necrosis of her left cervical lymph node, accompanied by epithelioid granulomatous inflammation and multinucleated giant cell reaction. Further tests were positive for TB.

Based on the above results, the patient was professionally diagnosed as shoulder TB with extensive osteonecrosis. Therefore, the patient needs to have the necrotic bone removed and shoulder replacement surgery performed. Therefore, a personalized shoulder prosthesis is required.

2.2 Design of personalized 3D prosthesis

Mimics19.0 was used to read the DICOM data obtained from computed tomographic (CT) detection of the patient, and the threshold range for hard bone segmentation was determined so as to reconstruct the left shoulder joint model of the patient. Based on the analysis of the reconstructed model, together with X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging results, the model is imported into 3-matic for personalized prosthesis design [18]. Based on the existing research reports and clinical application cases, the traditional shoulder prosthesis structure was optimized according to the specific disease characteristics of the patient; a new type of shoulder joint prosthesis model was established.

2.3 3D printing of personalized shoulder joint

The prosthesis model was imported into Materialise Magics 22.0 for slice layerization to export the data information and printing path of each layer which were determined. The titanium alloy prosthesis was fabricated by laser selective melting technique with a commercial SLM machine (MLab cusing R, CONCEPTLASER, Germany). The raw material is medical-grade Ti6Al4V powder with particle size of 15–45 μm. The printer uses a laser system with a wavelength of 1,070 nm and a focusing beam region with a diameter of 50 μm. According to the data information of the current layer of the model, laser beam is used to selectively melt the powder on the substrate so as to form the shape of the current layer of the part. The complete solid part was manufactured by melting and solidification of the powders layer by layer [19]. During printing, the parameters are set with laser power of 100 W, scanning speed of 900 mm/min, scanning interval of 110 μm, and monolayer powder thickness of 25 μm [20], and the orthogonal scanning path and contoured thermal support are adopted. The whole printing process is protected by high purity argon gas, and the oxygen content in the working space is below 0.5%. After removing the support and heat treatment, the dimension accuracy error of the 3D-printed personalized shoulder joint prosthesis is less than 1%.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Design of personalized 3D-printed prosthesis

Prosthesis and scapula models were designed based on the CT data of the patient. As shown in Figure 1(a). The hemispherical structure is an imitation of the patient’s massive necrosis and humeral head defect. The gradient base pad enlarges the contact surface, increases the initial stability, and preserves the glenoid bone substance to a certain extent. The multi-screw structure with an outward inclined angle increases the depth, fixation range, and stability of the implant. The traditional prosthesis is suitable for shoulder joint replacement in which the components of the scapula are complete and the glenoid can bear force normally. The prosthesis is inserted into the glenoid with screws and immediate stability was achieved; Figure 1(b) shows how it matches with the scapula. Nevertheless, the patient had a special lesion location. Due to the partially necrotic and defective scapula, fragile glenoid, and incapable of bearing strength, it was infeasible for shoulder joint replacement due to the loss of the effective fit structure of traditional prosthesis implantation.

Figure 1 Prosthesis and scapula models: (a) the model of traditional reverse shoulder joint prosthesis that faces the glenoid; (b) the model of scapula with implanted traditional prosthesis; (c) the model of personalized reverse shoulder joint prosthesis that faces the shoulder joint; (d) the model of scapula with implanted personalized prosthesis.
Figure 1

Prosthesis and scapula models: (a) the model of traditional reverse shoulder joint prosthesis that faces the glenoid; (b) the model of scapula with implanted traditional prosthesis; (c) the model of personalized reverse shoulder joint prosthesis that faces the shoulder joint; (d) the model of scapula with implanted personalized prosthesis.

In view of the above reasons, a reverse shoulder joint prosthesis is customized for the patient, as shown in Figure 1(c). From the reconstructed model of patient’s lesion, it can be found that the humeral head is flat, collapsed, and necrotic, much bone tissue had lost in the affected area, and the glenoid is severely damaged under the long-term impact of TB of shoulder joint. To ensure the normal function of the scapula after surgery, the original residual bone tissue structure in the red-dashed ellipse in Figure 1(d) needs to be removed. Because the bone including the entire glenoid has been removed, the traditional prosthesis is no longer applicable. Instead, a personalized prosthesis that can replace the removed bone tissue structure is designed. This personalized prosthesis replaces the traditional hemispherical structure with a spherical structure that better mimics the humerus head, providing greater flexibility and a smoother connection to the prosthetic link rod. With the aid of the main prosthesis and the auxiliary curved handle, it is fixed on a larger surface of the scapula in a Y shape through screws inserted into the bone tissue, as shown in Figure 1(d). By fixing the prosthesis on a larger area of the scapula, the stress on the scapular is not concentrated near the glenoid, so that the pressure of the screws is distributed to the entire scapula and the main body of the prosthesis. It is intended to enhance the long-term stability of the structure and function of the prosthesis after implantation and reduce the stress on the scapula. At the same time, to achieve the flexibility of the joint, the size of the personalized prosthesis was determined by referring to the size parameters of the traditional prosthesis and the structural characteristics of patient’s shoulder blade. For example, the spherical structure of the prosthesis is similar in size to the humeral head, and the clavicular structure is similar in thickness to the corresponding part of the scapula. Therefore, the personalized prosthesis fits tightly with the shoulder blade, realizing the shape replacement and function remodeling and ensuring the joint flexibility.

3.2 Mechanical properties simulation of personalized prosthesis

To verify the mechanical properties of the personalized prosthesis, the finite element method is used for simulation analysis. The established structural models of prosthesis and scapula are input into the ABAQUS. These models have been meshed and exported in 3-matic in advance [21,22]. The quality of meshing plays a pivotal role in the calculation time and simulation accuracy. We adopted the uniform remesh with high quality and divided the prosthesis and scapula with different material attributes into different sizes of mesh according to the calculation accuracy requirements, as shown in Figure 2. The traditional prosthesis was divided into 277,266 meshes with a side length of 0.125 mm, and the corresponding scapula was divided into 307,278 meshes with a side length of 0.5 mm. The personalized prosthesis was divided into 481,148 meshes with a side length of 0.25 mm, and the corresponding shoulder blades were divided into 249,704 meshes with a side length of 0.5 mm. It can be seen that the grids are closely distributed in structure, orderly arranged, and consistent in size. The ratio of height to width of the nontwisted grid is similar. Moreover, the transition of the grids at the corners of the structure is natural, and there is no grid distortion. Overall, the grids are well divided. Specifically, Figure 2(a–c) shows the grids of the personalized prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views. Figure 2(d–f) shows the grid chart of the traditional prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views.

Figure 2 Mesh division and load application before finite element analysis. (a–c) Mesh chart of the personalized prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views. (d–f) Mesh chart of the traditional prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views.
Figure 2

Mesh division and load application before finite element analysis. (a–c) Mesh chart of the personalized prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views. (d–f) Mesh chart of the traditional prosthesis and scapula matching model and the corresponding enlarged views.

Different material properties are assigned to the prosthesis and the scapula. The medical titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, which is used as the raw material for manufacturing clinical implants, is a material conforming to Von Mises yield criterion. By referring to relevant research and the standard manual [23,24,25,26,27,28,29], the parameters of Ti6Al4V are determined and assigned to the prosthesis model, with ultimate yield strength of 1,000 MPa, density of 4,420 kg/m3, Young’s modulus of 109 GPa, and Poisson’s ratio of 0.31. Similarly, according to the medical definition of human bones and the standard database, cortical bone parameters are assigned to the scapula, with ultimate yield strength of 100 MPa, density of 1,700 kg/m3, Young’s modulus of 13.8 GPa, and Poisson’s ratio of 0.35.

To verify the accuracy of the simulation results, the analysis steps are implicitly created, and the stiffness matrix is solved iteratively to make the formula converge. When establishing boundary conditions and interactions, first add constraint relationships to bind the screws inserted into the prosthesis and the corresponding screw holes on the scapula, and then couple the sphere structure of the prosthesis to a reference point on the sphere. Subsequently, a load vector of 100 N and a bending moment of 5 N M are added on the determined reference point to simulate the stress on the human shoulder joint movement. The force directions are shown in Figure 2(a) and (b). This reference point is coupled to the sphere model, and the load uniformly distributed on the sphere structure is equivalent to the force acting on the reference point. The Von Mises equivalent stress is selected as the cloud chart index to analyze the stress distribution of the contacting part of the prosthesis and the scapula, so as to investigate the simulated mechanical properties and the degree of fit of the prosthesis.

3.3 Comparative analysis of the mechanical properties between personalized and conventional prosthesis

Figure 3 shows the cloud diagrams of the Von Mises equivalent stress distribution of the traditional prosthesis and the scapula. In the color distribution legend in the upper left corner, the stress gradually increases from blue at the bottom to red at the top, covering the stress value range from 0 to the maximum of the results. As can be seen from Figure 3(a), the larger stresses are mainly distributed at the contact parts between the inserted screws and the glenoid. After traditional prosthesis implantation, the maximum equivalent stress of scapula does not excess 46.43 MPa, while the equivalent stress of the part not directly contacting the prosthesis is not more than 30.95 MPa, both were less than the ultimate yield strength of cortical bone (about 100.00 MPa), as shown in Figure 3(b). The larger stresses on the implanted prosthesis are concentrated near the screws, among which the maximum is 246.5 MPa, at the insertion interface of the screw and the glenoid. The stress on the rest part of the prosthesis is smaller, below the ultimate yield strength (about 1000.00 MPa) of Ti6Al4V, as shown in Figure 3(c) and (d).

Figure 3 Finite element analysis results after implantation of traditional prosthesis. (a) Stress cloud diagram of the scapula after implantation of traditional prosthesis; (b) enlarged view of glenoid; (c) stress cloud diagram of the implanted traditional prosthesis; and (d) enlarged view of screw interface.
Figure 3

Finite element analysis results after implantation of traditional prosthesis. (a) Stress cloud diagram of the scapula after implantation of traditional prosthesis; (b) enlarged view of glenoid; (c) stress cloud diagram of the implanted traditional prosthesis; and (d) enlarged view of screw interface.

Overall, the simulation shows that the conventional reverse shoulder joint prosthesis is in good state of stress, with the stress range being less than the threshold range. However, as mentioned above, the patient in this case has a complex condition. It is difficult for the severely damaged glenoid to bear force, so the traditional prosthesis cannot be inserted directly. Instead, the damaged bone tissue around the glenoid needs to be removed, so there exists necessity to design a personalized prosthesis to replace the structure and function of the removed bone tissue. At the same time, it is observed that although the stress ranges within the thresholds, the large stresses on the scapula are mostly concentrated at the joint of the glenoid corresponding to the inserted screws. Long-term stress may lead to bone resorption and internal low-density cancellous bone wear, the loosening, displacement, and detaching of the implanted metal prosthesis, joint infection and instability, systemic fractures, sports injuries, and postoperative pain. This significantly reduces the patient’s quality of life and can lead to a second operation and more serious consequences.

Simulation analysis of personalized prosthesis is performed under the same conditions. With the material properties, analysis step parameters and resolver unchanged, the interaction between personalized prosthesis and corresponding shoulder joint was constructed with the same definition. The screws inserted into the implanted prosthesis are bound with the corresponding screw holes on the scapula, and the same load vector is applied to simulate the situation of the personalized prosthesis model after implantation. Figure 4 shows the Von Mises equivalent stress distribution cloud diagram of the personalized prosthesis and the scapula.

Figure 4 Finite element analysis results after implantation of personalized prosthesis: (a) stress cloud diagram of the scapula after implantation of personalized prosthesis; (b) enlarged view of a screw hole; (c) stress cloud diagram of the implanted personalized prosthesis; and (d) stress cloud diagram of screws.
Figure 4

Finite element analysis results after implantation of personalized prosthesis: (a) stress cloud diagram of the scapula after implantation of personalized prosthesis; (b) enlarged view of a screw hole; (c) stress cloud diagram of the implanted personalized prosthesis; and (d) stress cloud diagram of screws.

As shown in Figure 4(a), by comparing the model surface with the colors in the stress distribution table at the upper left corner of the picture, it can be found that most of the equivalent stresses of the scapula are below 15.23 MPa, lower than the ultimate yield strength (about 100.00 MPa) of the cortical bone. The average equivalent stress on the scapula in the personalized prosthesis case is smaller than that in the traditional prosthesis case, with better simulation results. Additionally, the large stress in the red dashed circle in Figure 4(b) is a defect on the grid caused by single-point distortion, and its numerical result is wrong, which cannot reflect the real stress and has no reference value.

When analyzing the equivalent stress of the personalized prosthesis, the screw structure is separated from the main body of the prosthesis. It can be observed from Figure 4(c) that most of the large stresses are concentrated at the connecting rod, the stress on which is directly related to the length and diameter of the rod. The maximum stress is 118.70 MPa, much smaller than the ultimate yield strength (about 1000.00 MPa) of Ti6Al4V. The equivalent stress on the rod is proportional to the length of the rod and inversely proportional to the diameter of the rod, which is similar to the principle of leverage. However, in this research, we do not make too much analysis on the force of the rod. Although the equivalent stress of the rod is relatively large, it is far less than the ultimate yield strength of the material, and it has almost no influence on the stability of the prosthetic and scapula fit, so it is not the focus of consideration. By contrast, the equivalent stress of the screw is smaller, as shown in Figure 4(d). Except for the excessive stress induced by the distortion point, the equivalent stress is on the whole not higher than 43.23 MPa. Compared with the maximum stress of 246.50 MPa on the interface of screw in traditional prosthesis, the stress on the screw after implantation of the personalized prosthesis is significantly reduced.

Regardless of the influence of single-point distortion, the simulated equivalent stress analysis results of traditional prosthesis and personalized prosthesis are compared, and a histogram is drawn to be shown in Figure 5. In order to better show the force of each part, the scapula, prosthesis (without screws), and screws are analyzed separately. It can be observed that the maximum equivalent stresses of scapula after implantation of traditional and personalized prostheses are close, without significant differences. However, according to the analysis in the previous part of this study, the average equivalent stress of scapula matched with personalized prosthesis is smaller and more evenly distributed. The main body of traditional prosthesis bears small forces, with a maximum of 61.62 MPa, yet the bearing strengths of screws are large, with a maximum of 246.50 MPa. For the personalized prosthesis, stress on the connecting rod is larger, with a maximum of 118.70 MPa, while the screws bear smaller forces, with a maximum of 43.23 MPa.

Figure 5 Histograms of the maximum equivalent Von Mises stress of the two prostheses and the corresponding scapulae under the same load.
Figure 5

Histograms of the maximum equivalent Von Mises stress of the two prostheses and the corresponding scapulae under the same load.

The screws which are implanted or inserted into the bone will directly contact the bone after implantation, and the stress on the screws directly affects the repair performance of the implant and the patient’s postoperative rehabilitation. Therefore, the equivalent stress of the screw is an important indicator to evaluate the mechanical properties of the prosthesis. By optimizing the structural design of the personalized prosthesis, the screws were dispersed on the main body of the prosthesis. Compared with the traditional prosthesis, the equivalent stress of the personalized prosthesis body is increased within the acceptable range, while the screw equivalent stress is significantly reduced, which greatly relieves the screw pressure. At the same time, the personalized prosthesis reduces the burden on the scapula as well as the risks of wear and resorption of low-density cancellous bone due to long-term stress after implantation. It also decreases the risks of displacement and detachment of implanted metal prosthesis, joint infection and instability, postoperative pain, systemic fracture, and a second operation.

3.4 Evaluation of surgical efficacy and functions

The personalized customized 3D-printed shoulder prosthesis was highly consistent with the bone defects. After implantation, the soft tissues around the shoulder joint were successfully sewn into the prosthesis. The X-ray image done one day postoperative already showed that the prosthesis was in accurate position (Figure 6(a)). After 3 months’ implantation, the postoperative X-ray result showed that the position of the prosthesis was still accurate (Figure 6(b)). The surgical incision healed well, and no postoperative complications were observed after surgery, including infection, fat liquefaction, and other postoperative complications. As shown in Figure 6(c) and (d), the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was checked at 7 and 15 months postoperatively and met the requirements of flexible movement. The whole arm was able to do activities of daily living easily, such as eating, writing, driving, combing hair, and regular exercise. The function of shoulder joint was gradually well restored, and the quality of daily life was significantly improved. These results indicated that the reconstruction of shoulder joint function is successful, and the application of personalized shoulder joint prosthesis is effective.

Figure 6 (a) The first day of postoperative X-ray showed that the position of the prosthesis was in accurate position; (b) the 3rd month of postoperative X-ray showed that the position of the prosthesis was accurate; (c) at the 7th month, the ROM of shoulder joint indicated that it was well restored; (d) at the 15th month, the ROM of shoulder joint indicated that it was well restored.
Figure 6

(a) The first day of postoperative X-ray showed that the position of the prosthesis was in accurate position; (b) the 3rd month of postoperative X-ray showed that the position of the prosthesis was accurate; (c) at the 7th month, the ROM of shoulder joint indicated that it was well restored; (d) at the 15th month, the ROM of shoulder joint indicated that it was well restored.

4 Conclusion

The personalized shoulder joint prosthesis not only meets the special dimension requirements according patients, but also achieves ideal mechanical performance than that of traditional prosthesis. The personalized prostheses with high dimensional accuracy structure can effectively distribute the local high stress at the screws to the whole prosthesis trunk and can effectively distribute the stress concentrated at the glenoid to the whole scapula, which can reduce the risk of loosening after implantation and increase the service life of prostheses. At the same time, it can effectively meet some requirements of joint ROM while reduce postoperative risks and complications to ensure the quality of life of patients after surgery. Therefore, the combination of 3D printing technology and finite element analysis technology provides a robust solution for the clinical orthopedic repair.

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: This work was partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1106800, 2019YFA0110600). National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971251, 81871574). Science and Technology Project of Tibet Autonomous Region (XZ201901-GB-08), and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZYJC21026, ZYGD21001, ZYJC21077).

  2. Author contributions: Y.H., C.Z., Q.K., L.G., and L.W. designed the project; H.L., H.K, W.Z., W.W., A.W., W.W., and L.G. collected data and prepared the figures; Y.H., H.L., and C.Z. wrote the main manuscript. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this study and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: This study passed the ethical approval. Informed consent has been obtained from the patient for publication of the case details and images before this study. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. All methods were performed in accordance with the clinical trial guidelines and regulations.

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Received: 2021-10-06
Revised: 2021-11-02
Accepted: 2022-01-04
Published Online: 2022-04-28

© 2022 Yanlong Han et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
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  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
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  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0049
Keywords for this article
3D printing; bone tissue implant; personalized design; finite element analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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